_-^f--vV 


r" 


^ 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

GIFT  OF 

MRS.  MARY  WOLFSOHN 

IN    MEMORY  OF 

HENRY  WOLFSOHN 


^^'MJii'JS:S^S:SJB:S^M^^M<hi<K^JS^M^K<i^ 


k!^ 


Il# 


^; 


:>a£ 


«. 


^m  m 


i  ^M- 


^^.^'^.fe 


•^,,'f^;' 


ay- 


y_K  i>, '        '^ 


e. 


?V' 


ipmm 


P,i^...-'^i=^''--6-» 


GLDE]\ljI(EY 


@ 


pI^O^pERITY 

A  ^^  AND 

r-n •-  «A 


if 


A  COMPLETE  EDUCATOR 


EMBBACmO 


THOROUGH  INSTRUCTION  IN  EVERY  BRANCH  OF  KNOWLEDGE. 


AN  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  USEFUL  INFORMATION,  COMPRISING  EVERY 
ESSENTIAL  TO  SUCCESS  IN  ALL  DEPARTMENTS  OF 
BUSINESS  AND  SOCIAL  LIFE. 


ILLUSTRATED. 


Edited  by  G.  L.  HOWE, 

Author  of  "The  Secrets  op  Success,"   "The  Complete  Accountant,' 

"Elements  of  Bookkeeping,"  and  "The  Science 

of  Accounts." 


iLIFQfiJii^ 


CHICAGO : 

METROPOLITAN  PUBLISHING  COMPANY, 

79  Madison  Street, 

1885. 


n 


COPYRIGHT, 

By  G.  L.  HOWE 
1886. 


As  this  book  is  sold  only  by  subscription,  and  cannot  be  found  at 
the  bookstores,  parties  desiring  a  copy  shovild  address  the  publishers, 
when  an  agent  will  call  upon  them. 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 

ABBREVIATIONS  AND  CONTRACTIONS.  PAGE, 

A  complete  list  of  all  the  Abbreviations  and  Contractions  of  Names,  Places  and 
Phrases  used  in  Printing  and  Writing 401-406 

AUTHOR'S   REFERENCES. 

Quotations  in  Prose  and  Poetry  from  the  leading  Poets,  Philosophers  and  Essay- 
ists, comprising  suitable  illustrations  for  use  In  speaking  and  writing,  and  giving  a 
key  to  Quotations  used  in  Literature 327-336 

AUTOGRAPH  ALBUM,  THE. 

Dedicatory  Verses— Sentiment  and  Affection— Life  Ends  not  In  Death— Humor- 
ous—Christmas  and  New  Year— Birthday 28-29 

BICYCLE,  The 165-166 

BEAUTIFUL  HOME  LIFE. 

The  True  Home— Self -Control— Confidence  of  Children  in  Parents— Education  of 
Children— Filial  Affection 32-13 

BIOGRAPHICAL  CYCLOPEDIA. 

An  extensive  and  comprehensive  Compendium  of  Biography  of  Eminent  Men  of 

all  Ages  and  Countries 345-371 

BUSINESS  FORMS. 

Bills— Receipts— Due  Bills— Notes— Orders— Checks— Drafts— Bills  of  Exchange- 
Forms  for  Use,  and  Directions  for  Same 373-380 

CARE  OF  THE  PERSON. 

Of  the  Hands— The  Teeth— Bathing— The  Hair— The  Complexion— The  Feet— Per- 
fumes—Dyeing  the  Hair 160-162 


CHARITY. 


343 


COMPENSATION  OF  OFFICIALS. 

List  of  Executive,  Legislative,  Diplomatic,  Judicial  and  Departmental  OflSces  of 

the  United  States,  with  the  salaries  attached  to  each  position 287-289 

COMPLETE  LETTER  WRITER. 

Character  of  Letters— Use  of  Capitals— Hints  Concerning  Addresses— Sample  Busi- 
nes  Letters— Examples  of  Letters  of  Affection,  Reference,  Advice,  Request,  Com- 
miseration and  Family  Affairs— Introduction— With  Presents— Declination 175-188 

COURTSHIP  AND  MARRIAGE. 

The  Initial  Steps— Unexpected  Arrivals— Proposals  by  Letter— Refusals— The  En- 
gagement—After Betrothal 66-68 

DETECTING  COUNTERFEIT  MONEY, 

Devices  and  Frauds— Counterfeit  and  Genuine  Work— Detecting  Counterfeiting— 
Ruling  Engine    Work— Geometrical  Lathe— Vignettes— Solid  Print— Bank    Note  • 
Paper— Counterfeit  Signatures— Altered  Bank  Notes— Comparing  and  Examining 
Notes— Piecing 235-242 

DINNER  PARTIES. 

Selecting  the  Company— Who  to  Invite— Invitations— Dress  for  Dinner  Parties- 
Precedence  to  the  Table — Removing  Cloth— Table  Deportment — Menu  Cards — Or- 
der of  Wines — Setting  the  Table  and  Decorations— Waiters  and  Duties  of— Fniit— 
Forms  of  Menu  and  Choice  Recipes 89-99 

DOMESTIC  ECONOMY 

ill 


CONTENTS. 


ENTERTAINING.  PAqe. 
Morning  Receptions— Reception  of  Dinner  Guesta— Evening  Receptions  and  Balls- 
House  Visiting  in  Country— Duties  of  Hostess 106-108 

ESSAYS. 

Profane  Language 189-190 

Hope 341-»12 

Faith 33&-340 

Cliarity 843-344 

Present,  Past  and  Future; 173-174 

FAITH 339 

FARMYARD,  THE. 

Sheep— The  Cow— The  Hog— Poultry 426-430 

FLOWERS  IN  SEASON. 

January— February— March— April— May— June— July— August-  September — Oc- 
tober-November—Decemlaer  313-314 

FOREIGN  WORDS  AND  PROVERDS. 

Dictionary  of  Foreign  Words  and  Phrases  used  In  Speaking  and  Writing 4C7-411 

HEALTHGIVING  FOOD 123-124 

HOPE 341 

HOUSEHOLD  VADE  MECUM 125-128 

HOUSEHOLD    FAVORITES 196-197 

HOW  TO  PROLONG  THE  SIGHT 163-164 

HOW  POOR  BOYS  BECOME  SUCCESSFUL  MEN 106 

HOW  TO  TRAVEL. 

Route— Time— Getting  Ready— Forethought— Checking  Baggage— Getting  Aboard 
—Observation  -Companions— On  the  Cars— General  Hints— European  Travel 315-818 

LANGUAGE  OF  FLOWERS. 

Names  of  all  the  Flowers  and  the  Language  AUoted  to  Each  in  Love  and  Poetry . . .  319-320 

LAWS  OP  PUBLIC  DISCUSSION. 

A  full  explanation  of  the  Laws  of  Parliamentary  Usage;  a  complete  guide  for  the 
conduct  of  Public  Meetings,  Societies  and  all  Deliberative  Bodies 295-302 

MENU,   THE. 

Ladies'  Reception— Dinner  Party— Children's  Evening  Party— Wedding  Breakfast- 
Choice  Receipts  for 94-97 

MILITARY  RECORD. 

List  of  Generals  of  the  United  States,  from  Washington,  with  Statistics  of  the  War 

of  the  Rebellion 292-294 

MOUNT   VERNON 45-46 

NAMES  AND  THEIR   SIGNIFICANCE. 

Alphabetical  List  of  Given  or  Christian  Names  in  Common  Use,  Male  and  Female, 

with  their  significance 198-200 

NOMS  DBS  PLUMES. 

Pseudonyms  or  Flctitioiis  Names  of  the  Leading  Authors .  324-336 

OBEDIENCE  AND  POLITENESS. 

As  Stepping  Stones  to  Greatness— Sdurce  and  Value  of  Politeness— Common  Errors 
Respecting— Essential  Elements  of 156-162 


CONTENTS. 


OUT-DOOR  EXERCISES.  page. 

Horse-Back  Riding— Carriage  Exercise— Boating— Archery 112-1 14 

OUR  COUNTRY'S  CAPITAL. 

Washington  City— Public  Buildings— Hall  of  Representatives— The  Executive  Man- 
sion—Smithsonian Institute— Departmental  Buildings— State,  War  and  Navy  De- 
partments-Patent Olfice— Washington  Monument— Parks  and  Streets— Population 
—Society 131-136 

PALMISTRY,  OR  HAND  READING. 

Science  of  Palmistry,  with  Diagram  of  lines  of  the  hand,  and  the  rules  of  practice 

of  Palmistry 321-323 

PAST.  PRESENT  AND  FUTURE 172-174 

POETRY 201-234 

POLITICAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Complete  Vocabulary  of  Party  Names,  Measures,  Terms  and  Maxims 261-282 

PRACTICE  OF   BOOK-KEEPING. 

Science  of  Accounts— Principles  and  Practice  of— Forms  for  Journal,  Day  Book 

and  Ledger  Entries— Rules  for  Self-Instruction  in  Double  Entry 413-424 

PRESIDENTS  AND  THEIR  CABINETS. 

List  of  the  Presidents  of  the  United  States  and  their  Cabinets,  from  Washington  to 
Cleveland,  with  the  names  of  the  occupants  of  each  Cabinet  Office,  and  date  of  ap- 
pointment during  the  same  period 283-286 

PUBLIC  TRAVEL. 

Tickets— Baggage— Costume— On  Cars  and  Boat— Hotel  Deportment, 116-118 

PUNCTUATION,  CAPITALS  AND  COMMON  ERRORS. 

Rules  for  Punctuation— The  Comma— The  Semicolon— The  Colon— The  Period- 
Capitals,  when  and  where  to  use  them— Common  Errors  in  Speaking  and  Writing.  303-309 

SEALS  OF  THE  STATES  OF  THE  UNION. 

Illustrations  of  the  Great  Seal  of  the  United  States  and  the  States  of  the  Union. ..  254-260 

SIGNAL   SERVICE,  THE 154-155 

SOCIAL  CODE,  THE. 

Concerning  Dress— The  Coiffure— Fashion— Colors— Conduct  in  Public  Places,Street, 
Theatre  and  Church— Making  Calls  and  Visits— Calls,  Cards,  House  Visiting— Intro- 
ductions and  Salutations— The  Art  of  Conversation— Courtship  and  Marriage — 
Engagement  and  Wedding— Balls  and  Parties— At  Home— Picnics— Fancy  Dress 
Ball— Dinners— Parties— Introductions— Titles— Outdoor  Exercise— Mistresses  and 
Servants— Shopping— Public  Travel 49-118 

STATE  NOMENCLATURE 191-194 

STRANGE  POST  OFFICE  NAMES 124 

SYNONYMS. 

Abandon  to  Advancement 142 

Advantage  to  Archives 143 

ArdenttoCalm 144 

Cancel  to  Commotion 145 

Communicate  to  Desist 146 

Despicable  to  Extravagant 147 

Fabricate  to  Hollow 148 

Honor  to  Languid 149 

Lassitude  to  Omen 150 

Open  to  Provide 151 

Proviso  to  Stammer 152 

Stare  to  Zealous 153 

TERSENESS  IN    SPEECH  AND  WRITING 310-312 

THEMES  FOR  DEBATE. 

One  Hundred  and  Fifty  Topics  for  Discussion  in  Debating  Clubs  and  Societies 370-372 

THE  FOUR  SEASONS. 

Spring,  Summer,  Autumn  Winter— Childhood,  Youth,  Maturity,  Old  Age 15-27 


^ 


VI  CONTENTS. 


THE  HORSE.  PAGE. 

What  constitutes  a  good  Horse— Points  of— Diagrram  of— Running:,  Trotting:  and 
Draught  Stock— How  to  Estimate  Age  of— Hints  on  Training— Paces  of— Ailments 
and  Itemedies 243-253 

WHAT  CONSTITUTES    SUCCESS. 

Character— Honesty—  Industry—  Sobriety—  Fidelity  —  Economy  and  Frugality- 
Perseverance— Self -Cultivation— Patlenoo— Determination— Cleanliness 3-13 

WORDS  OF  WIT  AND  WISDOM 16&-171 

WRITING  MADE  EASY. 

Materials  —  Study  —  Position  —  Exercises — Movement  —  Rapidity  —  Illustrated  by 
Diagrams 887-399 


LIST   OF  TABLES  OF   REFERENCE. 

Ages  Attained  by  Various  Animals 338 

Altitude  of  Celebrated  Buildings  and  Monuments 138 

Altitude  of  Celebrated  Mountains., 119 

Area,  Population,  and  Education  of  the  World 837 

Calendar  for  Ascertaining  Day  of  Week,  any  pate  for  any  Oiven  Time  from  1762  to  1962. .  167 

Capitals  of  States  and  Territories 137 

Census   of  our  Cities 430-i31 

Census  of  Color  in  United  States  for  Four  Decades 168 

Colored  and  Drafted  Troops,  1861-5 !.". 298 

Compensation  of  Onioials 287 

Ceunties  of  the  United  States 280 

Distribution  of  Christians  throughout  the  World 424 

Enrollment  in  the  United  States  Army,  1861-6 298 

Exemptions  from  Judgment  in  the  States  and  Territories 882 

Governors  of  States  and  Territories,  Salaries  and  Terms  of 137 

Instantaneous  Computation  of  Interest 385 

Interest,  Legal  Rates  in  States  and  Territories 882 

Length  of  Longest  and  Shortest  Days  and  Nights  at  the  Principal  Oapitals  of  the  World. .  187 

Length  of  Principal  Rivers  of  the  World 362 

Length  of  Principal  Seas  of  the  World 138 

Length,  Breadth  and  Area  of  Principal  Lakes  of  the  World 48 

Lumber,  Instantaneous  Measurement  of 338 

Meteorological- Mean  Temperature  at  Principal  Points  of  Variance  in  United  States 48 

National  Elections  from  1789  to  1884 290-291 

Physicians'  Digestion  Table 129 

Planting  Seeds,  Mode  of  and  Quantity  Used 386 

Population  and  Rank  of  States 168 

Principal  Nations  of  the  World,  Showing  Area,  Form  of  Government,  Population,  Present 

Ruler,  and  Religion 130 

Railway  Distances,  Approximate  Fares,  and  Mail  Time  from  New  York  to  Principal 

Cities  of  the  Union 362 

Religions  of  the  World,  Census *25 

Salaries  of  United  States  Officials 287 

Signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence ** 

Slave  Population  in  1860,  by  States ■' 1^ 

Solid  Contents  of  Boxes  of  Various  Sizes,  with  Equivalent  In  Dry  and  Liquid  Measure. . . .  138 

Statutory  Holidays,  List  of  in  States  1^ 

Statutes  of  Limitation  in  States  and  Territories 381 

Sustaining  Power  of  Ice 129 

Tacks  and  Nails,  Sizes  of  and  Number  to  Pound  of  Each 119 

Time,  for  Cumputing  Number  of  Days  from  Given  Day  in  the  Month  to  Corresponding 

Day  in  any  other  Month , 47 

Weights  and  Measures 

Yield  per  Acre  of  Various  Cereals,  Fruits  and  Vegetables 328 


CONTENTS. 


INDEX  TO 

AUTHORS.  PAGE. 

Anonymous.l,  3,  4, 13. 14, 16,  22,  35 306, 207. 

221, 222, 223, 327, 231, 332, 234 

Allen,  E.A 210 

Byron,  Lord 215,227 

Barrow,  J.  M 224 

Burns,  Robert 225 

■    Dickens,  Charles 233 

Graj%  Thomas ■ 202 

Goldsmith,  Oliver 225,233 

Herrick,  Robert 206 

Hood,  Thomas 211 

Hunt,  Leigh 233 

Jonson,  Ben 207 

Kemble,  Frances  Anne 339 

Knox,  William 208 

Longfellow,  Henry  Wadsworth 215 

Lj'tton,  Bulwer 230 

Moore,  Thomas 205,  212,  223,  230 

Morris,  George  V 220 

Neale,  Hannah  Lloyd 216 

Norton,  Caroline. . .222 

Poe,  Edgar  Allan  ....2U 

Stoddard,  Richard  Henry 212 

Strode,  William 215 

. Shakspeare,  William 220,224 

Trowbridge,  J.  T 218 

Tennyson,  Alfred 219,228 

Wotton,  Sir  Harry 204 

TITLES. 

A  Little  Doubtful.— ^non 227 

Break,  Break,  Break.— Alfred  Tenny8on.2l9 

Bridge  of  Fnith.— Anon 340 

Changed  Cross,  The.— ..inon 231 

Crabbed  Age  and  Youth.— S/iaTfspeorc. .  .221 

Cosmic  Egg,  The.— .dnon 227 

Dreamland.— Anon (Plate.)226 

D&wn.— Shakspeare.  224 

Elegy  in  a  Churchyard.— Gray 202 

Flow  Gently,  Sweet  Af ton.— Burn* 225 


POETRY.  • 

PAQB. 

Fare  Thee  Well.— Bj/»*on 226 

Faith.- Prances  Anne  Kemble 339 

Gather  the  Rosebuds.— itobcrt  Herrick. .  .206 
Gains  for  all  our  Losses,  There  axe,— Rich- 
ard Henry  Stoddard 212 

Horseshoe,  The  Legend  ot.—Anon 221 

Happy  Life,  A.— Sir  Harry  Wotton 204 

Hope.— OJftJer  Ooldsmith 225 

Ivy  Green,  The.— C^iartes  Dickens 233 

Jenny  Kissed  Me.— Leigh  Hunt 233 

Kisses.— TFiZliam  Strode 215 

Lady  of  Lyons.— BuJwer  Lytton 230 

Lady's  Dream,  The.— Hood 210 

Love-Knot,  The.— Anon 206 

Love  Not.— Caroline  Norton 222 

Life's  Fleeting  Joys.— JVfoorc 205 

Last  Rose  of  Summer.— Jlfoore 223 

Lake  of  the  Dismal  Swamp.— Moore 229 

Meeting  of  the  Waters.- Jfoore 217 

Maid  of  Athens.— B{/ron 215 

May  Queen,— Tennyson 228 

Neglected    Call,     The.— HanTioft    Lloyd 

.     Neale 216 

Naughty,  but  Sweet.— Anon 233 

Oft  in  the  Stilly  Night.— ilfoore 212 

Old  Grimes's  Hen.— J.  M.  Barrow 224 

O,  Why  should  the  Spirit  of  Mortal  be 

Proud.— TFilliam  Knox 208 

Raven,  The.— Edgar  AUan  Poe 213 

Rock  me  to  Sleep,  Mother.— A.  E.  Allen. 209 

Rainy  Day,  The.— LonflfeUotf; 215 

Shells  of  Ocean.— Anon 207 

True  Growth.— Ben  Jonson 207 

Virtue.- Oliwr  Goldsmith 233 

Vagabond,  The.— J.  T.  Trowbridge 217 

Whispers.— A?ion 234 

Where  are  you  Going,  my  Pretty  Maid?.  .222 

Withered  Rose,  A.— Anon. 223 

Woodman,  Spare  that  Tree.— George  P. 
Morris  — 220 


INDEX  OF  AUTHORS  QUOTED. 


PAGE. 

Adams,  Charles 333 

Addison,  Joseph 327 

Allen,  Elizabeth  Akers 334 

Armstrong,  John 334 

Bacon,  Francis 327 

Baillie,  Joanna 325 

Barker,  Theodore  L  333 

Barrington,  George 333 

Barry,  Michael  J 334 

Beaumont  and  Fletcher 332 

Benserade,  de,  Isaac 335 

Bentley,  Richard 332 

Berkley,  Bishop 335 

Blacker,  Colonel ...  331 

Blair.  Robert 335 

Bryant,  William  CuUen 333 

Bunyan,  John 332 


PAGE. 

Burke,  Edmund 327 

Burns,  Robert 334 

Butler,  Samuel 327 

Byron,  Lord 327 

Campbell,  Thomas 327 

Carlysle,  Thomas 331 

Centlive,  Susannah ^ 331 

Cervantes,  de,  Miguel ; 333 

Chapman,  George 333 

Chatham,  Earl • 332 

Chesterfield,  Lord 332 

Choate,  Rufus  332 

Churchill,  Charles 333 

Gibber  CoUey 327 

Clarendon  Lord  (E.  Hyde) 332 

Cope,  Sir  Edward 331 

Coleridge,  Samuel  Taylor 334 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE. 

CoUins,  ■WiUiam 334 

Cowley,  Abraham 335 

Cowper,  William 834 

Cranch,  Christopher 834 

Crasham,  Richard 335 

Davies,  Sir  John 335 

Davis,  Thomas  O 833 

Dokken,  Thomas 332 

Denham,  Sir  John 331 

Dcnman,  Lord 321 

Dibdin,  Charles 333 

Dikinson,  John 333 

Disraeli,  Isaac 332 

Emerson,  Ilalph  Waldo 335 

English,  Thomas  Dunn 834 

Everett,  Edward 338 

Farquhar,  George 831 

Fuller,  Thomas 333 

Gay,  John 332 

Garrick,  David 335 

Gibbons,  Thomas 335 

Goldsmith,  Oliver 328 

Gray,  Thomas 328 

Green,  Albert  G 335 

Hale,  Bishop 332 

HaU,  Robert 332 

Halleck,  Fitz  Green 833 

Harvey,  Stephen 335 

Hemans,  Felicia  D 335 

Henry,  Matthew 333 

Henry,  Patrick 333 

Herbert,  George 331 

Hejrwood,  Thomas 833 

Holmes,  Oliver  Wendell 836 

Hooker,  Richard i331 

Jefferson,  Thomas. 332 

Jeffreys,  Charles. 234 

Johnson,  Samuel 329 

Jonson,  Ben 334 

Keble,  John 335 

Kemble,  J.  P 333 

Kemble,  Frances  Anne 338 

Kempis  d,  Thomas 831 

Key,  F.  S 335 

Lemon,  Mark 335 

L'Estrange,  Robert 334 

Lincoln,  Abraham 333 

Longfellow,  Henry  W 329 

Ls^ton,  Bulwer 336 

Macaulay,  Thomas  B 332 

Marlowe,  Christopher. 331 

Milton,  John 329 

Miner,  Charles 332 

Montague,  Lady  Mary 335 


PAOK. 

Montgomery,  James 333 

Moore,  Clement  C 334 

Moore,  Thomas 831 

Moss,  Thomas 334 

Newton,  Isaac .  332 

O'Hara,  Theodore 335 

O'Keefe,  John 334 

Otway.  Thomas 331 

Paine,  Thomas 332 

Payne.J.  Howard 334 

Pitt,  William 331 

Pollok,  Robert 334 

Pomfret,  John 333 

Pope,  Alexander 329 

Prior,  Matthew  330 

Quarles,  Francis 338 

Rabelais,  Francis 332 

Raleigh,  Sir  Walter 333 

Eochester,  Earl  of 335 

Roscommon,  Lord 334 

Rumford,  Richard 332 

Scott,  Sir  Walter 330 

Shakspeare,  William 330 

Sheridan,  Richard  Brinsley 333 

Sidney.Slr  Philip 331 

8mith,Sldney 330 

Smither,  Robert 334 

SmoUct,  Tobias. 331 

Steers,lli88  Fanny 835 

Sterne,  Lawrence 832 

Stoughton,  William 832 

Suckling,  Sir  John 833 

Swift,  Jonathan 831 

Tennyson,  Alfred 331 

Thomas,  Frederick  W. 334 

Thomson,  James 833 

Tobin,  John  , 335 

Tumbull.John 835 

Txisser,  Thomas 333 

Wadsworth,  Samuel 333 

Walpole,  Horace 331 

Washington,  George 331 

Webster,  David 331 

Wellington,  Duke  of 331 

Wesley.  John 331 

Whittier,  John  G 335 

Wilde,  Richard  Henry 339 

Willis,  Nathaniel 339 

Wither,  George 334 

Winthrop,  John 331 

Wolcott,  John 334 

Wolfe,  Charles 336 

Woodsworth,  William 334 

Young,  Edward 338 


CONTENTS. 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Art  of  Carving 98-99 

Baptism 81 

BaU  Room,  Tlie 100 

Bicycle,  The 165 

Boyliood   18 

"  Break,  Break,  Break  I" 219 

Capitol  at  Washington,  The 131 

Carriage  Exercise 113 

Complete  Letter  Writer 176 

Country  Visiting 107 

Detecting  Counterfeit  Money 237 

Dismal  Swamp,  The 239 

Dorking,  The ..    429 

Dove,  The 190 

Dreamland 226 

Elegy  in  a  Churchyard 202 

Farmyard,  The 427 

"  Flow  Gently,  Sweet  Afton." 225 

Horse,  The  Diagram  of 244 

Lady's  Horse,  The 112 

Lady  of  Lyons 230 

Last  Rose  of  Summer 223 


Leaving  the  Church 76 

Life's  Fleeting  Joys 205 

Maidenhood 21 

Maid  of  Athens 2M 

Meeting  of  the  Waters 217 

Mother's  Love,  The 23 

Mount  Vernon 46 

"Oft  in  the  Stilly  Night 213 

Ornamental  Penmanship 399 

Palmistry,  Diagram  of 322 

Picnics 104 

"  Rock  Me  to  Sleep,  Mother," 209 

Seals  of  the  States  of  the  Union 254-260 

Shells  of  Ocean  207 

Shopping 113 

Table  Decoration 81 

Travel 116 

Whispers 234 

"  Woodman,  Spare  that  Tree," 220 

Writing,  Position  in 389 

Youth  and  Age 26 


•'-^t^^ 


"•^S^^^lg 


PAGE. 

Abbreviations,  in  Writing:  and  Print- 
ing   401 

Aocuptaiiue  of  VisitinR  Invitations 61 

Accounts,  Ledger  Analysis 419 

Actions,  jVssault  and  BUittery,  Statute  of 

Limitations 381 

Addresses,  Hints  Concerninjf  (letters) 178 

Advisory  f jottors Hj2 

Administrations  of  the  United  States  Gov- 
ernment from  Washingrton  to  Cleveland.  283 

Addresses  (of  letters)     178 

Affection,  Verses  of.  Albums 28 

Lottersof 181 

AfterSocial  Entertainments 80 

Afternoon  Parties  .  103 

Teas     103 

Af?o  of  Horse,  Ho w  to  Tell 245 

Agents,  Diplomatic,  Salaries  of 287 

Ajfes  Attained  l)y  Animals 326 

Ailments  of  Horses,  to  Cure 249 

Album,  Autojfraph 28 

Alderney  Cows 426 

"All  Talk  and  no  Clder.'» 281 

Altered  Bank  Notes 240 

Altitude    and    Location    of    Celebrated 

Mountains 119 

Altitude,  Celebrated  Buildlngrs 138 

Amendments  and  Substitutes,  Debates. . .  299 

America,  Wonders  of 118 

American  Whijfs.    261 

Amnesty 381 

Ammonia,  Uses  of 125 

Anti-Masonry 261 

Anti-Federalists 261 

Aaniversaries,  Wedding 78 

"  "        Cards  79 

'  "        Names  of 79 

"  Birthday 82 

"  Firemen's 164 

"  Battle  New  Orleans  164 

Announcement  Cards  (weddinjr)        72 

"  Newspaper  (wedding)  ...    77 

"  Death  and  Funeral 84 

Ants,  to  Destroy. .   125 

Annual   Mean    Temperature   In   United 

States  Cities 48 

Apothecaries  Weight 383 

Appetite,  to  Procure 125 

Apricot  Omelette 97 

April,  Flowers  for 313 

Aquarium,  Cheap 128 

The    193 

Area,  Population  and  Education  of  Na- 
tions and  Continents      130 

Areas  of  Principal  Lakes 48 

Army,  Generals  of   203 

"        Emoluments  of  204 

Articles  of  Confederation 265 

Arrangement  of  Coiffure    52 

Art  OP  Conversation 63 

"       Carving     98 

*      Giving  Presents 88 

Arrival  of  Visiting  Guests 108 

Archery   114 

Asthma,  to  Relieve  ...'.  127 

Assassins  of  Presidents   262 

"        Executions  of 271 

At  Home       102 

"        The  invnted  Guest ,102 

"         Introductions 103 

"        Forms  of  Invitation 102 

"        Weddings 71 

August,  Flowers  for   313 

Author's  References 327 

Autocracy  263 

Autograph,  Album,  The  28 

AuTHORS'NoMS  DES Plumes 324 

Autumn,  The  Seasons 23 

Avoirdupois  "Weight 383 


page. 

Baby,  Naming 80 

BagKagc,  (  lu'cking 316 

Balance  Sheet,  Ledger 423 

Balls  ani>  Parties 100 

Ball  Dresses 52 

*'    Invitations 100 

"    Music     100 

"    Uefresbments 100 

"    Programmes 100 

"    Fancy  Dress 106 

"    Uostessat 107 

Bal  Masque 106 

Bank,  Note  Paper 240 

"      Altered 240 

of  United  States 262 

"      and  Legal  Holidays 164 

Bank  Checks,  Vsn:  and  Forms  of 878 

Bantjim  Fowl 480 

Baptism,  Childhood  and  Birthday 80 

Ceremony  of 81 

Bathing 161 

Beautiful  Home  Lira 82 

Beef,  I'arving  Round  of 98 

Berkshire  Hogs 429 

BicYCLE,The .' 186 

Bill,  Civil  Highttt 284 

Bills,  Forms  of  in  Business 374 

"      Payable  (bookkeeping).... 420 

"      Receivable       "  420 

Biographical  Cyci.x)p.«dia 

Abl)ott  to  Albermarle 346 

Albert  to  Anne  Boleyn 848 

Anselm  to  Barnum 847 

Barre  to  Boone    848 

Booth  to  CausUlus 849 

Cama>n8  to  Child 360 

thilotoCushing   351 

Cushmaii  to  Edmunds  852 

Edward  to  Catling 368 

Geary  to  HendricKS ^ 864 

Holmes  to  Knox 365 

I.afayftte  to  Lyourgus 866 

Lucretia  to  Mazzlni 857 

Meade  tf)  Oldeastlc 858 

Optic  to  Rosecrans 859 

Rosse  to  TyndaU 360 

Tyngto  Young 861 

Birds,  Care  of 195 

Birthday,  Baptism  and 80 

"         Anniversaries 82 

"         Washington's 164 

"         Lincoln's 164 

"         Verses  for  Album 29 

Black  Republican 268 

BloodyShirt 262 

Blue  Laws 263 

Boards,  Instantaneous  Measurement  of..  888 

Boating 113 

Boxes,  Cubic  Contents  and  Equivalent  in 

Dry  and  Liquid  Measure 138 

Border  Rtifflans 283 

Bookkeeping,  Practice  of 413 

Boots,  Gloves  and 53 

"      and  Shoes,  Care  of 128 

Book,  In\ntation 88 

Bridge  of  Faith 340 

Brealtf ast  Table,  Hostess  at 108 

"       81 

"  "     Wedding  Menu  for 95 

Bread,  Time  of  Digestion 129 

Brule,  Cafe,  Recipe 98 

Breckenridge,  John  C 270 

Brother  Jonathan 263 

Bucktails 263 

Bugbear 283 

Buildingrs,  National 132 

"  Departmental 133 

Celebrated,  Table  of  Altitude..  138 
Bulldoze 263 


INDEX. 


PAGE. 

Buncombe 263 

Burns  and  Scalds,  Cure  of 128 

Bureau,  Meteorological 155 

BcsiNESS  Forms 373 


Cabinets,  Presidents  and  their 283 

Cafe  Brule  (recipe; 96 

Cake,  Weddinjar,  Cutting 77 

"      Birthday,        "       '83 

Calculator,  The  Rapid 384 

Calculation  of  Interest,  Instantiineous 385 

Calendar,  to  Ascertain  any  Day  of  Week 
and  Date  of  Month  for  any  Given  Time 

from  1752  to  1952 167 

Calling 66 

Calls,  Evening 67 

"       Ladies  Receiving 57 

"       Gentlemen's  Etiquette,  Morning..    57 

"  "  Attending  Ladies 57 

"       of  Condolence  58 

Canaries 195 

Capital,  Our  Coontry's 131 

Capitol  at  Washington 131 

Capitals,  Punctuation  and  Common  Er- 
rors  303 

Capitals,  Use  of 177 

Capitals,  when  and  where  to  use  them 306 

Capitals  of  the  World,  Longest  and  Short- 
est Days  in 137 

Capitals  of  the  States  and  Territories 137 

Capital,  Net  ( Bookkeeping) 430 

Cards,  The  Lady's 58 

"       Young  Lady's    68 

"       Gentlemen's 59 

Use  of 60 

Special 60 

"       Marriage  At  Home 71 

"  "         Church  Cards 74 

"       Wedding  Invitations 71 

Call    74 

"       Afternoon  Teas 103 

"       Dinnerparties 89 

"       Menu  94 

Care  of  the  Person 160 

Hands 160 

Teeth 160 

Eye 163 

Carpet-Baggers 263 

Cars,  Sleeping,  Travel 318 

Carving,  Art  of 98 

Rules  for 99 

Caucus 264 

Celebrated  Mountains,  Altitude  of 115 

Celebrating  Birthdays 83 

Wedding  Anniversaries 78 

Cement,  Waterproof 126 

Census  of  Color  in  United  States 168 

of  our  Cities  430-431 

Cereals,  Yield  per  Acre  of 326 

Ceremony,  Wedding 75 

Baptism 80 

Character,  What  Constitutes 3 

"  of  liCtters 177 

Characters,  to  Servants 114 

Charity,  Essay  on    343 

Charter  Oak 264 

Checks,  Bunk,  Form  and  Use  of 376 

Checking  Baggage       316 

Chesapeake,  U.  S.  Ship 270 

Cheviot  Sheep 426 

Chicken,  to  Carve 99 

"         to  Broil 96 

"         Croquettes     96 

Childhood,  The  Seasons 18 

Childhood,  Baptism  and  Birthdays  80 

ChiHren's  Party,  Menu  for      95 

Children,  Confidence  of,  in  Parents 37 

Education  of 40 

Chinese  Hogs 4S9 

Chops,  to  Broil 96 

Choice  Recipes 96-97 

Christmas  Day 164 

Christmas  Verses  for  Albums 29 

Christians,  Distribution  of 425 

Church,  Weddings  in .    74 


page. 

Circular  Measure 383 

Civil  War,  Statistics  of 293 

Civil  Service  Reform 264 

"     Rights  Bill 264 

Claims,  Court  of 287 

Closing  Lodger 4Ji2 

Cloth,  Removing  the 91 

"     Measure 383 

Clubs,  Bicycle       166 

Cloak-rooms  (balls) 101 

Cleveland,  Grovcr  C 286 

Cochin  China  Fowl . .  430 

Coffee,  Receipt 96 

Colon,  The 395 

Colored  Soldiers 284 

Colors,  Effects  in  (Dress) 50 

"       Census  of  United  States 168 

Colored  and  Drafted  Troops  (1861-5) 294 

Coiffure,  Ari-angement  oi 52 

Companions,  Traveling  317 

Company,  Selecting  Dinner 89 

Comparing  and  E.xamining  Notes 241 

Compensation  of  Officials 287 

Compendium,  Biograi>hical 345 

Complete  Letter  Writer 175 

Complexion,  Care  of 161 

Compromise,  Missouri 278 

Comma,  The 304 

Commercial  Correspondence 179 

Commiseration,  Letters  of 184 

Committee  Meetings 297 

"  of  Whole,  Meetings oOO 

Common  Errors  in  Speakmgand  Writing.  306 
Common  Errors,  Capitals,  Punctuation 

and 303 

Common  Errors  Respecting  Politeness...  158 

Commoner 264 

Concerning  Drees 50 

Concert,  Hostess  at 107 

Concert  Room  and  Theatre  Etiquette 55 

Conduct  in  Public  Places 54 

"        Gentlemen's  Rule  of 54 

Confidence  of  Children  in  Parents 37 

Confirmation 82 

Contents,  Cubic  feet  of  various  boxes 
with    equivalent  in    Dry   and    Liquid 

Measures 138 

Continents,  Population  of 337 

Continental 265 

"  Congress 266 

Contractions  in  Printing  and  Writing, 

List  of 401 

Contraband  266 

Convention  of  1787 266 

Baltimore,  1860 270 

"  Charleston,  1»60 269 

"  Richmond,  1860 269 

Hartford,  1814 271 

Conveyances,  Picnics 104 

Conversation,  Art  of 104 

"  TheStreet 54 

Theatre 65 

"  Driving 55 

"  Polite  Habits  of 64 

"  Habits  to  be  Avoided 64 

"  Reprehensible  Practices.  .    64 

"  Unpleasant  Topics 65 

"  Dinner 65 

"  Prolonged 65 

"  Sarcasm  and  Wit 65 

SmallTalk 66 

Conversationalist,  Requisite  of  Successful    64 

Constitution 265 

Le  Compton 277 

Constitutional  Un*on  Party 265 

Confederation,  Articles  of 265 

Congress,  Colonial 265 

Continental 266 

Library  of 131 

Control,  Self.  Importance  of 12 

Continental  Congress,  Members  of 44 

Copperhead 266 

Correspondence,  Etiquette  of 86 

Corned-beef  Hash,  Receipt 97 

Corns,  Cure  of 162 

Corporal's  Guard 267 


INDEX. 


PAGE. 

Counterfeit  Money,  Detecting 235 

"  and  Genuine  Work 236 

"  Signatures 240 

Counties  of  the  United  States 289 

Court,  IT.  S.,  Supreme 287 

Circuit 287 

District 287 

Claims 2'»7 

Covodc  Investitrution 288 

Cow.Tiie 428 

Cradle  of  Liberty 2m 

Cream  I'ots.  Cows 427 

Credit  Mobilier 2tt7 

Cubic  Measure 3KJ 

Cultivation,  Seif,  Importance  of 12 

Curtibcrland  Hog 428 

Cure  of  Sprains 127 

Snakebites 127 

"      Snoring 125 

"      Chilblains 128 

"      Hiccough 125 

"      Face  Eruptions 126 

"      Dandruff 126 

Asthma 127 

"      Blee<ling M6 

"      Corns 162 

Cuts  and  ilruises.  Salve  for 127 

Cyclopedia  of  Biography 346 

Dark  Horse 288 

Day  and  Night,  Length  of  In  principal 

Cities  of  World 137 

Death  Notice 84 

Debate,  Themes  for 3370 

Decision,  Dred  Scott 270 

Declination,  Jyctters  of . . .     186 

Declaration  of  Independence,  Signers    .      44 

Decorations,   Bails KO 

Day 164 

Dinner  table 98 

Dedicatory  Verses,  Autograph  Album. . .    28 

Demand  Note,  Form  of 37» 

Democratic  Party  271 

Department  Heads,  Salaries  of 287 

Departmental  Officers,  Salaries  of 287 

Navy,  Salaries  of 288 

War,  Salaries  of 287 

Departmental  Buildings 133 

Deportment.  Tabic 82 

Designs,  Floral  (funeral) 85 

Detectino  ConNTERrKiT  Monet 236 

Devices,  Frauds  and 236 

Dictionary  of  Synonyms    139 

"  ForoignWordsand  Phrases  407 

Digestion  Table,  Physicians' 129 

Dining  Room,  Precedence  to 91 

Diplomatic  Agents,  Salaries  of — 287 

Distances,  llail  way  Table  of.  362 

Dinner  Party,  Menu  for 95 

Dinner  Guests,  Receiving 102 

District  Judges.  Salaries  of 287 

Distribution  of  Christians 424 

Doctrine,  Monroe 278 

Dollar,  Product  of  one  at  1  per  cent,  1  to 

24  years      337 

Domestic  Economy  120 

Dorking  Fowl         429 

Douglass,  Stephen  A 270-278 

Drafted  Troops,  Colored  and  (1861-6)  294 

Draught  Horses 245 

Dressing  Salad  (Mayonnaise) 69 

Dred  Scott,  Decision        ...; 270 

Dress,  For  Dinner  Parties 90 

"     See  Toilet 

Dyeing  the  Hair 162 

Economy,  Essential  to  Success    8 

Domestic 120 

Education  of  Children 39 

Education,  Percentage  of  to  Population 

of  Nations  and  Continents 337 

Effects  in  Colors,  Dress 51 

Eggs,  Time  of  Dige.etion 129 

Election  Day,  General 164 

Electoral  Vote  for  Presidents,  1789-1884.290-291 
Elections,  Meetings 296 


PAGE. 

Eloquence,  Masterpieces  of ;)0 

Engine  Ruling zm 

Enrollment  of  U.  8.  Army  (1861-5)  293 

Essex  Hog 428 

Entertaining,  Etiquette  of jcb 

Errors,  Common,  ltes|)ecting  Politeness. .  158 

Eruption  on  the  Face,  To  Cure 135 

Essays.    (See  1  ndex  of  Chapters.) 

Essential  Elements  of  Politeness 15Q 

Essentials  for  Gentlemen  63 

Etiquette.    (See  Social  Code.) 

European  Travel .3'8 

Evening  Reception 103 

Kxcelierice,  Points  of  in  Horses 244 

Executive 'Mi 

Mansion  134 

Execution  of  Assassins 271 

Executive,  Officers  and  Salaries 287 

Exemptions  from  Judgmentin  States  and 

Territories 382 

Exercises,  <  )utdf>or 112 

Carriage ,.  ..  113 

Exerci»«'s  for  Writing 802 

Eye,  To  protert  in  Iteadlngr. . . . , 163 

'*    Care  of 164 

Face,  Eniptions  of 126 

Faith,  Attnbuie  of  Character 830 

"      Bridge  of 310 

Family  Ia-iuts 186 

Faumyakd,  The 425 

Fabhion,  Following  the 61 

Fancy  Dress  Ball  106 

Fares,  Railway,  Table  of 862 

Favorites,  Household 191 

February.  Flowers  for 313 

Federalist 271 

Feet,  Care  of lei 

Filial  Affection 42 

Finish  in  Writing 300 

Fish,  Time  of  Digestion 129 

*■    at  Dinner  04 

"    to  Broil 90 

"    White,  a  la  Pt.  Shirley 96 

Financial  Panics 273 

Filibusters 272 

Fifty-four,  Forty  or  Fight 272 

Fidelity  HI  Character 7 

Flowers,  to  Stimulate 187 

in  Winter 127 

"         Betrothal  Presents 68 

"         Birthday  Anniversaries 83 

"         Funeral  Decorations. 86 

"         DinnerTables 94 

"         Language  of 319 

"         In  Season 313 

Floral  Designs,  Funeral    86 

Food  Suljstances  123 

"      Digestion  Table 129 

"      Health-giving 123 

Forethought  in  Travel 816 

Forms  in  Bookkeeping 414 

Frugality.  Es.<iential  to  Success 8 

Fruits,  \ield  of  per  Acre 328 

Frauds  (Counterfeiting) 236 

Free  Soil  Party 273 

Fruit,  Dinner 94 

French  Mayonnaise  (Receipt) 96 

Puff  Paste 97 

Future,  Past  and  Present 172 

Funerals  and  Mourning 84 

"  Notice  of 84 

"  Preparations 84 

"  Order  and  Procession  85 

Furs.  C!are  of  121 

Fugitive  Slave  Law 274 

Garfield,  President  262 

Game,  Time  of  Digestion 129 

"      ToBroIl  96 

"      To  Carve 99 

Game  Fowls 428 

Generals  of  the  Army,  1775-1885 292 

Geometrical  Lathe 238 

Gerrymander 274 

Gentlemen,  Essentials 53 

Hints  to 53 


PAGE. 

Gentlemen,  Rules  of  Conduct M 

Sti-eet  Intercourse 65 

Hints  to «1 

"  Correspondence  with 87 

Genuine  Work  (counterfeiting) 236 

General  Election  Day 164 

General  Hints  (travel) 318 

General    Guidance,   Conduct    in    Public 

Places 55 

Getting  Keady  (travel) 315 

"        Aboard      "        317 

Geograpliit'al  Table 138 

Gloves  and  Boots 53 

Good  Hostess.  The 108 

Goose,  To  Carve 99 

Good  Friday 164 

Government,  United  States,  Administra- 
tions of  283 

Government,   Forms    of    the    Principal 

Nations 130 

Governors    of    States    and    Territories, 

Sala-^ies  and  Terms  of 137 

Grant.  President 277 

Greenback 274 

Grease,  to  Remove 136 

Granulation  of  Eyel'd —  164 

Greatness,  Stepping  Stones  to 156 

Gravy,  Use  of    ■    99 

Guiteau,  Charles 262-271 

Guests,  Entertainment  of 108 

"       At  Dinner  Parties 91 

"       Lady  fvisiting)  61 

"       Invited  (At  Homes) 102 

Guager's  Guide 118 

Guidance,  Rules  for  (Introductions  and 
Salutations) 62 


Hail  Columbia 274 

Half-Breeds 274 

Hand  Reading,  Palmistry  or 321 

"      Diagram  of 32;J 

"Hard  Cider  and  Log  Cabin" 295 

Habits,  Polite,  Conversation 64 

"        to  be  Avoided 64 

Hardwood,  Varnish  for 126 

Hash,  Corned  Beef ..    97 

Hair,  The 161 

"      Coififure   52 

"      Dyeing 162 

Hands,  Care  of 160 

Hand,  Letters  by.  87 

Hall  of  Representatives 133 

Ham,  Carving   98 

Hamburg  Steak  97 

Health-Giving  Food 123 

Height.  Celebrated  Buildings  and  Monu- 
ments   138 

Hiccough,  Cure  of  125 

Hints  on  Horse  Training 246 

Hints  Concerning  Addresses 178 

"     to  Gentlemen    53-61 

"      General.  Travel 318 

"      Practical  and  Useful  Recipes 125 

Hired  Help  (Domestic  Economy)  120 

History  of  the  United  States,  Political.. .  261 

Hog,  The 428 

Holidays,  List  of  Statutory 164 

HoUandaise  Sauce 97 

Home  Life,  BEAuriFUii 32 

"       TheTrue 33 

Honesty,  What  Constitutes,  and  Relation 

to  Character 4 

Hope,  Essav  on 341 

Horse,  The 243 

Horseback,  The  Lady  on 113 

Horse-power,  Definition  of 412 

Household  v ade  Mecum 125 

"  Favorites 195 

Housecleaning 121 

Housekeepers'  Puzzles  Solved 127 

House  Visitors  in  Country 107 

How  Poor  Boys  Become  Succkssfxtl 

Men 166 

How  to  Prolong  the  Sight 163 


page. 

Ice,  Sustainingr  Power  of 129 

Indt'pondL'iice,  Signers  ol  tiie  Declaration    44 

Industry,  Kulalion  to  Character 4 

Application  of 5 

Independents 275 

Indications,  Signal  Service 155 

Independence  Day  164 

Ingersoll  at  his  Brother's  Grave 30 

at  the  Grave  of  a  Child 31 

Insobriety,  Effects  of 6 

Insolvency,  Net  (Hookkeeping) 413 

Institute,  Smithsonian 133 

Instanttmeous  Measurement  of  Lumber..  338 

Instructions  for  Costing  Ledger 419 

Interest,  Inst^mtanoous  Computation  of. .  385 

'*        Rules  for  Computing  Simple 400 

Interest,  Rates  of.  Legal  and  Contract,'in 

States 382 

Introductions,  Eti(]uette  of 115 

Forms  of   109 

L'tters  of 87 

"  Fancy  Dress  Ball 105 

At  Homes  : 102 

Introductions  and  Salutations 63 

Introductory  Letters,  Forms  of 186 

Invited  Guest,  The 103 

Invitation  Notes 87 

Book 88 

Invitations,  Social,  Visiting 61 

"  Weddings 71 

Balls 101 

"  at  Homes 112 

"  Afternoon  Parties 103 

"  Picnics 104 

"  Fancy  Dress  Balls 105 

"  Dinner  Parties 89 

To  Visit 108 

Items  of  Interest,  Sundry 128 

January,  Flowers  for  313 

Jewelry ,53 

Joint  Note,  Form  of 379 

Judgment,Statute  of  Limitations  in  States 

and  Territories 381 

Judiciary,  Officers  and  Salaries 287 

June,  Flowers  for 313 

July,  Flowers  for 314 

Blnow  Nothings 276 

Ku  Klux  ivlaa 376 

Lady's  Horse,  The  112 

Ladies'  Reception,  Menu  for 94 

"       Shopping 115 

Lady  Guests,  Visiting 61 

Lakes,  Area  of  Principal 48 

Lamb,  To  Carve 99 

Lamp,  Smoky,  To  Cure 125 

Language  of  Flowers    319 

'         of  Precious  Stones 319 

Profane 189 

Lathe,  Geometrical 238 

Law,  Fugitive  Slave 274 

"      Maine 278 

Laws  of  Public  Discussion 295 

Lawrence,  Capt.  (U.  S.  Chesapeake) 271 

Ledger,  Rules  for  Posting 419 

Closing  the 422 

"       Accounts,  Analysis  of 419 

Legibility  in  Writing 390 

Legislative  Officers  and  Salaries 287 

Le  Compton  Constitution 277 

Length  of  Principal  Rivers,  Table 362 

"  "  Seas 125 

Letter  Writer,  Complete 175 

Letters,  Character  of 177 

"        Repetition  in 178 

"        Sample  Business 179 

"        of  Reference 181 

of  Affection 181 

*'        Declinatory 186 

"        Advisory 183 

"        of  Request 183 

"        of  Commiseration 184 

"        Family 185 

"        Introductory 186 


INDEX. 


PAGE. 

Letters,  of  Introduction 87 

byHand 87 

"         of  Invitation 87 

Legal  and  Ban  It  Holidays 164 

"     Kate  of  Interest  in  States  and  Ter- 
ritories   382 

Liberty,  Statute  of 131 

Library  of  Congress 131 

Library,  United  States,  Salaries  in 287 

Liecester  Sheep 426 

Life  Ends  not  in  Death,  The  Autograph 

Album 29 

Limitation,  Statutes  of 381 

Lincoln's  Birthday 164 

Light,  to  Favor  the  Eye 163 

Little  Giant 277 

Lincoln,  Abraham 270 

Llstof  Titles 64 

Statutory  Holidays 164 

"      Synonyms 142 

Lobby 277 

Locoroco 277 

Log  Cabin,  Campaign 276 

Log  Rolling 277 

Longest  Day  at  Capitals  of  the  World 137 

Lumber,  Instantaneous  Measurement  of.  138 

Lunch,  Picnic 104 

Baptism 81 

Hasterpleces  of  Eloquenoe 90 

Masonry,  Anti 261 

Mason  and  Dixon's  Line 278 

MaineLaw 278 

Making  Calls  and  Visits  (Etiquette)..    66 

Marriage  (See  Wedding) 

"  General  Hints 60 

Management  of  Servants 122 

Mail  Time,  Hallway  Table  of 362 

Mansion,  Executive 133 

Masque,  Bal  106 

March  Fluwers 813 

Materials  for  Writing 387 

Maturity  (The  Seasons) 23 

May  Flowers 313 

Meetings,  Calling  Public 296 

"         on  Street 64 

Measurement  of  Oceans,  Lakes  and  Seas.    48 
Mean  Temperature  in  Points  in  the  United 

States 48 

Members   of  Continental  Congress  who 

Signed  Declaration  of  Independence. . .    44 

Meteorological  Table 48 

Measurement  of  Luml)er 138 

Memorial  Day,  Georgia 164 

Meals,  Tune  of  Digestion 129 

Meteorological  Bureau 155 

Menu  Cards 98 

"         "     Forms  of 94-6 

Merchants'  Bill,  Form  of 375 

Mice,  White  197 

MiLiT.\RY  Record,  The .  292 

Ministers,  Foreign,  Salaries  of 386 

Movement  Exercises  (writing) 392 

Mistresses  and  Servants 114 

Milk,  Time  of  Digestion  129 

Missouri  Compromise 278 

Mocking  Bird,  Care  of 196 

Money,  Detecting  Counterfeit 242 

Mobilier  Credit 267 

Monument,  Washington 134 

Monuments,  Altitude  of  Celebrated 138 

Monroe  Doctrine 278 

Morning  Receptions 105 

Moth,  to  Prevent  Ravages  of 121 

Mounting  the  Horse,  Lady  112 

Mount  Vernon  45 

Mountiiins,  Height  of  Celebrated 119 

Mourning 85 

Muffins,  Receipt 96 

Mugwumps  279 

Music,  Ball 101 

"       Afternoon  Parties 103 

"  "         Teas 103 

Mutton,  Car\ing  Leg 98 

"         Shoulder 99 

Saddle 99 


page. 
Nails,  KTumbers  to  Iien^h  and  Pound  1 19 

Names  of  States,  Origin  ol ]t»3 

National  Elections,  JB79-1884 290 

"        Capitol y,ti 

Naturalization 279 

Nations,  Population  of •.    337 

Navy  Dt-partment,  Salaries  in . .    2J<8 

Not  Capital  (bookkeeping^ 413 

"    Insolvency       *'  413 

Newspaper  Announcements,  Wedding. . .    77 
"  "  "  Funeral...    84 

New  Years  Day 164 

"         "       Album,  Verses 29 

Nicknames  of  States  and  People 191 

Nights,  Shortest  and  Longest  in  Capitals 

of  World 137 

Nosebleed,  Cure  of 127 

Note  Paper,  Bank  240 

Notes  A  It«'re<l.  Bank 240 

"      ol  Introduction 87 

"     Statute  of  Limitation 881 

"      Penalties  for  Usury 881 

Note  not  Negotiable.  Form  of 879 

Notice  of  Death,  Newspaper 84 

Noveml>er.  Flowers  for 314 

Nullification    279 

Oak  Charter 264 

Ohkuik.nce  and  Politeness  as  Stepping- 

SUjnes  to  Greatness 186 

Observation,  Use  of.  Travel 317 

Observers  (Signal  Service)  165 

Oceans.  Likes  and  Seas,  Measurement  of    44 

Oirtolior,  Flowers  for 314 

Officers,  Signal 156 

Old  Hickory 280 

OldAbe 280 

Omelette,  Peach  or  Apricot 97 

OmittMig  Words,  In  Letters 178 

Open  .Vccount.s,  Statute  of  Limitations.. '381 

Oi;t-D<)()K  Kxkkcises. 108 

Order  of  Wines 98 

Order  of  I'arliamentary  Precedence 801 

Onler.s,  I'se  and  Forms  of 880 

Origin  of  Names  and  States 198 

'*         Synomyms 140 

Ornamental  Penmanship  399 

Pairing  Quests  for  Dinner.     107 

Paces  ol  a  Horse 247 

Palmistry,  or  Hand  Rkauing 321 

Panics,  Financial 283 

Paper  Bank  Note  (Counterfeiting) 240 

Money,  Commercial  Value 236 

Parents,  Confidence  of  Children  in. .      . .  37 

Parks  (Washington) 131 

Parrots,  Care  ot 193 

Parties,  Afternoon 99 

Dinner  89 

"            "     Dress  for 90 

Balls  and 100 

Party,  Dinner,  Menu  for 95 

"      Children's,  Menu  for 95 

"      Democratic 289 

Repu'^lican  281 

"      Names,  Measures,  Terms,  etc 261 

Free  Soil 273 

Past,  Present  and  Future 172 

Patent  Office  134 

Peach  Omelettes 97 

Perfumes ]62 

Period,  The  (punctuation) 305 

Permanent  Organization,  Meetings 298 

Person,  Care  of ]60 

Penalties  for  Usury 381 

Pets,  Household 193 

Perseverance,  Relation  to  Character 9 

Physician's  Digestion  Table 129 

Piecing  Bank  Notes 241 

Pic  Nics 100 

Pig,  Roast,  Carving 99 

Pigeons,  Care  of 197 

Places  of  Worship  (Etiquette) 56 

Planting  Seeds,  Mode  and  Quantity 386 

Pointsof  a  Horse,  Diagram 244 

"      of  Excellence  in  Horse    244 


INDEX. 


XV 


PAGE. 

Poland  Fowls 429 

Population  by  Continents  and  Nations. . .  337 

Popular  Nicknames 191 

Popular  Vote  lor  Presidents  and  Vice- 
Presidents  at  National  Elections  1779- 

1884 290 

Population  and  Rank  of  S^tates 168 

Population  of  I'rincipal  Nations 130 

Poetry,  Miscellaneous  Quotations 333 

Poets,  Leading,  Quotations 327 

Polite  Habits  of  Convei"sation 64 

Poi)ulation  at  Washington 134 

Popular  Sovereignty 280 

Postscripts  in  Letter-writing —  176 

Political    History    op   the    United 

States  261 

Politeness,  Obedience  and,  as  Stepping 

Stones  to  Greatness 156 

Politeness,  Common  Errors  Respecting..  158 

"         Essential  Elements  of 158 

Position  in  Writing 390 

Post  Offices.  Names  of  Strange 124 

Posting  Ledger 419 

Power,  Sustaining  of  Ice 139 

Poultry 429 

Poultry,  Digestion  of 129 

Practice  of  Bookkeepinq 413 

Practices,  Reprehensible  (Conversation).    65 

Practical  Hints,  Useful  Receipts  and 125 

Precedence  to  Dinner  Parties 91 

Precedence,  Parliamentary 301 

Pre-emption  Right 280 

Preliminary  Business,  Meetings 297 

Preparations,  Funeral 84 

Preface  ill 

Presidents,  Assassination  of 262 

Vote  at  National  Elections..  290 

Presents,  Etiquette  of  88 

"  Wedding 74 

■'  Baptismal 81 

Presidents  AND  THEIR  Cabinets 283 

Principles  in  Writing     395 

Print,  Solid  (Counterfleiting) 239 

Principal  Rivers  of  World,  Length  of...  362 
Printing,  Contractions  and  Abbreviations 

used  in 401 

Principal  Nations,  their  Population.  Area, 
P'orm   of   Government,  Religion,   and 

Present  Ruler 130 

Privacy  of  Correspondence    87 

Privileged  Conversation 65 

Procession,  Funeral        85 

Profane  Language,  Use  of 189 

Profit  and  Loss  (Bookkeeping) 421 

Profits  or  Losses  (Bookkeeping) 413 

Programmes,  Ball        100 

Prolonging  the  Sight 163 

Promissory  Notes,  Form  and  Use  of 378 

Prose  Quotations 333 

Proverbs,  Old  Spanish 369 

Pseudonyms  of  Authors  324 

Puiilic  Buildings,  National 131 

"       Places,  Etiquette 54 

Puff  Paste,  French 97 

Punctuation,  Capitai*  and  Common 
Errors 303 

Quotations  of  Prose  and  Poetry,  from 

Standard  Authors 327 

Raccoon 193 

Rag  Baby  280 

Railways,  Travel 315 

"        Table  of  Distances 362 

"  "       Fares    362 

"  "       Mail  Time ^  362 

Railroads,  Signals  Used  on 337 

Rank,  Population  and,  of  State 168 

Rapid  Calculator,  The 384 

Rapidity  in  Writing 391 

Rate  of  Interest,  Legal  and  Contracs 388 

Rebellion,  War  of 282 

Receipts,  Forms  and  Use  of    376 

"  for  Ailments  of  Horses 248 

Receptions,  Wedding  73 

Ball 100 


page. 

Receptions,  Morning 102 

Evening l(i2 

Record,  Military,  of  the  United  States. . .    298 

Trotting  250 

"       Running 258 

"       Religious  425 

Red  Bird.  Care  of I93 

Reference,  Letters  of 181 

References,  Author's 327 

Reform,  Civil  Service 264 

Refreshments,  Balls 67 

At  Homes 103 

Relieving  Asthma 127 

Religions  of  Principal  Countries 130 

Religions  of  the  World 435 

Removing  Grease 126 

Warts 127 

'*  Cloth,  Dinner 91 

Repetition  in  Writing  Letters 178 

Reports  in  Meetings 299 

Representatives,  Hall  of 133 

Reprehensible  Practices,  Conversation...    64 

Republican,  Black    262 

Party 280 

Request,  Letter  of mi 

Requisites  of  Successful  Conversationalist    66 

Resolutions  in  Meetings 299 

Resources,  Business  (Bookkeeping) 413 

Right  of  Pre-emption 280 

Ring,  Wedding 75 

River,  Salt 283 

Rivers,  Length  of  the  Principal 362 

Roast  Pig,  Carving 99 

Roadsters 245 

Rotunda,  Washington 132 

Round  of  Beef,  Carving 98 

Route  in  Traveling 131 

Rule  of  Conduct,  Street 54 

Visit 61 

"  "         Introductions 62 

Rules  for  Carving    98 

Rules  for  Computing  Interest 385 

Rulers  of  Principal  Nations 130 

Ruling,  Engine  Work 238 

Rulings  of  Chair  in  Meetings 299 

Running  Stock 245 

Record 252 

Salve,  for  Cuts  and  Bruises 125 

Salaries  of  Foreign  Ministers 386 

Salt  River 282 

Salutations,  Introductions  and 62 

Salaries  of  Governors  of  States  and  Terri- 
tories   137 

San  Jacinto,  Battle  of 164 

Sarcasm  in  Conversation 65 

Sauce,  Hollandaise 96 

"      Hamburg   97 

Scalds  and  Burns,  Cure  of 126 

School  Friends,  Correspondence 87 

Scott,  Dred,  Decision 270 

Sealed  Instruments,  Statute  of  Limita- 
tions         381 

Seals  of  United  States  and  States  of  the 

Union 254 

Seasons,  The  Four 15 

Season,  Flowers  in 313 

Seas,  Length  of  Principal 130 

"     Dimensions  and  Surface  Measure- 
ment        48 

Seeds,  Quantity  of  and  Mode  of  Planting.  386 

Selecting  Spot  for  Picnic 104 

"         Dinner  Company 89 

Self-Cultivation,  Importance  of 12 

Self-Control,  Home  Life 35. 

Semicolon,  The  (Punctuation) 303 

Senate  Chamber  at  Washington 132 

Sentiment,  Verses  of.  Albums 29 

September,  Flowers  for 314 

Services,  Form  of  Bill  for 374 

Setting  Table.  Dinner 92 

Servants,  Domestic  Economy 120 

"         Mistressesand 114 

Service,  Signal 135 

'•       Civil.  Reform  of 264 

Shading  (writing) 

" Shall  We  Meet  Again?"  


INDEX. 


PAGE. 

Shape  of  Dinner  Table 93 

Sheep.The 426 

Shoes,  Hoots  and.  Care  of 120 

Shopping,  Hints  to  Ladies 115 

Short  Horn;  Cows 427 

Shortest  Day  In  Capitals  of  the  World. ...  137 

Shrove  Tuesday Ift4 

Sideboard,  The 93 

Sight,  to  Prolong 163 

Signal  Seh VICE,  The  154 

Signals  Used  on  Itailroads 337 

Signers  Declaration  of  Independence 44 

Signatures,  Counterfeit 240 

Sirloin  lleef,  Carving 98 

Slander,  Statute  of  Limitations,  in  Actions 

for,  in  States 881 

Slant  (writing) 389 

Slavery,  Civil  War 292 

Slave  Population  in  1860  in  the  United 

States J68 

Slave  Law,  Fugitive 274 

Sleeping  Cai-s,  Travel 318 

Small  Talk,  Conversation W 

Smithsonian   Institute 183 

Smoky  Lamp,  Ueraedy 127 

Snake-bite,  Cure  of 127 

Snorers,  to  Silence 126 

Sobriety,  Essential  to  Character. 6 

"         Intluenceof  inUfe 8 

Social  Entertainment 60 

Society  at  Washington 185 

Solid  Print  (Counterfeltinar 289 

Soup,  Time  of  Digestion 129 

Soup,  Tomato 9T 

Source  and  Value  of  Politenees 168 

Sovereignty,  Popular 280 

Spanish  Pr()vcrl)H,  Old 369 

Spanish  Ulluk,  Fowl     430 

Speaking,  Common  Errors  in 806 

Speech  and  Writing,  Terseness  in. 310 

Special  Cards 60 

Sponsors,  liaptism :,    80 

Squirrels,  Care  of 197 

Sprains,  Cure  for 127 

Spring,  The  Seasons 18 

State  Department  Building 133 

"    Nomenclature 191 

States,  Capit^ils  of    137 

"      Confederate 264 

"     Legal  and  Contract  Rates  of  Inter- 
est m 882 

"      Origin  of  Names 198 

"      Population  and  Rank  of 168 

"      Seals  of  Different 254 

Statue  of  Liberty 131 

Washington 131 

Statutory  Holidays,  List  of    164 

Statutes  of  Limitations  in  States  and  Ter- 
ritories, on  Notes.  Judgments,  Open 
Accounts,  Sealed  Instruments,  Actions 

for  Assault  and  Slander 381 

Steak,  to  Broil,  Receipt 96 

"      Hamburg  97 

Stepping  Stones  to  Greatness 156 

Stimulating  Flowers      127 

Stop  Bleeding  Nose,  To 127 

Strange  Post  Office  Names 124 

Street  Intercourse,  Gentlemen  55 

"      Meetings,  Ladies 54 

"     Convei-sation  on .55 

Studying,  Form,  Writing  388 

Substitute  for  Motion  (meetings).  299 

Success,  What  Constittjtbs 1 

"        Prosperity  and 9 

Suffolk  Down,  Cows 427 

Sundry  Items  of  Interest 128 

Summer,  The  Seasons 21 

Sun,  to  look  at  without  Injury 126 

Superstitions,  Wedding  Day 190 

Supper,  Ball 101 

Sustaining  Power  of  Ice 129 

Sweeping  and  Dusting 121 

Synonyms 

Origin  of 139 

SynonymSjList  of  AtoZ 142-153 

Use  of 140 


PAGE. 

Table,  at  the  Dinner 91 

Deportmt-nt 93 

"      Setting  the 92 

"      Shai>e  of  93 

"     Decorations   93 

Tacks,  Nails  and.  Number  to  No.  and 

Pound       115 

Talk,  Small,  Conversation 66 

Tea,  to  Make 90 

"     Afternoon 103 

Teeth,  to  Keep  White 126 

"      Care  01 lao 

Temporary  Organization  Meetings 296 

Terms  of  Office,  Governors  of  States  and 

Territories 137 

Territ(jries,  Legal  and  Contract  Rates  of 

Interest  in 382 

Territories,  Capitals  of 137 

Tersenkss  in  Speech  and  Writimo 310 

Texan  Independence  Day 164       1 

The  Social,  Code 49-118       t 

Themes  for  Derate 370 

The  Four  Seasons 15 

TheHokse 243 

Theati-e  and  Concert  Room 65 

Conversjition  in 55 

Theatricals  at  Afternoon  Parties 108 

Ticket*,  Travel 316 

Time,  Best  on  Record,  Trotting 250 

_"  "  "         Running 232 

Time   Table    for    Ascertaining    Day   of 

Week  for  any  Given  Time  from  1752  to 

1962... 167 

Time  Table,  Showing  Time  in  Months  or 

Days  from  any  Day  in  One  Month  to  the 

Corresponding  Day  in  any  Other  Month    47 
Time,  Traveling 818 

"      Itail way  Table  of 862 

Titles,  How  TO  Use  Them 110 

"        in  Introductions 100 

Toilet,The 61 

"      Confirmation 81 

"      Picnic     104 

Tomato  Soup  Receipt 97 

Tongue,  U)  Cut 99 

Topics,  Unpleasant  Conversation 85 

Travel,  How  to  315 

*'       European  318 

Training  Horse 246 

Treasurer.  Meetings 299 

Treasury  Building 133 

Trial  Biilance 422 

Trooi)s,  Colored  and  Drafted  (1861-5) 294 

Trottuig  Stock 246 

Record 250 

True  Home.  The 82 

Turkey,  To  Carve  99 

Underscoring,  in  ■Writingr 177 

Uniformity  in  Writing  389 

Union  Party.  Continental 285 

United  States  Government,  Administra- 
tions of 283 

"  Bank  of 262 

"  Slave  Population 168 

Use  of  Profane  Lansruage 180 

"      Capitals,  Writing 177 

Usury,  Penalty  for  in  States 381 

Vade  Mecum,  Household 125 

Value.  Sourc<>  and.  of  Politeness 158 

Varnish,  for  Hard  Wood 128 

Ve^l,  Carving 98 

Vegetables,  Time  of  Digestion 129 

Vegetables,  Yield  per  Acre 328 

Venison,  Carving. 99 

Ventilation  (Domestic  Economy) 120 

Vernon,  Mount 41 

Verses,     Dedicatory,      Autograph     Al- 
bums        28 

Vice-Presidents,  Popular  Vote  for  1789- 

1884 IfiS 

Vignettes  (Detecting  Counterfeiting) —  239 

Visits,  Calls  and 56 

"     of  Condolence  68 

Visiting,  House,  in  Country 107 


INDEX. 


PAGE. 

Waiters.  Duties  of. ^ 

WaitiiiK-  at  Dinner    J& 

War  Depai-tment  Building: 133 

War  Kcbellion ^ 

"     Slavery 282 

War  Department,  Salaries  in 287 

"    The  Civil,  IHil-S 2^ 

Warts,  to  Remove 127 

Washington's  Birthday 164 

"  George 261 

City  of 131 

"  Monument 134 

"  Capitol  at 181 

Waterbury  Cement 126 

Wedding  Announcements,  Cards —    70 

"  "  Newspapers..    77 

"  Anniversaries. 78 

Card.« 68 

"  Names  of 78 

"         At  Homes 71 

Breakfasts 77 

'•  "         Menu  for 95 

"  Ceremony 75 

in  Church 74 

DayLucky 190 

"  Invitations 71 

"  Preparations 69 

"  Presents .  74 

Wedding  Ring    75 

Waste,  to  Avoid  (Travel) 316 

What  Constitutes  Success 1 


Wheel,  Bicycle 165 

Whigs,  American 261 

White  Fish 96 

White  House 131 

Mice 197 

"       Sauce 97 

Wines,  Order  of  Dinner 93 

Winter  Flowers 127 

Wire,  Iron,  Weight  and  Length  of,  per 

Bundle 400 

Wit,  Conversation 65 

Wondei-s  of  America. . .  118 

Words,  Omitting,  in  Letters 178 

Work,  Ruling  Engine 238 

World,  Capitals  of,  Longest  and  Shortest 

Days  at   137 

World's  Letter  Bags,  The    14 

Worship,  Places  of.  Etiquette 69 

Writing  Made  Easy 387 

"        Common  Errors  In 306 

Writing,  Terseness  in 310 

"        Contractions  and  Abbreviations 

Used  in 401 

Youth  and  Childhood    18 

Yield  per  Acre  of  Cereals,  Fruit  and  Veg- 
etables   328 

York  Hogs 429 

Youth,  Childhood  and 83 

"      The  Seasons 21 


,  i  ^  A  -i  r 


HE  publishers,  in  offering  this  work  to  the  public,  do  not 
feel  that  any  apology  is  necessary  for  its  appearance.  It 
was  conceived  and  entered  upon  to  meet  a  general  and 
well-defined  want,  and  in  carrying  out  this  object  the 
publishers  have  not  only  brought  to  bear,  in  every  branch 
of  knowledge  treated  within  these  covers,  painstaking 
labor  and  industrious  research  on  the  part  of  the  best 
attainable  talent,  but  have  studiously  endeavored  to  im- 
prove upon  personal  experience  in  kindred  publications, 
and  upon  the  experience  of  others  who  have  labored  in  the 
same  field. 

It  is  in  very  recent  years  only  that  the  importance  and 
advantage  have  been  realized  of  jjlacing  within  the  reach 
of  all  a  comprehensive  compendium  of  every  branch  of 
knowledge,  useful  in  the  joractical  duties  of  life,  elevating 
in  its  moral  aspect,  and  softening  and  refining  in  the  exer- 
cise of  those  qualities  which  go  to  embellish  and  adorn 
social  intercourse. 
The  unreserved  and  more  than  anticipated  favor  which  our  "  Secrets 
of  Success"  won  for  itself  at  the  hands  of  a  public  whose  wants  it  went 
very  far  to  meet,  did  not  prove  its  perfection.  On  the  contrary,  the 
experience  of  that,  and  of  the  few  other  publications  of  a  similar  char- 
acter, convinced  us  that  there  was  still  something  wanting  to  cover  and 
completely  occupy  the  field,  and  to  offer  what  may  be  strictly  and  with- 
out exaggeration  characterized  as  a  book,  a  thorough  acquaintance  with 
which  will  constitute,  in  its  best  and  broadest  sense,  '*  a  liberal  educa- 
tion." 

This  work  is  designed  to  cover  a  broader  field  than  any  of  its  prede- 
cessors, and  to  furnish  not  only  all  the  information  of  a  utilitarian 
nature  essential  to  the  successful  prosecution  of  the  practical  affairs  of 
life  and  the  knowledge  necessary  to  enable  the  student  of  its  pages  to 
comport  himself  with  propriety  in  every  calling  and  condition  of  life, 

XIX 


but  also  those  rules  for  the  government  of  mind,  morals  and  manners 
which  both  form  the  bases  of  success  in  practical  affairs  and  are  essen- 
tial to  the  perfection  of  Character,  the  attainment  of  those  characteris- 
tics which  elevate  and  beautify  it,  command  admiration,  affection  and 
esteem,  and  which  unite  to  form  the  only  avenue  by  which  personal, 
domestic  and  social  happiness  is  to  be  reached,  and  true  and  real  pros- 
perity made  to  crown  the  labors  of  Life. 

The  object  here  briefly  set  forth,  has,  we  believe,  been  successfully 
attained  in  these  pages,  and  they  are  offered  to  the  Public  as  a  volume 
of  TcaU,  tangible  and  appreciable  value  to  every  person  who  possesses  it, 
as  a  source  of  self -improvement  and  elevation  of  mind  of  incalculable 
importance  to  those  who  make  a  study  of  its  contents,  and  as,  indeed,  in 
its  most  practical  and  realistic  sense,  as  its  name  implies.  The  Golden 
Key,  which  will  surely  unlock  for  every  student  of  Life  who  masters  the 
knowledge  here  set  forth  for  his  most  convenient  and  easy  acquirement, 
those  Treasures  of  Prosperity  and  Happiness  which  comprise  the  highest 
ambitions  and  the  best  rewards  of  human  existence  and  labors. 

G.  L.  H. 

Chicago,  Febbuaby  1,  1885. 


•t:^. 


-:C7f1^0:    ^    S 


WHAT  (JO|\I^TITUTE^  ^UCKJE^^. 


-^nnf^^^ 


r^ 


^^^mr^ 


HE  person  who  asks  himself  this  question  will 
jump  to  the  conclusion,  at  the  first  glance,  that 
it  is  one  of  so  complex  a  character,  and  to  be 
viewed  from  so  many  diversified  aspects,  as  to 
be  incapable  of  a  general  answer  of  universal 
application.  It  naturally  appears  to  the  casual 
inquirer  that  the  various  avenues  to  success  and 
the  prizes  at  the  end  of  them,  differ  so  widely  in 
their  conditions  and  characteristics  thiit  the  word 
"  success  "  cannot  be  invested  with  any  general  inter- 
pretation. Those  who  labor  for  distinction  in  the 
field  of  science,  who  strive  for  prominence  in  the 
domain  of  politics,  who  seek  eminence  in  the  social 
world,  or  who  make  it  the  goal  of  their  ambition  to 
distinguish  themselves  beyond  their  fellows  in  com- 
mercial enterprise  and  the  accumulation  of  wealth, 
would  seem  at  the  first  blush  to  be  so  far  separated 
in  their  various  paths  that  there  can  be  no  universal  estimate  of  suc- 
cess which  will  apply  equally  to  all.  Yet  a  proper  reflection  will 
soon  lead  to  the  conclusion  that  they  have  a  common  goal,  "  success 
in  life,"  and  that,  though  they  travel  by  widely  divergent  roads  to 
reach  it,  the  conditions  which  are  throughout  essential  to  its  achieve- 
ment are  identical.  No  matter  to  what  pursuit  either  natural  incli- 
nation or  the  force  of  circumstances  may  imjiel  the  young  man  who 
is  setting  out  in  life,  the  success  to  which  he  looks  forward  in  the 
spring-time  of  his  career,  and  which  he  will  most  surely  reach  if  he 
observe  the  conditions  which  the  experience  of  others  has  marked 
out  for  him,  and  his  common  sense  approved,  may  be  briefly  summed 
up  as  an  honorable  place  in  the  esteem  of  his  fellow-citizens,  the 
accumulation  of  sufficient  means  to  place  himself  and  his  family  beyond 
the  reach  of  want,  physical  capacity  to  enjoy  with  appreciation  and 
satisfaction  the  rewards  of  life,  and  that  moral  self-respect  Avhich  an 
honest  and  upright  life  affords,  and  which  alone  can  render  of  any 
real  value  either  the  possession  of  wealth  or  the  enjoyment  of  repu- 
tation. 


The  earlier  the  young  man  makes  up  his  mind  txj  enter  upon  his 
equipment  for  the  struggles  of  Ufe,  the  more  effective  he  will  find 
his  efforts  during  the  whole  course  of  his  career,  and  it  is  a  duty 
which  he  owes  to  himself,  at  the  very  outset  of  that  career,  first,  to 
thoroughly  realize  how  absolutely  and  imperatively  necessary  to 
success  is  Character ;  next  to  comprehend  fully  what  are  those  quali- 
ties and  attributes  which  combine  to  fonn  and  complete  character; 
and  finally  to  set  himself  to  work  with  steadfast  resolution  to  so 
shape  his  habits  of  morals,  of  mind,  of  ])erson  and  of  manners, 
that  he  may  attain  in  his  individuality  the  harmonious  whole  of 
true  Character.  lie  will  in  tiiis  light,  and  with  this  end  in  view, 
cultivate  and  practice  the  qualities  of  Honesty,  Industry,  Sobriety, 
Fidelity,  Economy,  Frugality,  Perseverance,  Patience,  Determina- 
tion, Cleanliness  and  Self-cultivation.  "With  Character  founded  u}X)n 
and  embracing  these  qualities,  the  young  man  is  fully  equipped  with 
those  weapons  by  means  of  w^hich  all  difficulties  are  to  be  over- 
come, and  by  which,  and  which  alone,  in  the  history  of  modern 
civilization,  every  successful  man,  in  whatever  walk  of  life,  has 
scided  the  heights  of  greatness  and  prosperity. 


WHAT    CONSTITUTES    SUCCESS. 


3 


I  HE  corner-stone  of  the  edifice  of  success  is  Character — 
the  possession  of  those  moral  and  mental  habits  and 
characteristics  which  guide  the  footsteps  of  the 
student  of  life  in  the  boundaries  of  honor  and  probity, 
and  without  which  neither  wealth,  nor  ability,  nor 
friends,  nor  opportunity,  nor  any  adventitious  circum- 
stance whatever  in  his  favor  can  avail.  Without  Char- 
acter, well  formed  and  secured  against  peril  of  loss  by 
a  full  realization  of  all  that  it  means,  as  the  weapon 
with  which  success  in  life  is  to  be  achieved  from  even 
the  humblest  condition,  and  of  all  of  the  wreck  of  hope 
and  ruin  of  high  aspiration  which  its  absence  "or  its 
loss  involves,  there  is  no  such  thing  as  success,  perma- 
nent, real  and  lasting,  to  be  attained.  And  this  is 
something  in  which  every  man  holds  his  destiny  in  his 
^  own  hands,  from   the  period  at   which  he  arrives  at 

years  of  sufficient  discretion  to  recognize  his  moral 
responsibilities.  No  advantages  of  moral  surroundings,  of  pious 
training,  of  education,  or  of  affluence  will  insure  the  young  man 
Character  who  himself  neglects  to  fulfill  those  conditions  which 
are  necessary  to  create  and  retain  it ;  and  no  difficulties  of  birth, 
poverty,  neglect  nor  misfortune,  will  be  sufficient  to  restrain  from 
advancement,  and  all  the  benefits  which  Character  bestows  on  its 
possessor,  the  young  man  who  realizes  what  constitutes  Character 
and  its  importance  to  his  future  advancement,  and  who  armors  him- 
self with  an  inflexible  determination  to  cultivate  and  practice  those 
habits — of  body,  and  mind  and  morals — which  form  the  elements  of 
Character. 


''^k^:^^^ 


WHAT   CONSTITUTES    SUCXIESS. 


HONESTY. 


IIE  keystone  in  the  arch  of  Character  is  Honesty,  and  he 
who  would  win  and  wear  the  crown  of  success  cannot  too 
earnestly  a])preciate  the  fact  when  he  places  his  foot  upon 
the  lowest  run<^  of  the  ladder  of  life.  And  it  is  well  not  to 
mistake  what  Honesty  is.  It  is  not  that  superficial  kind  of 
Honesty  which  is  the  mere  creation  of  a  habit  of  education, 
a  sentiment  which  vaguely  recognizes  that  dishonesty  is  dis- 
graceful, and  which  too  often,  in  after  life,  degenerates  into  belief 
that  the  disgrace  consists  only  in  being  found  out.  It  is  not  that 
self-satisfied  feeling  which  attends  prosperity  reached  without 
passing  through  the  crucible  of  adversity.  Honesty,  in  the  sense 
in  which  Character  is  founded,  is  based  upon  the  bed-rock  of  moral 
principle,  and  should  be  the  supreme  and  governing  impulse  of 
action,  even  where  necessity  was  most  strongly  api)ealed  to  by 
temptation.  It  is  a  quality  which,  though  quiet  and  unobtrusive, 
and  modest  from  its  inherent  nature,  never  fails  in  the  course  of 
life  to  make  itself  recognized,  and  to  bring  its  reward  to  its  j>ossessor. 
in  trust,  confidence,  promotion,  and  opportunities  for  advancement, 
which  the  unstable  or  doubtful  character  will  not  find  open  to  it. 
He  who  strives  to  form  his  character  so  that  he  may  grasp  confi- 
dently for  success,  will  be  honest  because  it  is  right;  because 
it  is  a  moral  obligation  with  rpwards  and  penalties  in  a  higher  code 
of  laws  than  those  of  business;  and  because  it  pays  to  be  honest. 
There  never  was  a  truer  axiom  than  that  which  says,  "  Honesty 
is  the  best  policy."  It  is  not  only  the  best  policy,  but  it  is  the  only 
policy  upon  which  to  found  Character  on  a  basis  which  will 
uphold  a  superstructure  of  success. 


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1  ■  1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II I 


II  I  nil  I  I  I  I  I  I  II  I  I  II  I  I  I  I  I 


i^ 


INDUSTRY. 


Sillil>l:lllllllllil 


:  ERHAPS  the  attribute  of  Character  next  in  importance  to 
«i    Honesty  is  Industry.     And  in  no  respect  does  a  young 
man's  future  rest  so  entirely  with  himself  as  in  this.     No 
\  ^    matter  how  honest  or  faithful  the  young  man  may  be ;  no 
matter  how  bright  his  intellect,  nor  how  promising  his  oppor- 
tunities ;  if  he  have  allowed  the  fatal  habit  of  indolence  and  sloth 


WHAT   CONSTITUTES    SUCCESS. 


to  grow  upon  him,  his  efforts  will  be  in  vain.  Industry  is  the 
working  partner  in  the  firm  of  attributes  which  constitute  Char- 
acter. It  is  the  aggressive  weapon  in  the  battle  of  life,  and  it 
is  trenchant,  effective,  and  victorious  in  its  progress  just  in  pro- 
portion to  its  quality.  If  it  be  vigorous,  persistent  and  in  constant 
exercise,  no  difficulties  will  stay  its  course.  If  it  be  feeble,  spas- 
modic and  irregular  in  its  application,  a  meagre  measure  of  success, 
or  more  likely  total  disapiK)intment,  is  the  certain  result.  It  is  the 
quality  above  all  others  which  attracts  attention,  which  most  readily 
enlists  sympathy,  insures  confidence,  and  brings  material  assistance 
to  him  who  constantly  displays  that  faculty  in  every  work  to  which 
he  applies  his  hand  or  his  head,  whether  for  himself  or  others. 
There  is  nothing  of  greater  importance  to  the  youth  Avho  sets  out 
in  the  journey  of  life  with  an  ambition  for  success,  than  that  he 
should  early  so  cultivate  habits  of  industry  that  they  become  a 
second  nature  to  him.  Such  a  habit  makes  the  whole  work  of  a  life 
easier,  renders  obstacles  less  difficult  to  overcome,  and  success  more 
easy  of  attainment.  It  commands  confidence,  inspires  respect, 
and  is  the  best  assurance  a  man  can  give  to  himself  of  his  ability 
to  grasp  the  prizes  of  life. 


t  SOBRIETY.  j 


O  one  who  is  ever  likely  to  take  a  prominent  position  in 
competition  for  honor  and  place  in  the  race  of  life,  needs 
to  have  it  impressed  upon  him  that  Sobriety  must  go  hand 
in  hand  with  Honesty  and  Industry  in  the  constitution  of  that 
Character  by  means  of  which  success  alone  can  be  attained. 
No  pereon  of  years  of  discretion  and  matured  judgment  needs 
to  have  pointed  out  to  him,  in  the  face  of  the  experience  with 
which  he  is  daily  confronted,  the  fatal  results  which  invariably 
attend  the  absence  of  a  strict  and  uncompromising  observance  of 
an  undeviating  habit  of  Sobriety.  Anything  less  than  that  is 
dangerous  to  all,  and  fatal  to  most  men.  To  the  young  man  who 
desires  to  succeed  in  life,  Sobriety  is  absolutely  essential ;  and,  aside 
from  the  fact  that  without  that  quality  he  can  seek  in  vain  for  the 
confidence  which  leads  to  trust  and  promotion,  or  which  will  .give 
to  his  abilities  the  scope  of  favorable  opportunity,  he  who  deliber- 
ately ignores  this  condition,  in  the  face  of  the  warning  beacons 


WHAT   CONSTITUTES   SUCCESS. 


with  which  his  course  is  surrounded,  and  dehberately  risks  the 
breakers  of  failure  and  disappointment  and  the  rocky  shores  of 
ruin,  is  not  deserving  of  sympathy,  much  less  of  success.  It  is,  at 
the  beginning  of  a  career,  the  easiest  of  all  the  elements  which 
make  up  Character  to  have  under  control;  because  the  resort  to 
insobriety  is,  at  the  first,  a  violence  to  nature,  at  which  every 
faculty  and  sense  rises  in  revolt  and  repugnance.  It  is  a  false  and 
unnatural  habit,  which  is  only  to  be  attaine<l  by  vicious  cultivation, 
which  blights  the  promise  of  life  in  the  bud.  Aside  from  these  and 
higher  moral  considerations,  the  dictates  of  selfishness  and  common- 
sense  say  to  the  young  man,  that  sobriety  is  desirable  because  it  is 
essential  to  his  success.  Insobriety  is  to  he  avoided  because  it  is  a 
profligate  of  time ;  because  it  is  injurious  to  the  health ;  l>ecause 
it  involves  a  senseless  expenditure  of  money;  because  it  destroys 
the  possibility  of  attaining  confidence,  and  puts  barriers  in  the  way 
of  advancement ;  and  bectiuse  it  creates  contact  with  associations 
injurious  to  personal  reputation  and  prospects.  In  the  individual 
case  it  is  in  the  j^eriod  of  early  manhood  in  which  his  conduct,  in 
this  respect,  is  subjected  to  the  closest  criticism  and  scrutiny.  His 
movements,  his  personal  tendencies,  his  companionship,  and  his 
associations,  are  uiore  narrowly  observed  than  he  dreams  by 
his  elders,  already  engagetl  in  the  serious  affairs  of  life,  and  to 
whom  presently  he  will  have  to  owe  his  opportunities  for  advance- 
ment and  success.  ,And  this  is  the  case  in  every  walk  of  life, 
commercial  or  professional,  but  more  strictly  so,  perhaps,  among 
business  men.  It  is  not  necessfiry  that  the  young  man  should  be  a 
recluse  or  an  ancliorite ;  convivial  and  social  qualities  are  esteemed 
with  favor  in  the  business  world,  if  they  lead  a  man  to  clean  and 
rational  amusements,  to  honorable  and  elevating  companionship, 
and  to  the  avoidance  of  contact  with  all  that  is  low,  vicious  and 
degrading,  or  even  questionable.  But  it  is  a  rule  that,  long  before 
the  youth  knocks  at  the  door  of  the  business  world  for  admission 
and  seeks  to  be  assignetl  a  place  there,  older  heads  have  scrutinized 
this  feature  of  his  character,  and  will  meet  him  with  welcome  and 
favor,  or  with  doubt  and  distrust,  according  to  whether  or  not  he 
has  approved  himself,  at  the  threshold  of  life,  a  sober  young  man. 
Let  it  be  solemnly  and  earnestly  borne  in  mind  that  Character 
cannot  be  complete  unless  it  be  marked  by  the  habit  of  Sobriety, 
and  that,  while  a  young  man  must  be  content  to  use  and  improve 
the  intellect  with  which  nature  has  endowed  him,  and  may  only 
overcome  the  difficulties  of  poverty  and  want  of  influence,  by  a 
struggle  of  time,  it  is  in  his  own  power,  by  the  simple  exercise  of 


^^ 


WHAT   CONSTITUTES   SUCCESS. 


7 


his  will,  and  proper  regard  for  his  self-respect  and  self-interest,  to 
engrave  at  once  and  for  liis  lifetime  the  attribute  of  Sobriety  upon 
his  Character. 


IDELITY  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  traits  in  the  human 
Character,  and  is  not  the  least  regarded,  nor  the  least  im- 
portant among  its  composite  elements.  The  man  who 
holds  faithful  to  the  principles  of  honor,  who  aspires  to  stamp 
upon  his  career  the  royal  insignia  of  true  nobility,  who  aims 
to  be  esteemed  as  one  of  "  nature's  gentlemen,"  will  be  found 
faithful  to  every  trust.  He  will  by  his  conduct  in  life  establish  in 
his  daily  progress  his  fidelity  to  every  duty,  to  his  employer,  to  his 
family,  and  to  himself.  He  who  has  earned,  in  whatsoever  sphere 
of  life  he  may  elect  to  move,  a  reputation  for  fidelity,  has  already 
placed  his  foot  firmly  upon  the  ground  of  success.  It  is  a  quality 
w^hich  commands  universal  respect,  and  which  most  speedily  begets 
confidence  and  regard,  even  from  the  least  susceptible,  and  where  it 
is  exhibited  so  as  to  be  unmistakable  in  its  genuineness,  it  is  an 
infallible  passport  to  advancement  and  preferment.  Xo  young  man 
who  proves  himself  steadfastly  and  unswervingly  faithful  to  every 
trust,  however  small  or  humble,  Avill  ever  fail  to  find  friends  in  his 
course,  who  will  take  pleasure  in  helping  him  forward  in  the  battle 
of  life.  Fidelity  in  a  man  is  a  touchstone  which  invariably  develops 
its  like  when  brought  into  contact  with  other  natures,  and  while,  in 
a  higher  sense,  it  is  its  own  reward,  the  young  man  who  enters  the 
conflict  of  existence  with  nothing  but  talent  and  Character  as  his 
capital,  will  find  in  after  life  that  Fidelity,  in  whatever  measure  of 
success  he  has  achieved,  has  been  one  of  his  most  effective  instru- 
ments. 


WHAT   CX)N8TITrrrE8    SUCCESS. 


fllllllllllHIIIIIIIIHilll!K!!lllilll»iB!Mlllffllianiin^^ 

I       ECONOMY  AND  FRUGALITY.     | 

CONOMY  is  a  feature  of  character  which  solely  aflfects  the 
individual  and  reflects  upon  his  prospects  and  op])ortuni- 
ties.  How  fretjuently  are  we  led  to  wonder  tliat  ^Ir.  A. 
S-  or  Mr.  B.,  wliose  silvering  locks  betoken  that  age  is  growing 
upon  him,  and  wlioni  we  have  known  ever  to  be  honest,  indus- 
trious, sober  and  faithful,  is  still  a  clerk  at  the  desk,  or  a  pro- 
fessional man  in  a  rented  house,  with  always  a  hard  struggle  to 
make  both  ends  meet.  It  is  not  in  these  cases  always,  or  even  often, 
a  lack  of  ambition.  It  is  that  there  has  been  on  the  part  of  such  a 
person  a  something  wanting  in  the  foundation  of  liis  career — a  flaw 
in  an  otherwise  excellent  character,  which  makes  him  capable  of 
doing  his  duty  in  life  to  everyone's  advantage  but  his  own.  Econ- 
omy and  frugality  are  qualities  which  must  be  acquired,  if  ever,  in 
early  life,  and  which  are  only  to  be  affixed  to  the  character,  so  as  to 
be  borne  without  being  a  burden,  b}'-  painstjiking  self-denial  in 
youth  till  they  become  settled  habits  of  nature.  It  is  natural  to 
man  to  be  luxurious,  to  take  all  the  comforts  and  enjoyments  out  of 
life  which  his  pecuniary  resources  will  permit,  and  where  this  feel- 
ing is  not  restrained  by  the  cultivation  of  Economy,  it  becomes  a 
fixture  in  the  Character,  and  the  man  who  gives  way  to  it  will  go  on 
through  life,  without  seeming  extravagance,  yet  self-indul gently 
limiting  his  outlay  only  by  his  income.  The  3'oung  man  should 
take  strict  care  to  be  master  of  his  own  appetites  and  wants,  and 
while  penury  and  parsimony  are  among  the  passiv^e  ^nces,  he  should, 
at  all  times  in  life  but  particularly  in  youth,  always  maintain  a  bal- 
ance to  the  credit  of  each  month's  income,  and  year  by  year 
increase  the  store  which  will,  when  the  time  and  the  opportunity 
arrive,  form  a  capital  for  the  commencement  of  business.  He  who 
has  shown  his  capacit}^  to  thus  lay  up  for  a  rainy  day,  will  find 
always  credit  and  business  friends,  while  at  all  events  common  pru- 
dence advises  every  one  to  make  a  provision  for  the  future,  for  any 
calamity  or  untoward  fortune  that  may  befall;  and  if  this  be  done  in 
youth,  the  habit  of  Economy  is  insensibly  acquired,  a  lasting  benefit 
throuffh  life. 


WHAT   CONSTITUTES   SUCCESS, 


PERSEVERANCE. 


FV4 


|M0NG  the  leading  features  of  Character,  which  chiefly  fit 
it  to  beget  success,  is  Perseverance.  It  is  by  no  means  one 
of  the  virtues  the  most  easy  to  practice,  but  it  is  one  that 
is  perhaps  the  most  surely  of  all,  certain  to  find  a  rich  reward 
in  results.  Youth  is  the  season  of  hot  blood,  of  vivid  imagina- 
tion, and  of  impatient  ambition.  Nature  is  at  that  period 
more  volatile — liable  to  unreasonable  inflation  of  expectation  upon 
slight  foundation,  and  still  more  to  unreasonable  periods  of  depres- 
sion and  despondency  on  the  occasion  of  every  reverse  or  unfavorable 
circumstance.  But  the  man  who  starts  out  in  life  with  the  necessity 
for  Perseverance  against  all  difficulties,  so  thoroughly  impressed  upon 
his  mind  by  his  habit  of  thought  as  to  be  a  fixed  part  of  his  Charac- 
ter, is  equipped  for  every  emergency,  and  has  as  certain  a  prospect 
of  success  before  him  as  it  is  possible  to  compass  in  the  scope  of 
human  effort.  It  is  a  quality  that  should  be  early  cultivated  and 
ingrained  into  the  character  so  as  to  be  ineradicable.  Over  the  sea 
of  human  life  it  is  not  all  nor  always  smooth  sailing.  Upon  the 
fairest  sky  the  clouds  will  arise,  and  the  serenity  of  its  beauty  be, 
without  warning,  distorted  by  the  anger  of  the  tempest.  So  it  is  in 
life,  and  when  all  seems  smooth  for  the  path  of  progress,  difficulties 
spring  up,  and  perhaps  disasters  befall,  in  spite  of  every  precaution 
and  of  every  desert,  and  it  is  at  such  times  as  these  that  he  who 
lacks  Perseverance  is  tossed  like  a  ship  without  ballast,  of  times  to 
utter  destruction,  while  the  vessel  with  Perseverance  at  the  helm 
will  weather  the  gale  in  safety,  and,  if  shaken  in  the  struggle,  Avill 
still  keep  on  the  course  and  finally  reach  the  haven  of  Prosperity 
and  Success. 


WHAT   CONSTITUTES   SUCCESS. 


I  PATIENCE. 


1 


MPATIENCE  is  a  habit  which  often  and  seriously  interferes 
with  the  progress  of  the  most  deserving  young  man,  and  jeo])- 
ardizes  the  whole  future  of  his  career.  Like  Perseverance, 
it  is  one  of  the  virtues  of  self-denial,  and  requires  self-control 
and  determination  and  early  practice,  before  it  can  be  reckoned 
a  part  of  Character,  or  be  proof  against  the  assaults  of  tempta- 
tion. Jt  is  a  part  of  good  temper,  which  is  essential  not  only  to  a 
man's  own  comfort  through  life,  but  to  that  of  tiiose  with  whom  he 
is  brouglit  into  contiict.  It  is  slow  to  anger,  and  quick  to  forgive- 
ness. It  cements  friendship,  strengthens  old  ties,  and  creates  new 
ones.  It  is  the  quality  which  at  the  beginning  of  a  young  man's 
career  is  the  most  likely  to  be  tried,  and  to  be  trietl  most  frequently. 
It  guards  against  seeing  affront  where  none  was  intended,  and  curbs 
the  rising  temper,  and  prevents  hostility,  where  others  give  way  to 
anger.  The  man  who  has  patience  is  far  superior  to  him  who  loses  his 
temper,  and  his  superiority  is  soon  recognized  in  the  world  in  which 
he  moves.  It  avoids  at  the  outset  of  his  career  difficulties  which 
otherwise  deprive  men  of  useful  and  influential  friends,  in  employers, 
and  those  in  authority  over  him,  and  is  an  attribute  of  Character 
which,  while  it  requires  constant  watchfulness  through  life,  is  one 
of  its  greatest  beautifiers. 


VERY  young  man  should  set  out  in  life  with  the  distinct 

understanding  that  he  who  is  not  master  of  himself  will 

*>A\»j-         be  the  slave  of  many  weaknesses  and  follies  which  Avill 

iS.    beset  his  course  through  life  with  difficulties  and  dangers.    The 

J'      young  man  should  early  cultivate  the  exercise  of   his  will- 

i      power,  so  as  to  acquire,  as  a  habit,  an  inflexible  Determination 

in   the    pursuit  of   all   that   is   upright,   honorable,   elevating  and 

profitable,  and  in  the  shunning  of  all  that  is  ignoble,  degrading, 

frivolous  or  vicious.  "  He  cannot  say, '  No  I '  "  Upon  the  tombstones 


WHAT   CONSTITUTES    SUCCESS. 


of  how  many  brightly-dawning  Uves,  high  ambitions  and  brilliant 
prospects,  is  this  confession  of  weakness  the  -pitiable  epitaph  !  No 
young  man  can  do  justice  to  himself,  to  his  opportunities,  or  to  his 
prospects  in  life,  unless  he  early  acquires  and  practices  this  thorough 
command  and  mastery  over  the  Aveaknesses  and  frailties  of  nature. 
He  Av'ho  is  his  own  master — that  is,  the  master  of  his  own  impulses, 
passions,  appetites  and  prejudices — has  a  safeguard  against  tempta- 
tion through  life  of  invaluable  importance,  and  which  will  not  only 
prove  a  profit  and  advantage  to  himself,  but  will  command  the 
respect  of  men  of  weaker  will.  It  is  a  guard  against  the  infinnities 
of  temper,  against  the  demands  of  extravagance,  against  the  risks 
in  which  indulgent  good  nature  w^ould  involve  a  business  man,  against 
the  insidious  approach  of  vicious  or  undesirable  habits  and  evil  and 
unprofitable  associations.  Determination  is  in  itself  a  virile  virtue, 
and  it  develops  and  strengthens  every  other  mental  and  moral  fac- 
ulty. 


CLEANLINESS. 


*"  LEANLINESS,  in  the  proverb,  is  placed  next  to  Godliness. 
It  is  not  the  least  desirable  and  important  of  those  personal 
IWh"^  attributes  which  constitute  Character,  and  is  a  most  essen- 
^^„  tial  feature  of  the  conditions  which  go  to  make  up  me7is  sana  in 
y!^  corpore  sano.  It  is  not  only  essential  to  physical  health  and 
comfort,  but  it  is  an  indicator  of  the  habits  of  mind  as  well. 
The  young  man  who  is  careless  about  his  personal  appearance  and 
attire,  can  hardly  be  expected  to  have  the  exact  and  tidy  habits  which 
become  a  well-ordered  counting-room,  while  he  is  open  to  suspicion, 
perhaps,  and  generally  no  doubt,  of  being  a  moral  as  well  as  a  per- 
sonal "  slouch."  He  who  does  not  see  that  his  apparel  and  personal 
habits  are  clean,  if  not  dandified,  and  tidy,  if  not  expensive,  will 
find  that  he  will  labor  from  the  first  at  a  disadvantage  in  making 
his  way  through  the  world,  and  will  have  himself  to  blame  if  he  be  sus- 
pected by  others — more  particularly  by  those  in  the  social  and  business 
world  with  whom  he  most  desires  to  (with  whom  it  is  most  important 
to  him  he  shaU)  stand  in  good  estimation — of  lack  of  proper  pride 
and  self-respect,  and  indifference  to  the  suggestions  of  good  taste 
and  a  desire  to  please.  And  the  young  man  cannot  be  too  mindful 
of  the  fact  that  this  cleanliness  must  not  only  mark  his  habits  of 
dress  and  person,  but  also  of  mind,  manners,  language  and  morals 


WHAT   CONSTITUTES   SUCCESS. 


RlSfitiSMJJiUiMiri  1 1 1 1  III  1 1  <  I II 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1  III  1 1 1 1  III  •  1 1 1  uTiTiTiTmiJ^ 

I  SELF-CULTIVATION.  p 

HT  I  •  1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II  ■  1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1  M  1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 II  a  I  ■  1 1 1  ■  I II  ItTjt 

HIS  is  a  subject  whose  importance  no  young  man  who  sets 
out  in  life  with  an  ambition  to  make  his  mark  in  the  world, 
can  afford  to  overlook.  How  frecjuently  in  after  life  a  man 
finds  cause  to  regret  bitterly  those  leisure  hours  of  youth 
wasted  beyond  recall  in  idleness  or  in  social  frivolity,  in  which 
he  might  have  improved  his  mind,  expanded  his  intellect,  per- 
fected his  education,  widened  his  sphere  of  knowledge  and  informa- 
tion, and  lessened  ten-fold  the  difficulties  which  he  has  had  to 
surmount  in  the  road  tf)  prosperity  and  success  in  life.  Youth  is  the 
period  at  which  the  mind  is  in  the  plastic  condition;  when  it  receives 
impressions  most  readily  and  retains  them  most  faithfully  and  perma- 
nently; when  knowledge  is  acquired  with  the  least  labor  and  exertion. 
It  is  the  period,  too,  when  the  student  is  less  oppressed  with  the  cares 
of  life,  with  the  res|X)nsibilities  of  business,  and  with  those  anxieties 
and  perplexities  which  come  later  in  life  to  fill  up  the  whole  current 
of  existence.  Some  of  the  best  men  of  our  day,  who  began  life  in 
the  most  humble  circumstances,  with  but  the  barest  rudiments  of 
an  eilucation,  and  amid  all  the  discouragements  which  beset  j^verty 
and  friendlessness,  have  become  learned  and  widel}'  read  men  of  the 
world,  capable  of  taking  a  creditable  jwsition  in  the  circles  of  men 
of  letters,  when  their  advancement  in  life  threw  them  into  such 
society,  by  devoting  a  few  hours  in  the  evening  of  each  day  to 
persistent,  determinetl  and  industrious  effort  at  self-improvement. 
The  advantages  enjoyed  by  the  present  generation  for  this  object 
are  incalculable.  The  golden  treasury  of  knowledge  is  open  wide 
to  all  who  choose  to  avail  themselves  of  its  priceless  stores.  The 
printing  press,  the  great  educator  of  the  day,  by  its  marvelous  labor, 
places  within  the  reach  and  within  the  means  of  every  young  man 
the  facilities  by  which  his  mind  can  be  stored  with  every  description 
of  knowledge,  whether  calculated  to  aid  him  in  the  practical  struggle 
with  the  world,  or  to  equip  himself  with  those  graces  and  accom- 
plishments of  intellect  which  embellish  and  adorn  his  intercoui*se 
with  others,  and  are  a  source  of  indescribable  pleasure  and  satisfac- 
tion to  him  who — in  the  full  enjoyment  of  the  wider  fields  of  interest, 
amusement,  speculation,  contemplation,  thought  and  action,  thus 
opened  to  him — can  look  back  and  thank  God  for  the  wisdom  which 


Vi 


WHAT   CONSTITUTES    8^C(;^:SS. 


led  him  to  the  task  of  improving  tlie  idle  hours  of  youth  to  self- 
cultivation,  and  for  the  determination  which  enabled  him  to  pereist 
in  the  pursuit  of  knowledge  until  it  became  no  longer  a  task,  but  a 
pleasure  and  delight. 


RISE  AND  LABOR. 

I  had  drank  with  lips  ungated 
Where  the  founts  of  pleasure  burst, 

I  had  hewn  out  broken  cisterns. 
But  they  mocked  my  spirit's  thirst; 

And  I  said,  life  is  a  desert. 
Hot,  and  measureless  and  dry, 

And  God  will  not  give  me  water. 
Though  I  thirst,  and  pant,  and  die! 

Spoke  there  a  friend  and  brother : 
"Rise  and  roll  the  stone  away; 

There  are  wells  of  life  upspringing 
To  thy  pathway  every  day." 

But  I  said  :  "  My  lips  are  sinful. 

Very  sinful  in  my  speech, 
And  the  wells  of  God's  salvation 

Are  too  deep  for  me  to  reach.'' 

Then  he  answered:  "Rise  and  labor; 

Doubt  and  idleness  are  death ; 
Shape  thee  out  a  goodly  vessel 

With  the  strong  hand  of  thy  faith.' 

Then  I  rose  and  shaped  a  vessel 
And  knelt  lowly,  humbly,  there. 

And  I  drew  up  living  water 
By  the  golden  chain  of  prayer. 


I    THE  WORLD'S  LETTER-BAGS.     I 
^\  \  \  \  \.\  \  \  \  \  \  \  \  \  \  \N 

HE  statistics  oi"  the  L'niveisul  I'ostal  Union  for  last  year, 
collected  and  published  by  the  International  Bureau  at 
Berne,  Switzerland,  shows  that  in  number  of  postoffices 
the  United  States  ranks  first,  with  45,512  offices,  and  Great 
Britain  next,  with  14,918  offices.  Japan  is  far  in  advance  of 
Russia,  British  India,  Austria,  Italy  and  Spain,  in  the  number 
of  her  postoffices,  having  5,094.  Switzerland  ranks  first  in  the  rel- 
ative portion  between  the  number  of  her  postoffices  and  the  popula- 
tion, having  an  average  of  985  inhabitants  to  each  postoffice;  the 
United  States  has  1.12G;  Norway  has  2,054;  and  Great  Britain 
has  2,302  inhabitants  for  each  office.  In  the  number  of  letters  con- 
veyed by  mail  Great  Britain  ranks  first,  with  1,229,354,800 ;  the 
United  States  next,  with  1,046,107,348;  then  Germany  with  563-, 
225,700 ;  and  France  ^vith  535,541,373.  The  Argentine  Republic 
stands  at  the  bottom  of  the  list.  The  United  States  conveys  more 
postal  cards  than  any  other  country ;  Germany  comes  next,  followed 
by  Great  Britain  and  Austria. 

In  completeness  and  jKjrfection  of  arrangements,  the  mail  service 
of  the  United  States,  notwithstanding  the  magnificent  distances  to 
be  overcome,  is  with  its  railway  mail  system,  admittedly  the  best  in 
the  world. 

In  respect  to  the  number  of  letters  and  postal  cards  to  each  in- 
habitant, the  countries  rank  as  follows :  Great  Britain,  38.7 ;  the 
United  States,  27.3;  Switzerland,  19.9;  Germany,  15.8. 

The  United  States  has  91,571  miles  of  railroad ;  Germany  has 
20,573 ;  France  16,822,  and  Russia  14,439  miles. 

In  number  of  newspapers  conveyed  in  domestic  mails,  the 
United  States  ranks  first,  with  852,180,792  ;  Germany  second,  with 
439,089,900;  France  third,  with  320,188,636,  and  Great  Britain 
fourth,  with  140,789,100. 

In  respect  to  the  amount  of  gross  postal  revenue,  Germany 
takes  the  lead  with  $41,064,843;  the  United  States  next,  with  $38,- 
926,088 ;  Great  Britain  third,  with  $35,138,000 ;  and  France  fourth, 
with  $30,593,713. 

Great  Britain,  Germany  and  France  had  a  net  revenue  in  1881 
ranging  from  $13,705,020  to  $3,980,088 ;  ,but  the  United  States, 
Russia  and  Japan  had  a  deficiency  in  revenue,  the  same  year,  rang- 
ing from  $2,883,615  to  $264,168. 


THE  SEASONS. 
These,  as  they  change.  Almighty  Father,  these 
Are  but  the  varied  God.    The  rolling  year 
Is  full  of  Thee.    Forth  In  the  pleasing  SPRING 
Thy  Beauty  walks,  thy  Tenderness  and  Love. 
Wide  flush  the  fields  ;  the  softening  air  is  balm. 
Echo  the  mountains  round  ;  the  forest  smiles. 
And  every  sense,  and  every  heart,  is  joy. 

Then  comes  thy  Glory  in  the  SUMMER  months 

»Vith  light  and  heat  effulgent.    Then  thy  Sun  i 

Shootest  full  perfection  through  the  swelling  year ; 

And  oft  thy  Voice  in  dreadful  thunder  speaks. 

And  oft  at  dawn,  deep  noon,  or  falling  eve, 

By  brooks  and  groves,  in  hollow-whispering  gales. 

Thy  Bounty  shines  in  AUTUMN  unconflned. 
And  spreads  a  common  feast  for  all  that  lives. 

In  WINTER,  awful  Thou  !  with  clouds  and  storms 
Around  thee  thrown,  tempest  o'er  tempest  rolled. 
Majestic  darkness  !    On  the  whirlwind's  wing, 
Riding  sublime,  Thou  bidst  the  world  adore. 
And  humblest  Nature  with  thy  northern  blast. 

HE  mysterious  round  of  the  Seasons,  which  Thompson, 
in  his  Hymn,  apostrophizes  as  the  manifestation  of  the 
Creator  in  the  things  of  Nature,  is  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  forms  in  which  the  inscrutable  Power  which 
controls  and  directs  the  grand  harmonies  of  the  universe, 
is  presented  to  the  finite  minds  of  men.  Nor  has  all  the 
wisdom  of  man,  in  the  most  profound  and  indefatigable 
labors  of  science,  pursued  with  ardor  and  determination 
for  centuries,  been  able  to  bring  us  even  to  the  thresh- 
hold  of  knowledge  and  comprehension  of  these  mys- 
teries, which  lie  beyond  the  curtain  through  which  all  must  pass 
at  the  close  of  their  earthly  career,  but  from  which  none  has  ever 
returned  to  enlighten  the  unceasing  and  unavailing  curiosity  of  man- 
kind. Even  with  all  the  knowledge  which  science  has  placed  within 
our  reach,  we  can  but  scan  as  "  through  a  glass  darkly  "  the  shadowy 
portents  of  the  Infinite,  and  the  only  lesson  we  are  enabled  to  learn 
with  certainty  from  the  endless  circles  of  the  Seasons,  is  that  which 
teaches  us,  in  an  unerriAg  and  awe-inspiring  voice,  the  immortality 
of  all  animate  nature — that  that  which  we  caU  Death  is  but  the  gate- 

15 


10  THE    FOUR    SEASONS. 


way  to  Resurrection,  reproduction  and  development  into  a  new  life 
of  higher  perfection.  The  beauty  and  fragrance  of  the  flower  fades 
away  and  perishes  from  our  sight  and  sense ;  the  blooming  meadows, 
on  whose  verdant  bosom  the  modest  daisies  are  kissed  by  the  grate- 
ful dews  and  caressed  by  the^olian  zephyi*s,  become  black  and  bare 
and  desolate  before  the  chill  breath  of  inexorable  "Winter.  The 
grateful  trees  which  hang  their  blossoming  garlands  ujK)n  the  beau- 
teous brow  of  virgin  Spring,  and  interpose  their  umbrageous 
shade  to  the  hot  and  amorous  breath  of  sighing  Summer,  yield  their 
golden  favors  and  ripened  beauties  to  the  Autumn,  and  relapse  into 
the  bareness  and  blackness  of  apparent  dissolution.  But  we  know, 
as  surely  as  we  know  that  the  Seasons  return  in  their  appointed 
courses,  that  this  Death  is  a  delusion ;  that  the  fetters  of  Winter's 
dissolution  will  be  broken  in  the  resurrection  of  the  coming  again  of 
Spring,  and  that  once  more  the  laughter-laden  vernal  breezes  will 
waft  the  fragrance  of  the  blushing  blossoms  abroad  upon  the  flower- 
ing meads,  and  that  again  from  out  the  bonds  of  the  sleep  of  nature 
will  bui-st  in  triumph  the  foliage,  the  flower  and  the  fruit.  The 
four  seasons.  Spring,  Summer,  Autumn  and  Winter,  proceeding  in 
their  unfailing  round,  typify,  in  a  manner  and  with  a  significance 
which  is  more  than  an  accident,  as  well  the  course  of  existence  of 
humanity,  as  of  the  plant,  the  tree  and  the  flower ;  and  their  recur- 
rence, after  undergoing  the  process  of  aj)jmrent  decay  and  death, 
conveys  in  language  not  to  be  misunderstood  the  great  and  awful 
lesson  of  Immortality.  In  the  life  of  man  there  are  distinctly 
marked  the  four  Seasons — the  Spring,  the  Summer,  the  Autumn 
and  the  Winter — the  bud,  the  blossom,  the  fruit,  and  the  sere  and 
yellow  leaf  which  ushers  in  life's  winter.  Death,  from  which  the 
immortal  part  of  that  which  expires  passes  to  the  resurrection  of 
a  new  Spring,  the  knowledge  of  which  is  shut  out  from  our  present 
existence  by  the  imj^enetrable  veil  which  the  liand  of  inscrutable 
wisdom  holds  before  our  eager  and  inquiring  gaze.  These  four 
seasons  of  life  have  each  their  peculiar  and  separate  conditions  and 
course  of  existence,  and  we  pass  in  order  from  the  one  stage  to  the 
other — from  the  helplessness  of  infancy  to  the  promise  of  youth, 
the  materializing  fruition  of  maturity,  and  thence  again  to  the  decay 
of  old  age,  and  the  grave — tlirough  whose  grim  and  dreadful  portals 
each  must  pass  in  his  ap]X)inted  time,  and  by  whose  shadowy  vale  of 
tears  lies  the  only  avenue  to  the  promise  of  the  new  Spring-time  in 
the  life  beyond.  As  the  varying  seasons  have  their  peculiar  vicissi- 
tudes and  accidents,  their  sunshine  and  storm,  their  periods  of  calm 
repose  and  tempestuous  turbulence,  so  the  Seasons  of  Life  are  made 


up  of  smiles  and  tears,  of  joys  and  sorrows,  and  delights  and  disas- 
ters. And  as  we  know,  even  in  the  limited  scope  of  the  visual  hori- 
zon of  human  knowledge,  that  there  is  nothing  in  this  universe  left 
to  Chance— that  the  vicissitudes  which  the  varying  currents  of  the 
seasons  present,  are  the  results  of  well-defined  laws  under  which 
distinct  conditions  will  evolve  definite  effects — so  we  know,  too,  that 
in  the  seasons  of  our  lives,  whatever  of  light  or  shadow,  of  sunshine 
or  of  tempest,  may  fall  across  our  pathway,  these  accidences  are 
governed  by  undeviating  laws,  under  which  the  conditions  to  which 
we  expose  ourselves  or  are  exposed,  produce  inevitable  and  certain 
results.  And  it  is  in  this  respect  that  man  is  the  superior  of  all 
created  things, — that  by  the  gift  of  reason  which  makes  him  kin  to 
divinity,  he  can  so  order  his  own  life  in  all  its  courses  that  he  may 
sow  the  seed  in  his  Spring  time  with  the  full  knowledge  of  what  the 
harvest  of  his  Autumn  will  bring  to  his  reaping. 

In  the  perfectly  ordered  life,  there  is,  as  in  the  eternal  round  of 
the  Seasons  in  the  march  of  nature,  a  perfect  rhythm  and  harmony. 
The  Spring  melts  imperceptibly  away  into  the  bosom  of  Summer, 
which  in  its  turn  gilds  the  borders  of  autumnal  glory  with  its  expir- 
ing rays,  while  the  Autumn  lends  a  halo  to  mellow  the  gray  ad- 
vance of  winter.  So  in  life.  Childhood  advances  with  a  stealthy 
and  imperceptible  step  toward  Youth,  and  we  have  scarce  had  time 
to  note  and  become  accustomed  to  the  change,  when  the  youth  as- 
sumes the  duties  and  dignities  of  Manhood.  The  whole  of  life  is  a 
harmony  in  which  there  are  no  sharp  or  rudden  divisions,  and  it  is 
only  when  we  survey  the  whole  ground,  that  we  can  properly  sep- 
arate the  distinct  periods  which  constitute  existence. 

These  four  Seasons,  then,  constitute  the  field  of  every  man's  life, 
and  it  is  a  duty  which  prudence  suggests  to  young  and  old  alike, 
that  they  should  study  well  its  every  feature,  both  for  example  to 
emulate,  monuments  to  guide,  and  beacons  to  warn  away  from 
danger — the  old  that  they  may  add  their  own  experience  to  that  of 
others,  and  apply  it  to  the  guidance  of  the  youth,  and  the  young 
that  they  may  learn  how  best  to  lay  hold  upon  the  securities  and 
safeguards  of  their  future  happiness.  Experience  is  the  great 
teacher  of  life.  It  is  the  principle  of  progress.  By  it  alone  each 
succeeding  generation  mounts  to  a  higher  plane  of  moral  and  ma- 
terial, mental  and  physical  development.  In  the  labors  of  life  it  is 
to  the  pilgrim  upon  that  journey  through  its  four  revolving  Seasons, 
what  his  chart  and  compass  is  to  the  mariner  who  sets  out  toward  a 
boundless  horizon  in  the  sure  faith  and  confidence  that  these  guides 
will  lead  him  unerringly  to  the  haven  he  seeks. 


THE    FOUR   SEAfiONS. 


/  SPRING.  ; 


"  Our  wean's  the  most  wonderful  wean  I  e'er  saw; 

It  wad  tak'  me  a  lan^  simmer  day  to  tell  a' 
His  pranks,  frae  the  mornin'  till  niifht  shuts  bis  ee, 

When  he  sleeps  like  a  peerie,  'tween  father  and  me; 
For  in  his  quite  turns  siocan  questions  he'll  spier! 

How  the  moon  can  stick  up  in  the  sky  that's  sae  clear? 
What  gars  the  wind  blawV  and  whar  frae  comes  the  rain  ? 

He'sa  perfee'  divert— he's  a  wonderf+i'  wean  I 

"  But,  'mid  a'  his  daflln  sic  kindness  he  shows. 

That  he's  dear  to  my  heart  as  the  dew  to  the  rose; 
And  the  unclouded  hinnybeum  aye  in  his  ee 

Makes  him  every  day  dearer  and  dearer  to  me. 
Though  Fortune  Ik;  saucy  and  dorty,  and  dour. 

And  Kloom  throuRh  her  flnfirers  like  hills  through  a  shooer. 
When  bodies  hae  gt)t  a  bit  bairn  o'  their  ain. 

How  he  cheers  up  their  beartsi— he's  a  wonderf  u'  wean ! " 

ITILDirOOD  is  the  spring-time  of  life.  It  is  the  period 
when  the  physical,  mental  and  moral  capabilities  are  in 
the  tender  bud,  and  gently  unfolding  their  beauties  and 
graces  to  the  genial  influences  and  beneficent  atmosphere 
I  *  of  their  domestic  surroundings,  or  developing  the  infancy 
\  of  defects  and  blemishes  cultivated  by  an  unhealthy  air  de- 
void of  the  warmth  which  should  glow  at  the  fireside  of  every  true 
home.  The  child  has  been  rightly  called  by  Wordsworth,  "  the  Father 
of  the  Man,"  and  those  who  have  assumed  the  grave  and  solemn 
responsibilities  of  parentage  should  remember  that  it  is  they  who 
are  to  be  held  to  account  for  the  manhood  or  womanhood  which  is 
to  be  developed  from  the  tender  infant,  the  guidance  of  whose 
growth  and  formation  of  whose  character  is  committed  to  their 
charge.  From  the  first  dawn  of  the  new  life  the  work  of  parents 
in  the  education  of  the  child  begins,  and  it  may  be  divided  into 
three  departments :  first,  the  physical  development ;  second,  the  for- 
mation of  healthy  moral  and  mental  habits ;  third,  the  study  of  the 
happiness  of  the  child.  And  these  departments  of  duty,  care  and 
labor,  offer  to  those  upon  whom  they  devolve  a  pleasure  in  the  per- 
formance and  a  satisfaction  in  the  result,  than  which  there  are  no 
higher  to  be  attained  in  any  other  of  the  supreme  rewards  of  a  well 
spent  life.  In  early  infancy  the  sole  care  of  the  child  falls  upon  the 
mother,  and  in  these  duties  the  instincts  of  the  mother-love  may  be 
relied  upon  to  secure  their  full  performance.  That  mother  fails  to 
realize  the  true  nobility  of  womanhood,  who  would  commit  the 
nourishment  of  her  offspring  to  the  breast  of  a  stranger,  and  who 


BOYHOOD. 


Ah!  then  how  sweetly  closed  those  parting  days. 
The  minutes  parting  one  by  one  like  rays 
That  fade  upon  a  summer's  eve. 
But,  oh!  what  charm  or  ma^ic  numbers 
Can  give  me  back  the  gentle  slumbers 
Those  weary  happy  days  did  leave? 
When  by  my  bed  I  saw  my  mother  kneel, 

And  with  hor  blessing  took  her  nightly  kiss. 
Whatever  Time  destroys,  he  cannot  this— 
E'en  now  that  nameless  kiss  I  feel. 

Washinqton  Allston. 


THE   FOUR   SEASONS. 


in  the  first  two  years  of  the  infancy  of  her  child  leaves  the  tender 
blossom  to  the  cold  attention,  or  even  the  rude  caresses,  of  careless 
dependents,  in  vrhich  the  very  earliest  infancy  of  the  child  detects 
the  absence  of  that  maternal  sympathy  and  care,  which  is  as  essen- 
tial to  its  healthy  growth  as  air  and  sunshine  to  the  tenderest  plant 
that  grows. 

As  the  dawn  of  intelligence  begins  to  assert  itself,  and  reason 
takes  possession  of  its  kingdom  in  the  mind  of  the  child,  the  duties 
of  parentage  begin  to  be  divided  between  the  mother  and  father, 
and  each  should  vie  with  the  other  in  cultivating  for  themselves 
the  serene  and  happy  fireside  joys,  which  spring  from  the  proper 
performance  of  them.  It  is  at  this  period  of  life  that  an  unvarying 
love  and  tenderness,  careful  consultation  of  the  happiness  of  the 
child  in  its  childish  sphere,  accompanied  by  judicious  firmness,  will 
secure  the  habit  of  obedience  founded  on  love,  and  save  the  parents 
many  a  painful  experience  which  they  will  certainly  encounter,  if 
this  simple  rule,  which  ought  itself  to  be  a  mutual  delight  between 
parent  and  child,  be  overlooked,  and  the  lessons  of  authority  have 
to  be  enforced  by  fear  as  the  child  advances  toward  youth.  Let 
every  parent  remember  that  the  period  of  childhood  is  the  only  one 
in  life  in  which  perfect  and  unalloyed  happiness,  untainted  by  a  single 
anxiety  and  unalloyed  with  any  responsibility,  are  possible  to  any 
human  being  between  the  cradle  and  the  grave.  To  make  the  lives 
of  children  joyous  and  happy  is  a  duty  which  every  parent  should 
observe,  and  lays  the  best  foundation  that  can  be  placed  under  a 
stable  character,  a  buoyant  temperament,  and  an  amiable  disposition, 
which  are  sure  to  follow  such  a  course. 

It  is  in  this  period  of  life  that  the  early  work  of  forming  char- 
acter begins,  and  the  simple  lessons  which  may  be  indelibly  impressed 
upon  the  white  pages  of  the  childish  mind  will  cling  to  it  through 
life,  strengthening  and  confirming  the  more  serious  teachings  which 
the  expanding  intelligence,  discretion  and  reason  call  for.  The  first 
lessons  to  be  taught,  and  which  are  the  more  easily  conveyed  because 
nature  has  made  the  virgin  soil  congenial  for  the  reception  of  healthy 
sentiments,  are  the  habits  of  truthfulness,  of  kindness  and  tenderness, 
of  sympathy,  and  of  abhorrence  of  anger  and  passion.  These 
things  should  be  watchfully  kept  ever  before  the  child  till  they  fi:x 
themselves  upon  its  mind  as  a  habit,  and  make  the  lessons  of  morality 
more  easily  learned,  more  readily  understood  and  more  gratefully 
received,  when  they  come  to  be  presented  at  the  years  of  early 
discretion,  on  other  and  higher  grounds  to  its  reason  and  intelli- 
gence. 


THE    FOUK   SEASONS. 


The  period  of  school  hfe  is,  or  ought  to  be  one  of  the  most  anx- 
ious to  the  parents.  While  the  public  school  is  best  for  the  child, 
tending  to  instill  into  it  early  the  lessons  of  self-reliance,  and  to 
give  the  impulse  of  emulation  to  its  ambition,  it  is  also  attended 
with  many  dangers  for  the  child  first  fluttering  from  the  pa- 
rental nest.  Endeavor  should  be  made  to  divert  the  current  of  the 
childish  frendships  and  associations  into  wholesome  and  healthful 
channels.  Encourage  it  to  take  pride  in  the  company  of  children 
whose  parents  are  known  to  be  governed  by  piety  and  uprightness, 
and  teach  it  to  despise  and  avoid  the  company  of  idle  and  vicious 
playmates.  In  this  you  may  be  certjiin,  from  your  knowledge  of 
the  parents,  whether  the  child  be  a  desirable  comj)anion. 

Too  great  care  cannot  be  exercised,  not  only  in  those  things 
which  concern  the  present  health  of  the  young  child,  but  in  the 
formation  of  habits  which  will  make  even  its  daily  round  of  pleas- 
ures, and  the  outcome  of  its  instincts  of  activity  and  love  of  pleasure, 
auxiliaries  ever  at  work  in  the  development  of  its  physical  health 
and  strength.  Habits  of  cleanliness  are  among  the  first.  The  child 
should  be  not  only  taught  to  submit  to  be  "  washed  "  with  docility, 
but  should  be  educated  to  find  its  bath  one  of  its  most  congenial 
pleasures.  Rough  or  careless  handling  of  children  of  tender  years 
by  servants,  and  even  by  careless  and  too  vigorous  mothers,  often 
creates  a  sentiment  of  repugnance  to  the  bath  that  makes  the  duties 
of  cleanliness  irksome  through  life,  and  leads  to  their  abandonment 
in  time  of  youth,  when  they  can  be  avoitled,  just  at  the  period  when 
the  careful  observance  of  the  habits  of  cleanliness  of  the  person  are 
of  the  greatest  importance  to  the  development  of  robust  and  vigor- 
ous manhood  and  womanhood.  It  is  the  nature  of  the  child  to  find 
its  earliest  pleasures  in  activity.  It  is  an  instinct  implanted  there 
by  nature  to  secure  the  harmonious  growth  of  physical  health, 
strength  and  perfection.  Encourage  the  child  at  play.  Teach  it  to 
find  its  favorite  diversions  in  active  exercise.  Bring  to  its  favor 
pastimes  which  take  it  much  into  the  open  air  and  sunlight.  Avoid 
any  mistaken  kindnesses  which  are  calculated  to  foster  the  false 
habit  of  effeminacy,  which,  if  permitted  to  usurp  the  supremacy  of 
the  healthy  instincts  of  nature,  will  surely  to  a  greater  or  less  degree 
dwarf  and  stunt  the  whole  physical  being  and  rob  it  of  the  complete 
development  to  which  it  is  entitled.  By  observing  these  rules,  the 
parent  may  safely  count  upon  witnessing  the  procuress  of  the  Child 
to  the  period  of  Youth,  and  its  transition  from  the  Spring  to  the 
Summer  of  life,  attended  by  all  the  conditions  most  favorable  to 
the  higher  stage  of  development  upon  which  it  now  enters. 


2ALIF02S. 


MAIDENHOOD. 


Maiden  with  the  meek,  brown  eyes. 
In  whose  orbs  a  shadow  lies 
Lilte  the  dusk  In  evenlngr  skies ! 
<»****  41 

Standing  with  reluctant  feet. 
Where  the  l)rook  and  river  meet. 
Womanhood  and  childhood  fleet  1 

Gazinjr  with  a  timid  glance. 
On  the  brooklet's  swift  advance. 
On  the  river's  broad  expanse ! 


Hear  a  lily  in  thy  hand. 

Gates  of  brass  cannot  withstand 

One  touch  of  that  magic  wand. 

•  «*»»* 
Bear  through  sorrow,  wrong  and  rutb 
In  thy  heart  the  dew  of  youth. 

On  thy  lips  the  smile  of  truth. 

♦  »♦*♦* 
And  that  smile  like  sunshine  dart 
Into  many  a  sunlees  heart. 

For  a  smile  of  God  thou  art. 

LONGrEIJX)W. 


THE    FOUR   SEASONS. 


I  SUMMER.  I 

"  A  breeze  'mid  blossoms  straying, 

Where  Hope  clung  feeding  like  a  bee — 
Both  were  mine  I    Life  went  a-Maying 
With  Nature,  Hope  and  Poesy 
When  I  was  young  1 


"  O'er  aery  cliffs  and  glittering  sands. 
How  lightly  then  it  tlashed  along : 
Like  those  trim  skiffs,  unknown  of  yore. 

On  winding  lakes  and  rivers  wide; 
That  ask  no  aid  of  sail  or  oar. 

That  fear  no  spite  of  wind  or  tide 
Naught  cared  this  body  for  wind  or  weather 
When  Youth  and  I  lived  in't  together. 

"  Flowers  are  lovely;  Love  is  flower-like; 
Friendship  is  a  sheltering  tree. 
Oh,  the  joys  that  came  down  shower-like 
Of  Friendship,  Love  and  Liberty, 
Ere  I  was  old ! 

—Coleridge. 

|OUTH  is  the  Summer  season  of  life.  It  is  the  season  when 
t  the  joys  of  independence,  the  sweets  of  friendships,  the 
pride  of  intellect,  the  elastic  pleasures  of  conscious  health 
and  strength,  the  reahzation  by  the  mind  of  the  fair  expanse  of 
the  empire  of  reason  over  which  it  wields  the  sceptre,  come  in 
the  first  flush  of  the  pleasure  of  enjoyment  to  the  fullest  capa- 
city for  grateful  appreciation.  It  is  the  period  when  life  is  a  garden 
of  roses,  and  the  happy  youth  wiU  follow  the  advice  of  the  poet : 

"  Gather  the  rosebuds  while  ye  may." 

The  old  time  theories  of  ascetic  philosophy  and  ascetic  religion 
have  in  these  days  of  progress  and  advancement  given  place  to  a 
higher  and  better  creed,  that  youth,  health,  beauty,  flowers  and  sun- 
shine, in  the  things  of  life  and  nature,  are  given  us  to  be  enjoyed 
to  the  fullest  degree  consistent  with  innocence  and  integrity.  The 
teacher  who  advises : 

"  Remember  now  thy  Creator  in  the  days  of  thy  youth," 

is  the  same  who  also  says  to  us : 

"Rejoice,  oh  young  man  in  thy  youth." 

The  school  of  the  duties  of  life,  in  which  our  youth  should  be 
spent,  is  no  longer  to  be  regarded  as  a  cave  of  gloom,  which  the 
youth  or  maiden  has  to  endure,  with  an  impatient  longing  for  the 
emancipation  that  the  advent  to  maturity  brings.  On  the  con 
trary,  where  it  has  true  guidance,  the  summer  of  youth  will  find  the 


parental  authority  a  garland  of  roses;  will  discover  in  every  duty  a 
delight;  will  distinguish  true  pleasures  from  the  false  and  vicious, 
and  tread  in  safety  the  fields  of  innocent  enjoyment  with  an  elastic 
and  buoyant  measure.  The  youth  should  lind  in  the  father  the 
"  guide,  philopher  and  friend,"  and  the  maiden,  in  the  mother,  the 
companion  and  confidante.  Sympathy  and  confidence  should  mark 
every  relation  between  the  Summer  and  the  Autumn  seasons  of  life. 
The  parent  will  reap  the  grateful  rewards  of  filial  obedience,  re- 
spect and  confidence,  from  the  love  and  consideration  bestowed  upon 
youth,  and  the  light  with  which  he  is  able  enhance  its  sunshine; 
and  youth  will  find  it  a  pleasure  to  render  the  tribute  of  obedience 
to  the  paternal  rule  and  observance  of  its  advice  and  admonition,  in 
grateful  recognition  of  the  affection  and  tender  regard  of  the 
parental  effort  to  beautify  and  brighten  its  buoyant  existence. 

Youth  should  always  remember  that  this  is  the  season  of  prepara- 
tion for  the  more  serious  duties  and  responsibilities  of  life,  and  it  has, 
in  its  early  period,  arrived  at  years  of  sufficient  discretion  to  com- 
prehend fully  how  entirely  the  vigor,  strength,  pride  and  success  of 
maturity  is  dependent  upon  the  formation  of  character,  the  acquisi- 
tion of  knowledge  and  the  cultivation  of  physical,  mental  and  moral 
health,  in  that  time  of  life  which  is  left  wholly  free  to  pursue  this 
course  of  healthful  preparation.  Do  not  imagine  that  the  most 
devoted  attention  to  these  prerequisites  of  your  future  success  in  life 
will  interfere  with  the  fullest  enjoyment  of  the  pleasures  of  life's 
Summer.  On  the  contrary,  rightly  appreciated  and  conducted, 
these  important  duties  are  among  the  best  of  pleasures,  and  go  to 
make  up  the  variety  which  is  the  spice  of  life  in  all  stages  of  its 
enjoyment.  The  youth  devoted  wholly  to  aimless  amusements,  to 
the  neglect  of  solid  accomplishments,  will  soon  find  that  his  sweet- 
ness clogs  upon  him,  and  his  sense  of  enjoyment  palls,  while  he  has 
perchance  lost  the  faculty  of  application  and  the  capacity  of  appre- 
ciation for  the  things  of  higher  importance.  Remember  that  the 
choicest  fruit,  the  healthiest  plant,  the  flower  of  rarest  beauty  and 
fragrance,  is  not  that  which  draws  its  growth  and  inspiration  of 
life  from  artificial  light  and  heat,  but  that  which  is  the  true  offspring 
of  nature,  nurtured  by  the  free  air  of  heaven,  and  fostered  b}^  the 
genial  rays  which  come  direct  from  the  centre  of  light  and  life  in 
the  universe.  "  Work  while  you  work,  and  play  while  you  play,"  is 
a  homely  but  a  good  and  wholesome  adage,  and  contains  a  whole 
volume  of  wisdom  if  rightly  interpreted.  When  you  devote  jonr- 
self  to  physical  exercises,  either  for  recreation  or  for  improvement, 
put  your  whole  mind  and  strength  into  it.     Remember  that  "  health 


,    «  A  «  y- 


THE  MOTHEK'S  LOVE. 


Is  there,  when  the  winds  are  sinking 

In  the  happy  summer  time. 
When  the  raptured  air  is  ringing 
With  earth's  music  heavenward  springing. 

Forest  chirp,  and  village  chime ; 
Is  there  of  the  sounds  that  float 
Minglingly,  a  single  note 
naif  so  sweet,  and  clear,  and  wild, 
As  the  laughter  of  a  child  ? 


Yes ;  a  mother's  large  affection. 
Hears  with  a  mysterious  sense, 
Breathings  that  evade  detection. 
Whispers  faint,  and  fine  inflection. 
Thrill  in  her  M-ith  power  intense. 
Childhood's  honey'd  tones  untaught, 
Heareth  she  in  living  thought  I 
Tones  that  never  thence  depart. 
For  she  listens— with  her  heart. 

Laman  Blanchard. 


THE   FOUK   SEASONS. 


is  the  vital  principle  of  bliss,"  and  is  essential  to  the  highest  and 
most  perfect  enjoyment  of  every  pleasure  of  life.  In  the  time  al- 
lotted to  stud}''  and  mental  improvement  devote  yourself  to  the  task 
with  undivided  attention  and  industry,  and  an  appreciation  of  not 
only  its  future  importance  but  of  the  present  pleasures  which  are  to 
be  found  by  the  earnest  student  among  the  treasures  of  knowledge. 
In  the  i)astimes  and  social  pleasures  of  youth,  give  your  powers  of 
enjoyment  full  scope  and  play,  and  you  will  find  your  capacity  for 
the  enjoyment  of  innocent  and  healthful  pleasures  redoubled  by  the 
wholesome  appetite  which  will  have  been  created  by  diligent  atten- 
tion to  the  duties  owed  to  mental,  moral  and  physical  development. 
Bear  in  mind  always  the  words  of  the  wise  man  : 

"  Wisdom  is  the  principal  thing :  therefore  get  wisdom :  and  with  all  thy  getting:,  get 
understanding. ' ' 

"  Her  wftys  are  ways  of  pleasantness,  and  all  her  paths  are  peace." 


"  Season  of  mists  and  mellow  fruitf ulness ! 

Close  bosom-friend  of  the  maturing  sun ! 
Conspiring  with  him  how  to  load  and  bless 

With  fruit  the  vines  that  round  the  thatch-eaves  run 
To  bend  with  apples  the  moss'd  cottage  trees, 

And  fill  all  fruit  with  ripeness  to  the  core — 
To  swell  the  gourd  and  plump  the  hazel  shells 

With  a  sweet  kernel— to  set  budding  more. 
And  still  more,  later  flowers  for  the  trees. 
Until  they  think  warm  days  will  never  cease. 

For  Summer  has  o'er-brimm'd  their  clammy  cells." 

—John  Keats. 

ANHOOD  and  womanhood  are  the  Autumn  of  life,  the 
season  of  perfection  and  fruition.  The  boundaries  .of 
f*'  youth  have  been  passed,  the  stately  vessel,  fully  equipped 
for  the  sea  of  life,  laden  with  its  precious  cargo  of  hopes, 
duties,  aspirations,  ambitions  and  responsibilities,  cuts  adrift 
from  the  moorings  in  the  placid  river  which  flows  alongside 
the  parental  home,  and  steers  its  course  bravely  out  upon  the  broad 
expanse  of  ocean,  to  seek  that  unknown  shore  which  Fortune  may 
appoint.  The  ties  of  childhood  and  home  are  severed  and  the  youth 
of  yesterday  goes  out  into  the  world  to-day  in  the  strong  and  con- 
scious vigor  of  manhood  to  set  up  new  altars  and  found  new  des- 
tinies of  which  he  himself  shall  be  the  head.  The  maiden  will  have 
attained  to  that  womanhood  to  whose  boundaries  she  has  been  led 
by  the  hand  of  modest  and  reluctant   maidenhood,  and  will  have 


THE   FOUB   SEASONS. 


joined  her  fortunes  with  the  man  toward  whom  her  heart  and  lier 
inclinations  have  directed  her,  and  thenceforth  through  the  Autumn 
period  of  life,  these  two  streams  will  flow  in  one  channel  onward  to 
the  sunset,  which  ushers  in  the  repose  of  the  evening  and  winter  of 
life.  In  this  golden  age  are  gathered  the  fruits  of  the  labors  of  life, 
and  to  those  who  have  attended  to  the  duties  of  youth — who  have 
founded  character  upon  enduring  princij)les,  wlio  have  brought  to 
their  aid  industry  and  perseverance,  and  tlie  higher  guidance  of 
sound  morality — the  harvest  of  that  season  is  one  continued  return, 
which  honors  every  draft  made  upon  it  in  the  course  of  life — a  frar 
grant  flowering  plant  which  is  in  perennial  bloom.  But  wliatever 
may  liave  been  the  successes  of  life  in  material  things — and  these 
are  generally  in  proportion  to  the  industry,  fidelity  and  enterprise 
brought  to  bear  upon  them — whatever  fortune  may  have  attended 
the  efforts  for  personid  distinction,  for  commercial  success,  or  for 
public  ambition,  the  highest  prizes  of  life  will  always  be  found  to  be 
those  which  cluster  around  the  domestic  altar.  It  is  at  the  shrine  of 
home  that  the  most  fragrant  incense  of  our  lives  is  sought  and  found, 
and  it  is  here  that  we  live  our  higher  and  better  life.  In  his  own 
house  every  man  is  a  sovereign,  and  in  a  well  ordered  Christian 
home,  where  the  domestic  virtues  are  cultivated,  where  the  fireside 
graces  hover  round,  where  culture  and  refinement  pervade  every 
relation,  and  where  love  and  courtesy  abound,  the  household  mon- 
arch and  his  consort  have  a  court  in  which  there  is  more  honor, 
truth  and  loyalty  than  in  the  glittering  circle  which  surrounds  the 
crown  and  sceptre  of  the  proudest  throne.  Here  in  mutual  respect 
and  honor,  cemented  by  the  experiences  of  life,  the  man  and  wife 
piiss  the  golden  Autumn  days,  in  the  serenity  of  personal  comfort 
and  bountiful  surroundings  which  flow  in  from  labors  and  duties 
faithfully  performed  in  the  outer  world ;  here  they  live  again  in 
their  children  the  loves  and  joys  of  their  own  cliildhood  and  youth ; 
here  they  watch  with  thankful  pride  the  stately  growth  of  sons  and 
daughters,  whose  infancy  was  tended  with  anxious  prayers,  and 
whose  childhood  nurtured  with  tender  care  and  loving  hope. 

In  this  happy  harvest  time  of  life,  in  which  the  gilded  hours  are 
divided  between  public,  business,  social  and  domestic  duties,  the 
too  common  error  of  the  aere  is  towards  excess  of  kindness  in  deal- 
ing  with  the  following  generation.  The  father  who  has  made  his 
way  to  affluence  and  prosperity  against  early  discouragements 
and  adversities,  who  can  remember  vividly  the  cruelties  of  poverty, 
and  who  still  feels  the  frosts  which  sometimes  chilled  the  growth  of 
springtime,  is  too  frequently  prone,  in  his  anxiety  for  the  welfare 


and  comfort  of  his  chikfren,  to  over-indulgence.  No  greater  mistake 
can  be  made  in  life,  nor  is  there  any  greater  refinement  of  cruelty, 
than  the  infliction  of  incapacity  upon  a  young  man  through  the 
mistaken  kindness  of  parents.  While  it  is  fit  and  eminently  proper 
that  the  parent  should  accustom  the  young  man  to  every  reasonable 
indulgence  suited  to  his  fortunes,  every  j'^oung  man  should  be 
as  thoroughly  equipped  for  the  stern  realities  of  life,  as  if  he  had  the 
world  to  win  for  himself.  There  should  be  no  difference  in  the 
physical  and  mental  education  of  the  son  of  the  mechanic  and  that 
of  the  millionaire,  except  in  the  degree  of  luxury  of  living.  Every 
man  should  become  the  master  of  some  calling,  art  or  profession, 
without  regard  to  fortune.  The  present  generation  presents  a  most 
memorable  and  melancholy  example,  in  the  family  of  the  most 
illustrious  military  figure  of  his  age,  the  second  savior  of  this  great 
republic,  of  what  sad  and  gloomy  skies  may  come  to  cloud  the  ripe 
Autumn  days  of  life,  by  that  undue  kindness  to  children  which  unfits 
them  for  the  practical  duties  of  existence. 

If  there  be  a  fault  to  be  found  with  the  progressive,  vigorous, 
energetic  mode  of  life  which  is  distinctively  American,  the  charac- 
teristic of  the  healthy  vitality  of  our  people  and  of  their  institutions, 
it  is  the  tendency,  too  often  developed,  to  allow  the  mind  to  become 
wholly  engrossed  in  the  cares  of  business,  to  the  neglect  of  that 
large  fund  of  resources  for  the  higher  enjoyments  of  domestic  and 
social  life,  which  every  man  with  a  sound  mind  in  a  healthy  body 
inherently  possesses.  And  this,  when  it  does  occur,  invariably  en- 
croaches upon  that  period  of  life  in  which  the  capacity  for  rational 
enjoyment  and  wholesome  pleasures  is  in  its  most  vigorous  stage. 
It  is  the  too  common  mistake  of  the  man  of  business  to  put  off  for 
the  future  day,  when  he  shall  have  reached  the  affluence  at  which 
he  aims,  the  exercise  of  that  faculty  of  enjoyment,  which  he  robs 
of  its  present  gratification  with  a  promise  to  pay  in  the  indefinite 
future,  in  order  that  he  may  double  his  attention  to  material  pur- 
suits. This  is  doubly  a  mistake,  in  that  the  future  may  never  be 
reached,  and  if  it  be,  then  may  be  found  that  the  time  has  gone  by ; 
that  the  capacity  has  perished  in  its  neglect ;  that  it  is  impossible  to 
rekindle  the  fires  of  youth  in  the  ashes  of  old  age,  and  when  once 
resolved  to  devote  the  remnant  of  life  to  pursuit  of  pleasure  fairly 
won  by  arduous  toil,  there  remains  only  the  desire  without  the 
realization,  able  to  "  clip  Elysium,  but  to  lack  its  joy."  He,  who  keeps 
life  well  balanced,  neither  evading  its  duties  nor  refusing  its  passing 
rewards,  will  find  in  the  end  that  he  has  made  as  satisfactory  prog- 
ress in  worldly  prosperity,  and  has  lived  a  better  and  a  brighter  life 


THE   FOIIB   SEASONS. 


"  Only  waiting  till  the  shadows 

Are  a  little  longer  grown. 
Only  waiting  till  the  glimmer 

Of  the  day's  laat  beam  is  flown  ; 
Till  the  night  of  earth  is  faded 

From  the  heart  once  full  of  day. 
Till  the  stars  of  heaven  are  breaking 

Through  the  twilight  soft  and  gray. 

"  Only  waiting  till  the  shadows 

Are  a  little  longer  grown. 
Only  waiting  till  the  glimmer 

Of  the  day's  last  beam  is  flown ; 
Then  from  out  the  gathered  darknen 

Holy,  deathless  stars  shall  ris(>. 
By  whose  light  my  soul  shall  gladly 

Tread  its  pathway  to  the  skies." 

HE  "Winter  season  of  life  is  essentially  that  of  the  home 
and  the  fireside.  It  is  not  given  to  many  men  hke  Glad- 
stone, Montefiore  or  Peter  Cooper,  of  green  and  happy 
memory,  to  carry  the  cit>ss  of  duty  to  the  very  door  of  the 
tomb;  nor  is  it  for  the  happiness  and  comfort  which  is  the 
just  due  and'  the  chief  enjoyment  of  a  "  green  old  age,"  that 
it  should  be  so.  Winter  is  the  season  of  tranquility  and  repose.  The 
turgid,  ambitious  and  sordid  cares  of  the  world  will  have  ceased  to 
trouble  the  placid  existence  of  old  age.  It  heeds  not  the  storms  and 
the  hardships  which  drive  upon  the  outer  world,  for  among  them  it  has 
no  duties  to  perform.  In  its  cozy  corner  by  the  fireside  of  life's  house- 
hold, its  time  is  passed  in  the  mellow  light  of  domestic  affection,  in 
the  serenity  of  contemplation,  and  in  the  soothing  attentions  of  those 
upon  whom  the  cares  of  its  existence  have  been  bestowed.  The 
prattling  innocence  of  the  little  children  recaU  again  the  days  of 
early  manhood  and  the  infancy  of  the  matron  who  fondly  hovers 
round  the  armchair  set  apart  for  the  grandfather,  and  the  tasks  taken 
up  again  for  the  second  generation,  enable  the  old  to  live  again  the 
best  days  of  their  youth  and  strength.  For  a  life  well  spent,  which 
has  had  experience  in  weighing  the  empty  vanities  of  the  world,  and 
of  estimating  the  comparative  worthlessness  of  the  pleasures  of  am- 
bition and  worldly  success,  there  comes  a  realization  of  the  great 
rewards  which  are  garnered  up  by  the  fireside  in  plenteous  store, 
and  to  which  the  old  man  turns  with  grateful  relief  when  his  w^orldly 
tasks  are  done.  His  silver  locks  are  indeed  a  crown  of  glory,  and 
life's  last  days  a  serene  and  meUow  sunset,  diffusing  a  softened 


YOUTH  AND  AGE. 


O  Youth,  for  years  so  many  and  sweet 
'Tis  known  that  thou  and  I  were  one. 
I'd  think  it  hut  a  fond  conceit- 
It  cannot  be  that  thou  art  jrone ! 
Thy  vesper-hell  has  not  yet  toll'd  ;- 
And  thovi  wer't  e'er  a  masker  bold ; 
What  strange  disgruioe  hast  now  put  on 
To  make  believe  that  thou  art  gone  ? 


I  see  these  locks  In  silvery  slips, 

I  see  this  drooping  gait,  this  alter'd  size — 
But  springtide  blossoms  on  thv  lips. 

And  tears  take  sunshine  from  thine  eyes  I 
Life  IS  but  Thought ;  so  think,  I  will. 
That  Youth  and  I  are  housemates  still. 

COLSKIOGK. 


F,<rT 


THE    FOUR   SEASONS. 


radiance  upon  the  circle  which  surrounds  him.  His  hitter  life  is  a  book 
of  wisdom,  full  of  counsel,  admonition,  encouragement  and  hope  for 
the  sons  and  daughters  who,  with  Children  in  their  train,  are  fast 
following  the  footsteps  of  the  fading  life.  Happy  that  old  age 
which,  in  the  full  possession  of  all  the  enjoyments  which  belong  to 
material  comforts  and  a  ripened  intellect,  can  add  the  consolations 
of  hope  and  of  religion  to  the  proud  consciousness  of  immortality — 
he  who  can  reckon  up  his  life  with  the  thankful  self -consciousness 
that  to  the  best  of  his  power  he  has  fairly  met  every  duty,  and 
trace  his  footsteps  upon  the  sands  of  his  nearly  completed  course 
without  a  regret.  For  such  the  passing  hours  are  laden  with  the  full 
cup  of  serene  contentment.  In  sweet  and  grateful  repose  and  placid 
enjoyment  he  realizes 

"  How  noiseless  falls  the  foot  of  Time 
That  only  treads  on  flowers," 

and  with  calm  resignation  and  untroubled  conscience,  awaits  the 
"privileged  chamber"  where  "the  good  man  meets  his  fate."  To 
such  an  one,  who  possesses 

**  A  peace  above  all  earthly  dignities, 
A  still  and  quiet  conscience," 

the  period  of  life's  decline  is  a  season  to  be  envied  of  all.     His 

"  Old  age  is  a  lusty  winter. 
Frosty,  yet  kindly." 

His  days  are  a  perfect  harmony,  without  care  for.  the  present, 
regret  for  the  past,  nor  fear  for  the  future,  and  amid  the  olive 
branches  of  his  family  tree  he  is  the  oracle,  venerated,  respected, 
beloved,  diffusing  in  his  leisure  hours  from  out  of  the  treasury  of 
ripe  experience, 

"  Sydnean  phowers 
Of  sweet  discourse,  whose  powers 
Can  crown  old  Winter's  head  with  flowers." 


f 


Tl^E  4UTOGR4PH  i^LBUJ^, 


IIE  little  souvenirs  of  affection  or  friendship  written  on  the 
pages  of  an  album  do  not  possess  their  greatest  value  when 
first  written.  But  when  absence  has  separated  the  friends 
who  wrote  from  the  owner  of  the  album,  or  when,  perhajjs, 
the  hands  that  penned  the  words  are  folded  in  the  embrace  of 
death,  tender  memories  of  those  loved  and  lost  are  recalled  by 
its  pages.  The  past  is  brought  back,  and  scenes  long  forgotten  reap- 
pear before  the  mental  vision  with  the  distinctness  of  the  present.  It 
is  then  that  the  album  is  most  highly  prized,  and  its  pages  scanned 
with  moistened  eyes ;  while  some  serve  to  cheer  sadness,  and  others 
as  guide-posts  on  the  road  to  eternity. 


DEDICATORY  VERSES. 

(SuilaJAe  for  inscription  on  Uie  fint  paoea  of 
Albuma.) 

My  album's  open,  come  and  see ! 
what  I  won't  you  write  a  line  for  me? 
Write  but  a  thought,  a  word  or  two. 
That  memory  may  revert  to  you. 


To  My  FYiends : 

My  album  is  a  g^arden  spot 

Where  all  ray  friends  mav  sow. 
Where  thorns  and  tliistk-s  nourish  not. 

But  flowers  alone  may  grow. 
With  smiles  for  sunshine,  tears  for  showers, 
I'll  water,  watch  and  guard  these  flowers. 


As  life  flows  on  from  day  to  day. 
And  this,  your  book,  soon  fills. 

How  many  may  be  far  away 
From  treasured  vales  and  hills. 


But  there  is  Joy  in  future  lime 

To  turn  the  padres  o'er. 
And  see  within  a  name  or  rhyme 

From  one  you'll  see  no  more. 

SENTIMENT   AND    AFFECTION. 

The  grem  cannot  be  polished  without  fric- 
tion, nor  man  perfected  without  adversity. 

Time  advances  like  the  slowest  tide,  but  re- 
treats like  the  swiftest  current. 


Go,  album !  range  thy  gray  parterre 

From  Rem  to  gem,  from  flower  to  flower. 
Select  with  taste,  and  cull  with  care. 
And  bring  your  offering,  fresh  and  rare. 
To  this  sweet  maiden's  bower. 


When  years  elapse 

It  may,  perhaps. 
Delight  us  to  review  these  scraps. 
And  live  again  'mid  scenes  so  gay. 
That  Time's  rough  hand  has  swept  away; 
For  when  tlie  eye,  bedimmed  with  age. 
Shall  rest  upon  each  treasured  page, 

These  pleasant  hours. 

That  once  were  ours. 
Shall  come  again,  like  Autumn  flowers. 
To  bloom  and  smile  upon  us  here 
When  all  things  else  seem  sad  and  drear ; 
'T  will  tune  our  hearts  and  make  them  sing. 
And  turn  our  Autum-i  into  Spring. 


Go,  little  book,  thy  destined  covirse  pursue, 
Collect  memorials  of  the  just  and  true. 
And  beg  of  every  friend  so  near 
Some  token  of  remembrance  dear. 


Daily  we    write    our  autogrraphs   on   the 
minds  and  hearts  of  those  around  us. 


I  have  tried  for  a  week,  and  vainly  I  seek 
Words  of  wisdom  to  write  for  you  here. 
So,  wishing  you  life  free  from  sorrow  and 
strife. 
Nor  wanting  in  friends  and  good  cheer. 
With  health— perhaps  wejilth— 
Love  belter  than  self. 
And  truth,  for  the  best,  to  the  end; 
Since  content  it  maintains 
While  existence  remains, 
I  subscribe  myself,  truly,  your  friend. 

He  is  the  true  nobleman  who  can  work 
right  on,  quietly  waiting  for  recognition,  if 
it  comes ;  if  not,  yet  right  on. 


As  you  travel  through  life,  scatter  kind 
Vvords  and  gentle  deeds ;  in  so  doing,  you  will 
enrich  your  soul.  Withhold  them,  and  it 
tends  to  poverty. 

May  your  life  be  like  the  day— more  beauti- 
ful in  the  evening ;  like  the  summer— aglow 


28 


THE   AUTOGKAPH    ALBUM. 


with  promise;  and  like  the  autumn— rich 
wltli  tiie  golden  sheeves,  wlicre  Rood  work 
and  deeds  nave  ripened  on  the  field. 

Be  blessings  scattered  o'er  thy  way. 
My  gladsome,  joyous,  laughing  sprite; 

Be  thy  whole  life  one  summer's  day 
Without  the  night. 

Desire  not  to  live  long,  but  well ; 

How  long  we  live,  not  years,  but  actions,  tell. 


Meanness  shun,  and  all  its  train ; 
Goodness  seek,  and  life  is  gain. 


LIFE  ENDS  NOT  IN  DEATH. 

Through  days  of  doubt  and  darkness, 
In  fear  and  trembling  breath. 

Through  mists  of  griet  and  sorrow. 
In  tears  of  woe  and  death ; 

Through  days  of  light  and  gladness. 
Through  days  of  love  and  life. 

Through  smiles  of  joy  and  sunshine, 
Through  days  with  beauty  rife. 

The  Lord  of  life  and  glory, 
The  King  of  earth  and  sea. 

The  Lord  who  guided  Israel, 
Keep  watch,  sweet  friend,  o'er  thee. 


Among  the  many  friends  who  claim 

A  kind  remembrance  in  thy  breast, 
I,  too,  would  add  my  simple  name 
Among  the  rest. 

When  the  name  that  I  write  here  is  dim  on 

the  page. 
And  the  leaves  of  your  Album  are  yellow 

with  age. 
Still  think  of  me  kindly,  and  do  not  forget 
That,  wherever  I  am,  I  remember  you  yet. 


If  the  recollections  of  friends  brighten  mo- 
ments of  sadness. 
What  a  fund  of  delight  is  here  treasured 
for  thee ! 
If  advice  and   kind  wishes  bring  goodness 
and  gladness. 
How  perfect  and  happy  thy  future  must  be. 

The  tissues  of  the  life  to  be. 
We  weave  with  colors  all  our  own  ; 

But  in  the  field  of  Destiny, 
We  reap  what  we  have  sown. 

HXIMOROUS. 

In  the  storms  of  life, 
When  you  need  an  umbrella, 

May  you  have  to  uphold  it 
Some  handsome  young  fellow. 


Sliding  down  the  stream  of  life. 
In  your  little  bark  canoe. 

May  you  have  a  pleasiuit  trip. 
With  just  room  enough  for  two. 


As  sure  as  comes  your  wedding  day, 
A  broom  to  you  I'll  send  ; 

In  sM)i,s//rjir,,  use  the  bushy  part ; 
In  storms,  the  other  end. 


CHRISTMAS  AND  NEW  YEAR. 

Health  and  prosperity 
Your  life  to  cheer. 

With  every  blessing 
For  the  bright  New  Year. 


On  this  New  Year's  morning 
My  wishes  take  their  flight. 

And  wing  to  thee  a  greeting 
That  would  make  all  things  bright. 


O,  bright  be  the  day. 

Sweet  echoes  resounding, 
Love  lighting  the  way, 

And  warm  hearts  surrounding. 
May  the  breath  of  His  peace 

In  thy  spirit  remain, 
Till  Christmas  revisits 

The  round  world  again. 


Now  Christmas  comes  with  hearty  cheer. 
May  kindly  thoughts  go  round. 

And  bring  to  you  a  glad  New  Year, 
With  peace  and  plenty  crowned. 


BIRTHDAYS. 

liOve  in  every  bosom  live. 
And  the  truest  pleasure  give. 
And  happy  smiles  each  lip  adorn 
On  this  happy  birthday  morn. 


This  is  thy  birthday,  may  it  be 
A  source  of  happiness  to  thee. 
And  may  each  birthday  yet  in  store. 
Be  brighter  than  the  one  before. 


As  beauteous  flowers  in  garlands  twine, 
May  peace  and  love  to  cheer  thy  heart  com- 
bine. 

To  give  you  a  happy  birthday. 


If  you  wish  to  laugh. 
Glance  at  my  autograph. 


If  words  could  all  my  wishes  say. 
Oh !  how  my  tongue  could  talk  away. 
I  wish  this  day,  and  many  more. 

Might  on  dear blessings  pour. 

May  health  and  wealth,  love  and  peace, 
With  each  succeeding  year  increase ; 
And,  oh !  the  last,  come  when  it  may, 
Be  unto  thee  a  happy  day. 


HIIIMIIIIIIIHIIIIIIIimillllllinililMilill!IHI!llllll!BIIIIlliniIli 

I     MASTERPIECES  OF  ELOQUENCE.  J 

niiiiHiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiHitiiiiiiHiiiiininiiiiiiPHiiiiiviiiiKiiii^^ 

IlIE  following  masterpieces  of  elegiac  eloquence  are  unsur- 
passed in  the  repertory  of  the  English  classics,  for  lofty 
and  noble  sentiment,  exquisite  pathos,  vivid  imagery, 
tenderness  of  feehng,  glowing  power  of  description,  brill- 
iant command  of  language,  and  that  immortal  and  seldom 
attained  faculty  of  painting  in  the  soul  of  the  listener  or 
reader  a  realistic  picture  whose  sublimity  of  conception 
impresses  the  understanding  with  awe  and  admiration, 
and  impels  the  mind  to  rise  involuntarily  for  the  time  to  an  eleva- 
tion out  of  and  above  the  inconsequent  contemplation  of  the  common 
and  sordid  things  of  life. 

AT  HIS  BROTHER'S  GRAVE. 

The  following  grand  oration  was  delivered .  by  Hon.  Robert  G. 

Ingersoll  on  the  occasion  of  the  funeral  of  his  brother,  Hon.  Eben 

C.  Ingersoll,  in  Washington,  June  2: 

My  friends,  I  am  going  to  do  that  which  the  dead  oft  promised  he  would  do  for 
me.  The  love<l  and  loving  brother,  husband,  father,  friend,  died  where  manhood's 
morning  almost  touches  noon,  and  while  the  shadows  were  still  falling  towards  the 
west.  lie  had  not  passed  on  life's  highway  the  stone  that  marks  the  highest  point, 
but  being  weary  for  a  moment  he  lay  down  by  the  wayside,  and  using  his  burden  for 
a  pillow  fell  into  that  dreamless  sleep  that  kisses  down  the  eyelids.  Still,  while  yet  in 
love  with  life  and  raptured  with  the  world,  he  passed  to  silence  and  pathetic  dust. 
Yet,  after  all,  it  may  be  best,  Justin  the  happiest,  sunniest  hour  of  all  the  voyage,  while 
eager  winds  are  kissing  every  sail,  to  dash  against  the  unseen  rock  and  in  an  instant  to 
hear  the  billows  roar,  "  A  sunken  ship;"  for  whether  in  mid  sea  or  among  the  breakers 
of  the  farther  shore,  a  wreck  must  mark  at  last  the  end  of  each  and  all,  and  every  life, 
no  matter  if  its  every  hour  is  rich  with  love,  and  every  moment  jeweled  with  a  joy, 
will  at  its  close  become  a  tragedy  as  sad  and  deep  and  dark  as  can  be  woven  of  the 
warp  and  woof  of  mystery  and  death.  This  brave  and  tender  man  in  every  storm  of 
life  was  oak  and  rock,  but  in  the  sunshine  he  was  vine  and  flowet  He  was  the  friend 
of  all  heroic  souls.  He  climbed  the  heights  and  left  all  superstitions  far  below,  while 
on  his  forehead  fell  the  golden  dawning  of  a  grander  day.  He  loved  the  beautiful, 
and  was  with  color,  form  and  music  touched  to  tears.  He  sided  with  the  weak,  and 
with  a  willing  hand  gave  alms.  With  loyal  heart,  and  with  the  purest  hand  he  faith- 
fully discharged  all  public  trusts.  He  was  a  worshiper  of  liberty  and  a  friend  of  the 
oppressed.  A  thousand  times  I  have  heard  him  quote  the  words,  "For  Justice  all 
place  temple,  and  all  seasons  summer  "  He  believed  that  happiness  was  the  only 
good,  reason  the  only  torch,  justice  the  only  worshiper,  humanity  the  only  religion, 
and  love  the  priest.  He  added  to  the  sum  of  human  joy,  and  were  every  one  for 
whom  he  did  some  loving  service  to  bring  a  blossom  to  his  grave,  he  would  sleep  to-night 
beneath  a  wilderness  of  flowers.  Life  is  a  narrow  vale  between  the  cold  and  barren 
peaks  of  two  eternities.     We  strive  in  vain  to  look  beyond  the  heights.     We  cry  aloud, 

80 


MASTERPIECES   OF    ELOQUENCE. 


and  the  only  answer  is  the  echo  of  our  wailing  cry.  From  the  voiceless  lips  of  the 
unreplying  dead  there  comes  no  word,  but  the  light  of  death.  Hope  sees  a  star,  and 
listening  love  can  hear  the  rustle  of  a  wing.  He  who  sleeps  here  when  dying,  mistak- 
ing the  approach  of-  death  for  the  return  of  health,  whispered  with  his  latest  breath, 
"I  am  better  now."  Let  us  believe,  in  spite  of  doubts  and  dogmas,  and  tears  and 
fears,  that  these  dear  words  are  true  of  all  the  countless  dead.  And  now,  to  you  who 
have  been  chosen  from  among  the  many  men  he  loved  to  do  the  last  sad  office  for  the 
dead,  we  give  his  sacred  dust.  Speech  cannot  contain  our  love.  There  was,  there  is, 
no  gentler,  stronger,  manlier  man. 

AT  THE  GRAVE  OF  A  CHILD. 
Colonel  IngersoU  upon  one  occasion  was  one  of  a  little  party  of 
sympathizing  friends  who  had  gathered  in  a  drizzling  rain  to  assist 
the  sorrowing  friends  of  a  young  boy — a  bright  and  stainless  flower, 
cut  oflf  in  the  bloom  of  its  beauty  and  virgin  purity  by  the  ruthless 
north  winds  from  the  Plutonian  shades — in  the  last  sad  office  of 
committing  the  poor  clay  to  the  bosom  of  its  mother  earth.  Inspired 
by  that  true  sympathy  of  the  great  heart  of  a  great  man,  Colonel 
Ingersoll  stepped  to  the  side  of  the  grave  and  spoke  as  follows : 

My  friends,  I  know-  how  vain  it  is  to  gild  grief  with  words,  and  yet  I  wish  to 
take  from  every  grave  its  fear.  Here  in  this  world,  where  life  and  death  are  equal 
kings,  all  should  be  brave  enough  to  meet  what  all  the  dead  have  met.  The  future 
has  been  filled  with  fear,  stained  and  polluted  by  the  heartless  past.  From  the  won- 
drous tree  of  life  the  buds  and  blossoms  fall  with  ripened  fruit,  and  in  the  common 
bed  of  earth  the  patriarchs  and  babes  sleep  side  by  side.  Why  should  we  fear  that 
which  will  come  to  all  that  is?  We  cannot  tell;  we  do  not  know  which  is  the  greater 
blessing — life  or  death.  We  cannot  say  that  death  is  not  a  good;  we  do  not  know 
whether  the  grave  is  the  end  of  this  life  or  the  door  of  another,  or  whether  the  night 
here  is  not  somewhere  elsp  a  dawn.  Neither  can  we  tell  which  is  the  more  fortunate, 
the  child  dying  in  its  mother's  arms,  before  its  lips  have  learned  to  form  a  word,  or  he 
who  journeys  all  the  length  of  life's  uneven  road,  taking  the  last  slow  steps  painfully 
with  staff  and  crutch.  Every  cradle  asks  us  "  whence,"  and  every  coffin  "  whither?  " 
The  poor  barbarian,  weeping  above  his  dead,  can  answer  these  questions  as  intelli- 
gently and  satisfactorily  as  the  robed  priest  of  the  most  authentic  creed.  The  tearful 
ignorance  of  the  one  is  just  as  good  as  the  learned  and  unmeaning  words  of  the  other. 
No  man,  standing  where  the  horizon  of  life  has  touched  a  grave,  has  any  right  to 
prophesy  a  future  filled  with  pain  and  tears.  It  may  be  that  death  gives  all  there  is 
of  worth  to  live.  If  those  we  press  and  strain  against  our  hearts  could  never  die, 
perhaps  that  love  would  wither  from  the  earth.  May  be  this  common  fate  treads 
from  out  the  paths  between  our  hearts  the  weeds  of  selfishness  and  hate,  and  I  had 
rather  live  and  love  where  death  is  king,  than  have  eternal  life  where  love  is  not. 
Another  life  is  naught,  unless  we  know  and  love  again  the  ones  who  love  us  here. 
They  who  stand  with  breaking  hearts  around  this  little  grave  need  have  no  fear. 
The  larger  and  the  nobler  faith  in  all  that  is  and  is  to  be,  tells  us  that  death,  even  at 
its  worst,  is  only  perfect  rest.  We  know  that  through  the  common  wants  of  life,  the 
needs  and  duties  of  each  hour,  their  grief  will  lessen  day  by  day,  until  at  last  these 
graves  will  be  to  them  a  place  of  rest  and  peace,  almost  of  joy.  There  is  for  them  this 
consolation,  the  dead  do  not  suffer.  If  they  live  again,  their  lives  will  surely  be  as 
good  as  ours.  We  have  no  fear;  we  are  all  the  children  of  the  same  mother,  and  the 
same  fate  awaits  us  all.  We,  too,  have  our  religion,  and  it  is  this:  "  Help  for  the 
living;  hope  for  the  dead. " 


HE  word  "  Home  "  comprises  and  implies  all  that 
is  best  and  highest  in  the  sum  of  earthly  existence. 
Taking  it  in  its  widest  interpretation,  it  embraces 
the  attainment  of  all  the  best  ambitions  of  life.  It 
means  a  perfect  existence,  and  he  who  lias  attained 
to  its  possession  enjoys  as  much  of  Heaven  as  is 
permitted  to  visit  earth.     Cowper  writes : 

"  Domestic  Happiness,  thou  only  bliss 
Of  Paradise  that  has  survived  the  fall ! " 

It  is  the  duty  of  every  young  man  to  seek  to  realize 
what  true  Home  is,  of  what  it  consists,  how  sought  and 
how  to  be  acquired ;  the  more  so  because  the  happiness 
which  is  to  be  found  at  the  domestic  fireside  comes  not 
accidontalh',  unsought  nor  undeserved,  to  any  man, 
and  also  because,  both  in  its  creation  and  its  enjoy- 
ment, its  perfection  depends  so  largely  if  not  so  entirely  upon  the 
seeker  and  the  possessor.  Kathaniel  Cotton,  in  his  "  Fireside," 
strikes  the  true  chord  when  he  exclaims  : 


'  If  solid  happiness  we  prize. 
Within  our  breast  this  jewel  lies; 

And  fools  they  are  who  roam : 
The  world  has  nothing:  to  bestow ; 
From  our  own  selves  our  joys  must  flow 

And  that  dear  hut,  our  Home." 


The  home  which  the  pbet  had  in  view  was  not,  it  will  be  ob- 
served, within  the  stately  walls  of  a  palace.'  The  gilded  abodes  of 
wealth  and  luxury  are  not  always,  nor  indeed  often,  the  dwelling 
places  of  Home  and  Happiness. 

"  Well  may  your  hearts  believe  the  truths  I  tell ; 
"Tis  ^^rtue  makes  the  bliss,  where'er  we  dwell." — CcJUtk. 


BEAUTIFUL    HOME   LIFE. 


IV.  THE  TRUE  HOME.  yt 

HE  true  home,  Avhether  lofty  or  humble,  is  the  abode  which 
the  industry  of  a  man  provides  for  tlie  shelter  and  comfort 
of  the  domestic  circle  of  which  he  is  the  head.  It  is  the 
shrine  of  which  he  is  the  patron  saint,  bringing  for  the  adora- 
tion of  those  who  put  their  faith  and  trust  in  him,  the  virtues 
of  honor,  probity,  purity,  honesty  and  integrity,  faithfulness 
in  every  duty  of  life,  and  the  example  of  obedience  to  every  moral 
law,  and  receiving  in  return, 

"  That  Incense  of  the  heart 
Whose  fragrance  smells  to  Heaven," 

in  the  love  and  devotion  of  the  wife,  the  confidence,  respect  and 
filial  affection  of  children,  and  in  that  pure  and  unalloyed  happiness 
which  attends  the  approval  of  a  conscience  which  appreciates  and 
meets  the  responsibility  of  the  head  of  the  household,  as  the  sun  of 
the  little  world  which  revolves  around  him,  and  which  upon  him 
depends  for  the  diffusion  of  the  light,  heat,  and  enjoyment  of  human 
existence.  The  industry  of  the  husband  and  head  of  the  home  will 
fix  the  place  in  the  scale  of  material  comforts,  but  does  not  in  any 
way  affect  or  limit  those  moral  attributes  which  govern  its  higher 
characteristics.  His  daily  walk  and  conversation  form  the  pattern 
upon  which  the  young  children  found  themselves,  for  whose  present 
weli'are  and  preparation  for  the  future  before  them  the  father  labors, 
and  should  be  marked  by  purity  of  mind,  manners  and  morals.  In 
all  things  he  should  have  a  care  to  remember  that  by  the  example 
which  he  offers,  other  young  lives  are  shaping  themselves  for  the 
future,  and  guide  himself  by  the  responsibility  which  the  fact  in- 
volves. To  the  sharer  of  his  hearth  and  home  he  should  present 
always  the  uniform  life-picture  of  manly  devotion,  chivalrous  court- 
esy and  connubial  fidelity.  His  children  should  love  him  with  an 
affectionate  zeal  into  which  no  temper  of  fear  enters,  and  should 
have  the  most  thorough,  explicit  and  unreserved  confidence  in  his 
uprightness  and  integrity.  The  wife  wiU  be  the  care  of  his  life, 
and  it  will  be  his  desire  to  see  that  the  winds  of  heaven  do  not  visit 
her  too  roughly.  At  all  times  he  will  treat  her  with  tender  and 
respectful  consideration,  calculated  to  smooth  away  all  difficulties 
from  her  path,  and  to  render  the  burden  of  her  duties  less  trying 


and  more  easy  to  bear.  True  husband  and  true  wife  liave  every- 
thing in  common,  and  should,  from  the  very  outset  of  the  joint  jour- 
ney through  life,  recognize  this  fact,  and  in  all  things  act  up  to  that 
understanding.  Remembering  by  his  own  ex})erience  the  perils 
that  snare  the  feet  of  youth  and  the  temptations  which  beset  them, 
he  will  strive  to  so  equip  his  own  children,  both  •  mentally  and 
morally,  as  will  best  enable  them  to  successfully  engage  in  the  strug- 
gle which  he  himself  has  gone  through  in  his  own  career.  He 
will  reap  a  rich  reward  in  the  love,  respect  and  gratitude  of  those 
who  surround  his  hearthstone,  and  in  all  those  other  benefits  which 
go  to  sum  up  the  total  of  life's  happiness.  Pursuing  the  course  of 
duty,  he  will  find  his  homo  a  true  one  in  every  sense  of  the  word. 
He  will  find  there,  always,  the  warmth  and  glow  of  real  happiness. 
He  will  enter  his  household  knowing  by  ex|ierience  and  intuition 
that  all  of  love  and  comfort  it  boasts  are  for  him  alone,  and  return- 
ing to  the  field  of  his  daily  labors,  he  will  go  forth  in  renewed 
strength,  courage  and  vigor.  The  husband  and  hetul  of  the  family 
should  watch  carefully  over  the  education  of  the  little  ones  whom 
God  has  given  him,  should  maintain  his  authority  unquestioned  in 
the  household,  keep  his  dignity  always  in  view,  and  exact  from 
others  that  respect  which  is  due  to  liis  position  and  authority. 

The  true  Home  lias  Rest  and  Peace  to  guard  its  portals.  Hap- 
piness and  Contentment  sit  by  its  fireside.  The  angels  of  domestic 
bliss,  Conjugal  Love  and  Filial  Affection,  take  up  their  abode  beneath 
its  roof;  while  Christian  piety,  like  a  fragrant  incense,  pervades  all 
its  relations.  The  sordid  cares  of  life,  the  fever  of  unrest,  which 
attend  the  steps  of  worldly  ambition,  the  gnawing  cares  and  ]>er- 
plexities  of  those  who  live  no  higher  life  than  the  strife  of  "the 
world  and  all  its  motley  rout,"  these  have  no  place  in  the  Home 
whose  head  is  an  honest  and  upright  man,  and  whose  heart  a  tender, 
loving  and  Christian  woman,  wife  and  mother.  The  man  who  is 
blessed  with  such  a  home — whose  helpmeet,  besides  being  tender  and 
affectionate,  is  faithful  and  prudent — and  who,  as  the  father  of  chil- 
dren, having  given  "hostages  to  fortune,"  has  that  additional  stimu- 
lation to  his  industry  and  his  ambition,  need  not  despair  of  any 
future  to  which  he  directs  liis  efforts,  and  his  life  Avill  prove  in  its 
results  that,  as  old  John  Fletcher,  just  three  hundred  years  ago, 
wrote : 

" Man  is  his  own  star,  and  the  soul  that  can 
Bender  an  honest  and  a  perfect  man 
Commands  all  li^ht,  all  influence,  all  fate. 
Nothing  to  him  falls  early,  or  too  late. 
Our  acts  our  angrels  are,  or  good  or  ill. 
Our  fatal  shadows  that  walk  by  us  still." 


4  a  BEAUTIFUL    HOME    LIFE. 


piiiiiiniiiiHiiiiiiiiwiiiiiiiMiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiimiii^^ 

r  SELF-CONTROL  | 

^iiiiwiiiiiiiisiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiniiiiiiimiiiiiiiwiiiiiiiiwiiiiiiPH 

N  the  government  of  the  household,  the  head  of  the  family 
will  occasionally  find,  in  his  way,  little  rifts  of  unpleasant- 
ness in  the  domestic  atmosphere,  occasioned  by  the  rebeUion 
of  children,  the  conduct  of  servants,  or  possibly  the  extrav- 
agance of  the  wife.  On  occasions  such  as  these  he  wiU  have 
need  to  remember  that  if,  while  asserting  his  authority,  he 
would  also  maintain  his  dignity  and  not  endanger  his  personal 
respect  and  affection,  he  must  keep  his  mind,  judgment  and  all  his 
faculties  under  control.  The  little  difficulties  of  domestic  discipline 
are  oftimes  very  trying  to  the  temper,  especially  where  the  mind  is 
worried  by  the  contact  with  the  world  during  the  day's  business. 
On  such  occasions  it  is  that  the  practice  of  habitual  self-control 
comes  to  the  assistance  of  the  head  of  the  family,  makes  his  duty 
easy,  and  preserves  him  from  mistakes  calculated  to  weaken  his 
authority,  and  injure  his  respect  in  the  household  as  well  as  his  own 
self-esteem. 

The  parent  who  never  corrects  a  child  except  when  his  self-control 
gives  way,  or  Avho  yields  to  fits  of  unreasonable  anger,  and  so  chas- 
tises the  child  in  wrath,  and  not  in  justice,  commits  a  terrible  breach 
of  parental  duty.  The  parent  who  fully  appreciates  the  solemn 
gravity  of  the  duties  which  devolve  upon  him  in  that  capacity,  will 
watchfully  avoid  letting  his  temper  interfere  with  any  domestic  duty. 
The  child  is  generally  keenly  susceptible  to  the  truth  in  a  case  Uke 
this,  and  is  quick  in  perceiving  that  it  has  been  wrongfully  or 
unreasonably  punished,  and  has  been  made  the  victim  of  anger,  not 
of  justice.  The  result  is  that  he  is  hardened  in  his  disposition,  and 
confirmed  in  the  vicious  habit  which  has  brought  punishment  upon 
him.  The  habit  of  self-control  should  be  cultivated  by  the  future 
head  of  a  family  while  forming  his  Character  in  the  period  of  youth, 
so  that  it  will  be  so  firmly  implanted  in  his  habit  of  thought  and 
action,  that  he  will  never  be  tempted  to  rash  courses  when  he  comes 
to  the  responsibility  of  tlie  head  of  a  family, — so  weakening  the 
paternal  authority  and  exposing  flaws  in  the  symmetry  of  the  pater- 
nal character  which  the  child  has  been  taught  to  reverence.  Self- 
control  is  desirable,  moreover,  in  every  walk  of  life,  and  in  every 
relation  of  business.     It  enables  a  man  to  receive  and  retain  bad 


news  without  alarming  others  by  its  premature  disclosure,  or  giving 
others  in  business  competition  the  advantage  of  a  tell-tale  nervous- 
ness, or  a  too  frank  countenance.  It  will  enable  a  man  suffering 
under  the  knowledge  of  some  serious  business  calamity  to  carry  to 
the  bedside  of  an  invalid  wife,  child  or  parent,  t-o  whom  the  shock  of 
distressing  news  might  be  fatal,  a  cheerful  and  smiling  countenance, 
and  to  administer  comfort  and  consolation  where  he  who  possessed 
not  this  quality  would  be  a  source  of  danger  rather  than  of  comfort. 
It  will,  too,  enable  the  man  to  be  the  master  of  his  own  emotions, 
and  nerve  him  to  a  sense  of  duty  where  the  enforcement  of  household 
discipline  becomes  a  greater  pain  to  him  who  administers  it  than  to 
those  who  receive  it.  It  will  also  enable  the  head  of  the  house  to 
preserve  that  equanimity  and  imperturbability  of  temper  which  are 
essential  to  his  dignity,  and  to  the  respect  of  his  household.  Self- 
control  will  be  practiced  in  its  completest  extent  by  every  one  who 
wishes  to  maintain  the  dignity  and  integrity  of  the  household  rela- 
tions, and  to  complete  that  symmetry  of  character  which  makes 
home  happy. 

The  parent  who  has  studied  the  laws  which  govern  the  formation 
of  character  will  not  fail  to  have  been  early  impressed  with  this  duty 
which  in  every  condition  and  sphere  of  life  he  owes  to  himself. 
When,  however,  he  reaches  that  stage  of  existence  where  the  govern- 
ment of  his  conduct  is  invested  not  only  with  his  personal  responsi- 
bility, but  with  that  of  the  formation  of  the  character  and  lives  of 
those  whom  he  has  brought  into  being — when  he  must  in  bounden 
duty  appear  in  his  daily  walk  and  conversation  a  living  model  and 
example  of  the  truth  of  those  principles  and  rules  of  conduct  which 
he  seeks  to  instill  into  the  hearts  and  minds  of  his  children — the 
duty  of  self-control  will  assume  a  higher,  graver  and  more  solemn 
aspect,  and  he  will  endeavor  by  undeviating  and  uniform  mastery 
and  control  of  his  own  temper,  passions,  appetites  and  weaknesses 
to  give  to  those  precepts  which  he  offers  to  the  child  as  the  only  key 
to  the  treasury  of  success,  prosperity  and  happiness,  the  strength- 
ening influence  of  a  bright  and  consistent  example. 


BEAUTIFUL    HOME    LIFE. 


r  CONFIDENCE  OF  CHILDREN  IN  PARENTS  J 

'HE  confidence  of  the  child  in  the  parent,  where  it  exists  as 
nature  implanted  it  in  the  infantile  breast,  a  God-given 
virtue  typifying  the  trust  which  man  himself  should  feel 
toward  his  Creator  is  one  of  the  greatest  joys  of  that  higher 
and  purer  existence,  which  a  man  leads  in  the  confines  of  his 
home — in  spirit,  if  not  in  fact,  "  far  from  the  busy  haunts  of 
men."  It  is  the  delicate  germ  that,  through  after  years,  if  its 
growth  be  not  in  youth  stunted  by  the  chilling  winds  of  unkind- 
ness,  develops  to  the  maturity  of  a  robust  and  vigorous  sentiment, 
and  whose  blossom  is  that  of  filial  affection.  That  parent  must 
have  a  soul  dead  to  the  finer  instincts,  if  he  be  not  touched  by  the 
faith  and  confidence  extended  to  him  or  her  by  the  simplicity 
and  trust  of  prattling  innocence,  and  surely  it  ought  to  be  a  pleas- 
ing duty  to  keep  this  innocent  faith  of  the  child  in  the  parent 
unshaken  till  it  can  be  justified  to  the  expanding  intelligence  of  the 
youth  by  its  own  knowledge  of  the  parent.  But  while  this  faith 
springs  naturally  from  the  uncorrupted  fountain  of  infantile  affec- 
tion, it  is  accompanied  by  that  indefinable  wisdom  or  instinct  of 
simplicity,  which  is  oftimes  the  magic  mirror  in  which  insincerity 
and  un worthiness,  however  craftily  concealed,  are  faithfully  revealed. 
It  should  be  the  effort  of  the  parent  not  only  to  appear  to  be  worthy 
of  the  faith  of  the  child,  but  also  to  deserve  it,  so  that  there  will 
be  no  illusion  to  be  destroyed  as  the  child  grows  older,  and  the 
fruit  of  the  tree  of  knowledge  reveals  the  parental  idol  as  it  really 
is.  The  child  should  be  met  in  all  things  by  a  reciprocal  faith.  It 
should  never  be  deceived,  even  in  the  most  trivial  matters.  A 
promise  made  to  a  little  one  should  be  more  sacredly  kept  even  than 
an  engagement  with  one  of  more  mature  years,  for  in  its  little  world 
its  disappointment  at  being  deceived  is  in  proportion  to  its  trust, 
and  where  shall  we  find  in  the  world  of  maturity  faith  in  our  word 
so  complete,  so  entire,  so  wholly  without  doubt  or  reservation  ?  It 
is  too  much  the  habit  among  thoughtless  young  and  old  married 
people  to  make  little  account  of  the  promises  made  to  children.  Let 
them  reflect  upon  the  shock  to  the  little  innocent  and  trusting  mind 
on  discovering  that  "  papa  "  or  "  mamma  "  has  told  them  a  deliberate 
falsehood,  and  upon  the  effect  of  the  further  discovery  that  this 
disregard  of  the  truth  is  a  habit  and  not  an  oversight ! 


"  Confidence  is  a  plant  of  slow  growth  in  an  aged  bosom,''  said 
tlie  elder  Pitt,  but  in  the  tender  heart  of  childhood,  unspoiled  by 
contact  with  the  world,  it  springs  spontaneously  into  being,  and  if 
watchfully  guarded  against  abuse  in  its  infancy,  will  take  strong 
root  and  flourish  apace  with  increasing  years,  and  so  shelter  the  vir- 
gin soil  in  which  the  graces  and  virtues  of  life  are  to  be  planted,  that 
the  poisonous  weeds  of  doubt,  distrust,  envy,  malice,  and  unchari- 
tableness  can  find  no  root  there.  The  i)arent  who — recognizing  the 
importance  of  thorough  confidence  on  the  part  of  the  child,  in  his 
honor,  his  truth  and  his  judgment,  to  his  parental  influence  in  the 
coming  years — sedulously  takes  care  in  the  smallest  things  of  the 
crude  and  elementary  life  which  it  is  his  duty,  as  it  should  be  his 
])ride  and  anxious  care,  to  shape  to  a  |)erfect  character,  will  have 
lightened  and  made  easy  the  responsibilities  which  increase  upon  him 
as  the  child  advances  toward  maturity.  From  the  seeds  thus  sown 
in  the  little  things  of  early  life,  he  will  reap  a  rich  reward  in  filial 
obedience  and  confident  reliance  in  the  paternal  counsel,  when  the 
dangers  and  temptations  of  life  assail  the  approach  of  youth  to  man- 
hood— that  critical  periotl  in  the  career  of  the  young  when,  without 
experience  of  the  world,  so  many,  in  the  impetuous  temerity  of 
youth,  who  have  not  been  thoroughly  imbued  with  filial  respect  and 
confidence,  are  swept  away  in  their  too  confident  rashness  into  the 
vortex  of  dissipation  and  ruin. 


BEAUTIFUL    HOME    LIFE.  39 


J       EDUCATION  OF  CHILDREN.      I 

mm  m§ 


'==s^ 


'O  the  parents  who  are  rightly  imbued  with  the  proper  spirit 
of  their  obligations  to  their  children  the  task  of  waiting 
upon  the  budding  intelligence,  and  shaping  its  growth  into 
perfect  symmetry,  is  not  only  a  duty  but  a  pleasure — a  pleas- 
ure not  only  in  its  performance,  but  in  the  sure  and  certain 
rewards  which  it  treasures  up  for  the  enjoyment  of  later 
-years.  "  The  child  is  the  father  of  the  man,"  is  a  truism  which  should 
be  ever  present  in  the  mind  of  the  parent,  associated  with  the  proverb, 
"  As  the  twig  is  bent  the  tree  is  inclined."  The  education  of  the 
child  is  but  the  seed  sown  in  a  fertile  soil,  from  which  life  is  to  reap 
a  rich  and  bounteous  harvest — of  honor,  happiness  and  moral  and 
material  prosperity,  or  of  vice,  disappointment,  disgrace  and  ruin, 
according  as  the  seeds  implanted  under  the  eye  of  the  parent  are 
those  of  honor,  truth,  probity,  industry  and  integrity,  or  of  careless- 
ness, willfulness,  selfishness,  sloth,  disregard  of  truth  and  indifference 
to  honor.  The  happiness  and  wellfare,  as  well  as  the  interest,  of. 
the  parent  is,  too,  bound  up  inseparably  in  this  future.  A  man  may 
be  never  so  successful  in  the  material  objects  of  his  career ;  he  may 
have  reached  every  goal  of  ambition  for  public  or  social  distinction  ; 
he  may  enjoy  the  inestimable  boon  of  the  unfaltering  love  and  devo- 
tion of  wife  ;  he  may  have  the  rich  reward  which  comes  to  him  who 
wears  the  "  white  flower  of  a  blameless  life ;  "  and  yet  to  all  these 
may  come  '^  the  worm,  the  canker  and  the  grief,"  if  compelled  to 
realize 

"  How  sharper  than  a  serpent's  tooth  it  is 
To  have  a  thankless  child," 

and  to  find  all  the  high  hopes  which  parental  fondness  and  anticipa- 
tion had  formed  of  a  reproduction  and  higher  development  of  his 
own  successful  career  in  the  person  of  a  son,  dashed  to  the  ground 
by  irreclaimable  waywardness,  moral  baseness,  vicious  habits  and 
companionships,  shameful  weaknesses  or  a  degraded  life.  And  how 
bitter  to  such  an  one,  who  finds  this  gall  of  misery  in  his  cup  of  well- 
earned  happiness,  must  be  the  self -reproaching  reflection  that  such  a 
shattering  of  his  fond  aspirations  of  living  again  in  his  children  the 
life  of  honor,  truth  and  probity,  is  to  be  traced  by  the  unerring  and 
inexorable  finger  of  a  self -condemning  conscience,  to  the  errors  and 
faults  of  the  parent  in  the  early  education  of  the  child — to  his  irre 


BEAUTIFUL    HOME    LIFE. 


mediable  carelessness  in  laying  the  foundations  of  character.  The 
parent,  then,  who  would  not  reap  in  tears  this  melancholy  harvest 
of  bitterness,  disappointment  and  self-reproach,  must  see  his  duty 
clearly  from  the  early  beginning  of  his  responsibility,  and  perform 
it  vigilantly  and  faithfully.  Into  the  warp  and  woof  of  the  young 
life  intrusted  to  his  guidance  he  must  weave  the  strong  and  endur- 
ing fibers  of  every  virtue.  Above  all  things  he  must  see  to  it  that 
false  love  is  not  pennitted  to  imix)se  that  damning  blight  upon  the 
development  of  character  which  the  too  common  expression  "  a 
spoiled  cliild"  implies.  There  is  no  greater  cruelty  i)ossible  to  he 
stamped  upon  the  character  and  inflicted  upon  the  developing  cai*eer 
of  the  child  than  that  misdirected  tenderness  which  restrains  the 
hand  of  deserved  punishment,  weakens  in  its  vital  jwint  the  dignity 
and  control  of  parental  authority  and  paves  the  way  for  its  final 
overthrow  and  destruction,  and  gives  a  lodging-place  in  the  young 
mind  and  an  influence  in  the  forming  character,  to  those  willful- 
nesses and  waywardnesses  which  may  be,  even  at  first,  "  pretty," 
"  interesting  "  and  "  channing,"  but  which  all  too  soon  will  unfold 
themselves  to  the  misguided  ])arent  in  the  shape  of  vices  which  defy 
his  love  and  anxiety,  and  distort  and  disfigure  beyond  redemption 
the  character,  which  hardens  and  becomes  permanent  as  manhood 
is  approached.  It  is  in  this  regard  that  the  man  should  assert  him- 
self as  the  head  of  the  household,  responsible  and  controlling,  for  it 
is  generally  from  woman's  tenderness  and  weakness  that  these  dan- 
gers proceed.  The  husband  and  father  should  be  as  firm  and  inflex- 
ible in  the  performance  of  his  duty  and  the  assertion  of  his  author- 
ity as  he  is  gentle  and  tender  in  all  his  relations  with  the  child. 
Even  in  the  punishment,  which  is  sometimes  necessary,  it  is  love  for 
the  child  which  should  be  the  controlling  spirit.  The  wisdom  of 
Solomon,  which  says  "  he  that  spareth  his  rod  hateth  his  son,"  does 
not  mean  that  harshness  should  be  the  rule  of  paternal  authority. 
On  the  contrary,  undue  harshness  leads  to  the  same  deplorable 
results  as  undue  weakness.  It  means  that  while  the  paternal  gov- 
ernment should  be  founded  on  love,  it  must  not  hesitate  to  correct 
the  faults  of  childish  conduct  or  disposition  by  fear,  when  necessary, 
in  order  that  he  may  be  so  thoroughly  grounded  in  true  habits  of 
character,  that  they  will  safely  develop  into  natural  governing 
impulses  as  he  passes  to  years  of  discretion,  and  through  3'^outh  to 
maturity.  It  is  by  the  exercise  of  this  watchful  firmness  that, — 
like  the  gardener  who  by  gentle  force  corrects  the  deformity  of  the 
growing  tree  tiU  it  matures  into  straight  and  perfect  symmetry, 
the  parent  by  the  firm  performance  of  his  duty  corrects  the  natural 


infirmities  of  the  child's  temper  and  disposition,  and  has  the  satis- 
faction of  seeing  those  correct  habits  into  which  the  child  is  led  by 
love  or  guided  by  authority  crystallized  into  the  perfect  and  stable 
character.  One  other  point  in  the  education  of  the  children  should 
engage  the  parents'  attention.  Never  attempt  to  prevent  the  young 
from  forming  friendships.  Man,  even  in  the  elementary  existence  of 
childhood,  is  a  gregarious  animal.  The  child  seeks  friendships  and 
companionships  of  its  own  age  and  sympathies  as  naturally  as  the 
rosebud  unfolds  its  blushing  beauties  to  the  sunlight.  The  child 
which  is  allowed  to  make  in  the  early  years  of  discretion  one  con- 
genial friend,  may  be  safely  trusted  not  to  seek  miscellaneous  and 
therefore  undesirable  company.  The  parent  who  watches  carefully 
over  the  developing  character  of  the  child  will  be  content,  without 
apparent  pressure,  to  direct  the  child's  friendship  to  another  which 
he  is  assured  has  the  advantage  of  careful  moral  training,  and  the 
influence  of  pious  parents.  Such  a  friendship  he  will  find  to  be  not 
only  an  aid  to  him  in  forming  the  character  of  the  child,  but  a  safe- 
guard to  the  latter  against  many  evil  companionships  and  danger- 
ous associations.  And  endeavor  in  the  inculcation  of  every  virtue, 
to  imbue  the  mind  of  the  child  and  the  youth  with  a  sensitive  and 
realizing  spirit,  in  every  relation  of  life  for  which  he  is  being  fitted, 
of  what  Burke  describes  as  "  that  chastity  of  honor  which  feels  a 
stain  like  a  wound." 


BEAUTIFUL    HOME    LIFE. 


giiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiimiiiiiiitniiiiiiiHii 

I  FILIAL  AFFECTION 

illllllllHlllllll»lllllll!linillIllllKI!!lllllifii:illlli»l!!illlJIHIiH 

i  NE  of  the  most  beautiful,  because  the  most  unselfish  and 
iMost  honorable,  of  the  many  virtues  which  gather  round 
the  domestic  hearth,  is  filial  affection,  and  he  who  does  not 

possess  it,  can  scarcely  be  credited  with  the  possession  of  the 

finer  qualities  of  the  human  heart,  soul  and  understanding. 

In  every  system  of  philosophy,  mytliology,  morality  and 
religion  that  has  ever  prevailed  in  the  world  throughout  the  various 
phases  of  progressing  and  developing  civilization  and  enlightenment, 
filial  affection  has  always  been  accorded  the  highest  place.  It  is  the 
natural  instinct  of  man,  Avhere  not  perverted  by  false  education  or 
vicious  tendencies  on  the  part  of  the  child,  or  cast  off  by  the  for- 
feiture of  his  claim  to  res})ect  and  confidence  on  tlie  part  of  the 
parents.  It  is  the  peremptory  command  of  the  Mosaic  law,  and  is 
numbered  among  the  strictest  injunctions  of  the  Gospel  dispensation. 
It  is  the  reward  which  the  parent  has  earned  by  years  of  anxious 
care  and  devotion  from  the  hour  of  the  mother's  travail,  by  shelter 
and  protection  afforded  through  the  helplessness  of  childhood,  by 
the  l)est  yeai*s  and  tlie  highest  affections  of  life  freely  Ixjstowed,  and 
by  the  cares  and  tears  and  labors  which  have  been  ungrudgingly 
given,  that  the  child  may  be  put  forward  in  the  race  of  life  always 
with  greater  advantages  than  the  parent  was  ever  conscious  of 
having  enjoyed.  It  is  the  acknowledgment  which  justice  and  com- 
mon gratitude,  as  well  as  nature,  demand  from  the  child  to  be 
rendered  to  the  parent.  In  all  ages  the  ingratitude  of  children  to 
parents,  the  setting  at  naught  of  the  dictates  of  filial  affection,  has 
ever  been  pictured  as  the  blackest  and  most  disgraceful  kind  of  tur- 
pitude. It  is  a  duty  which  religion  and  honor  alike  impose,  and  it 
is  one  to  which  all  the  higher  and  holier  instincts  and  feelings  will 
naturally  lead.  Ko  man  can  go  through  life  and  expect  to  rank  in 
his  own  conscience  and  self-approval,  or  in  the  respect  of  the  world, 
among  the  happy  number  of  those  "  whose  yesterdays  look  backward 
with  a  smile,"  who  has  any  reproach  resting — visible,  perhaps,  only 
to  the  eye  of  his  own  conscience,  or  to  the  sorrowful  soul  of  a  neg- 
lected and  ill-requited  parent — upon  his  mind  and  conscience.  As 
the  young  man  advances  in  years  and  strength,  and  the  parent  who 
has  been  his  shield  and  protection  and  guardian  angel  through  the 


BEAUTIFUL    HOME    LIFE. 


period  of  his  weakness  and  helplessness,  goes  down  the  decline  of 
life  and  casts  his  lengthening  shadow  toward  the  grave,  this  duty 
becomes  more  and  more  imperative,  and  he  who  looks  forward  in 
his  own  turn  to  the  common  lot,  and  Avho  would  have  his  conscience 
and  his  record  clear  when  his  accounts  come  to  be  cast  up  by  an 
arbiter  who  knows  no  errors  and  acknowledges  no  excuses,  will  take 
care  that  the  same  kind  and  considerate  love  which  sheltered  him  in 
his  infancy,  shall  smooth  and  brighten  and  make  grateful  the  sunset 
of  the  parent's  life.     Young  says : 

"The  chamber  where  a  good  man  meets  his  fate 
Is  privileged  beyond  the  common  wallc 
Of  virtue's  life,  quite  to  the  verg-e  of  Heaven." 

Every  man  and  Avoman  who  possesses  Christian  hope,  and  who 
believes  in  a  higher,  nobler  and  purer  existence  hereafter,  may  well 
pray  for  such  a  deathbed  as  this,  from  which  to  pass  the  narrow 
portals  of  time  into  the  mysterious  vista  of  eternity.  Let  all  such 
remember  that  of  all  the  sins  of  omission  or  commission  which  may 
rest  upon  the  conscience  of  man,  weak  and  erring  at  the  best,  there 
is  none  more  inexcusable,  none  for  which  remorse  will  more  vehe- 
mently rend  his  heartstrings  when  the  day  of  reparation  and  atone- 
ment has  gone  by,  than  the  reflection  that  he  has  in  life  withheld 
from  parents  those  tributes  of  filial  affection  which  were  their  due. 
No  man,  however,  who  cultivates  the  other  virtues  of  a  Christian 
and  upright  life  will  overlook  the  solemn  claims  of  the  parent  upon 
his  love,  respect  and  gratitude.  That  feeling  will  have  been  incul- 
cated in  him  in  youth,  and  it  will  have  been  indorsed  by  the  judg- 
ment and  sense  of  justice  of  maturer  years.  To  the  man  or  woman 
of  proper  feeling  and  true  integrity  this  filial  affection,  in  affording 
some  slight  return  to  parents  for  all  their  long  years  of  watchful 
care  and  attention,  will  be  a  gladness  and  a  pleasure.  As  parents, 
perhaps,  themselves,  they  will  recognize  in  their  duty  to  their 
parents  in  the  decline  of  life,  what  they  themselves  must  look 
forward  for  in  a  few  fleeting  years,  as  the  only  reward,  beyond 
that  which  a  duty  performed  bestows,  which  they  will  receive  for 
the  affection  they  in  turn  are  lavishing  upon  their  offspring.  Hap- 
pily filial  attention  is  honored  in  the  world  even  by  those  who  do  not 
regard  or  comprehend  its  higher  motives.  It  is  the  parental  heart 
alone  which  perceives  whether  that  attention  is  a  cold  and  formal 
duty,  merely,  or  whether  it  is  that  living,  ripe  and  warm  affection 
which  blesses  both  the  giver  and  the  receiver.  To  bring  its  real 
reward,  in  a  conscience  at  peace  with  itself,  the  parental  affection 
should  be  earnest,  grateful  and  real,  springing  from  the  heart  and 
overflowing  with  respectful  love  and  gratitude. 


SIGNERS    OF    THE    DECLAEATION. 


SIGNERS  OF  THE    DECLARATION. 


Following  is  a  List  of  Members  of  the  Continental  Congress  Who  Signed 
the  Declaration  of  Independence. 


Names  or  thb  Siqnbrs. 


Adams,  John MasB. 

Aduins,  Siinuiel Bfaas. 

Kiirtlett,  Josiah N.  H 

Braxton,  <  "ai-ter Va 

Carroll,  Charles,  of  CarroUton    Md 

Chiuse,  Samiml Md 

Clurk,  Abraham N.J 

Clymer,  Ocorge Penn 

Ellcry,  William K.I.&Prov. 

Floyd,  Willium N.  Y 

Franklin,  Ik>njamin Penn 

Gerry,  Klhridjre Maas 

Gwinnet,  lliitton Ga 

Hall,  Lyman Oti 

Hancock,  John Mass 

Harrison,  Benjamin Va.  

Hart,  John N.  J 

Heyward,  Thomas,  Jr 8.  C 

Hewes,  Joseph N.  C 

Hooper.  William N.  C 

Hopkins,  Stephen R.I. &Prov., 

HuiitiirKton,  Samuel Conn 

Hopkinson.  Francis >. N.  J 

Jetrerson.  Thomas Va. 

Lee,  Uichard  Henry Va. 

Lee,  Francis  Lightroot. Va. 

Ijewis,  Francis  F N.  Y 

Livintfston,  Philin N.  Y 

Lynch,  Thomas,  Jr 9.  C .". 

McKean,  Thomas Del 

Middleton,  Arthur ' 8.  0 

Morris,  Lewis N.  Y   

Morris,  Hol)ert Penn 

Morton,  John Penn 

Nelson,  Thomas,  Jr Va 

Paca,  William Md 

Paine,  Robert  Treat Maas 

Penn,  John  N.  C 

Read,  Georgre Del 

Rodnev,  Ciesar Del 

Ross,  George Penn 

Rush,  Henjumin,  M.  D Penn 

Rutledjire,  Kdward 8.  C 

Sherman,  Roijer Conn 

Smith,  .Tames    Penn 

Stockton,  Richard N.  J 

Stone,  Thomas Md 

Taylor,  Gcorgre Penn 

Thornton,  Matthew N.  H 

Walton,  Georpre Gra 

Whipple,  William N.  H 

Williams,  William Conn 

Wilson,  James Penn 

Witherspoon,  John N.  J 

Wolcott,  Oliver JConn 

Wythe,  George Va. 


Delboate 

rROM 


BORM  AT 


Braintrec,  Mass.,  Oct.  19, 1786.. 

Boston,  Mass.,  Sept.  27, 172i 

Amesbury,  Maas,  Nov.  1729 

Newlnirton,  Va..  Sept.  10. 1790. 


Died. 


July*.. 
Oct.  2... 
May  19. 
Oct.  10. . 
Nov.  14 


Annapolis,  ^d.,  Kent.  30,  1737.. 
Somerset  County,  Md..  April  17.  1741  June  19 
Elizabeth  town,  N.  J.,  Feb.  15,  IVM...  Sept.... 
Philadelphia,  Pa..  1730 i Jan.  23  . 


Newport,  R.  I.,  Dec.  22,  1727.... 
Suffolk  Co.,  N.  ¥.,  Dec.  17, 1734. 

Boston,  Maaa.,  Jan.  17, 1700 

Marblenead,  Mass.,  July  1,  1744. 

Bnsrland,  1732 

Connecticut.  1731  

Braintree,  Mass,  1737 

Ilerkley,  Va 

Hopewell,  N.  J.,  1716 

St.  Lukes,  S.  C,  1746 

Kingston,  N.  J..  1730 

Boston,  Mass.,  June  17, 1742 

Soltuate,  Mass.,  .March  7,  1707.. 


March.. 

Oct.  10.. 

Oct 

July  13. 

Wlndbum,  Conn,  July  3,  1732 'Jan.  .5. . 

Philadelphia,  Pa.,  1737.. May  9. . 

Shadwelf,  Va.,  April  13, 1734 ! July  4. . 

Stratford,  Va.,  Jan.  30, 1732 !June  19. 

Stratford,  Va.,  Oct.  14,1734 lAprll... 

Landaff,  Wales.  March,  1713 jl>ec.  30. 

Albany,  N.  Y..  Jan.  l-V  1716 June  12. 

St.  George's,  S.  C,  Aug.  6,  1749 ilxjst  sea 

Chester  Co.,  Pa.,  March  19,  1734 June 24 

Middleton  Place,  S.  C,  1743  {Jan.  1 


Morrisania,  N.  Y.,  1726. 
Lancashtre,  England,  Jan.  1733 

Ridley,  Pa.,  1724    

York,  V^a.,  Dec.  26,  1738  

Wye  Hill.  Md..  Oct.  31, 1740 

Boston,  Mass.,  1731 

Caroline  Co..  Va..  May  17, 1741. . 

Cecil  Co.,  Md.,  17.34 

Dover,  Del.,  1730 

Newcastle,  Del.,  1730 

Byberry,  Pa.,  Dec.  24,  1746 

Charleston,  S.  C,  Nov.  1740 

Newton,  Mass.,  April  19,  1721. . . 

Ireland 

Princeton,  N.  J.,  Oct.  1, 1730. . . . 

Charles  Co..  Md.,  1742 

Ireland,  1716 

Ireland,  1714 

Frederick  Co.,  Va.,  1740 

Kittery,  Me.,  1730 

Lebanon,  Conn..  April  8, 1731. . . 

Scotland,  about  1742 

Yester,  Scotland,  Feb.  5,  1722. . . 
Windsor,  Conn.,  Nov.  26, 1726. . . 
Elizabeth  City  Co.,  Va.,  1726. . . . 


Jan.  22. 
May  8.. 
April... 
Jan.  4.. 


May  11. 
Oct.  26. 


July 

April  19. 
Jan.  23.. 
July  23.. 
July  11.. 
Feb.  28.. 
Oct.  5... 
Feb.  23.. 
June  24.. 
Feb.  2... 
Nov.  28 
Aug.  2. 
Aug.  28 
Nov.  15 
Dec.  1... 
June  8. . 


1820 
1808 
1796 
1797 
.1832 
.1811 
.1794 
.1813 
.1820 
.1821 
1790 
.1814 
.1777 
1790 
.1793 
.1791 
.1780 
.1809 
.1779 
.1790 
.17S5 
.1796 
.1790 
1828 
.1794 
.1797 
.1803 
1778 
.1779 
1817 
1787 
1798 
1806 
1777 
1780 
1799 
1804 
1809 
1798 
1783 
1779 
1813 
1800 
1793 
1806 
1781 
1787 
1781 
1803 
1804 
1785 
1811 
1798 
1794 
1797 
1806 


•>" 


pilP^  ^IRI^IOTI. 


g::/-^— ^^<-   ■>it':-Q^ 


OUNT  YEKNON,  once  the  home,  is  now  the  last  resting- 
place,  of  George  Washington.  The  house  is  in  a  charm- 
ing situation,  overlooking  the  river,  with  beautiful  and 
extensive  views.  The  building  itself  is  a  plain  structure 
of  wood,  in  imitation  of  stone.  On  the  second  story,  at 
the  south  side,  is  the  bedroom  of  Washington,  the  bed  in 
this  apartment  being  the  same  on  which  the  great  war- 
rior, statesman  and  patriot  breathed  his  last,  on  December  17,  1799. 
Near  it  is  the  room  occupied  by  Lafayette  while  Washington's 
guest.  In  the  dining-room  arje  several  portraits  of  Washington, 
besides  the  famous  picture  by  Rembrandt  Peale,  "Washington 
before  Yorktown."  There  are  several  interesting  relics  in  the 
house,  among  them  being  the  key  of  the  French  Bastile,  presented 
to  Washington  by  Lafayette.  Near  the  house,  on  the  road  from 
the  steamboat-landing,  stands  the  Tomb  of  Washington  and  Martha, 
his  wife.  Their  remains  repose,  side  by  side,  in  marble  sarcophagi, 
which  are  surrounded  by  a  plain,  brick  inclosure,  entered  through  a 
barred,  iron  gate. 

Subsequent  to  the  death  of  Judge  Washington,  in  1826,  the 
Mount  Yernon  estate  descended  to  John  Augustine  Washington,  his 
nephew,  who  died  in  1832,  when  his  widow,  Jane  Washington,  be- 
came the  next  heir.  John  A.  Washington,  her  son,  was  the  last  of 
the  family  to  hold  possession  of  the  estate,  in  1855.  Not  having  the 
means  to  keep  it  in  proper  order,  he  disposed  of  it  in  1860  through 
the  State  of  Yirginia  to  the  Mount  Yernon  Association  for  $200,000. 
The  association  was  incorporated  for  the  special  purpose  of  acquiring 
Mount  Yernon,  and  its  charter  provides  that  the  estate  must  never 
pass  from  its  possession.  Supervision  over  the  estate  is  retained  by 
the  state  of  Yirginia,  that  appoints  a  board  of  visitors  whose  duty  is 
that  of  making  an  examination  each  year  and  reporting  if  the  con- 
ditions of  the  charter  have  been  complied  with. 

A  southern  woman  named  Pamelia  Cunningham  became  the 
originator  of  the  project  to  purchase  Mount  Yernon  and  save  the 

45 


^s^g^ 


MOUNT   VERNON. 


home  of  Washington  from  decay.  She  obtained  the  refusal  of  it  for 
a  time,  when  its  last  owner  made  manifest  his  intention  to  sell  the 
estate.  Having  made  an  appeal  to  Congress  for  money  to  be  used 
for  its  purchase,  and  without  success,  she  appealed  to  the  women  of 
America,  under  the  title  of  "  The  Southern  Matron,"  for  aid  in  the 
commendable  work.     The  Virginia  legislature  granted  a  charter,  at 


MOUNT  VBRNON. 


her  request,  when  she  organized  an  association,  and  became  the 
regent  of  it.  Vice-regents  for  the  different  states  were  appointed 
by  her,  and  these  began  to  raise  funds  for  the  object.  Large  and 
small  contributions  were  rhade  throughout  the  United  States,  the 
largest  smgle  contribution,  $68,000,  being  made  by  Edward  Everett. 
The  effort  met  with  success,  and  Mount  Vernon,  sacred  to  every 
American,  became  the  property  of  the  people. 


30h 


TABLE   FOB   COMPUTING   TIME. 


TIME  TABLE  Showing  the  Time  in  Months  or  Days  from  Any  Day  in 
one  Month  to  the  Corresponding  Day  in  Any  Other  Month. 


FROM 

Jan. 

(       TO 

.  -j  Mos 

Jan. 

12 

365 

Feb. 

1 

31 

Mar. 

2 

59 

Apr. 
3 

90 

May 

4 

120 

J'ne 

5 

151 

July 

6 

181 

Auk 

7 

212 

Sept 

8 

243 

Oct. 

9 

273 

Nov 

10 

304 

Dec. 
11 

(  Days 

334 

Feb 

.  ]mos 

Jan. 

11 

334 

Feb. 

12 

365 

Mar. 
1 

28 

Apr. 

2 

59 

May 
o 

89 

J'ne 

4 

120 

July 

5 

150 

Aug 

6 

181 

Sept 

7 

212 

Oct. 

8 

242 

Nov 

9 

273 

Dec. 
10 

( Days 

303 

Mabch. 

.  )  Mos 

Jan. 

10 

306 

Feb. 

11 

337 

Mar. 

12 

365 

Apr. 

1 

31 

May 

2 

61 

J'ne 

3 

92 

July 

4 

122 

Aug' 

5 

153 

Sept 

6 

184 

Sept 

5 

153 

Oct. 

7 
214 

Oct. 

6 

183 

Nov 

8 

245 

Nov 

7 
214 

Dec. 
9 

(  Days 

275 

April.  . 

.-JMos 

Jan. 

9 

275 

Feb. 

10 

306 

Mar. 

11 

334 

Apr. 

12 

365 

May 

1 

30 

J'ne 

2 

61 

July 

3 

91 

Aug 

4 

122 

Dec. 

8 

(  Days 

244 

Mat 

.  -JMos 

Jan. 

8 

245 

Feb. 

9 

276 

Mar. 

10 

304 

Apr. 

11 

335 

May 

12 

365 

J'ne 

1 

31 

July 
61 

Aug 
9? 

Sept 

4 

123 

Oct. 

5 

153 

Nov 

6 

184 

Dec. 

7 

(  Days 

214 

JUNB.  .  . 

.-JMos 

Jan. 

7 
214 

Feb. 

8 

245 

Mar. 

9 

273 

Apr. 

10 

304 

May 

11 

334 

J'ne 

12 

365 

July 

1 

30 

Aug 

2 

61 

Sept 

3 

92 

Sept 

2 

62 

Oct. 

4 

122 

Oct. 

3 

92 

Nov 

5 

153 

Nov 

4 

123 

Dec. 
6 

(  Days 

183 

July . . . . 

.  ■<  Mos 

Jan. 
6 

184 

Feb. 

7 
215 

» 

Mar. 

8 

243 

Apr. 
9 

274 

May 

10 

304 

J'ne 

11 

335 

July 

12 

365 

Aug 

1 

31 

Dec. 
5 

(Days 

153 

Aug  . . . . 

.  -Imos 

Jan. 

5 

153 

Feb. 

6 

184 

.Mai\ 
212 

Apr. 

8 

243 

May 

9 

273 

J'ne 

10 

304 

July 

11 

334 

Aug 

12 

365 

Sept 

1 

31 

Sept 

12 

365 

Sept 

11 

335 

Sept 

10 

304 

Sept 

9 

274 

Oct. 

2 

61 

Oct. 

1 
30 

Oct. 

12 

365 

Oct. 

11 

334 

Oct. 

10 

304 

Nov 

3 

92 

Nov 

2 

61 

Nov 

] 

31 

Nov 

12 

365 

Nov 

11 

335 

Dec. 
4 

1  Days 

122 

Sept 

.]mos 

(Days 

Jan. 

4 

122 

Feb. 

5 

153 

Mar. 
6 

181 

212 

May 

8 

242 

J'ne 

9 

273 

July 

10 

303 

July 

9 

273 

July 

8 

242 

July 

7 
212 

Aug 

11 

334 

Aug 

10 

304 

Aug 

9 

273 

Aug 

8 

243 

Dec. 

3 

91 

Oct 

.)  Mos 

Jan. 

3 

92 

'Feb. 

4 

123 

Mar. 

5 

151 

Mar. 
4 

Apr. 
6 

182 

Apr. 

5 

151 

Apr. 

4 

121 

May 

7 

212 

May 

6 

181 

May 

151 

J'ne 

8 

243 

J'ne 

7 
212 

Ju'e 

6 

182 

Dec. 
3 

(  Days 

61 

Nov 

JMos 

.Ja.i. 

2 

61 

Jan. 

1 

31 

Feb. 
8 

Dec. 
1 

(  Days 

92   120 

Feb.  Mar. 
2        ?i 

30 

Dkc 

J  Mos 

Dec. 
12 

(Days 

62 

90 

365 

Explanations.— Suppose  the  time  be  required  from  July  10  to  September  10.  Find  July 
in  the  left  hand  column,  and  follow  out  the  line  to  the  right  until  you  come  to  September; 
the  number  of  months  is  2;  of  days,  63.  If  the  date  to  which  we  reckon  be  either  greater  or  legs 
than  the  one  from  which  we  reckon,  the  difference  should  be  added  or  subtracted,  as  the  ca.se 
may  be.  For  example:  How  many  days  from  February  1  to  August  31?  By  following  out 
the  February  line  to  the  August  column,  we  find  the  time  from  February  1  to  August  1  to  be 
181  days,  to  which  if  we  add  ;J0,  the  difference  between  1  and  31,  the  time  required  will  be  211 
daj's.  If  the  time  be  required  lietween  February  ?8  and  August  1,  we  find  the  time  from 
February  28  to  August  28  to  be  181  days,  from  which,  if  we  subtract  27,  the  difference  between 
1  and  28,  we  gft  for  the  number  of  days,  1,54.  The  table  is  one  of  quite  common  use,  but  is 
none  the  less  important.    It  may  be  used  to  great  advantage  in  the  processes  of  averaging. 


TABLES   OF   GEOGEAPHICAL   MEASUEEMENT. 


Length,  Breadth  and  Superficial  Areas  of  the  Principal  Lakes. 


Name. 


Athabasca 

Baikal 

Cayugra . . . 
Cham  plain 
Constance 

Erie 

Geneva  . . . 

Georgre 

Great  Bear 


Lenerth. 

Breadth 
20  miles 

200  miles 

380  miles 

35  miles 

36  miles 

4  miles 

123  miles 

12  miles 

45  miles 

10  miles 

270  miles 

60  miles 

SO  miles 

10  miles 

36  miles 

Smiles 

ISOmUes 

40  miles 

Superficial 
Area. 


4,000  sq.  m. 

12,600  sq.  m. 

144  sq.  m. 

1,476  sq.  m. 

450  sq.  m. 

13,600  sq.  m. 

106  sq.  m. 

106  sq.  m. 

6,000  sq.  m. 


Namh. 


Great  Slave . 

Huron 

Ladoga  

L.  of  the  Woods 
Maracaybo . . 

Michimn 

Ontario 

Superior 

Winnipegr  ••• 


Length. 


aoOmUes 
2S0mUes 
125  miles 
70  miles 
160  miles 
390  miles 
im  miles 
380  miles 
240  miles 


Breadth 


45  miles 
90  miles 
75  miles 
25  miles 
60  miles 
60  miles 
40  miles 
120  miles 
40  miles 


Superficial 
Area. 


13,500  sq.  m. 
22,600  sq.  m. 

9,375  sq.  m. 

1,760  sq.  m. 

9,000  sq.  m. 
19,H00  sq.  m. 

7,200  sq.  m. 
45,600  sq.  m. 

9,600  sq.  m. 


Dimensions  and  Siirface  Measurement  of  Oceans,  Lakes  and  Seas. 


SUPERFICIAL  AREAS  OF  OCEANS. 


The  Arctic  Ocean  contains. . .  5,000,000  sq.  m. 
Thk  Atlantic  (3cean  contains.  .40.000,000  sq.  m. 
The  Indian  Ocean  contains. .  .20,000,000  sq.  m. 


BCPERnCIAL  AREAS  Or  OCBAHS— €ONT*D. 


The  Pacific  Ooean  contains. .  .80,000,000  sq.  m. 
The  Southern  Ocean  contains  10,000,000  sq.  m. 


METEOROLOGICAL 


TABLE  Showing  Annual  Mean  Temperature  at  Various  Points  in  the 

TJnitod  States. 


Station. 

State. 

ll 

<B 

42 
48 
43 
45 
45 
46 
46 
47 
47 
48 
48 
48 
48 
49 
49 
50 
50 
50 
51 
51 
51 
51 
52 
52 

Station. 

Btfiifi. 

ll 

gig. 

St.  Paul 

Minnesota 

Vermont    . .  

Montana  Territory. . 
Wisconsin 

Fort  Boise 

Idaho  Territory 

Oregon  

fffi 

Portland 

an 

Helena      

Columbus 

Ohio 

53 

Trenton    

New  Jersey 

53 

Augusta 

Concord  

Maine  

Wilmintrton 

Hiinisburg 

Baltimore 

53 

New  Hampshire 

Alaska  

Dakota  Territory . . . 
Michigan 

Pennsylvania 

54 

Sitka 

54 

Fort  Randall 

St.  Louis    

Misfeouri 

55 

Detroit 

Washmgton 

San  Francisco 

District  of  Columbia 
California 

55 

Rhode  Island 

55 

Albany  

Kentucky  

56 

Massachusetts 

Virginia 

.57 

Denver  

Tennessee 

58 

Omaha . . . 

Atlanta 

Raleigh 

Georgia 

58 

Des  Moines 

Iowa 

Nevada   

North  Carolina 

Idaho  Territory 

South  Carolina 

Arkansas 

.W 

Camp  Scott 

Fort  Gibson 

Columbia 

m 

Sprlngrfleld 

Illinois  

62 

Hartford  . 

Little  Rock 

Jackson 

Mobile   

63 

Sterlacon 

Washington  Ter  — 
New  Mexico  Ter — 

Mississippi 

Alabama 

Texas 

64 

Santa  F6 

m 

Leavenworth 

«7 

Indianapolis 

New  Orleans 

Jacksonville 

Tucson    

Louisiana 

69 

Romney 

West  Virgrinia 

Utah  Territory 

Florida 

«9 

S&lt  Lake  City 

Arizona  Territory . . 

69 

f  Til  %mm^  i;i)ii.i 


HE  importance  of  a  thorough,  or  at  least  a 
competent  acquaintance  with  the  usages  of 
good  society,  has  been  recognized  in  all  ages, 
and  has  even  commanded,  with  graver  sub- 
jects, the  study  of  philosophers,  who  have 
given  a  place  to  the  graces  of  courteous  bear- 
ing and  conversation  and  polite  deportment, 
as  among  the  essentials  of  thorough  education. 
Confined  originally  to  ceremonious  regulations  gov- 
erning the  intercourse  of  people  of  rank,  the  laws  of 
etiquette  assumed  a  wider  scope  and  a  more  authori- 
tative shape,  with  the  progress  of  refinement,  the 
elevation  of  the  female  sex  and  the  general  diffusion 
of  knowledge.  In  these  modern  days,  a  knowledge 
of  the  requirements  of  etiquette  is  not  only  an  im- 
portant element  of  success,  but  a  potent  factor  in 
determining  the  degree  of  esteem  in  which  a  man  is 
held  among  Iiis  fellows.  The  young  man  who  sets  out  early  in  life 
to  grapple  with  its  serious  problems,  is  too  often  prone  to  esteem 
too  lightly,  and  even  to  look  with  contempt  upon,  the  graces  of 
personal  conduct,  conversation  and  deportment  as  the  exclusive 
heritage  of  the  "  gilded  youth,"  and  among  the  frivolities  to  be  de- 
spised, rather  than  the  accomplishments  to  be  courted.  After  life, 
when  they  have  risen  to  high  public  or  social  responsibilities,  causes 
them,  to  regret  in  their  awkward  and  brusque  habits,  abrupt  conver- 
sation and  mauvaise  horde  where  ease  and  affability  are  imperative 
duties,  their  neglect  of  the  social  graces,  which  are  so  easily  acquired 
by  the  simple'  mastery  and  observance  of  the  laws  of  custom  in  good 
society,  which  constitute  Etiquette.  Of  vastly  greater  importance  is 
it  to  woman,  the  principal  aim  of  whose  existence  it  is  to  shed  light 
and  grace  upon  the  sterner  realities  of  life,  to  adorn  the  home,  and 
embellish  her  particular  circle  of  society,  that  she  should  be  not  only 
conversant  with  the  usages  of  society,  but  carry  them  into  constant 


fp 


49 


THE   SOCIAL   CODE. 


practice,  and  be  thus  thoroughly  equipped  for  tlie  performance  of 
domestic  ar)d  social  duties  and  obligations,  into  whatever  sphere  of 
life  her  lot  may  be  cast,  or  in  whatever  circle  or  surroundings  cir- 
cumstances may  place  her.  The  cultivation  of  courtesy  is,  too,  a 
moral  duty,  as  well,  and  runs  side  by  side  with  the  practice  of  the 
Christian  virtues.  In  its  general  asjxjct,  it  is  essential  to  the  har- 
mony of  society  at  large  and  of  our  mutual  relations  in  the  world ; 
and  for  the  individual,  it  affects  his  own  comfort,  his  enjoyment  of 
life,  his  esteem  in  the  world,  and  the  extent  and  character  of  his 
friendships  and  associations.  Recognizing  these  facts,  let  those  who 
are  ambitious  to  find  life  a  ])leasure  as  well  as  a  profit,  in  cultivating 
the  resources  of  their  minds  and  the  quality  of  their  morals,  not 
overlook  the  care  of  their  manners,  which  are  regarded  as  the  out- 
ward evidence  of  mental  and  moral  refinement. 


HE  first  essential  of  u  goo<l  a])pearance  in  polite  society  is 
that  of  suitable  dress.  This  by  no  means  involves  that  in 
order  to  be  j>ro])erly  ecjuipped  for  the  best  society,  the 
apparel  of  a  lady  or  gentleman  requires  either  profuse  or  the 
most  rigid  adherence  to  the  extreme  of  fashion.  To  a  ceitain 
extent,  of  course,  dress  must  conform  to  fashionable  require- 
ments, but  even  these  requirements,  imperious  as  are  the  dictates  of 
Madame  Fashion,  are  subject  to  the  mles  of  good  taste  and  har- 
monv'',  which  have  come  to  be  recognized  as  permanent  laws,  no 
matter  what  may  be  the  caprices  of  evanescent  fashions.  Formerly, 
the  commands  of  fashion  were  supreme,  and  her  dictates,  no  matter 
how  absurd  her  fancies,  had,  perforce,  to  be  obeyed  to  the  letter. 
But  the  growing  refinement  of  later  years,  the  general  cultivation 
of  artistic  tastes,  the  more  elevated  idea  that  the  grace  and  sym- 
metry of  the  human  figure  are  the  highest  perfection,  and  that 
dress  is  a  mere  accessory,  to  relieve  and  adorn  it,  and  to  contribute 
to  its  comfort,  have  banished  the  theory  that  dress  must  be  con- 
sulted for  itself  alone,  and  rendered  it  imi)ossible  that  we  shall  ever 
recur  to  any  of  the  hideous  and  fantastic  styles  of  garnishing  the 
person  in  which  fashion  formerly  delighted  to  disport  her  fine  fab- 
rics and  rare  laces.  Permanence  in  the  general  scope  and  design  of 
all  fashions  have  made  startling  and  radical  innovations  an  impossi- 
bility, and  this  fact,  coupled  with  the  wonderful  cheapening  in  the 
cost  of  everything  that  goes  to  make  up  fashionable  attire,  has  ren 


dered  a  degree  of  economy  attainable,  whicli  places  pleasing  and 
fashionable  costumes  and  garments  within  the  reach  of  all,  and 
hence  the  more  imperative  the  duty  imposed  upon  a  man,  and  still 
more  upon  a  woman,  to  consult  the  fashion  in  his  or  her  apparel, 
as  far  as  good  taste  will  permit. 

FOLLOWING  THE  FASHION. 

In  this  regard  the  lady  who  studies  effect  and  refined  and  ladylike  appearance, 
will  be  careful  to  study  discretion,  in  regarding  new  innovations,  in  the  style  of  leading 
articles  of  attire.  In  many  cases  a  new  fashion  may  be  wholly  unsuitable  to  the 
"style  "  or  figure  of  the  lady,  and  in  this  case  good  taste  will  impel  her  to  refrain  as 
long  as  possible  from  adopting  it,  and  then  to  so  modify  it  as  to  consult  her  own 
peculiarities  of  size,  figure,  or  complexion.  In  any  event,  the  lady  of  refined  breeding 
is  never  the  first  to  "set"  a  fashion.  Many  new  fashions  promulgated  prove  to  be 
utter  failures,  and  after  a  brief  struggle  with  adverse  judgment,  are  abandoned,  to  the 
great  expense  and  mortification  of  those  who  in  seeking  to  lead  the  fashion  have  only 
succeeded  in  making  themselves  conspicuous.  Wait  sufficiently  long  to  make  certain 
that  the  new  fashion  is  accepted  by  polite  society  for  the  season.  Then  consult  your 
own  personal  requirements,  and  adapt  the  new  fashion  to  what  is  indispensable  to  your 
personal  appearance.  In  this  way,  while  never  forcing  the  fashion,  or  presenting  a 
bizarre  or  outre  appearance,  you  will  always  be  sufficiently  in  the  fashion  and  always 
present  the  most  effective  and  elegant  appearance. 

EFFECTS  IN  COLORS. 

As  it  comes  natural  to  the  female  sex  to  desire  to  please  the  eye,  most  women  are 
gifted  with  that  good  taste  which  distinguishes  her  natural  harmonies  in  color,  and  in 
the  combiaations  of  colors,  which  are  presented  in  dress,  and  these  again  when  borne 
in  relation  to  the  shade  of  the  hair  and  the  tendency  of  the  complexion  and  eyes. 
Others  not  gifted  with  this  faculty,  which  is  of  such  momentous  importance  to  the 
success  with  which  a  woman  dressed  for  society  undergoes  the  ordeal  of  criticism, 
have  to  depend  on  the  suggestions  of  friends  or  their  modistes,  not  always  better  capa- 
ble of  judging  than  themselves.  A  few  simple  rules,  however,  will  prevent  anyone  who 
observes  them,  from  straying  far  from  the  boundaries  of  good  taste  ;  and  this  is  most 
important  in  an  economical  sense,  for  the  simple  incongruity  of  a  single  ribbon  or  bow, 
or  the  color  of  a  feather,  is  sufficient  to  destroy  the  tout  ensemble  of  a  costume  otherwise 
the  most  exquisitely  faultless. 

For  Blondes. — The  blonde  can  stand  the  test  of  most  all  colors  except  bright 
shades  of  red  and  crimson,  but  will  prefer  generally  the  lighter  shades  of  color,  as 
well  as  neutral  tints,  such  as  drab  and  gray,  in  all  the  delicate  shades.  The  full  com- 
plexioned  blonde,  with  golden  or  bronze  hair,  will  add  to  her  charms  by  giving  prom- 
inence to  the  darker  shades  of  blue,  violet,  lilac,  or  green,  while  the  pale  blonde  with 
transparent  complexion  will  appear  to  better  advantage  in  lighter  green  and  paler 
shades  of  other  colors. 

For  Brunettes. — Dark  green  and  red,  scarlet,  orange  and  yellow  are  the  colors 
which  must  be  consulted  by  the  brunette.  The  lighter  colors  should  be  used  by  per- 
sons of  sallow  complexion,  and  the  darker  by  the  fuller  complexioned.  Scarlet  or 
deep  red  flowers  for  the  hair,  if  dead  black. 

Suitable  to  All. — Either  blonde  or  brunette  can  wear  pure  white  or  plain  black, 
but  in  ribbons,  flowers  or  ornaments  must  conform  to  the  colors  above  given,  as,  for  a 
brimette,  a  red  rose  in  the  hair  and  scarlet  ribbon,  or  for  a  blonde,  violet  flowers  and 
light  ribbon  or  bow. 


Aktists'  Harmonies  of  Colors. — The  following  are  artists'  harmonies  in  colors, 
and  may  be  accepted  in  making  contrasts  and  combinations: 

White. — With  black,  blue  or  red. 

Black. — With  white,  orange,  scarlet,  lilac,  pink,  maize,  buff  and  slate,  or  in  com- 
binations of  crimson,  yellow  and  white,  or  blue,  yellow  or  orange,  and  white. 

Oreen. — With  gold,  yellow,  ecru,  orange  and  crimson,  or  combined  with  scarlet 
and  yellow  or  crimson  and  yellow. 

Blue. — With  gold,  orange,  drab,  ealmon,  white,  gray,  black,  mauve,  ecru,  straw, 
com,  chestnut  and  brown. 

CrirMon. — With  gold,  orange,  maize,  drab,  purple  and  black. 

IMae. — With  gold,  maize,  chetry,  scarlet  and  crimson. 

Purple. — With  maize,  orange  and  gold. 

TelUno. — With  violet,  brown,  red,  black  and  crimson. 

Bed. — With  gold,  white  or  gray,  or  combined  with  green  and  orange,  or  yellow, 
black  and  white. 

ARRANGEMENT  OF  THE  COIFFURE. 
This  is  a  matter  in  which  good  taste  is  supreme  over  fashion.  While  it  is  the 
rule  to  follow  certain  fashions  provided  by  so  doing  the  classic  contour  of  the  head 
and  the  general  effect  is  not  dt'terinrated,  custom  permits  every  lady  to  dress  her  hair 
in  such  manner  as  will  best  relieve  defects  or  improve  advantages  of  appearance.  A 
tall  person  can  with  safety  adopt  the  modes  founded  on  the  Grecian  models,  which 
would  be  absurd  on  a  petite  figure,  and  vice  versa,  the  latter  will  dress  her  hair  so  as  to 
add  to  the  effect  of  her  stature.  The  effect  of  the  arrangement  of  the  hair  upon  the 
face  is  also  to  be  considered.  Round  faces  require  the  hair  dressed  back  close  to  the 
head,  while  oval  or  long  faces  are  relieved  by  abundance  in  the  satne  way.  It  is  a 
matter,  however,  in  which  every  woman  can  be  safely  left  to  her  own  judgment. 

JEWELRY. 
It  is  in  the  wearing  of  jewelry,  that  the  generally  best  test  of  refinement  is  to  be 
had.  The  vain  desire  of  obtrusive  display,  in  season  and  out  of  season,  which  is  too 
frequently  indulged  in  the  excessive  use  of  jewelry,  is  the  most  tangible  and  offensive 
badge  of  vulgarity  which  can  be  presented  to  the  polite  world.  For  a  geutleman, 
the  wearing  of  a  profusion  of  jewelry  is  in  the  worst  possible  form;  good  taste  forbids 
the  use  of  more  than  one  ring,  and  regards  with  favor  small  and  plain  studs  and 
sleeve-buttons,  and  a  chain  of  modest  dimensions,  which  it  is  .strictly  essential  shall  be 
of  genuine  gold.  Young  ladies  should  not  affect  jewelry,  Iteyoud  a  simple  brooch 
and  earrings.  Latlles  generally  should  avoid  the  display  of  jewelry  in  the  day  lime. 
Strict  etiquette  confines  the  use  of  precious  stones  to  the  evenings  or  to  occasions  of 
important  public  ceremonial,  to  which  ladies  are  invited,  and  where  costume  de  rigueur 
is  imperative. 

BALL  DRESSES 
May  be  made  of  any  rich  material,  and  are  limited  in  style  and  expensiveness  by 
the  purse  of  the  wearer.  They  do  not,  however,  involve  extravagjint  outlay.  A 
simple  dress  of  white  tarletan,  with  natural  flowers  in  the  hair  and  ribbons  to  suit  the 
complexion  is  often  as  effective  and  as  greatly  admired  as  the  most  expensive  creation 
of  the  modiste's  art.  In  Europe  custom  prescribes  rigidly  the  decolete  dress  for  balls 
and  all  full  dress  occasions.  American  custom  very  sensibly  leaves  this  a  question  of 
choice.  A  lady  who  has  elegant  arms  and  shoulders  is  an  ornament  in  a  ball-room, 
but  too  free  an  exhibition  of  the  charms  of  the  bust  is  not  in  good  taste,  and  is  not 
favored  in  the  most  refined  American  circles,  though  the  rules  of  European  courts 
prescribe  a  display  which  is  indelicate  if  not  indecent. 


THE    SOCIAL   CODE. 


The  gentleman's  ball  dress  is  the  stereotyped  black  suit,  with  swallow-tail  coat 
and  white  vest,  cut  low  to  display  the  shirt  bosoui.  The  vest  may  be  of  satin,  and  if 
desired  of  delicate  mauve  or  slate  color.  Coral  and  pearl  buttons  are  sometimes  used, 
and  are  in  strict  good  taste.     Patent  leather  or  plain  low-cut  light  shoes  are  worn. 

'  GLOVES  AND  BOOTS. 
No  matter  what  may  be  the  quality  of  a  lady's  raiment,  there  is  one  point  in  which 
refinement  and  good  breeding  are  most  scrupulously  exacting,  and  that  is  in  regard  to 
her  gloves  and  boots.  Perfect  gloves  and  perfect  boots  are  indispensable.  These 
require  to  be  of  fashionable  make,  of  good  quality,  and  to  fit  snugly,  without  the 
appearance  of  straining.  It  is  worth  a  lady's  while  to  reflect  that  a  pair  of  gloves  or 
boots  half  a  size  too  small  for  her,  while  they  destroy  her  physical  and  mental  comfort, 
instead  of  producing  the  effect  desired,  in  reality  give  the  feet  and  hands  a  larger 
appearance  than  the  properly  fitting  article. 

ESSENTIALS  FOR  GENTLEMEN. 

A  man  is  said  to  be  "well  dressed,"  that  is  to  present  the 
unmistakable  distinguishing  marks  of  a  gentleman,  when  his 
linen,  hat  and  boots  are  in  irreproachable  style  and  condition. 
With  these  essentials,  he  can  be  indifferent,  to  a  degree,  in  every 
respect  but  that  of  tidiness,  in  regard  to  the  rest  of  his  attire. 
There  is  no  excuse  for  a  man  whose  linen  is  not  irreproachable, 
and  on  this  test  most  people  judging  a  stranger,  will  estimate  at 
once  his  mind,  his  manner,  and  his  morals. 

PERFUMES. 
Fastidiousness  in  the  use  of  perfumes  is  a  fine  test  of  deli- 
cacy and  refinement.  Excessive  use  of  perfumery  is  not  only 
vulgar  in  the  extreme,  but  excessively  offensive  and  annoying  to 
well-bred  people  of  sensitive  olfactory  nerves,  while  the  indis- 
criminate use  of  vile  preparations,  calculated  to  cover  some 
worse  defect  of  the  breath,  is  disgusting.  The  person  whose 
habits  or  condition  of  health  aflfiicts  his  breath,  should  cure  his 
habits  or  his  infirmities  before  invading  the  drawing-room.  Per- 
fumes, when  used,  as  they  may  always  advantageously  be,  should 
be  of  the  finest  fragrance,  according  to»choice,  and  should  be  but 
faintly  perceptible  about  the  person. 

HINTS  TO  GENTLEMEN. 
Avoid  over-dressing.  Do  not  affect  the  fashions  loo  closely.  Be  particular  about 
the  cut  and  style  of  your  garments,  rather  than  about  the  quality  of  the  material. 
Avoid  too  much  jewelry,  and  beware  of  all  flashy  imitations.  A  heavy  chain  or 
guard  so  large  as  to  attract  attention  by  its  apparent  expensiveness,  is  the  mark  of  the 
retainer  of  llie  turf  or  the  faro  table.  Be  scrupulously  careful  to  cultivate  habits  of 
personal  cleanliness.  The  sponge  and  flesh-brush  every  day,  and  the  tub  once  a  week, 
is  a  good  rule.  Clean  the  teeth  after  each  meal,  and  if  you  would  avoid  an  offensive 
breath,  after  smoking.  No  gentleman  of  fastidious  habits  will  chew,  tobacco.  Keep 
the  hair  and  beard  neatly  trimmed,  and  shave  as  frequently  as  necessary  to  avoid  an 
untidy  appearance.  Make  frequent  resort  to  the  lavatorj'  when  the  hands  are  liable  to 
become  soiled  in  business,  and  see  that  the  nails  are  kept  clean  and  neatly  pared.  In 
all  things  avoid  the  appearance  of  foppishness,  which  is  the  certain  sign  of  ignorant 
vulgarity  or  weak-minded  vanity. 


THE    SOCIAL    CODE. 


Conduct  in  Public  Places.  (M 

-6^|^« "  ^^^^ 

HE  first  thing  to  be  considered  in  the  appearance  on  the 
street,  or  in  public  places,  is  the  deportment.  The  lady  of 
refinement,  on  her  way  through  the  street,  may  be  noted 
by  a  free,  light,  graceful  "  gliding "  motion,  as  it  has  been 
described,  not  so  rapid  as  to  indicate  haste,  nor  so  slow  as  to 
suggest  languor.  She  will  never  look  around,  and  will,  in 
company  with  others,  of  either  sex,  avoid  exclamations,  and  laugh- 
ter or  conversation  that  will  be  audible  to  others,  or  be  liable  to 
attract  attention.  She  will  have  a  pleasiint  nod  and  smile  foi- 
acquaintances  and  pass  on  her  way,  quietly  and  unobtrusively. 

MEETING  ON  THE  STREETS. 
Ladies  meeting  lady  friends  on  the  street  do  not  stop  to  engage  in  conversation. 
A  pleasant  recognition  is  sufficient  unless  there  be  special  reason,  and  then  merely  suf- 
ficient for  explanation  and  future  appointment,  as  in  the  case,  for  instance,  of  friends 
unexpectedly  encountered.  Do  not  bow  first  to  a  lady  whom  you  may  have  only  cas- 
ually met,  if  she  be  your  elder  or  superior  in  social  iK>sition.  Leave  the  recognition 
to  her.  Acquaintances  and  even  intimacies  at  summer  resorts  are  not  expected  to 
continue  unless  by  special  request  or  mutual  agreement.  If  the  lady  who  has  preced- 
ence desires  to  continue  tlie  acquaintance,  or  otherwise,  she  will  indicate  her  wish  by 
her  manner  on  meeting.  When  meeting  any  person  whom  you  know  by  employing 
them  as  seamstress,  dressmaker  or  milliner,  good  breeding  requires  that  you  recognize 
them  pleasantly,  though  not  familiarly.  Bow  to  a  lady  first  whom  you  wish  to  recog- 
nize and  over  whom  you  have  precedence  of  age  or  social  position.  Bow  first  to  a 
gentleman  acquaintance.  If  you  have  had  formal  introduction  to  a  gentleman  whom 
you  do  not  wish  to  number  among  your  acquaintances,  bow  coldly  on  the  first  time  of 
meeting,  so  that  your  intention  may  be  apparent,  and  after  not  at  all.  It  is  allowable, 
but  not  desirable,  to  shake  hands  with  a  gentleman  on  the  streets.  Never  permit  a 
gentleman  to  stop  you  for  conversation  on  the  8tre6t. 

GENTLEMEN'S  RULE  OF  CONDUCT. 

On  the  streets,  and  in  public  places,  as  indeed  always  and  at  all  times  and  places, 
the  laws  of  politeness  and  good-breeding  exact  from  gentlemen  toward  ladies  the 
most  punctilious  courtesy.  On  meeting  a  lady  acquaintance,  respond  to  her  recogni- 
tion by  raising  the  hat — not  merely  touching  it,  but  raising  it  quite  off  the  head — and 
pass  on.  If  it  appears  to  be  her  pleasure  to  converte  with  you,  or  if  you  are  on  suffi- 
ciently intimate  terms  and  desire  to  do  so,  do  not  stop  on  the  street,  but  turn  and 
accompany  her  for  a  short  distance,  and  on  leaving  salute  her  by  raising  the  hat.  A 
cigar  should  be  removed  from  the  mouth  if  you  expect  recognition  from  a  lady  ap- 
proaching, and  if  you  enter  her  company  should  be  thrown  away.  Always  give  the 
lady  the  inside  of  the  pavement.     Do  not  offer  the  arm  in  the  daytime,  except  in  case 

dangerous  walk,  or  up  the  steps  of  a  public  edifice,  or  to  a  lady  for  whom  age  or 


physical  infirmity  demands  tlie  courtesy  as  an  assistance.  At  night  the  arm  should 
always  be  tendered.  Precede  the  lady  into  the  church,  theatre  or  concert  room,  be- 
cause you  can  so  best  avoid  crowding  and  assist  in  procuring  her  seat.  In  attending 
a  lady  from  the  street  to  the  shop,  open  the  door  wide  and  let  her  precede  you.  In 
coming  out,  hold  the  door  quite  wide  open  till  she  has  passed  through.  Should  you 
see  a  lady  acquaintance  unattended,  about  to  alight  from  a  carriage  or  conveyance,  If 
the  driver  does  not  indicate  his  intention  of  assisting  her,  go  at  once  to  attend  her  by 
opening  the  door,  offering  the  hand,  and  protecting  the  dress  from  the  wheel.  When 
the  service  is  rendered,  salute  her  by  raising  the  hat  and  proceed  quietly  on  your  way. 
This  service  may  be  rendered  to  a  stranger,  if  she  appears  to  be  in  a  difficulty,  but 
must  be  offered  with  an  apology  and  performed  without  the  slightest  approach  to 
familiarity.  In  walking  with  a  lady,  take  charge  of  her  book,  or  parcel,  or  any  such 
small  burden. 

FOR  GENERAL  GUIDANCE.    ^ 

Never  talk  across  the  street  nor  hold  conversation  with  another  party  in  a  vehicle, 
except  both  parties  be  on  the  same  seat.  Always  accommodate  your  step  to  that  of 
the  lady  whom  you  are  accompanying.  To  stare  at  a  lady  is  the  height  of  offensive 
vulgarity.  In  giving  information  to  a  lady  who  has  addressed  a  question  to  you  on 
the  street,  and  with  whom  you  are  unacquainted,  do  so  with  some  phrase  of  politeness 
and  respect,  and  do  not  afterward  presume  upon  the  incident  unless  the  lady  recognizes 
you.  If  you  wish  to  address  a  lady  with  whom  you  are  acquainted,  on  the  street, 
preceding  you,  do  not  startle  her  by  calling  out  in  an  abrupt  manner,  and  when  she 
recognizes  you  on  being  overtaken,  ask  permission  to  accompany  her  in  a  polite  man- 
ner, indicating  the  distance  of  the  walk  which  will  be  sufficient  for  your  conversation, 
and  take  formal  leave  of  her  at  the  point  indicated  unless  she  should  otherwise  express 
a  desire.  Never  join  a  party  of  two — gentleman  and  lady — except  by  joint  invitation, 
given  in  such  a  manner  that  you  need  have  no  fear  of  being  de  trap.  Make  no  mis- 
take in  being  sure  of  the  recognition  of  a  lady  before  saluting  or  addressing  her.  To 
make  a  mistake  of  this  kind  is  the  most  offensive  kind  of  intrusion,  and  a  gentleman 
will  carefully  avoid  it. 

GENTLEMEN'S  STREET  INTERCOURSE. 
Gentlemen  should  be  careful  in  their  intercourse  with  others  who  are  engrossed  in 
business,  not  to  intrude  upon  their  attention  or  time  during  business  hours.  A  friendly 
"good-morning,"  or  other  form  of  salutation,  is  sufficient.  If  you  have  anything  of 
a  serious  or  business  nature  to  impart,  draw  aside  from  the  crowd  and  state  it  as  briefly 
as  possible.  To  engage  the  valuable  time  of  a  business  man  by  detaining  him  on  the 
street  for  frivolous  or  inconsequent  conversation  is  a  most  ill-bred  act,  and  will  speed- 
ily earn  for  a  man  the  undesirable  reputation  of  a  bore.  Do  not  stay  to  remove  the 
glove  in  shaking  hands  if  the  action  occupies  time.  Always  speak  a  kind  or  pleasant 
word  on  passing  a  servant  or  inferior  who  is  not  entitled  to  ceremonious  salutation. 

THE  THEATRE  AND  CONCERT  ROOM. 
Always  endeavor  to  be  early  at  a  concert,  theatrical  or  other  public  performance. 
Entering  after  the  performance  begins  is  annoying  to  the  audience  and  attracts  atten- 
tion to  the  person,  which  every  gentleman,  and  certainly  every  lady,  should  shun.  If 
you  have  not  engaged  seats,  the  reasons  for  going  early  are  increased.  Boisterous 
applause  should  be  avoided  by  gentlemen,  and  a  lady  should  be  careful  in  expressing 
approbation  or  giving  way  to  merriment,  not  to  do  so  in  a  manner  to  render  herself 
conspicuous.  It  is  a  vulgar  sign  of  ill  breeding  to  make  audible  remarks  unfavorable 
to  the  entertainment,  or  to  indulge  in  derisive  laughter  in  pathetic  or  tragic  parts,  even 
where  accident  or  incompetence  is  evident.     Conduct  or  conversation,  that  will  inter 


THE    SOCIAL   CODE. 


fere  with  the  appreciation  of  the  performance,  by  those  surrounding  you,  is  most 
reprehensible. 

PLACES  OF  WORSHIP. 
Of  all  the  siluations  in  which  a  gentleman  or  lady  may  be  placed,  there  is  none 
where  the  obligations  of  true  politeness  are  more  imiierative,  or  where  genuine  regard 
for  decorum  will  be  more  studiously  evinced  than  in  attendance  at  divine  worship. 
The  mind  which  is  truly  refined  cannot  by  any  possibility  permit  its  possessor  to  be 
guilty  of  irreverence  or  unseemly  levity  in  a  sacred  edifice,  where  people  are  gathered 
for  the  purposes  of  devotion.  Even  if  the  persons  have  no  share  in  the  pious  and  de- 
vout feelings  which  tlie  very  attendance  even  should  express,  he  must  be  callous  to 
every  true  principle  of  common  courtesy,  who  would  allow  frivolity  to  mark  his 
conduct  in  fiufh  a  phice  on  such  an  occasion.  The  most  common  breach  of  decorum  in 
places  of  public  worship  is  carelessness,  which  should  Ikj  scrupulously  guarded  against. 
The  gentleman  or  lady  who  is  guided  by  refined  instincts  and  polite  hal)iis  will  observe 
the  following  rules:  Always  enter  church  before  the  services  begins.  If  unavoidably 
late,  wail  and  make  your  entry  l)etween  the  exercises.  Enter  the  church  and  take  your 
feeat  as  noiselessly  and  quietly  as  possible.  The  gentleman  will  remove  his  hat  on 
crossing  the  threshold.  Let  the  demeanor  be  marked  by  reverence  and  attention. 
Avoid  salutations  with  acquaintances  whom  you  may  happen  to  notice.  Even  if  a 
church  is  not  of  your  own  denomination,  conform  to  the  best  of  your  ability  with  the 
ceremonial.  Talking,  whispering  and  laughing  in  church  indicate  gross  vulgarity. 
In  entering  a  strange  church,  avoid  error  and  confusion  by  wailing  in  the  vestibule 
till  an  usher  or  church  member  shows  you  to  a  seat.  In  case  you  are  afforded  the 
freedom  of  a  pew  not  your  own,  under  no  circumstances  introduce  a  friend  without 
previous  permission,  and  never  take  a  child  with  you.  Never  leave  the  church  before 
the  benediction  is  pronounced  except  La  cases  of  illness  or  absolute  necessity. 


HIS  branch  of  the  usages  of  polite  society  is  one  of  which 

every  young  gentleman  and  lady  should  make  a  careful 

study,  and  in  Avhose  rules,    regulations   and   convenances 

they  should  be  thoroughly  informed,  even  if  at  that  period 

of  life  there  does  not  appear  to  be  any  specij|,l  reason  for 

thorough  acquaintance  with  it. 


Morning  Calls. — Morning  calls  are  made  at  any  time  in  daylight  in  which  you 
are  quite  certain  the  lady  called  ujwn  is  prepared  to  receive.  It  is  a  rule  of  good 
breeding,  however,  not  to  call  earl.er  than  2  o'clock,  p.m.,  nor  later  than  4  p.m.,  in 
winter  and  5  p.m.,  in  summer — the  object  being  to  afford  time  for  luncheon  or  din- 


^g^'i^' 


THE    SOCIAL   CODE. 


ner,  as  the  case  may  be,  to  be  removed,  and  to  allow  the  lady  time  to  make  her  dinner 
or  evening  toilet.  Calls  before  noon  should  only  be  made  on  express  invitation,  or 
where  warranted  by  unusual  intimacy.  Should  the  lady  be  absent,  lejive  your  card. 
If  the  call  is  designed  for  a  visitor,  or  particular  member  of  the  lady's  family,  leave  a 
second  card  with  the  name  of  the  person  written  ou  the  top  left  hand  corner. 

It  is  a  general  custom  for  a  lady  to  set  apart  a  certain  day  or  days  of  the  week  for 
receiving  callers,  indicated  on  her  cards.  In  such  case  a  formal  call  should  not  be 
made  on  any  other  day.  It  is  proper  where  a  social  invitation  has  been  received  and 
unavoidably  declined,  to  call  within  one  week  for  acknowledgment  and  regret. 
Formal  calls  should  be  as  brief  as  courtesy  will  admit,  and  on  special  calling  days  the 
visitor  should  retire  upon  another  being  announced. 

Gentlemen's  Etiquette  in  Making  Morning  Calls. — After  properly  an- 
nouncing yourself,  on  entering  leave  your  cane  or  umbrella  in  the  hall.  On  being 
ushered  into  the  reception  room,  advance  with  the  hat  in  the  left  hand,  and  retain  it 
during  the  stay,  indicating  the  formality  of  the  call.  If  the  Jady  offers  her  hand, 
advance  and  return  the  salutation  briefly  and  respectfully.  If  the  hostess  merely  bows, 
respond  in  like  manner  to  the  salutation,  and  take  the  seat  which  she  may  indicate. 
If  other  ladies  or  members  of  the  family  are  present,  speak  to  each  in  succession, 
according  to  age  and  precedence,  and  if  there  be  a  stranger  present,  bow  slightly  in 
acknowledgment  of  their  presence.  If  an  introduction  ensues  after  you  are  seated, 
rise  and  bow  to  them — if  gentlemen  are  introduced  they  advance  mutually  and  shake 
hands.  If  conversation  does  not  at  once  become  general,  or  you  observe  that  you  are 
interrupting  a  special  circle,  pass  a  few  words  of  ordinary  courtesy  with  the  hostess 
and  take  your  leave.  In  taking  leave  a  formal  bow  to  a  stranger  to  whom  you  have 
been  introduced,  is  sufficient. 

In  Attending  Ladies.— Gentlemen  who  attend  ladies  in  making  morning  calls, 
will  assist  them  up  the  steps,  ring  the  bell,  write  cards  where  necessary,  relieve  them 
of  shawls,  etc.,  where  it  will  conduce  to  their  convenience.  If  stairs  are  to  be 
ascended,  offer  the  lady  the  arm  on  the  wall  side.  On  entering,  follow  them  into  the 
drawing  room  and  wait  to  pay  j'our  own  respects,  or  for  introduction,  till  the  lady  has 
finished  her  salutations.  If  you  have  to  introduce  the  lady  to  the  hostess,  advance 
with  her  into  the  drawing  room  a  little  in  advance.  Do  not  seat  yourself  or  remain 
seated  while  they  are  standing.  If  they  are  required  for  any  purpose  to  change  posi- 
tion, place  a  seat  for  them,  and  study  with  courtesy  to  relieve  them  from  anything 
likely  to  involve  discomfort  or  effort.  The  duration  of  the  visit  ia  always  determined 
by  the  pleasure  of  the  lady. 

Evening  Calls. — Evening  calls  should  not  be  made  later  than  9  p.m.,  and  un- 
less you  are  familiar  with  the  hours  observed  by  the  family,  under  no  circumstances 
protract  a  call  longer  than  to  10  p.m.  Where  not  on  terms  of  familiarity,  the  hat  and 
gloves  should  be  retained  in  one  hand  unless  requested  to  lay  them  aside.  Where  fa- 
miliar, and  if  accompanied  by  a  lady  friend,  the  wraps  may  be  laid  aside  in  the  hall. 

Ladies  Receiving. — The  lady  receiving  does  not  advance  to  greet  h<  r  chIUt,  ex- 
cept where  special  attention  is  designed.  If  the  caller  be  a  lady,  she  \*ill  ari.se  and 
advance  a  step,  either  extending  the  hand  or  bowing,  according  to  the  degree  of  re- 
spect intended,  and  remain  standing  till  the  caller  shall  have  taken  the  seat  to  which 
she  shall  direct.  Receive  a  gentleman  seated.  If  engaged  at  the  piano  or  with  a 
book,  the  occupation  should  be  laid  aside  during  the  visitor's  stay.  Fancy  work  which 
does  not  distract  the  attention  from  the  duties  of  conversation  may  with  propriety  ]»e 
continued.  The  hostess  will  direct  her  conversation  during  the  visit  with  a  view  to 
put  the  visitor  at  ease,  and  will  show  her  good  breeding  by  implying  a  welcome  in  her 
conduct.     If  several  visitors  are  entertained  together  she  will  display  her  tact  by  mak- 


THE   SOCIAL   CODE. 


ing  the  conversation  general,  and  placing  all  upon  a  pleasant  and  easy  footing.     It  is 
not  necessary  to  accompany  the  guest  to  the  door  where  there  is  a  servant  to  attend. 

Visits  ok  Condolence. — A  visit  of  condolence  should  be  paid  within  a  week 
after  the  event  which  occasions  it,  or  in  case  of  slight  acquaintance  immediately  after 
the  family  appear  at  public  worship.  Unless  intimacy  or  relationship  is  sufficient  to 
give  you  a  personal  interest,  it  is  a  more  delicate  way  to  express  sympathy  to  merely 
leave  a  card.  If  the  visit  be  deemed  necessary,  go  in  a  quiet  dress — any  dark  colors 
are  usually  chosen.  In  case  of  relationship  the  slightest  mourning  is  considered 
necessary. 

mfMimimmmmmmmmmmm 


■*^ 


CARDS. 


r«- 


ttiiiiiiiiHimHinmnH 


1 
] 


The  rules  of  observance  for  the  style  and  forms  of  vidting  cards,  and  for  their 
proper  use,  demand  the  strictest  adherence.  Any  deviation  from  the  most  exact  com- 
pliance with  these  forms  and  customs,  betrays  at  once  a  want  of  familiarity  with  the 
usages  of  good  society,  which  on  the  threshold  of  acquaintance  creates  an  unfavorable 
impression.  There  are  three  sizes  of  cards,  with  which  every  stationer  and  engraver 
is  familiar — the  larger  being  used  for  married  ladies  or  couples,  the  medium  for 
immarried  women,  and  the  smaller  for  gentlemen.  The  printing  or  engraving  in  all 
cases  should  be  neat  and  plain,  as  are  also  tlie  cards,  and  entirely  devoid  of  flourishes 
or  ornamentation. 

The  Lady's  Card. — On  a  marrieti  lady's  card  her  own  name  may  appear  alone, 
eras  is  more  strictly  en  regie,  with  that  of  her  husband  in  this  shape: 


Cy^i..  n^u/  C/^4^.  OeAtH^  C2ln^.    3l€i 


tt^ttde-rtcf-. 


271  CEDAR  STREET. 


Married  ladies  who  use  cards  which  do  not  include  the  husband's  name,  in  making 
visits  of  ceremony,  should  in  all  cases  leave  the  card  of  her  husband  with  her  own. 
Where  there  are  unmarried  daughters  included  in  the  call,  the  card  should  include 
their  names  with  those  of  their  mother,  as  : 


or  where  there  is  more  than  one  daughter,  ' '  The  Misses  Lawrence,"  or 
rence,  Miss  Julia  Lawrence,  Miss  Sarah  Lawrence." 


Miss  Law- 


THE    SOCIAL    CODE. 


Young  Ladies'  Cards. — In  the  case  of  young  ladies,  the  mother's  name  should 
precede  their  own,  according  to  the  strict  rules  of  etiquette,  though  it  is  common  in 
America  to  a  large  extent  to  honor  it  in  the  breach  rather  than  the  observance.  Where 
there  is  no  mother,  the  father's  name  should  precede,  as  : 


A  card  bearing  the  name  of  an  unmarried  lady  without  the  prefix  "  Miss,"  is  not 
acknowledged  in  good  society. 

Gentlemen's  Cards. — The  gentleman's  card  may  give  simply  the  name,  which 
must  invariably  have  the  prefix  "Mr."  or  it  may  give  his  residence  or  club  address,  as: 


a^-t.  Si/u^i^  ^.  9?a 


^i^n^e'n-ce. 


271   CEDAR  STREET. 


"yoyiti'leftce. 


UNION  CLUB. 


THE    SOCIAL   CODE. 


It  fs  allowable  for  a  physician  to  use  his  professional  title  either  as  "  Dr.  L.  M. 
Jones,"  or  "  L.  M.  Jones,  M.D."  OfBcers  of  the  army  or  navy  have  their  cards  en- 
graved thus : 


^^/^^^^,  ^  <^  C^ 


The  Use  of  Cards.— When  a  latly  calls  upon  another  and  finds  her  absent,  she 
leaves  a  card  to  denote  that  she  has  called.  Or,  if  she  desires  a  visiting  acquaintance 
with  a  lady  with  whom  she  is  not  so  intimate,  she  leaves  cards  without  inquiring 
whether  the  lady  visited  is  at  home  or  not.  Under  either  circumstance  the  number  of 
cards  left  is  the  same.  If  the  lady  have  a  husband,  but  no  daughters  in  society,  the 
caller  will  leave  one  of  her  own  cards  and  two  of  her  husband's,  one  of  the  latter  for 
the  gentleman  of  the  family  called  on,  or  two  cards  if  they  include  the  husband's  name 
with  the  wife's.  This  rule,  though  in  strict  etiquette,  is  not  generally  observed,  and  a 
lady  may  make  calls  with  perfect  propriety  by  leaving  her  own  card  alone.  If  there 
are  other  lady  members  of  the  household,  another  of  the  lady's  cards  should  l>e  left  also. 
If  the  lady  lives  alone,  the  card  of  husband  and  wife,  or  the  joint  card,  should  be  left. 
In  case  the  caller  finds  the  lady  called  on  at  home,  she  does  not  leave  her  card,  but 
will  leave  two.  of  her  husband's  cards,  one  for  the  husband  of  the  lady  called  on.  If 
the  latter  be  at  home  when  the  call  is  made,  leave  one  of  the  husband's  cards  only.  In 
leaving  a  card  where  the  answer  is  "not  at  home,"  turn  down  the  card  at  the  end  to 
indicate  that  it  has  been  left  in  person.  When  contemplating  an  extended  absence,  it 
has  become  the  custom  to  notify  one's  friends  by  having  the  letters  "  P.  P.  C."  printed 
on  the  lower  left  hand  comer  of  cards  sent  out,  though  a  card  turned  down  at  the  lower 
right  hand  comer  will  answer  the  purpose. 

After  Social.  Entertainments  — After  a  dinner  party,  cards  should  always 
be  left — if  not  on  terms  of  intimacy,  the  following  day  after  a  dinner  party,  without 
inquiry;  otherwise  within  ten  days.  After  a  ball,  reception,  etc.,  whether  the  invitation 
has  been  accepted  or  not,  cards  should  be  left  within  a  week.  It  is  not  allowable, 
under  any  circumstances,  to  send  cards  by  mail. 

Special  Cards. — In  calling  on  a  lady  who  is  ill,  and  who  for  that  reason  cannot 
be  seen,  the  lady  will  leave  a  card  with  the  words  "  to  inquire,"  and  also  a  card  of  her 
husband,  if  the  occasion  be  other  than  the  birth  of  a  child.  On  recovery,  the  lady 
called  on  acknowledges  by  issuing  cards  as  follows:  "Mrs.  Lawrence  returns  thanks 
for  [blank  to  be  filled  in  with  name  of  caller]  kind  inquiries." 


SOCIAL  VISITING. 

Thorough  knowledge  of  the  etiquette  of  Visiting  as  distinguished  from  Calling  is 
essential  to  all  who  desire  to  conform  to  polite  usages,  and  also  consult  their  own 


comfort  and  their  social  popularity,  the  following  notes  should  be  carefully  observed 
in  this  branch  of  social  intercourse: 

Invitation. — No  well-bred  person  will  think  of  paying  a  visit  to  a  friend  without 
either  a  distinct  invitation  or  giving  due  and  timely  notice  of  an  intended  visit.  The 
visitor  who  consults  his  own  comfort  and  pleasure,  as  well  as  his  social  duty,  will  never 
presume  upon  a  "general  invitation,"  which  does  not  present  the  certainty  that  the 
visit  is  desired.  Many  such  invitations  are  merely  intended  as  formal  courtesies, 
though  good  breeding  will  prevent  them  from  being  offered.  "  Chinese  hospitality" 
is  not  polite.  If  your  acquaintance  or  relationship  with  the  family  visited  is  sufficient 
to  insure  a  welcome  without  invitation,  send  notice  to  the  hostess  giving  the  date  of 
your  intended  visit  and  its  duration.  This  will  enable  her  to  prepare  for  your  proper 
entertainment  and  avoid  disturbing  her  domestic  or  social  arrangements,  in  which  she 
might  by  an  unheralded  arrival  be  embarrassed  and  annoyed.  The  "surprise  visit," 
like  the  "  surprise  party,"  is  neither  popular  nor  in  good  taste. 

Rules  of  Conduct  During  Visit. — On  the  first  evening  of  arrival,  ascertain 
the  hours  of  meals  and  general  household  regulations  so  far  as  they  concern  you  as 
for  the  time  being  a  member  of  the  family,  and  conform  to  them  with  exactitude  and 
punctuality.  Be  careful  to  have  your  toilet  completed  in  time  for  the  first  meal.  If 
you  have  time  on  your  hands  before  it  is  called  occupy  yourself  in  your  own  room,  in 
the  garden,  or  in  the  library,  but  do  not  enter  a  room  used  for  ordinary,  domestic  or 
social  purposes.  To  keep  the  family  waiting  at  any  meal  time  is  an  unpardonable 
breach  of  propriety.  Do  not  accept  too  literally  any  invitation  to  "  make  yourself  at 
home."  Remember  that  it  is  your  duty  to  devote  your  whole  time  to  your  hostess, 
and  to  make  your  visit  agreeable,  and  at  the  same  time  you  must  exercise  discretion 
and  consideration,  so  as  not  to  interfere  with  her  domestic  or  social  duties  Under  no 
circumstances  either  invite,  or  suggest  the  invitation  of  a  friend.  Your  friend  is  at 
liberty  to  call  on  you  at  your  hostess'  residence.  Do  not  accept  social  invitations  in 
which  your  hostess  is  not  included  during  your  stay.  In  case  of  illness  occurring  in 
the  house,  unless  you  can  be  of  real  service,  you  should  take  your  departure  at  once. 
Be  considerate  in  your  relations  with  the  children  and  servants.  Do  not  allow  your 
hostess  to  pay  for  any  incidental  expense  that  may  be  incurred  on  your  account,  such 
as  removal  of  baggage,  etc.  Before  leaving  it  is  proper  to  make  a  present  as  a 
souvenir  to  the  lady  visited.  Children  may  also  be  remembered  in  thi>»  way,  and  any 
servant  who  has  been  specially  attentive.  On  returning  home  always  write  to  the 
hostess  expressing  your  acknowledgment  of  the  pleasure  afforded  by  your  visit. 

Lady  Guests. — The  lady  guest  should  be  prepared  to  put  out  and  pay  for  her 
own  washing,  if  that  is  the  rule  of  the  family.  Have  two  clothes  bags;  one  to  be  sent 
to  the  laundry,  the  other  to  receive  soiled  linen  in  its  absence.  Be  careful  to  have  your 
own  work-box,  so  as  to  avoid  troubling  members  of  the  family  by  borrowing  scissors, 
etc.  Take  with  you  also  a  small  writing  box,  with  sufficient  stationery  and  stamps  for 
your  visit.  Where  possible,  assist  your  hostess  in  any  of  the  lighter  duties  of  the 
household.  Before  leaving,  express  cordially  th^  pleasure  and  gratification  which  the 
visit  has  afforded,  and  where  practicable  extend  a  reciprocal  Invitation. 

Hints  to  Gentlemen. — In  visiting  country  friends,  send  a  telegram  announcing 
the  day  and  hour  of  your  arrival  at  the  nearest  station,  so  that,  if  they  have  convey- 
ance, they  may  be  able  to  meet  you.  In  visiting  a  friend  in  the  city,  where  notice  has 
not  been  given,  go  first  to  a  hotel.  Then  call  and  leave  your  card,  and  the  formal  in- 
vitation will  follow  as  a  matter  of  course,  if  the  visit  be  desired.  Be  careful  to  give 
reverent  attention  to  any  religious  observances  of  the  house  visited. 

The  Hostess. — When  a  visitor  is  expected,  learn  the  exact  time  of  arrival  and 
have  some  male  representative  of  the  family  at  the  station  to  attend  them.     Provide 


THE   SOCIAL    CODE. 


such  means  of  conveyance  as  are  within  your  power.  On  arrival,  have  the  guest's 
baggage  sent  to  her  room  at  once,  and  when  a  lady  guest  goes  to  her  room,  send  a  serv- 
ant to  furnish  assistance  in  unpacking,  and  render  any  service  that  may  be  required. 
The  room  should  be  prepared  in  advance,  with  every  possible  reference  to  the  guest's 
comfort,  and  also  to  their  habits  and  peculiarities,  if  known  to  the  hostess.  The 
guest's  room  should  receive  the  first  attention  in  the  morning,  and  when  it  is  done  the 
hostess  should  visit  it  to  see  that  it  has  been  properly  attended  to,  but  at  no  other  time. 
While  taking  care  that  no  appearance  of  unusual  effort  is  made,  provide  in  every  way 
possible  for  the  pleasure  and  entertainment  of  the  guest.  Never  make  apologits  for 
the  absence  of  anything  which  you  would  like  to  but  are  unable  to  provide.  When 
the  guest  departs,  send  a  servant  to  assist  in  packing  and  preparations  for  the  journey. 
If  in  the  morning,  provide  an  early  breakfast,  and  see  that  some  member  of  the  fam- 
ily is  present  at  the  table.  Have  the  family  or  other  conveyance  at  the  door  in  time, 
and  let  some  male  representative  of  the  family  accompany  the  guest  to  the  starting 
place,  and  see  them  off ;  if  a  lady,  procuring  tickets,  attending  to  baggage  and 
checks,  and  seeing  her  to  a  comfortable  seat  in  the  car,  boat  or  coach. 


mmmmmmmmmmmmmnmmmmmmmm 

1"  INTRODUCTIONS  AND  SALUTATIONS. 
IIIIIIIIHlllllUIMlliliiilHiillllllHli^ 

HE  forms  of  salutation  proj^r  for  polite  society  in  this 
country  are :  bowing,  shaking  hands  and  address.  Kissing 
cannot,  with  propriety,  be  indulged  in  in  public,  except 
under  peculiar  circumstances,  and  is  not  to  be  regarded  as  a 
form  of  salutation.  A  parent,  on  the  point  of  a  lengthy  sep- 
aration from  a  child,  may  exchange  a  kiss  in  public.  The 
common  mode  of  recognition  is  by  a  bow,  to  which  every  acquain- 
tance is  entitled.  To  omit  to  return  a  salutation  offeretl  in  this  way 
is  an  unpardonable  rudeness,  even  where  the  person  has  bowed 
under  misapprehension  or  by  mistake  of  identity,  or  belongs  to  the 
humblest  rank. 

RULES  FOR  GUIDANCE.— It  is  the  prerogative  of  the  lady  to  bow  first,  and 
the  cordiality  of  her  salutation  is  governed  by  the  degree  of  intimacy  she  is  disposed  to 
accord  to  the  gentleman  honored  by  recognition.  The  gentleman  retiu-ning  the  bow 
will  raise  his  hat. 

In  the  country,  where  people  are  not  so  thickly  hived  together,  it  is  a  pleasant 
custom  to  nod  to  every  person  met,  and  this  should  be  borne  in  mind  by  city  visitors  to 
the  couQtry  who  do  not  wish  to  be  set  down  as  snobbish  and  haughty. 

On  horseback,  the  gentleman  who  is  recognized  will  either  remove  the  whip  to  the 
bridle  hand  and  acknowledge  the  salute  by  raising  the  hat,  or  he  may  salute  with  the 
whip  in  military  fashion,  bringing  the  whip  to  the  position  of  the  sword  of  a  military 
officer  at  the  "  present."    The  latter  is  considered  best  form. 

If  the  gentleman  recognized  by  a  lady  be  accompanied  by  a  friend,  the  friend 
should  also  raise  the  hat,  but  vdthout  regarding  the  lady. 

If  a  gentleman  meet  a  friend  in  company  of  ladies,  he  will  acknowledge  the  pres- 
ence of  the  ladies  by  raising  his  hat,  but  without  regarding  Ihem,  and  the  gentleman 
acting  as  the  ladies'  escort  will  also  raise  his  hat  in  recognition  of  the  courtesy 


THE   SOCIAL   CODE. 


Good  breeding  will  restrain  a  lady  from  recognizing  a  gentleman  on  the  street 
from  a  window. 

In  hand-shaking  every  person  has  a  characteristic  of  his  or  her  own.  The  general 
rule  is  to  give  the  whole  hand,  and  to  give  a  gentle  but  firm  grasp  for  the  space  of  a 
second,  in  mere  salutation. 

Hand-shaking  is,  however,  susceptible  of  many  expressions— respect,  sympathy, 
love,  and  gratitude. 

Never  give  a  hand  like  a  fish,  nor  one  or  two  fingers.  Such  a  salutation  is  snob- 
bish and  impertinent. 

Never  offer  the  left  hand.  It  is  not  necessary  to  remove  the  glove,  unless  quite 
convenient,  but  if  the  other's  hand  be  bare,  pray  to  be  excused  for  the  glove. 

In  addressing  a  man  give  him  his  full  title,  as  "Judge,"  "Senator,"  "Doctor," 
"  Major."  In  addition  to  the  title  given  with  the  name  use  the  ordinary  form  of  salu- 
tation, "Good-morning,"  "Good-day,"  "  Good-evening,"  or  such  conventional  snluta- 
tion  as  may  occur.  Never  exercise  familiarity  with  a  friend  in  addressing  him  on  the 
street.  Address  children  and  servants  by  their  full  Christian  names,  and  never  use  a 
nickname  in  salutation.  The  wife  will  address  her  husband,  and  vice  versa,  in  society 
just  the  same  as  she  would  any  other  gentleman,  and  in  speaking  of  him,  mention  his 
name  in  the  same  way. 


Art 


-^fe- 


OF  Conversation 

— ^1^^ 


l^^i*niS  is  the  crucial  test  not  only  of  fitness  of  a  man  for  the 
social  circle  by  thorough  knowledge  and  observance  of 
the  laws  of  etiquette,  but  of  the  rank  which  is  to  be 
awarded,  according  to  his  capacity  to  embellish  and  adorn 
social  intercourse.  One  may  possess  all  the  attributes  of 
refinement  and  true  gentility,  he  may  be  aufalt  in  every  art 
and  accomplishment  of  etiquette,  may  be  irreproachable  in  liis  man- 
ner, and  in  punctilious  observance  of  the  minutioi  of  all  the  regula- 
tions provided  for  social  harmony ;  but  if  lie  lack  either  the  wit 
to  hold  his  tongue  with  eloquence,  and  so  conceal  his  deficiencies  of 
education,  tact  and  talent,  or  the  good  taste,  discretion  and  discern- 
ment which  mark  the  finished  and  accomplished  conversationalist, 
he  will  find  himself  far  behind  the  front  rank  in  social  popu- 
larity. To  possess  the  graces  of  a  cultivated  mind,  and  the  art  and 
ability,  without  ostentation,  to  share  its  treasures  with  others,  is  a 
far  more  potent  weapon,  for  the  achievement  of  social  success,  than 
charms  of  person  or  elegance  of  manner  and  deportment.  But  it  is 
one  thing  to  possess  the  wit,  knowledge  and  learning,  and  the  men- 
tal powers  necessary  to  the  successful  conversationalist,  and  another 
to  be  master  of  the  art  of  using  these  advantages  in  accordance  Avitli 
the  dictates  of  refinement,  delicacy,  decorum  and  propriety. 


'M 


THE   SOCIAL   CODE. 


REQUISITES  OF  A  SUCCESSFUL  CONVERSATIONALIST.— The  success- 
ful conversationalist  must  be  a  man  of  good  education,  should  be  fairly  acquainted  with 
the  laws  of  elocution,  must  have  an  extended  knowledge  of  the  world  and  of  books,  as 
well  as  being  thoroughly  conversant  with  the  current  literature  of  the  day.  I  le  must  be 
a  constant  student  of  the  magazines  and  newspapers,  and  possess  the  faculty  of  impart- 
ing the  knowledge  so  gathered,  in  tlie  course  of  conversation  upon  any  subject  that 
may  arise.  He  must  be  modest  in  asserting  opinions,  avoid  dogmatism  and  any 
approach  to  pedantry,  be  genial  and  sympathetic  in  his  manner,  and  cultivate  an  easy 
temper.  He  must  talk  with  his  tongue  and  not  with  his  teeth  nor  his  throat,  and  must 
practice  a  distinct  and  deliberate,  but  not  drawling  utterance.  He  must  modulate 
his  tones  according  to  the  circle  addressed  and  the  circumstances  of  the  room.  A  too 
loud  talker  is  offensive;  an  indistinct  enunciation  is  an  annoyance.  He  must  not 
dwell  too  long  on  one  subject,  and  adapt  his  style  of  dealing  with  it  as  nearly  as  he 
can  judge  to  the  capacity  or  information  of  his  audience.  He  must  take  up  promptly 
any  subject  Introduced  by  another,  listen  with  respectful  and  interesteti  attention,  and 
advance  his  opinions  with  modesty  and  deference.  A  popular  conversationalist  must 
be  also  a  patient  and  discerning  listener. 

POLITE  HABITS  OF  CONVERSATION.— In  conversation,  confine  your  talk 
and  adapt  your  voice  to  a  limited  circle  in  your  immediate  vicinity.  No  matter  how 
many  may  be  interested  in  the  conversation,  do  not  appear  to  presume  that  every  one 
is  desirous  of  listening  to  you.  Be  careful  not  to  disturb  any  conversation  in  progress 
in  another  part  of  the  room.  Do  not  address  a  person  across  the  room;  if  you  have 
something  special  to  say  to  him,  wait  till  you  can  conveniently  join  him.  Remember 
that  all  guests  appear  upon  an  equal  footing.  In  whatever  company  you  may  be,  for 
the  moment  strive  to  make  your  conversation  agreeable  and  exercise  tact  in  adapting 
it  to  the  scope  of  your  companion's  interest.  If  there  be  a  guest  of  special  promi- 
nence, be  careful  not  to  engross  an  undue  share  of  his  conversation,  no  matter  how 
agreeable  it  may  be  to  you  personally.  Never  absolutely  contradict,  and  where  your 
statement  or  opinion  is  contradicted,  after  mildly  expressing  confidence  in  your  own 
opinion,  lead  the  conversation  away  from  the  disputed  point.  Always  endeavor  to 
seek  a  common  ground  of  discussion,  from  which  none  in  the  circle  by  prejudice  or 
want  of  information  may  \ye  excluded.  Above  all  things  avoid  any  utterance  which 
will  painfully  impress  upon  another  a  sense  of  inferiority. 

HABITS  TO  BE  AVOIDED.— Endeavor  to  be  as  careful  as  possible  in  your 
choice  of  language.  Be  as  far  as  your  knowledge  will  permit  strictly  grammatical. 
Carefully  avoid  the  use  of  slang  or  cant  phrases — they  are  the  distinguishing  marks 
of  vulgarity  of  mind  and  habit.  Never  make  complimentary  ppceche.s  which  can  be 
construed  into  flattery.  Flattery  is  offensive  and  even  painful  to  people  of  rofipe<l 
minds,  and  is  embarrassing  to  the  sensitive.  Be  careful  equally  to  avoid  speeches 
which  might  be  construed  into  a  desire  to  receive  a  compliment  in  return.  Avoid  long 
arguments,  and  endeavor  to  change  the  current  of  conversation  frequently  in  order  to 
give  variety  to  its  interest.  Avoid  religious  topics,  and  where  they  are  indiscreetly 
introduced,  and  the  expres.sion  of  opinion  cannot  be  avoided,  do  so  in  such  a  manner 
as  not  to  give  offense  to  any  one  who  may  be  present.  In  referring  to  any  doctrine  or 
creed,  sjieak  as  if  there  were  some  one  present  whose  sensibilities  would  be  wounded 
by  harsh  crilicism,  or  absolute  condemnation  of  the  religious  theory  they  might 
entertain. 

EXCEPTIONALLY  REPREHENSIBLE  PRACTICES. —There  are  some  rules 
of  conduct,  the  violation  of  which  is  specially  ill-bred  and  offensive,  and  with  many 
would  exclude  offenders  from  a  second  admission  to  the  circle  in  which  the  breach  of 
decorum  occurs.     Among  such  offenses  are:   Loss  of  temper  in  argument.     Absolutely 


THE    SOCIAL   CODE. 


disputing  a  statement  of  fact  by  another,  even  if  you  be  assured  that  he  Is  In  error. 
Introducing  scandal  of  any  description,  or  taking  part  in  its  discussion  when  another 
has  the  bad  taste  or  ignorance  to  do  so.  Propounding  puns  which  reflect  personally 
or  by  their  professional  allusion  upon  any  other  guest.  Interrupting  another  guest 
while  he  Is  speaking  in  a  general  conversation. 

UNPLEASANT  TOPICS.— Both  skillful  tact  and  watchful  care  should  be  exer- 
cised to  see  that  no  unpleasant  topics  are  introduced  or  continued  by  you.  When  you 
observe  that  such  an  element  has  been  introduced  in  discussion,  it  is  a  part  of  good 
breeding  to  endeavor  to  lead  the  course  of  conversation  Into  another  channel.  Among 
subjects  which  are  carefully  to  be  avoided  are  religion  and  politics.  In  the  case  of  the 
former,  it  is  one  upon  which  people  feel  deeply,  and  upon  which  their  sensibilities  are 
more  acute  than  upon  ordinary  matters.  No  matter  how  small  the  circle  to  which 
conversation  is  limited,  there  will  mos^t  certainly  be  some  one  to  be  hurt  or  offended 
by  an  adverse  reflection  upon  his  or  her  religion,  and  true  politeness  will  avoid  the 
subject  altogether.  Discussion  of  politics  is  to  be  avoided,  because  it  is  prone  to  lead 
to  collisions  of  opinion  which  are  liable  to  disturb  the  harmony  of  the  intercourse  for 
which  the  company  has  been  brought  together. 

DINNER  CONVERSATION.— In  taking  a  lady  in  to  dinner,  even  though  a 
perfect  stranger  beyond  the  introduction,  remember  that  you  are  the  deputy  of  your 
hostess  for  her  entertainment.  While  it  is  allowable  to  exchange  occasional  remarks 
with  your  vis-a-vis,  or  .with  your  left-hand  neighbor,  your  conversation  belongs  to  your 
partner.  When  the  cloth  is  withdrawn,  and  the  ladies  have  retired  to  the  drawing- 
room,  conversation  becomes  general,  and  is  allowed  more  latitude  and  freedom  than 
in  the  drawing-room.  A  good  anecdote  related  is  generally  listened  to  by  the  whole 
table  if  the  company  be  not  too  large,  and  recollections  of  foreign  travel,  remarkable 
experiences,  enlivened  by  sallies  of  wit,  are  favorable  to  general  enjoyment. 

PRIVILEGED  CONVERSATION.— Etiquette  strictly  forbids  repetition  by  any 
guest  of  what  has  transpired  in  conversation  under  the  roof  of  another.  Harmless 
jokes,  or  expressions  entirely  without  significance,  by  being  repeated  soon  assume  an 
entirely  different  form  and  give  rise  to  grave  offense  and  serious  social  trouble.  The 
guest,  therefore,  who  betrays  the  laws  of  hospitality  by  relating  conversations  which 
occurred  in  another's  house.  Is  justly  adjudged  worthy  of  expulsion  from  the  pale 
of  good  society.  Offens^es  are  not  infrequent  in  this  respect  through  carelessness  or 
thoughtlessness,  but  it  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  consequences  are  so  grave  that 
carelessness  is  no  palliation. 

SARCASM  AND  WIT. — No  man  is  more  welcome  in  the  social  gathering  than 
he  who  has  the  reputation  of  un  Jiomme  d' esprit — who  possesses  a  fund  of  humor,  the 
faculty  of  sharing  it  with  others,  and  the  discretion  to  so  use  it  as  to  judiciously  flavor 
conversation  without  spoiling  it  by  extravagance  or  overdoing.  Wit  should  be  so  tem- 
pered as  to  avoid  offense,  as  well  as  excessive  frivolity.  The  man  who  is  forever  on 
the  point  of  exploding  a  joke  becomes  a  nuisance  and  a  bore.  So  with  regard  to 
puns.  While  not  desirable,  an  occasional  pun,  if  It  have  originality  and  humor  with- 
out offense,  is  not  objectionable;  but  the  habitual  punster  is  shunned.  Sarcasm  and 
railery,  however,  are  two  spoilsports  in  social  conversation,  which  should  be  rigidly 
excluded  from  polite  society.  He  who  has  a  biting  tongue  ought  to  keep  it  completely 
under  control.  It  is  the  affliction  of  a  diseased  temper  and  an  unnatural  acerbity  of  dis- 
position, which  has  no  proper  place  in  society,  whose  laws  are  framed  wholly  for  the 
comfort,  ease  and  enjoyment  of  mutual  intercourse  among  its  members.  To  attempt 
to  be  sarcastic  at  the  expense  of  another  guest,  or  of  his  opinions,  Is  the  depth  of  ill- 
breeding.  Repartee,  if  conducted  with  genuine  good  nature,  and  not  pressed  to  an 
undue  limit,  will  interest  and  amuse,  but  prolonged  um-easonably,  or  descending  to 
personal  retort  or  reflection,  it  is  very  bad  taste  indeed. 


THE   SOCIAL   CODE. 


SMALL  TALK. — The  airy  nothings  which  constitute  the  vapid  intercourse  which 
brainless  frivolity  chooses  to  dignify  as  conversation,  is  not  without  its  uses  even  in 
society  of  a  more  elevated  standard.  No  one  can  be  without  a  suflBicient  fund  of  it, 
to  adjust  his  conversation  to  all  with  whom  he  comes  in  contact  with  ease.  Entering 
into  conversation  with  a  stranger,  it  bridges  over  the  gulf  of  want  of  mutual  acquaint- 
ance and  leads  you  easily  and  naturally  to  the  proper  ground  of  your  neighbor's 
tastes  and  intellectual  capacity,  while  not  infrequently  you  may  be  compelled  in  good 
breeding  to  devote  yourself  conscientously  to  the  entertainment  and  amusement  of  a 
fair  neighbor  whose  mental  ambition  and  understanding  does  not  soar  beyond  the 
limited  region  of  small  talk. 


HE  contemplation  of  courtship  and  marriage,  and  all  that 
the  subject  involves,  embraces,  it  may  almost  be  said, 
the  whole  scope  of  a  young  girl's  life.  Therein  is 
included  for  her  all  that  life  holds  in  store,  of  happiness, 
prosperity,  rank  and  station.  It  is  a  sweet  and  solemn 
mystery,  this  mystic  urn  of  Fate,  from  which,  with  her 
own  hand,  of  her  own  choice,  but  not,  happily,  with 
blindfold  eyes,  she  must  draw  forth  the  prize  of  destiny, 
domestic  happiness,  connubial  felicities,  social  ambi- 
tions, and  every  aspiration  in  the  direction  of  all  that  makes  life 
worth  living;  and,  it  is  little  to  be  wondered  that,  when  she  reaches 
that  period  of  life  when 


"  Standing  with  reluctant  feet. 
Where  the  brook  and  river  meet," 


she  feels  that  she  is  rapidly  drawing  near  to  the  crisis  which  is  to 
change  the  whole  current  of  existence.  She  should  approach  this 
grave  and  solemn  question  with  timidity  and  hesitation.  Yet  every 
true  woman,  when  she  does  arrive  at  that  age,  cannot  avoid  the 
duty  of  taking  into  serious  consideration  how  best  to  comport  her- 
self to  meet  the  inevitable,  and  how,  in  doing  so,  to  consult  her 
intelligence,  discretion  and  discernment,  as  well  as  her  heart,  so  as 
to  secure  for  herself  the  best  prospect  of  future  and  permanent 
happiness. ' 


THE   SOCIAL    CODE. 


HE  INITIAL  STEP.— When  a  young  girl  first  "comes  out  "Into  society, 
or  is  "introduced,"  as  the  expression  is,  she  will  find  herself  the  subject, 
in  her  social  intercouree,  of  a  great  number  and  variety  of  flattering  atten- 
tions. She  will,  however,  take  all  these  without  trepidation  or  serious 
thought.  They  are  her  due,  and  natural  tact  and  woman's  wit  will  soon  lead 
her  to  distinguish  between  those  attentions  which  are  purely  complimentary, 
and  those  which  indicate  a  desire  to  lead  to  warmer  regard.  Indeed,  it  is 
not  infrequent  that  the  young  debutante  receives  an  offer  of  marriage  before  she 
has  been  allowed  a  breathing  time  in  the  social  world.  She  should,  however,  keep 
her  affections  strictly  within  her  own  control  till  she  has  had  ample  time  to  judge  by 
observation  and  reflection  what  is  best  for  herself.  There  will  be  some  one  among 
those  the  tendenc)'  of  whose  advances  she  receives,  but  may  not  recognize,  whom  she 
will  in  time  come  to  regard  as  worthier  than  others,  of  more  congenial  temperament 
and  disposition,  and  to  whom  those  subtler  instincts  of  nature  which  are  governed  by 
no  rule,  will  draw  her.  She  should  never,  under  any  circumstances,  give  the  slightest 
encouragement  to  one  whose  advances  are  distasteful  to  her,  and  whom  she  is  certain 
she  could  never  wed,  and  she  should,  if  such  advances  are  pressed,  make  this  so  coldly 
manifest  as  to  leave  the  unfavored  suitor  no  excuse  for  the  mortification  and  pain  of  a 
direct  refusal.  Her  manner  towards  the  one  whom  she  is  ready  to  acknowledge  as  a 
lover,  when  he  shall  express  his  suit,  should  be  in  consonance  with  maidenly  dignity 
and  reserve,  but  not  repellant.  The  dignity  which  is  too  chilling  on  the  part  of  the 
lady,  and  the  doubt  which  leaves  the  lover  without  courage  to  declare  his  passion,  too 
often  lead  two  loving  hearts  into  separate  roads  of  misery. 

UNEXPECTED  AVOWALS.— It  often  happens,  through  the  sensitiveness  and 
secretiveness  of  a  man,  and  a  very  delicate  modesty,  he  finds  himself  very  earnestly  in 
love  with  a  lady,  who  has  not  had  the  slightest  reason  to  suspect  the  nature  of  his 
feelings.  In  such  a  case,  when  the  avowal  is  made,  it  will  require  all  the  tact  and  good 
feeling  of  the  lady  to  acquit  herself  in  justice  and  honor.  If  she  be  "heart  whole  and 
fancy  free,'"  she  should  consider  well  if  it  is  possible  that  she  could  honestly  lead  mere 
esteem  into  the  warmer  latitudes  of  affection.  If  she  doubt,  she  may  fairly  ask  time 
to  consider;  but,  if  she  have  no  doubt,  it  is  her  duty  to  at  once  give  a  final  answer. 

PROPOSAL  BY  LETTER.— This  is  a  form  of  proposal  frequently  resorted  to 
by  those  who  fear  to  face  the  ordeal  of  possible  rejection,  and,  in  most  cases,  the 
proposal,  if  not  the  form  of  it,  will  not  have  been  unlocked  for.  The  lady  should 
answer  as  soon  as  possible  after  due  consideration,  if  she  be  not  sure  of  her  own  heart. 
If  the  proposal  be  agreeable,  to  keep  the  lover  in  suspense  is  needless  cruelty.  If  it  is 
otherwise,  she  will  be  governed  in  her  reply  by  the  esteem  in  which  the  wooer  is  held. 
In  some  cases  a  simple  and  immistakable  refusal  is  suflBcient.  If  she  highly  esteem 
the  person  refused,  she  should  couch  her  language  so  as  to  assure  him  of  regard  and 
friendship,  explaining  the  impossibility  of  entertaining  any  more  tender  regard  for  him. 
In  any  case,  the  letter  of  proposal  should  be  returned,  and  the  lady's  lips  sealed  on  the 
subject  thereafter. 

REFUSALS.— To  a  true  woman,  a  lady  of  delicate  and  refined  instincts,  the  duty 
of  refusing  the  proffer  of  a  sincere  and  honorable  affection  is  one  of  the  most  painful 
that  could  be  imposed  upon  her.     She  will  remember  that  the  suitor  upon  whom  she 


THE    SOCIAL   CODE. 


is  compelled  to  visit  pain,  morliflcation  and  bitter  disappointment,  has  paid  her  the 
highest  honor  and  compliment  in  the  power  of  a  man  to  bestow  upon  a  woman,  and 
while  the  best  kindness  is  to  be  so  firm  in  the  refusal  as  not  to  give  rise  to  bootless 
hopes,  she  will,  by  the  delicacy  of  her  language,  show  that  she  appreciates  the  honor 
done  her,  and  extend  sympathy  with  the  pain  which  she  has  to  inflict.  It  will  be  due 
to  him  that,  except  to  parents,  she  shall  keep  his  secret,  and  will  make  it  a  point  to  meet 
him  thereafter  with  the  frankness  and  cordiality  of  friendship,  entirely  ignoring  what 
has  passed  between  them. 

THE  ENGAGEMENT.— When  the  suitor  has  proposed  and  been  accepted,  hla 
courtship  being  always  presumed  to  have  had  the  sanction  and  approval  of  parents  or 
guardians,  it  is  first  announced  to  the  family  through  the  head  of  the  household,  and 
the  fact  becomes  generally  known  in  society.  On  acceptance,  the  suitor  will,  accord- 
ing to  custom,  place  upon  the  third  finger  of  the  right  or  left  hand  the  engagement 
or  betrothal  ring,  which  is  not  rem^ed  till  marriage.  If  on  tlie  left  hand,  it  is  removed 
"When  the  wedding  ring  is  placed  on  the  finger,  and  thereafter  becomes  its  guard.  If 
on  the  right,  it  is  transferred  to  the  corresponding  finger  of  the  left  hand  upon  the 
wedding  ring  being  put  on.  Engagement  rings  may  be  either  of  chased  gold,  often 
bearing  the  Hebrew  word,  "Mizpah"  ("  Fidelity"),  or  "  A.  E.  I."  ("  Ever  ").  Rings 
set  with  precious  stones  arc  also  favored.  The  opal  should  not  be  used,  being  the 
symbol  of  misfortune. 

AFTER  BETROTHAL.— After  the  engagement  the  position  of  the  betrothed  will 
be  respected  by  others  in  society  who  are  imbued  with  true  good-breeding.  If  the  famil- 
iarities of  gentlemen  friends,  however,  are  continued,  the  lady  must  mark  her  conduct 
by  unmistakable  displeasure  and  resentment.  No  true  woman  will  flirt  after  being 
engaged,  nor  should  the  gentleman,  while  being  courteous  and  gallant,  as  becomes  a 
gentleman  to  be,  to  other  ladies,  allow  his  attentions  to  give  rise  to  jealousy  in  the  mind 
of  his  betrothed.  He  will  make  her  the  object  of  his  special  devotion  and  attention, 
will  visit  her  frequently,  and  extend  his  courtesies  to  all  members  of  her  family.  Ex- 
pensive presents  from  the  engaged  gentleman  to  his  betrothed  are  not  in  good  taste, 
but  flowers,  books,  music,  etc.,  constitute  suitable  and  unobjectionable  attentions. 


'jip  iiiii"  I  <p  liy  li  IP'  IIP  iw  \Wi\9  iw '  w  f .  ] 
MARRIAGE.  | 


EW  topics  are  more  interesting  to  all  classes  of  society 
than  weddings.  From  the  young  girl  just  budding  into 
womanhood,  to  the  grey-haired  matron  surrounded  by 
prattling  grandchildren,  the  subject  of  marriage  is  one 
which  awakens  in  the  female  breast  an  interest  which 
nothing  else  but  maternity  can  arouse.  In  cottage  or 
castle,  the  feminine  sisterhood  preserve  the  same  instinct, 
never  blunted  by  lapse  of  years. 
No  fixed  and  inflexible  rules  can  be  laid  down  governing  the 
subject  of  weddings,  yet  among  the  better  class  of  society  a  certain 


similarity  of  usage  prevails.  After  tlie  day  for  the  marriage  has 
been  set  and  announced,  the  next  subject  that  engrosses  the  atten- 
tion of  the  engaged  couple  is  the  number  of  persons  to  be  invited 
to  attend  the  ceremony,  where  it  shall  be  performed,  and  what  shall 
be  the  form  of  invitations. 

In  answering  these  questions,  each  family  must  have  regard  to 
appropriateness  in  reference  to  their  circumstances  and  surround- 
ings. Nothing  excites  more  just  criticism  than  to  see  persons  of 
small  means  attempt  a  cheap  imitation  of  the  display  made  by  their 
wealthier  (yet  not  necessarily  happier)  neighbors.  Parade  is  not 
always  a  prelude  to  peace,  and  many  a  bride,  the  magnificence  of 
whose  wedding  has  excited  the  envy  of  all  of  her  female  acquaint- 
ances, has  been  ready,  within  a  few  short  months,  to  exchange  all 
her  grandeur  for  the  quiet  happiness  that  fills  the  humble  home  of 
one  of  the  poorest  of  her  sisters.  Another  circumstance  to  be  con- 
sidered is  the  surroundings  of  the  families  of  both  bride  and  groom 
with  reference  to  domestic  affairs.  A  recent  bereavement,  or  some 
similar  cloud  overhanging  the  home,  will,  of  course,  render  improper 
any  elaborate  preparations  for  the  wedding,  even  were  the  heart 
disposed  toward  festivity.  Under  such  circumstances  a  quiet  mar- 
riage, in  presence  of  relatives,  or,  at  most,  a  few  intimate  friends, 
is  every  way  "  in  better  form,"  as  well  as,  probably,  more  congenial 
to  the  feelings  of  the  principal  participants. 

WEDDING  PREPARATIONS.— Where,  however,  the  wedding  is  to  be  a  joy- 
ous one,  and  no  tinge  of  sadness  colors  the  feelings  of  those  who  are  to  be  united,  or  of 
those  who  are  to  "  set  forth  the  marriage  feast,"  the  affair  may  be  made  as  ceremonious 
as  good  taste  and  the  wishes  and  circumstances  of  the  parties  may  dictate.  If  it  be 
determined  to  invite  any  outside  of  the  circle  of  very  near  friends,  it  is  better  to  make 
the  list  long  enough  to  include  all  those  who  may  not  unreasonably  feel  slighted  by 
the  omission  of  their  names.  At  such  an  epoch  in  life,  the  heart  should  feel  sufficiently 
enlarged  by  its  newly  found  happiness  to  find  room  for  every  generous  impulse,  and 
yet  too  small  for  bitterness  or  resentment  to  find  a  hiding  place.  It  may  be,  however, 
that  the  circle  of  acquaintance  of  the  families  of  the  bride  and  groom  is  so  large, 
and  embraces  social  elements  so  diverse,  as  to  render  even  a  representative  assemblage 
of  those  whom  one  might  wish  to  invite  too  large  to  be  conveniently  entertained  or 
too  mixed  in  its  composition  to  be  agreeable.  In  such  a  case,  a  happy  way  is  afforded 
between  the  horns  of  the  dilemma  by  having  the  ceremony  solemnized  at  the  church, 
where  all  may  meet  on  one  common  level,  while  only  those  need  be  invited  to  the  re- 
ception whose  names  affection,  or  regard,  or  inclination  may  suggest. 

Having  determined  upon  the  number  and  names  of  the  guests,  the  next  topic  that 
engages  the  attention  is  the  invitation.  The  most  usual  method  of  conveying  invita- 
tions is  by  cards.  The  style  of  these  little  heralds  of  Cupid's  conquests  varies  greatly 
in  different  years  and  even  with  individual  tastes.  In  case  of  small,  or  comparatively 
private  weddings,  cards  are  unnecessary  and  are  seldom  used,  although  it  is  not  un- 
common, in  such  cases,  to  issue  cards  of  announcement  after  the  marriage,  containing 
the  names  of  the  bride  and  groom,  their  conventional  wedded  title,  and  sometimes  a 


THE   SOCIAL   CODE. 


card  announcing  when  they  will  be  "at  home."    The  follow&g  forms  will  illustrate 
what  is  meant: 


tM 


S</t^ ^l4>'i€^a^. 


%.   C^la/n^  [Jr.   C^G«. 


h.  €t^^(^^^d.  <&4-wn^  [Jr.  <&ay. 


or,  if  preferred,  in  place  of  the  latter  card  may  be  substituted  the  following,  which 
should  be  larger  than  those  accompanying  it. 


THE   SOCIAL    CODE. 


C^^. 

^^'^^^/  C/^-U.    C^^aat^  {/f.    (^^^a^. 

71      if) 

\/fe€^ne<Uui'Md  <^  <Z?v^a4^c^ 

J^i^■>*^ 

<T  ^   /(^  A-.    -f^^. 

Written  wedding  cards  are  preferable,  printer's  ink  being  not  so  commonly  used  as 
formerly.  Written  cards  are  more  expensive,  but  the  outlay  is  one  which  will  not  need 
to  be  repeated,  in  most  domestic  histories.  The  note  of  invitation  should  be  on  a  whole 
sheet  of  heavy  paper  of  creamy,  satin  finish,  and  when  folded  once  should  just  fill  the 
envelope  in  which  it  is  inclosed.  The  accompanying  reception  cards  should  be  exactly 
half  the  size  of  one  page  of  the  note.  The  letter  may  or  may  not  be  headed  by  a 
monogram  or  initial,  the  more  fashionable  element  of  society  at  the  present  time  giving 
the  preference  to  placing  the  design  on  the  envelope  only  or  omitting  it  altogether.  If 
it  be  used  on  the  paper,  however,  it  should  always  be  on  the  envelope. 

The  following  are  among  the  most  modern  and  approved  forms: 

FOR  INVITATIONS, 


-S^^^^?^^  J/t?wW  d 


"Z-^^. 


THE   SOCIAL   CODE. 


FOB  THE  CABD8. 


401  Elbert  Street, 


THE    SOCIAL   CODE. 


If  a  wedding  reception  is  to  be  held  immediately  after  the  marriage,  the  hour 
named  should  be  half  an  hour  after  that  fixed  for  the  ceremony. 


The  following  form  of  invitation  will  be  iiaed  when  the  wedding  ceremony  is  to 
take  place  at  a  church. 


t.^i-'T^t- 


W^««^?^^    0  /(^  //  <s^.   -i*^^. 


At  Home  after  June  23d. 


127  Grace  Street. 


THE   SOCIAL   CODE. 


The  announcement  of  the  future  residence  of  the  couple  and  of  their  "  at  home," 
may  be  made  in  the  way  indicated  at  the  bottom  of  the  above  form  of  invitation,  or  by 
separate  cards  according  to  preference. 

Invitations  to  weddings  should  be  issued  two  weeks  before  the  day  set  for  the  cere- 
mony, and  those  intended  for  persons  in  the  same  city  or  town  should  be  conveyed  by  a 
private  messenger  rather  than  sent  through  the  mail.  Shortly  before  sending  out  the 
invitations,  the  prospective  bride  should  make  ceremonious  calls  on  her  acquaintance. 
Invitations  to  weddings  need  not  be  answered,  unless  a  wedding  breakfast  is  to  be  given, 
in  which  case,  replies  should  always  be  returned,  as  in  the  case  of  dinner  parties.  Or- 
dinarily, however,  if  no  letter  of  regret  be  sent,  the  invitation  is  considered  as  ac- 
cepted. Where  the  ceremony  is  performed  in  church,  it  is  customary  to  send  cards  of 
admission  to  the  building,  which  are  usually  about  three  inches  in  length  and  two  in 
breadth.  Two  or  three  of  these  cards  are  commonly  inclosed  for  distribution  among 
the  friends  of  the  invited  guests,  or  for  the  use  of  servants  who  may  accompany  them. 
These  cards  are  usually  in  the  following  form: 


8f.  ^arVs  €l)urol5, 

r»«rfy'®ec«r)a    ®!peet, 


WEDDING  PRESENTS.— The  custom  of  making  presents  to  the  prospective 
bride  and  bridegroom,  is  almost  generally  observed,  and  is  one  which  is,  if  properly 
carried  out,  of  no  little  benefit  to  the  couple  just  starting  in  life,  fitting  the  table,  the 
sideboard  and  the  drawing-room  with  mapy  useful  articles,  and  articles  of  virtu,  which 
aid  the  bride  in  giving  her  new  home  a  home- like  aspect.  It  is  customary  to  send 
presents  from  a  fortnight  previous  down  to  the  evening  preceding  the  wedding.  If 
practicable,  learn  indirectly  what  articles  have  been  received  to  avoid  duplicating  as 
much  as  possible.  Select  gifts  either  with  a  view  to  ornament  or  utility,  and  use  dis- 
cretion in  their  character. 


^^^ 


THE   SOCIAL   CODE. 


THE  CEREMONY.  I 


•^■fi^ 


^HE  date  for  the  solemnization  of  tlie  ceremony  should  always  be  fixed  by 

the  bride.     All  details  of  the  ceremony  should  be  left  to  her  choosing. 

She  stands  at  the  threshold  of  a  new  life;  its  paths  are  to  her  untrodden 

and  unknown;  trustfully,  she  is  about  to  enter,  knowing  that  however 

long  or  thorny  may  be  the  way  before  her,  she  must  walk  in  it  to  the  end.    It 

is  due  to  her  tliat  the  archway  through  which  she  passes  into  this  new  existence 

should  be  erected  at  her  own  command. 

All  forms  of  marriage  ceremonies  may  be  grouped  imder  two  classes — civil 
and  religious— while  in  France  and  other  nations  of  continental  Europe  a  double  cere- 
mony i3  commonly  performed,  one  before  a  civil  magistrate,  the  other  before  a  min-. 
ister  of  religion. 

The  statutes  of  every  state  in  the  American  Union  contain  provisions  that  mar- 
riage may  be  solemnized  by  any  minister  of  religion,  as  well  as  by  certain  civil  offi- 
cers connected  with  the  executive  department  of  the  government.  In  every  state,  the 
governor,  any  judge  of  a  court  of  record,  or  any  justice  of  the  peace,  is  empowered 
so  to  act.  In  most  states  the  law  requires  that  notice  of  the  parties'  intention  to 
marry  be  given  by  applying  to  a  designated  officer  for  a  marriage  license.  The  omis- 
sion to  do  this,  however,  although  it  subjects  the  parties  themselves,  as  well  as  the 
person  solemnizing  the  marriage,  to  a  penalty  (usually  a  fine),  does  not  affect  the 
validity  of  the  marriage  itself.  The  "publication  of  bans  of  matrimony" — in  other 
words,  the  public  announcement  in  church  on  three  successive  Sundays  of  the  inten- 
tion of  the  parties  to  marry — is,  in  some  states,  made  a  legal  substitute  for  the  obtain- 
ing of  the  marriage  license. 

In  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  marriage  is  considered  a  sacrament,  and  no 
member  of  that  communion  considers  himself  properly  married  unless  the  nuptial 
blessing  of  his  clergyman  has  been  pronounced  upon  his  union. 

Marriage  by  a  civil  magistrate  is  comparatively  infrequent,  and  extremely  rare 
in  polite  society. 

The  "wedding-ring"  is  an  institution  which  has  come  down  to  us  with  all  the 
respectability  that  attaches  to  antiquity.  It  is  difficult  to  trace  its  origin.  Probably 
its  symbolical  significance  is  to  be  sought  in  its  form;  being  a  circle,  it  is  endless, 
being  thereby  typical  of  the  union  of  which  it  is  the  outward  sign.  In  all  churches 
using  a  liturgical  form  of  worship,  the  form  prescribes  a  ring,  and  in  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church  it  is  indispensable.  Where  a  ring  is  used,  the  groom  should  always 
endeavor  so  far  to  keep  his  faculties  at  command  as  to  be  able  to  find  and  produce  it 
at  the  moment  when  it  is  called  for;  a  delay  or  "hitch"  at  this  stage  of  the  ceremony 
is  always  extremely  embarrassing,  and  has  even  been  said  to  be  a  "bad  omen." 

The  groomsmen  are,  of  course,  chosen  by  the  groom,  the  bridesmaids  by  the 
bride.  The  latter  are  usually  selected  from  the  sisters  or  other  near  relatives  of  both 
parties  Their  bouquets  are  presented  them  by  the  groom,  while  the  bride  frequently 
gives  to  each  a  memento,  in  the  form  of  a  ring,  or  bracelet,  or  locket,  etc.,  which, 
however,  need  not  be  expensive. 

At  weddings  in  church,  the  attendance  of  ushers  is  a  necessity.  They  axe 
selected  by  the  bridegroom  from  among  his  personal  friends.  Their  gloves,  bouquets 
and  favors  are  gifts  from  the  bride.     It  is  common  for  the  groom  to  present  each  with 


THE   SOCIAL   CODE. 


a  scarf-pin,  charm,  or  some  other  trifling  souvenir  of  the  occasion.  Their  duties  are 
to  see  tj^at  no  improper  persons  are  admitted  (and  where  admission  is  by  card,  to 
exclude  all  those  not  holding  the  coveted  pasteboard);  to  seat  the  invited  guests;  to 
keep  the  middle  aisle  free  for  the  entrance  of  the  bridal  party.    A  white  ribbon  is 


L£ATINO  THE  CHURCH. 


sometimes  stretched  across  this  aisle  at  a  little  distance  back,  the  pews  in  front  of  the 
silken  barrier  being  reserved  for  the  families  and  immediate  relatives  of  the  parties. 
The  ushers  should  also  precede  the  bridal  procession  as  it  moves  to  its  position  in 
front  of  the  altar  or  pulpit.  It  is  not  infrequent,  in  order  to  avoid  the  awkwardness 
and  embarrassment  natural  to  finding  one's  self  in  an  unaccustomed  position,  to  have 


one  or  more  rehearsals  of  the  entrance  into  and  exit  from  the  building,  a  custom 
which  tends  to  facilitate  ease  by  practice. 

The  passage  of  the  bridal  party  to  the  altar  should  be  in  the  following  order: 
First,  the  ushers,  two  and  two;  following  them,  the  bridesmaids  with  their  attendant 
groomsmen,  the  "best  man"  and  "first  bridesmaid"  coming  last;  next,  the  groom 
with  the  mother  of  the  bride;  and  lastly,  the  bride,  leaning  on  the  arm  of  her  father, 
or  other  natural  or  legal  male  protector.  On  reaching  the  chancel  the  procession 
divides,  one-half  of  the  ushers,  witli  the  bridesmaids,  going  to  the  left,  the  remaining 
ushers,  with  the  groomsmen,  going  to  the  right.  The  ushers  stand  back,  allowing  the 
remainder  of  the  party  to  pass  and  stand  before  them.  The  bride  and  groom  (she 
standing  on  his  left)  take  their  places  immediately  before  the  officiating  clergyman, 
who  meets  them  at  the  chancel  rail.  [A  custom  has  found  favor  in  England  by  which 
the  groom  and  his  "best  man"  advance  with  the  clergyman  from  his  sacristy  (or 
dressing  room)  as  the  procession  enters  the  other  end  of  the  church.] 

In  leaving  the  church  after  the  ceremony,  the  order  of  march  is  reversed,  the  bride 
walking  first,  taking  her  husband's  right  arm,  the  rest  of  the  party  following,  as  has 
been  said,  in  the  reverse  order  of  their  entry. 

All  incidental  expenses  attendant  upon  the  ceremony  itself,  such  as  clergymen's 
fees,  etc.,  etc.,  should  be  defrayed  by  the  groom,  who  commonly  intrusts  their 
liquidation  to  his  first  attendant.  The  amount  paid  depends,  in  many  particulars, 
upon  the  option  of  the  donor,  who  should  show  a  liberality  consistent  at  once  with  the 
occasion  and  his  purse. 

If  it  be  desirable  to  insert  a  notice  of  the  marriage  in  the  newspapers,  the  groom 
should  see  that  this  is  done.  Such  notices  should  be  sent  to  the  newspapers  accom- 
panied by  the  usual  charge  for  insertion,  and  should  be  confined  to  a  simple  announce- 
ment of  the  performance  of  the  ceremony,  giving  the  names  of  the  parties,  the  date 
and  place  of  the  marriage,  and  the  name  of  the  officiating  clergyman. 

The  following  forms  will  be  found  convenient  for  reference: 

MARRIED. 

BROWN— HOLDER.— At  the  Church  of  the  Epiphany,  on  Wednesday  evening,  by  the 
rector.  Rev.  Robert  Bruce,  Frederic  J.  Brown,  of  Boston,  Mass.,  to  Ada,  youngest 
daughter  of  George  Holder,  Esq. 

GREEN— TALBOT.— On  Monday  morning  at  10  o'clock,  at  the  residence  of  the  bride's 
parents,  Harry  S.  Green  to  Miss  Alice  Talbot,  both  of  this  city. 


HITCHINGS— MORSE.— On  Thursday  evening,  December  18th,  at  St.  Paul's  (M.E.)  Church, 
by  the  Rev.  Edward  Gray,  assisted  by  the  Rev.  Henry  DeWitt,  Mr.  George  Hitchings  to 
Miss  Gertrude  Morse,  daughter  of  Mr.  John  F.  Morse,  all  of  this  city. 

"When  the  marriage  has  been  a  private  one,  and  formal  invitations  have  not  been 
sent  out,  the  notice  of  marriage  should  contain,  at  the  close,  the  words  "  No  Cards." 

If  either  party  has  friends  at  a  distance,  and  desires  the  marriage  to  be  noticed  by 
local  papers  of  the  town  or  city  where  they  reside,  it  is  usual  to  add  the  words 
"Boston  (or  other  locality,  naming  it) papers  please  copy." 

THE  WEDDING  BREAKFAST.— This  very  important  event  follows  directly 
after  the  ceremony  and  before  the  happy  couple  start  out  upon  their  bridal  tour.  The 
breakfast  may  be  simple  or  elaborate,  according  to  taste,  economy,  or  convenience.  It 
may  be  partaken  of  standing  or  sitting,  and  it  is  a  matter  of  choice  whether  the  bride 
appear  or  not.  The  custom  is,  however,  to  have  a  sitting-down  breakfast  with  the 
bride  present.  The  bride  is  placed  at  her  husband's  right  hand,  with  her  father  and 
his  mother  next,  and  the  bride's  mother  to  the  left  of  the  groom  with  his  father  next. 
The  breakfast  may  be  simple  or  may  take  the  nature  of  lunch,  according  to  the  suita- 
bility of  the  hour,  and  wine  is  generally  provided.  When  the  meal  is  approaching 
conclusion,  the  bride  takes  a  knife  and  makes  an  incision  into  the  cake  before  her, 
which  is  then  cut  and  passed  around.     The  bride's  father  proposes  the  health  of  the 


THE   SOCIAL   CODE. 


newly  united  couple,  which  is  responded  to  by  the  bridegroom,  who  in  his  turn  pro- 
poses the  health  of  the  bridesmaids,  which  is  responded  to  by  the  "best  man,"  and 
other  toasts  may  follow.  The  bride  then  retires  to  assume  her  traveling  dress,  and  as 
the  couple  proceed  to  the  carriage  they  are  escorted  by  the  party.  In  accordance  with 
custom,  signifying  "good  luck  and  good  wishes,"  the  guests  xisually  sprinkle  the 
bride  with  rice  and  send  after  the  carriage  showers  of  rice  and  satin  slippers. 

WEDDING    ANNIVERSARIES. 

A  writer  upon  the  usages  of  society  says  that  formal  celebrations  of  each  return 
of  the  wedding  day  is  not  common  among  the  best  families.  In  the  privacy  of  home 
such  days  are  xisually  observed  by  kindly  family  greetings,  by  an  interchange  of 
gifts  between  husband  and  wife,  and  by  the  giving  of  presenlB  from  children  to  parents. 

But  after  a  certain  number  of  years  have  passed,  many  households  celebrate  the 
marriage  anniversary  by  social  hospitality.  Custom  has  selected  certain  of  these 
anniversaries  as  epochs  in  matrimonial  life,  designating  them  by  fanciful  names. 

Of  course,  as  the  wedded  pair  descend  the  hill  of  life,  such  entertainments  are 
marked  by  more  dignified  formality  than  Is  expected  of  young  husbands  and  wives. 

Probably  the  return  of  the  wedding  anniversary  would  be  more  frequently  observed 
by  social  gatherings  were  It  not  for  the  fact  that  so  many  persons  consider  an  invita- 
tion to  such  a  celebration  very  much  as  a  retiuest  to  "  stand  and  deliver."  A  cynical 
writer  has  stigmatized  such  invitations  as  being  "upon  the  contribution  plan  ;"  and 
while  it  may  be  a  i)leasure  to  offer  a  souvenir  of  our  good  wishes  to  a  bride.  It  Is  not 
always  agreeable  to  be  asked  for  a  contribution  toward  her  sustenance  after  marriage. 
As  a  consequence  of  this  sentiment,  many  who  would  l>e  glad  to  make  the  wedding 
anniversary  a  gala  entertainment  often  relinquish  the  idea  of  so  doing,  from  a  delicacy 
of  feeling,  or  else  announce  on  their  cards  of  Invitation  that  no  gifts  will  be  received. 
It  Is  to  be  hoped  that  we  shall  soon  reach  a  point  In  our  social  observances  where  such 
entertainments  as  these  will  no  longer  be  viewed  as  "  donation  parties,"  and  where 
giving  will  signify  something  more  than  mere  compliance  with  an  unwritten  law. 

"Where  the  invitation  contains  an  intimation  that  no  gifts  are  desired  It  is  a  gross 
breach  of  etiquette  to  send  anything  save  flowers  or  a  mere  trifling  souvenir  (such  as  a 
book).  Intimate  relatives  and  very  old  friends  may,  of  course,  take  the  liberty  of  dis- 
regarding the  injunction;  but  on  the  part  of  others,  such  disregard  will  only  be 
impertinence,  and  is  liable  to  be  resented  accordingly. 

The  following  style  of  Invitation,  clearly  engraved  In  script,  is  at  once  simple  and 
thoroughly  proper- 


u4^e/a 


t€.ei4-^f^  2./, 


Wedding. 


241  Locust  Street. 


THE   SOCIAL   CODE. 


Sometimes  the  year  of  marriage  and  the  year  of  the  anniversary  are  added  to  the 
card,  as: 


r^'' 


yc^ 


Wedding, 


241  Locust  Street. 


If,  as  is  occasionally  done,  there  is  to  be  a  re-celebration  of  the  marriage  ceremony, 
it  is  usual  to  add,  at  the  bottom  of  the  invitation,  the  words,  "Ceremony  at  nine 
o'clock." 

Invitations  of  this  character  should  be  answered.  An  acceptance  or  declinature 
(with  regrets)  should  always  be  sent,  accompanied  by  such  congratulations  and  expres- 
sions of  kind  wishes  as  the  acquaintance  of  the  parlies  may  render  suitable. 

If  a  formal  supper  be  served  it  is  proper  that  the  host  and  hostess  lead  the  way  to 
the  dining-room,  followed  by  the  guests  as  at  ordinary  parties.  If,  however,  the 
refreshments  are  served  in  buffet  style,  the  host  and  hostess  remain  in  their  first 
position  during  the  entire  evening,  unless  to  lead  the  first  set  (if  there  be  dancing);  the 
first  set,  under  such  circumstances,  usually  being  a  quadrille. 

Guests  should  depart  before  midnight,  after  an  expression  of  their  wishes  for  a 
longevity  of  health  and  joy  to  their  hosts. 

The  following  table  shows  the  designations  given  to  the  various  marriage  anniver- 
saries: 


One  year— Cotton. 
Two  years— Paper. 
Three  years- Leather, 
Five  years— Wooden. 
Ten  years— Tin. 
Fifteen  years— Crystal. 


Twenty  years—  China. 
Twenty-live  years— Silver. 
Thirty  years- Pearl. 
Forty  years— Ruby. 
Fifty  years— Gold. 
Seventy-flve  years— Diamond. 


THE   SOCIAL   CODE. 


piHUIillUHiliiiliMllllllllHiilliHIIiilHIliilHIIilHH^ 

BAPTISMAL  CEREMONIES. 

llHIIIIIIIIinilllllllHIIIIIIIIBIIIllIllHlllllilHIIIIIIIIH^ 
BAPTISM,  CHILDHOOD  AND  BIRTHDAYS. 

HE  birth  of  a  child  in  the  household  is  always  an  event  of 
the  first  importance  in  any  family.  It  is  the  first  great 
epoch,  after  marriage,  of  the  domestic  history,  and,  in- 
volving as  it  does  the  holding  of  two  lives  trembling  in  the 
balance,  is  a  period  of  the  most  supreme  anxiety  and  the 
most  profound  interest,  not  only  in  the  household  and 
the  family,  but  throughout  the  whole  circle  of  acquaintance  in 
which  the  family  move.  The  event,  therefore,  if  it  have  unfortu- 
nately an  untoward  result,  is  an  occasion  for  the  usual  methods  of 
condolence  from  friends  and  acquaintances,  whose  members  in  close 
connection  with  the  family  should  not  have  omittetl,  during  the 
period  of  illness,  to  show  their  concern  by  leaving  cards  "to  inquire." 
But  as  is  happily  generally  the  case,  the  event  is  one  of  congratu- 
lation and  rejoicing,  and  cards  of  felicitation  are  in  order.  In 
response,  the  lady,  as  soon  as  she  feels  prepared  to  receive  visitors, 
returns  cards  expressive  of  her  thanks  for  the  intimations  of  solicitude 
on  the  part  of  her  friends.  Calls  are  in  order  immediately  there- 
after, when  the  baby  is  presented,  and  congratulations  personally 
extended  to  the  mother. 

BAPTISM. — There  is  no  fixed  rule  of  date  at  which  baptism  or  christening  shall 
take  place,  but  it  is  customary  to  have  the  ceremony  as  soon  after  birth  as  the  health 
of  mother  and  child  will  permit.  In  most  religious  societies,  the  customs  of  the 
church  favor  the  public  ceremonial  in  the  church.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  and 
Episcopal  churches,  the  rubrics  make  this  rule  Imperative,  except  for  special  and 
urgent  reasons. 

SPONSORS. — In  the  Roman  Catholic,  Episcopal,  and  Lutheran  churches, 
sponsors  are  necessary  to  the  completeness  of  the  ceremonial.  In  the  two  former,  the 
male  child  will  have  two  godfathers  and  one  godmother,  and  the  female  child  two 
godmothers  and  one  godfather.  These  are  supposed  to  assume  responsibility  for  its 
moral  welfare,  until  the  child  arrives  at  years  of  sufficient  discretion  to  renew 
personally  the  vows  of  fidelity  to  the  laws  of  the  church.  In  foreign  countries  the 
relation  of  godfather  or  godmother  is  generally  held  to  be  almost  as  close  as  a  tie  of 
blood,  and  generally,  if  possible,  some  person  of  near  kin,  having  a  personal  interest 
in  the  welfare  of  the  child,  is  chosen.  The  sponsors  generally  are  the  most  important 
contributors  to  the  christening  presents,  according  to  their  means. 

NAMING  THE  BABY.— This  momentous  question  is  generally  the  subject  of 
anxious  domestic  consideration,  and  it  is  indeed  of  the  greatest  importance  to  the  un- 
conscious and  unnamed  member  of  the  family  which,  though  it  affects  its  whole 


THE    SOCIAL    CODE. 


future,  has  no  voice  in  the  matter.  In  case  of  a  male  child  the  name  of  the  father  is 
generally  conferred,  and  vice  versa  with  the  female  infant.  It  is  customary,  too,  to 
confer  the  name  of  a  god-parent  or  relative,  especially  where  the  latter  has  signified 
the  intention  of  making  a  legatee  under  will  of  the  little  stranger.  In  choosing  names 
tlie  parents  will  consult  the  future  comfort  and  gratitude  of  the  child  if  care  be  taken 
not  to  give  names  of  fantastic  or  grandiloquent  character,  to  avoid  strange  names  of 
uncouth  sound,  and  especially  names  which  are  liable  to  give  rise  to  "nicknames," 
likely  to  be  a  source  of  annoyance  and  offense  to  the  child  through  life.  In  choos- 
ing second  names  it  is  customary  to  give  the  family  name  of  the  mother  and  other 
branches  of  the  family  of  special  pride  or  interest,  and  to  remember  intimate  friends, 
or  persons  to  whom  special  honor  or  gratitude  is  intended  to  be  shown. 

THE  CEREMONY. — Whether  the  ceremony  be  performed  in  church  or  at  the 
nome,  the  infant  which  is  being  received  in  the  church,  and  taking  the  elementary 


place  in  society,  is  attired  for  the  occasion  in  a  christening  robe  of  white,  generally 
elaborately  embroidered  and  trimmed  with  lace,  according  to  the  means,  and  the  relig- 
ious ceremony  being  completed  according  to  the  ritual  of  the  denomination  to  which 
the  officiating  clergyman  belongs.  The  infant  is  then  retired  in  custody  of  the  nurse 
to  the  nursery. 

LUNCHEON  AND  PRESENTS.— On  the  occasion  of  christening  it  is  customary 
for  relations  and  friends  of  the  family  to  give  presents  commemorative  of  the  occa- 
sion, which  are  stored  away  to  be  given  over  to  the  child  when  it  arrives  at  an  age  when 
the  presents  can  be  appreciated.  It  is  also  proper  at  the  conclusion  of  the  ceremony 
to  celebrate  the  event  by  a  luncheon  or  even  more  elaborate  dinner  party,  to  which  the 
near  friends  of  the  house,  including  first  the  oflQciating  clergyman  and  donors  of  gifts 
are  invited.  The  health  of  the  child  is  proposed  and  its  future  welfare  toasted,  to 
which  the  god-father,  if  there,  will  usually  respond. 

FEES. — The  father  is  generally  expected,  on  the  occasion  of  a  christening,  to 
give  a  fee  over  and  above  the  customary  amount  to  go  to  the  church,  according  to  his 


THE   SOCIAL    CODE. 


means.    A  nurse  whose  services  are  appreciated  will  also  receive  a  douceur  on  the 
occasion. 

CHILDHOOD  AND  YOUTH.— The  maternal  tenderness  and  pride  in  her 
children  of  a  young  mother  is  too  frequently  the  occasion  of  many  gross  violations 
of  the  social  code.  The  lady  who  values  her  social  popularity  and  desires  to  con- 
sult the  comfort  of  her  guests,  will  never  allow  children  to  be  admitted  to  the  table 
or  to  the  company  at  a  dimier  party,  and  even  when  visiting  guests  are  temporary 
members  of  the  household,  the  child  should  never  be  brought  to  the  table  till  it  is  able 
to  feed  itself.  Even  then  they  should  be  made  to  understand  that  if  they  do  not  keep 
quiet  and  refrain  from  talking,  they  will  be  sent  into  the  nursery.  The  chatter  of 
children  will  destroy  the  harmony  of  the  beet  regulated  dinner  party.  Children  should 
be  early  taught  not  to  repeat  the  conversation  of  their  elders,  and  parents  will  encour- 
age and  confirm  them  in  the  habit  by  refusing  to  listen  to  tales  brought  home  from 
school,  or  accounts  of  what  occurred  if  they  have  been  visiting  neighbors. 

CONFIRMATION. — In  those  religious  denominations  of  whose  observances  the 
rite  of  confirmation  forms  a  part,  this  ceremony  is  the  first  public  apfHjarancc  of  the 
young  girl  beyond  the  shelter  of  the  motherly  wing,  even  temporarily.  Whatever  be 
the  sex  of  the  youth  going  up  for  confirmation,  they  should  be  duly  impressed  by  the 
parents  with  the  solemnity  of  tlie  occasion,  even  if  they  do  not  appreciate  it.  An 
Indication  of  levity  on  tlie  part  of  the  young  person  during  the  ceremony  not  only 
jars  upon  the  sense  of  propriety  of  those  gathered  in  tlie  church,  but  is  a  direct 
reflection  upon  botli  the  morals  and  good  breeding  of  the  parents. 

CONFIRMATION  TOILET  —The  mother  of  tlie  young  girl  going  up  for  con- 
firmation should  take  care  that  the  most  rigid  simplicity  is  displayed  in  the  dress  pro- 
vided for  the  occasion,  both  because  the  spirit  of  the  ceremony  is  one  of  humility,  from 
which  all  display  of  worldly  pride  should  be  banished,  and  because  candidates  for  con- 
firmation are  gathered  from  all  ranks  and  conditions  of  life,  who  meet  on  a  common 
footing  at  the  altar,  and  it  would  be  contrary  both  to  Christian  courtesy  and  social 
propriety  to  put  to  shame  the  mmlcst  garments  of  the  poor  by  a  display  of  luxUry  in 
dress.  The  dress  should  be  of  pure  white  without  frills,  slashings,  pufiings,  or  any 
fashionable  garniture  whatever,  a  neat  and  quiet  tucking  being  the  limit  of  ornament- 
ation. Either  veils  or  caps  may  be  worn,  according  to  preference,  it  being  necessary 
that  the  head  of  the  female  shall  be  covered  in  the  church.  The  material  should  be 
muslin,  barege,  cashmere,  or  flannel,  or  some  simUar  material  not  expensive,  accord- 
ing to  the  season. 


BIRTHDAY  ANNIVERSARIES.     I 


HE   observance  of  birthdays  is  yearly  growing  in  favor. 
American  life  is  essentially  so  practical,  so  utilitarian,  so 
prosaic,  that  we  naturally  seek  some  pretext  for  the  mul- 
tiplication of  our  holidays  ;  and  what  fitter  time  for  rest  and 
recreation  can  we  find  than  that  which  marks  a  fully  rounded 
period  in  our  lives?    Each  birthday  closes  one  completed 
cycle  in  our  lives ;   these  anniversaries  are  the  milestones  on  life's 


THE   SOCIAL   CODK. 


journey,  and  it  is  only  natural  that  we  should  celebrate  their  annual 
recurrence  as  days  of  joy. 

So  common  is  this  sentiment,  so  almost  universal  has  become 
the  observance  of  birthdays,  that  the  social  world  is  already  coming 
to  recognize  certain  formalities  as  peculiarly  appropriate  to  enter- 
tainments given  on  such  occasions.  In  other  words,  birthday  parties 
have  an  etiquette  of  their  own ;  while  governed  by  no  inflexible 
rules,  there  are  recognized  "  proprieties  "  peculiar  to  such  occasions. 

HOW  CELEBRATED.— Children's  birthday  parties  are  becoming  more  and 
more  general.  These  way -marks  in  the  lives  of  the  little  ones  are  made  full  of  pleasant 
memories  to  them.  The  most  natural  mode  of  giving  pleasure  to  children  is  "a 
party,"  which  in  childhood  is  almost  a  synonym  for  joy.  The  child's  playmates  are 
invited  to  a  feast ;  but,  for  obvious  reasons,  the  number  invited  should,  in  most  in- 
stances, be  confined  to  the  number  that  can  be  seated  at  the  tables. 

Daintiness  and  (above  all)  abundance  should  characterize  the  banquet,  rich  food 
being  unsuitable.  A  birthday  cake  should  always  be  a  prominent  feature,  and  it  is  a 
pretty  practice  to  adorn  this  with  lighted  wax  candles,  the  number  of  which  should 
correspond  with  the  number  of  years  in  the  life  of  the  childish  host.  When  candles 
are  used,  it  is  usual  to  place  them  in  little  tin  tubes,  simken  near  the  cake's  outer  edge, 
or  (if  the  number  be  sufficient)  to  arrange  them  in  a  rim  about  it.  They  should  be 
lighted  just  before  the  children  enter. 

The  cutting  of  the  birthday  cake  closes  the  supper,  and  is  performed  by  the  child 
whose  birthday  is  celebrated,  if  age  and  strength  will  permit.  After  the  supper 
follow  plays  and  dances.  Celebrations  of  this  character  may  continue  until  the  child 
is  too  old  to  find  pleasure  in  them.  The  fact  that  the  family  is  in  mourning  need  not 
prevent  them,  although  the  gaiety  of  the  occasion  may  be  less  marked. 

As  the  members  of  a  household  grow  older,  the  return  of  a  birthday  is  celebrated 
more  privately,  only  immediate  relatives  usually  being  present.  In  the  case  of  gentle- 
men, however,  the  twenty -first  anniversary  is  very  frequently  made  the  occasion  of  a 
breakfast,  a  dinner,  a  ball  or  some  other  social  festivity.  The  repugnance  of  young 
ladies  (however  natural  or  however  absurd)  to  allow  her  age  to  be  known,  renders  this 
practice  unusual  in  the  case  of  the  female  members  of  the  household. 

As  a  rule,  persons  who  retain  (or  believe  they  retain)  the  vigor  of  youth  dislike  to 
call  attention  to  their  progress  toward  old  age.  But  as  the  lengthening  shadows  fall 
athwart  the  pathway  of  life's  decline,  and  the  twilight  calm  wraps  its  soft  mantle 
around  the  form  of  age,  each  added  year  seems  but  a  new  thread  in  the  silver 
wreath  woven  by  Time  with  which  to  crown  a  well-spent  life.  After  a  lady  or 
gentleman  has  grown  old  enough  to  feel  proud  of  their  age,  their  birthdays  are  marked 
by  the  most  beautiful  attentions  by  their  young  friends  as  well  as  by  those  who  were 
the  friends  of  their  childhood. 

Flowers,  congratulatory  letters,  cards  of  respect  and  inquiry,  and  gifts  valuable 
more  from  the  interest  which  attaches  to  them  than  from  their  intrinsic  worth,  are 
appropriate  mementoes.  At  this  period  of  life,  breakfast  and  dinner  parties,  as  well 
as  receptions,  are  usual. 

A  few  words  may  be  added  as  to  the  reception  of  presents.  If  you  accept  a  gift, 
it  is  your  duty  to  let  the  donor  see  that  you  make  use  of  it  in  the  manner  intended. 
An  article  of  dress  or  personal  adornment  should  be  worn  in  the  giver's  presence  on 
the  first  convenient  and  suitable  opportunity.  If  the  gift  be  a  book,  it  should  be  read 
with  the  least  possible  delay,  and  on  the  first  occasion  possible,  you  should  speak  of  it 
to  the  giver  in  as  favorable  terms  as  you  conscientiously  can.     If  the  present  be  of  a 


^^^^" 


® 


THE   SOCIAL    CODE. 


perishable  nature — such  as  fruit  or  flowers — refer  to  it  the  next  time  that  you  meet  the 
party  sending  it. 

One  universal  rule,  applicable  to  all  gifts  not  delivered  by  the  donor  in  person,  is 
to  send  a  message  of  thanks  (verbal,  at  least,  if  not  written)  at  once. 

There  are  persons  who  believe  that  a  gift  is  always  prompted  by  mercenary  mo- 
tives, and  who  make  it  a  rule  to  return  a  present  of  equal  (or  greater)  value  at  once. 
Such  a  practice  is  open  to  objection.  To  make  an  immediate  return  of  an  article  of 
equivalent  value  always  implies  suspicion  of  the  donor's  motives,  and  if  he  or  she  be 
sincere  such  a  course  cannot  fail  to  wound  their  tenderest  sensibilities. 


EATH  is  the  common  lot  of  man,  and  sooner  or  later  in 
every  household,  sorrow  will  take  up  its  abode  for  a  season. 
Yet,  even  in  that  season  of  woe,  the  grief  of  the  stricken 
household  is  not  allowed  to  overlook  the  usages  by  whicli 
the  circle  in  which  the  bereaved  family  move  is  apprized  of  the 
affliction  which  has  befallen  them,  and  enabled  witli  due  and 
customary  decorum  to  testify  their  respect  for  the  departed,  or 
sympathy  with  the  stricken  and  sorrowing. 

NOTICE  OF  DEATH. — As  soon  as  the  dreaded  event  Is  known,  the  person  In 
the  house  next  in  authority  to  those  iuunediately  prostrated  by  the  visitation 
will  see  that  the  blinds  of  the  afflicted  residence  are  drawn,  and  that  notice  that 
there  is  "death  in  the  house"  is  further  given  by  hanging  crape  on  the  door  knob  or 
bell— black,  if  announcing  the  death  of  an  adult  person;  white,  if  of  a  child.  Similar 
notice  is  given  at  the  place  of  business,  if  any,  of  the  head  of  the  family,  which  will 
remain  closed  for  the  day,  and  also  on  the  day  of  the  funeral  generally.  Obituary 
notices  should  also  be  forwarded  (if  by  post,  prepaid,  according  to  the  tariff  of  the 
newspaper)  to  one  or  all  of  the  newspapers  of  the  community.  The  following  is  the 
usual  and  best  form:  ' 

DIED.— On  Thursday,  2d  Inst.,  at  the  residence  of  his  father,  227  Grosvenor  street  (cause 
of  deatli  may  lierebo  inserted,  as:  "of  consumption,"  or  "after a linKerinj? Illness,")  Edmond. 
second  son  of  Mr.  Charles  A.  Bentley,  agred  17  years.  Funeral  announcement  by  cards  (or 
"  to-morrow."  if  the  date  bo  not  fixed,  or  if  it  is  to  be  publicly  announced). 

Funeral  announcement  may  be  either  public  or  by  cards. 

For  a  funeral  annoimcement  the  following  is  the  best  form: 

DIED.— On  Thursday,  2d  inst.,  at  the  residence  of  his  father,  227  Grosvenor  street, 
Edhond,  second  son  of  Mr.  Charles  A.  Bentley,  aged  17  years. 

The  funeral  will  take  place  from  the  late  residence  of  the  deceased,  as  above,  on  Saturday 
next,  at  3  p.m.,  to  the  Presbyterian  Church,  Bay  street,  and  thence  to  Oakgrove  Cemetery. 
Friends  and  acquaintances  are  respectively  invited  to  attend  without  further  intimation. 

The  same  form  will  answer  the  purpose  of  annoimcement  by  card. 

PREPARATIONS.— Preparations  for  the  funeral  are  mainly  left  to  the  under- 
taker, whose  instructions  will  be  carried  out  by  the  person  in  charge  of  the  household. 
The  better  taste  which  has  prevailed  of  late  years  has  gradually  and  almost  entirely 
abolished  the  senseless,  and  in  cases  of  families  of  limited  circumstances,  almost  ruinous 
ostentation  which  was  formerly  considered  strictly  essential  to  respectability.  Funeral 
ceremonies  should  be  without  unnecessary  parade  or  public  show,  and  adapted  to  the 
means  of  the  afflicted. 


FLORAL  OFFERINGS. — In  cases  of  persons  of  prominence  and  wealth,  or 
where  the  deceased  has  been  especially  popular  in  Ihe  social  or  business  world,  or  in 
the  circle  of  relationship,  floral  offerings  are  common.  These  should  be  of  natural 
flowers,  of  pure  white,  and  are  generally  made  up  in  various  desigrs  symbolic  of  the 
solemn  event,  or  of  Christian  hope.  In  case  of  youth,  a  broken  column  is  a  favorite 
and  expressive  design.  Crosses  hung  with  immortelles,  or  plain,  anchors,  etc.,  are 
among  the  most  suitable  designs.  Floral  offerings  should  be  sent  to  the  residence  of 
the  deceased  with  a  card  bearing  the  name  of  the  donor,  on  the  morning  of  the  day  set 
apart  for  the  funeral. 

THE  FUNERAL. — The  relatives  and  friends  invited,  pall  bearers,  and  chief 
mourners,  will  arrive  at  the  house  from  one  to  two  hours  before  the  hour  of  the  funeral, 
and  assemble  in  the  most  convenient  room,  where  they  will  be  invested  by  the  under- 
taker with  hatband,  scarf  and  gloves.  Ladies  assemble  in  their  own  rooms,  and  pro- 
ceed immediately  to  their  conveyances,  when  they  attend  the  procession  (which  is  the 
custom  in  many  communities),  except  where  services  are  held  at  the  house,  when  they 
will  gather  in  the  mourning  room.  The  funeral  procession  should  be  arranged  to  de- 
part promptly  at  the  time  announced,  and  should  be  in  the  following  order: 

THE  HEARSE. 

PALL  BEAKERS. 

THE   FAMILY   PHYSICIAN. 

CHIEF   MOURNERS. 
FRIENDS  OP  DECEASED. 

The  chief  mourners  should  follow  in  the  order  of  their  nearness  of  relation  to 
the  deceased.  If  the  funeral  services  take  place  at  the  church,  the  pall-bearers 
remove  the  coflin  from  the  hearse  and  are  met  at  the  door  by  the  officiating  clergy- 
man, who,  on  the  conclusion  of  the  ceremony,  follows  the  pall-bearers  to  the  door  of 
the  church.  The  formal  attendants  are  then  at  liberty  to  depart,  without  any  fixed 
order,  those  who  are  related  or  most  intimate  with  the  family  gathering  around  the 
grave,  according  to  their  nearness  of  relation,  awaiting  with  uncovered  heads  the  last 
words  of  the  clergyman.  The  sound  of  the  earth  upon  the  coflin  is  the  signal  for 
dispersion. 

MOURNING. — The  garments  or  badges  of  mourning  are  worn  both  in  duration 
of  time  and  in  depth  of  expression,  according  to  the  age  or  propinquity  of  relation  to 
the  deceased.  For  minors,  the  family  should  wear  mourning  from  three  to  six 
months,  according  to  age.  For  a  parent,  adult  child,  brother,  or  sister,  mourning  is 
usually  worn  for  one  year,  the  rule  being  imperative  for  husband  or  wife.  The  wife 
who  mourns  the  loss  of  her  husband  will  wear  black,  unrelieved,  except  by  the 
minutest  show  of  white  at  the  neck,  for  one  year,  at  the  end  of  which  half  mourning, 
black,  relieved  with  lilac,  or  some  neutral  shade,  is  worn  for  three  months,  when,  and 
not  before,  it  is  permissible  for  the  subject  of  remarriage  to  be  considered.  The 
husband,  during  the  period  of  a  year,  will  wear  plain  black,  with  black  studs,  sleeve- 
buttons  and  chain  or  guard. 


THE    SOCIAL    CODE. 


-*J^^5H«f^^i* 


f  ^U 


-<^     >:» 


-a. 


f 


HE  use  of  the  pen  is  something  which  requires  on  the 
part  of  every  person  who  lias  occasion  to  resort  to  it,  the 
greatest  care  and  caution,  and  this  is  particularly  the 
case  with  regard  to  young  ladies.  As  a  general  rule, 
and  except  when  writing  to  a  friend  whom  you  may 
trust  as  confidently  as  your  own  conscience,  govern  youi' 
letters  by  the  same  rules  as  you  would  your  conversation 
in  the  drawing  room.  As  the  letter  is  regarded  as  an  exposition  of 
the  mind,  be  careful  about  its  grammatical  construction.  See  that 
you  begin  the  sentence  with  a  capital  letter  and  conclude  with  a 
period ;  that  the  period  is  always  followed  by  a  capital  letter,  and 
that  names  of  places  and  persons  are  capitaUzed.  If  you  are  in 
doubt  about  the  spelling  of  a  word  or  the  construction  of  a  sentence, 
have  your  dictionary  or  grammar  handy  for  consultation,  rather  than 
risk  being  suspected  of  inexcusable  ignorance.  After  the  usual  pre- 
fatory remarks,  come  directly  to  the  principal  topic  for  which  the 
letter  is  written.  Devote  a  new  paragraph  to  each  change  of  sub- 
ject. Do  not  cross  your  writing — it  looks  as  if  you  were  endeavor- 
ing to  economize  paper  and  postage  ;  use  another  sheet  if  necessary. 
Be  careful  to  date  your  letters.  Refrain  from  expressing  harsh 
opinions  of  others,  as  your  judgment  is  liable  to  be  wrong,  or  in- 
fluenced by  erroneous  impressions  or  information,  and  you  never 
know  when,  if  too  freely  expressed  in  correspondence,  it  may  rise 
up  against  you. 


WITH  SCHOOL  FRIENDS.— Many  young  ladies,  after  leaving  school,  under- 
take to  keep  alive  a  voluminous  correspondence  witli  class-mates.  This  is  not  objec- 
tionable where  the  topics  are  wholesome  and  live,  and  the  friendship  real  and  healthy, 
but  where  there  is  a  tendency  to  morbid  sentimentalism  or  romantic  and  imaginative 
nonsense,  avoid  it.  If  your  school  friend's  letters  turn  altogether  upon  lovers  and 
beaux,  love  and  hate,  drop  it  as  speedily  as  you  conveniently  can. 

WITH  GENTLEMEN.— It  is  a  safe  rule  which  does  not  permit  young  ladies  to 
correspond  with  any  gentleman  unless  he  be  either  her  betrothed  lover  or  a  near  rela- 
tive. It  is  a  dangerous  thing  for  a  young  lady  to  place  her  written  signature  in  the 
hands  of  one  of  the  opposite  sex.  Such  correspondence  implies  an  intimacy  which 
modesty  forbids  should  be  extended  to  any  man  outside  the  family  circle,  except  him 
who  is  looked  upon  as  yoiu-  future  husband.  For  all  necessary  correspondence  re- 
specting social  intercourse,  society  furnishes  the  forms,  which  are  merely  forms,  and 
should  never,  by  any  circumstances,  be  exceeded.  Where  correspondence  on  business 
matters  is  necessary  with  a  gentleman,  confine  the  letter  strictly  to  the  subject  in 
hand,  and  under  no  circumstances  which  may  arise,  which  necessitate  your  writing 
to  a  gentleman,  write  a  sentence  which  you  would  not  willingly  permit  your  mother 
or  father  to  read. 

PRIVACY  INVIOLABLE.— It  is  one  of  the  cardinal  points  in  the  code  of  honor 
that  the  statement  of  one  gentleman  to  another  (and  how  much  more  in  the  case  of  a 
lady),  when  communicated  by  letter,  is  the  secret  of  the  sender,  which  is  not  to  be 
repeated  or  divulged  without  gross  breach  of  every  instinct  of  honor.  Under  ordinary 
circumstances,  the  wife  will  show  her  letters  to  her  husband,  and  vice-versa  in  case  of 
the  latter,  if  the  letters  are  of  a  social  character;  but  that  rule  is  not  alwaj's  either 
proper  or  permissible.  The  lady's  letter  may  contain  her  friend's  secret,  to  which  her 
husband  has  no  right,  and  concerning  which  he  should  have  no  curiosity.  If  a  hus- 
band receive  a  letter  from  a  lady,  or  the  wife  from  a  gentleman,  it  should  be  shown  to 
the  other  under  all  circumstances.  For  young  people,  it  is  well  that  correspondence 
should  be  under  the  supervision  of  the  parents,  but  grown-up  joung  people  should  be 
left  to  their  own  discretion,  if  carefully  trained  in  the  laws  of  propriety. 

INVITATION  NOTES.— Be  careful  in  writing  notes  of  invitation  always  to 
put  the  day  of  the  week  as  well  as  the  day  of  the  month.  This  is  a  duty  in  which  the 
young  lady  generally  assists  her  mother,  and  she  should  be  particular  that  her  cal 
ligraphy  is  neat  and  distinct.  Always  answer  a  note  the  same  day,  and  if  anything 
should  occur  after  accepting  an  invitation  to  prevent,  write  a  second  note  explanatory. 

LETTERS  OF  INTRODUCTION.— Letters  of  introduction  should  never  be 
sealed.     In  addition  to  the  address,  they  should  contain  on  the  lower  left  hand  corner 

the  words,  "Introducing  Mr.  ."    This  enables  the  person  whose  civilities  are 

requested  for  the  l^earer  to  address  him  by  name  and  request  to  be  excused  while  the  letter 
is  read.  It  is  proper  always  to  deliver  letters  of  introduction  in  person,  but  if  sent 
they  should  be  accompanied  by  a  card  giving  your  name  and  place  of  residence. 

LETTERS  BY  HAND.— Letters  are  frequently  sent  by  hand,  in  which  the 
bearer  has  no  concern.  The  letter,  sealed  of  course,  should  contain,  besides  the  ad- 
dress, in  the  lower  left  hand  corner,  the  words  "Politeness  of  Mr. ,"  or  "By 

favor  of  Mr  ."    The  person  addressed  will  thus  have  an  opportunity  of  thanking 

the  bearer  by  name.  The  letter  should  not  be  read  till  the  visitor  has  departed  unless 
he  has  some  interest  in  it. 

In  writing  to  strangers  for  personal  information  always  inclose  a  stamp,  as  also  in 
writing  to  a  poor  person. 


ADDRESSES.— In  addressing  a  letter,  give  tue  full  title  of  the  person  addressed, 
if  he  have  any  public  station  or  piofessional  title.  As  "  A.  W.  Smith,  Estj.,  M.  D." 
or  "Dr.  A.  W.  Smith,"  "Right  Reverend  Bishop  McQuade,"  "Rev.  J.  W.  Brown, 
D.D."  or  "Rev.  Dr.  J.  W.  Brown,"  "Captain  Amos  Jones,  U.  S.  A."  In  addressing 
naval  officers  on  active  service,  address  "  Captain  H.  W.  Morton,  Commanding  U.  S. 
S.  Clyde"  or  "Lieutenant  James  A.  Garland,  on  board  U.  S.  S.  Clyde."  People 
without  title  or  office  are  addressed  "M^;.  John  Jones,"  or  "John  Jones,  Esq.'" 
according  to  fancy. 

PRESENTS. 

There  is  an  art  in  giving  presents  which  comes  intuitively  to  people  of  refined 
instincts,  but  for  wliich  no  rule  can  be  laid  down.  The  person  offering  the  gift 
should  study  in  doing  so  to  give  (he  greatest  amount  of  pleasure  and  satisfaction.  In 
a  gift  to  a  poor  person,  while  it  is  preferable  to  give  some  article  of  utility,  care  should 
be  taken  that  the  gift  is  not  a  reminder  of  poverty.  Some  article  both  useful  and 
ornamentjU  for  the  table  is  the  most  suitable.  The  most  expensive  present  is  not 
always  the  most  welcome.  If  possible,  ascertain  without  suspicion  something  for 
which  the  person  in  question  has  expressed  a  special  desire,  but  has  been  unable  to 
secure.    The  gift  in  this  case  will  be  a  surprise  and  a  real  gratification. 

In  wedding  presents  care  should  be  taken  about  the  suitability  of  the  articles 
selected  for  presentation.  Articles  of  perspicuous  unsuitability  or  absurd  incongruity, 
will  only  excite  amusement  and  derision,  which  cannot  very  well  be  avoided,  in  place 
of  the  gratitude  designed  to  be  evoked.  Donors  should  never  be  present  when  their 
presents  are  being  received. 

In  acknowledging  presents  endeavor  to  convey  appreciation  of  the  friendship 
which  the  gift  indicates  rather  than  mere  gratitude  for  the  gift  itself.  Express  your 
thanks  simply  without  orofusion  of  words  or  effusion  of  sentiment. 


INVITATION  BOOK. 


No  lady  with  a  large  circle  of  acquaintances  will  attempt  to  trust  to  memory  for 
the  issuance  of  her  invitations,  as  unintended  omissions,  construed  as  intentional 
slights,  are  the  frequent  and  inevitable  result.  The  lady  who  desires  to  avoid  this, 
and  to  consult  her  own  comfort  and  convenience,  and  the  success  of  her  social  menage, 
will  have  a  regular  invitation  book,  in  which  will  be  inscribed  the  names  of  all  whom 
she  wishes  to  retain  in  the  circle  of  her  acquaintance,  and  classified  according  to  the 
scale  of  intimacy  which  is  accorded  to  them.  For  instance,  a  lady  may  extend  invita- 
tions to  an  evening  reception,  which  would  be  confined  to  a  much  smaller  circle  for  a 
dinner  party.  Lists  of  eligible  parties  should  be  kept  for  each  form  of  entertainment, 
and  as  the  accommodation  available  to  a  lady  of  an  ordinarily  large  circle  of  friends, 
will  not  permit  of  a  dinner  party  to  which  all  can  be  invited,  it  is  proper  to  decide 
at  the  beginning  of  the  season  upon  a  certain  number  of  dinners  during  the  season, 
and  care  should  be  taken  to  extend  at  least  one  invitation  during  that  period  to  every 
person  whose  name  appears  on  the  visiting  list 


THE   SOCIAL   CODE. 


I  LI  EKE  is  no  social  responsibility  which  rests  with  greater 
anxiety  upon  the  mind  of  the  mistress  of  an  establish- 
ment, than  that  of  giving  dinner  parties,  and  there  is 
hardly  any  branch  of  her  social  duties  Avhere  success  is 
attended  with  greater  satisfaction.  It  is,  therefore,  of 
supreme  importance  to  her  that  before  marriage  she 
should  not  only  acquire  skill  in  the  ordinary  duties  of 
the  household,  but  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the 
etiquette  which  governs  polite  society  in  the  art  of  dinner  giving, 
and  the  rules  by  the  observance  of  which  a  successful  dinner  party 
can  be  assured.  The  matter  of  numbers  invited  may  vary  accord- 
ing to  the  extent  of  the  hostess'  convenience  and  the  circle  of 
acquaintance,  but,  according  to  the  old  rule,  there  should  never  be 
"  more  than  the  Graces,  nor  less  than  the  Muses ;"  that  is  to  say, 
not  more  than  nine  nor  less  than  three.  If,  however,  the  hostess 
have  space  at  her  table  she  will  find  that  six  guests  for  each  side 
of  the  table  will  make  up  a  very  pleasant  circle,  giving  sufficient 
numbers  to  insure  variety  in  the  conversation.  To  have  thirteen 
at  the  table  is,  by  tradition,  forbidden.  It  is  a  rule  of  faith  with 
a  great  many  among  the  French,  that  where  there  are  thirteen  at 
the  table,  death  will  surely  claim  a  victim  from  their  number  before 
the  year  is  out. 

SELECTING  THE  COMPANY.— The  dinner  party  is  the  highest  social  dis- 
tinction which  can  be  conferred  in  polite  society  upon  one's  neighbor.  Unlike  other 
social  entertainments,  the  dinner  party  is  given  in  the  joint  name  of  the  host  and 
hostess,  and  the  first  essential  to  success  is  the  proper  selection  of  the  company. 

WHO  TO  INVITE.— Having  decided  upon  the  number  to  be  invited,  the  hostess 
will  bear  in  mind  that  the  party  must  consist  of  an  equal  number  of  ladies  and  gentle- 
men. From  her  acquaintances  she  will  then  proceed  to  select  tho.se  who  will  Ije  most 
likely  to  be  pleased  to  meet  each  other,  bearing  in  mind  at  the  same  time  that  a  success- 
ful conversationalist,  a  good  relator  of  anecdotes,  or  a  gentleman  with  a  polite  and 
refined  sense  of  humor  is  a  great  acquisition  to  a  dinner  party.  Care  should  be  taken 
not  to  invite  people  to  meet  each  other  who  are  not  on  agreeable  terms,  or  people  in 
public  or  political  position  who  hold  violently  opposing  views.  So  far  as  can  be 
attained  harmony  of  ideas,  of  friendships  and  of  interest  should  be  secured.  If  there 
be  young  ladies  in  the  house,  young  people  should  be  invited  to  meet  them,  but  other- 
wise it  is  not  customary  to  invite  young  ladies  to  meet  married  people  at  a  dinner 
party.  Where  this  is  done,  however,  care  should  be  taken  to  provide  a  suitable  and 
congenial  escort  for  them. 


THE   SOCIAL   CODE. 


ISSUING  INVITATIONS.— The  next  thing  in  order  is  the  issuing  of  the  cards. 
If  the  party  be  small,  the  hostess  will  simply  dispatch  a  written  note  in  the  following 
form : 

"  Dear  Mrs.  Doe,— WiU  yourself  and  Mr.  Doe  give  us  the  pleasure  of  your  company  at 
dinner,  on  Monday,  the  19th  inst..  at  a  quarter  before  eight?" 

For  the  formal  dinner,  however,  regular  cards  of  invitation  are  used,  and  the  in- 
vitations are  sent  out  in  tlie  following  shape : 


Br.  ant)  ffirs.  Jamcs^  €i)crctt 

vtquABi  tfjc  pfcagurc  of  i^ 
company  of 

iBBr.  €bwarb  l^arofcp 

^t  ©inner, 

©Tj  ^uci5L)av\  Mavci)  27it)  IS85, 

31  Bibtri  o'cEoch. 

357  Vine  Street. 


It  is  customary  in  the  very  highest  circles  to  have  these  invitation  cards  printed 
or  engraved,  leaving  only  the  names  and  dates  to  be  filled  in.  In  replying  to  the  first 
form  of  invitation,  the  answer  will  be  in  a  friendly  note  of  acceptance  or  declination. 
In  replying  to  the  formal  card,  the  answer  Is  sent  in  the  following  shape  : 

"  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Leroy  Jones  have  (m>t  will  have)  much  pleasure  in  accepting  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Lawrence's  kind  invitation  to  dinner  on  Monday,  the  19th  Inst.,  at  8  o'clock." 

Cards  should  always  be  sent  out  two  weeks  before  the  time  set  for  the  dinner,  ahd 
the  replies  should  be  made  promptly,  so  as  to  enable  the  hostess  to  issue  further  invita- 
tions, in  case  of  a  declination,  or  to  complete  her  arrangements  in  event  of  acceptance. 
A  refusal  to  accept  an  invitation  cannot  be  made  a  mere  conventional  matter,  as  in  case 
of  a  party.  There  must  be  some  real  or  substantial  previous  unavoidable  engagement 
where  an  invitation  can  be  declined  with  propriety.  Otherwise  the  refusal  is  insulting 
to  the  party  who  Issues  the  invitation. 

DRESS  FOR  DINNER  PARTIES.— The  gentlemen  have  no  choice  in  this 
respect,  having  only  one  style  of  permissible  full  dress,  and  no  such  thing  as  a  demi 
toilette.  For  ladies,  however,  although  the  dinner  party  is  a  full-dress  occasion,  it  is 
not  strictly  de  rigiieur.  The  dinner  dress  is  now  usually  made  quite  low,  the  square, 
or  heart-shaped  corsage  being  adopted.  The  sleeves  should  reach  the  elbow,  and  be 
trimmed  with  lace  or  frillings.  The  gloves  are  retained  on  the  hands  till  the  lady 
has  taken  her  seat  at  the  table.  Where  lace  mittens  are  worn,  they  need  not  be 
removed.  It  is  quite  permissible  to  wear  dresses  made  high  to  the  throat,  but  they 
should  be  of  rich  material,  of  full-dress  style,  and  be  generously  trimmed  with  lace. 
Strict  attention  to  the  requirement  of  the  toilet  is  exacted  from  both  hostess  and 
guests. 


THE   SOCIAL   CODE. 


PRECEDENCE  TO  THE  DINING-ROOM.— The  hostess  will  have  arranged  the 
precedence  of  her  guests,  and  also  taken  care  to  assign  escorts  to  the  lady  guests,  with 
a  view  to  their  comfort  and  wishes,  so  that  when  dinner  is  announced  tliey  are  promptly 
assigned  to  their  places,  without  confusion  or  delay.  The  host  offers  his  right  arm  to 
the  lady  of  highest  rank  or  consideration  in  the  company,  and  hands  her  to  the  seat 
on  the  right  hand  of  the  head  of  the  table.  Gentlemen  will  invariably  offer  the  right 
arm.  The  gentleman  of  second  rank  takes  the  seat  to  the  left  of  the  host,  and  so  on. 
In  case  of  married  couples  the  hostess  will  take  care  that  ladies  are  placed  in  charge 
of  gentlemen  other  than  their  husbands.  Where  a  young  couple,  whose  engagement 
is  publicly  known,  are  present,  they  should  not  be  placed  together,  but,  where  practi- 
cable, vis-a-vis.  The  hostess  is  the  last  to  enter  the  room,  and  is  accompanied  by  the 
gentleman  of  the  highest  rank.  Rank,  of  course,  will  be  understood  to  be  governed 
by  social  prominence,  or  public,  professional,  or  official  position. 

THE  GUESTS. — Guests  will  bear  in  mind  that  they  are  required  to  observe  the 
strictest  pimctuality.  The  last  guest  should  be  fully  five  minutes  before  the  time  set 
for  announcing  dinner,  as  conveyed  on  the  invitation  card.  To  be  late  at  a  dinner 
party  is  a  gross  breach  of  etiquette.  At  the  table  while  devoting  yourself  assiduously 
to  your  partner,  be  careful  to  be  interested  when  the  conversation  is  general,  and  take 
a  part  in  it.  No  more  wraps  should  be  taken  in  going  to  a  dinner  than  can  conven- 
iently be  left  in  the  hall,  so  that  the  guest  passes  almost  directly  into  the  drawing 
room.  Go  directly  to  the  hostess  and  receive  her  greeting  before  acknowledging  the 
presence  of  any  other  person.  Join  in  the  conversation  and  do  your  best  to  make  the 
waiting  time  pass  cheerfully,  and  find  a  bright  and  pleasant  word  for  your  partner  on 
the  way  to  the  dining  room. 

AT  THE  TABLE. — Considerations  of  health,  comfort  and  seemliness,  suggest 
that  the  dinner  eating  be  done  leisurely.  To  eat  with  haste  or  avidity  is  a  sure  token 
of  ill-breeding,  and  leaves  the  guest  in  the  imcomfortable  position  of  having  nothing 
to  do  while  others  are  finishing  the  courses.  The  gentleman  should  time  his  move- 
ments by  those  of  the  lady  in  his  charge.  He  should  see  that  she  has  such  attendance 
as  he  can  afford,  such  as  handing  the  salt  and  giving  instructions  to  the  waiter.  Avoid 
questions  involving  lengthy  answers  or  explanations.  In  the  intervals  of  the  dinner 
fill  up  the  time  with  light  and  agreeable  conversation,  endeavoring  to  adapt  yourself 
to  the  comfort  of  your  charge.  Do  not  refuse  soup;  you  may  partake  of  as  little  as 
you  please.  If  you  take  sherry  with  your  soup,  refuse  hock  when  offered  with  the 
entrees.  Never  drink  a  whole  glass  of  wine.  It  is  courteous  to  take  wine,  even  if  it 
be  merely  tasted,  except  it  be  understood  that  you  have  conscientious  objections  to 
doing  so.  If  asked  at  table  what  part  of  the  fowl  you  prefer,  answer  promptly,  as 
nothing  is  more  embarrassing  to  the  host,  if  he  be  the  carver,  than  two  or  more  guests 
who  have  "no  preference."  Good  breeding  will  instinctively  lead  you  to  thank  the 
servant.     True  refinement  is  always  courteous  to  inferiors. 

REMOVING  THE  CLOTH.— On  the  "removal  of  the  cloth,"  which  has  come 
to  be  a  mere  figurative  expression,  implying  the  bringing  on  of  the  dessert,  and  the 
hostess  thinks  a  suitable  time  has  elapsed,  she  rises,  bows  to  the  lady  of  highest  con- 
sideration, and  leads  the  way  from  the  dining-room,  the  gentlemen  rising  as  they  leave 
the  table.  A  gentleman  may  excuse  himself  to  the  male  company  and  a<-k  leave  to  join 
the  ladies,  but  it  is  not  good  form  to  do  so.  Coffee  is  handed  to  the  ladies  in  the  draw- 
ing-room ten  to  fifteen  minutes  after  retiring,  and  to  the  gentlemen  after  a  somewhat 
longer  interval.  The  host  should  not  allow  more  than  thirty  minutes  to  elapse  before 
giving  the  signal  for  joining  the  ladies  in  the  drawing  room,  after  which  tea  is  handed. 
A  hostess,  if  musical,  may  entertain  her  guests  at  the  piano  or  harp,  or  may  ask  any 
of  her  guests  to  do  so,  if  she  knows  they  have  the  accomplishment  and  are  not  averse. 


THE   SOCIAL   CODE. 


TABLE  DEPORTMENT.— While  it  is  unnecessary  here  to  repeat  as  injunctions 
in  etiquette,  the  simple  habits  of  decency  which  are  learned  in  the  nursery,  such  as 
"Do  not  leave  the  table  with  food  in  your  mouth,"  "Do  not  put  your  fingers  in 
your  mouth,"  or  "Do  not  come  to  the  table  in  your  shirt  sleeves,"  which  may  be  found 
in  some  books  which  profess  to  give  the  rules  of  polite  society,  there  are  some  gen- 
eral observations  which  it  will  be  well  to  bear  in  mind,  as,  for  instance:  In  crude  so- 
ciety it  is  not  considered  au  fait  to  take  the  last  piece  of  bread  or  cake  from  the  plate, 
but  in  the  polite  world  it  will  be  taken  as  a  matter  of  course,  becaiue  hesitation  would 
imply  the  absurd  suspicion  that  there  was  no  more  in  the  bouse.  While  if  asked  dur- 
ing tlie  carving  your  preference  as  to  a  part  of  the  fowl  you  do  not  hesitate  to  state  it, 
it  should  not  be  expresseil  without  request.  Stones  and  seeds  of  fmits  and  skins  of 
grapes  should  be  removed  from  the  mouth  with  the  sjxKjn  and  deposited  on  the  plate. 
Be  careful,  while  judiciously  praising  any  dish  that  affords  you  special  enjoyment,  not 
to  occasion  suspicion  of  your  sincerity  by  overdoing  it.  Avoid  fulsome  or  indiscrim- 
inate praise  of  everything  presented.  Do  not  rise  from  the  table,  even  where  smn- 
moned  by  telegram,  message,  or  other  necessity,  without  asking  to  be  excused,  ad- 
dressing the  request  to  the  company  through  the  hostess. 

THE  MENU  CARDS.— While  for  a  very  small  party  the  carving  by  the  host  and 
placing  of  the  dishes  upon  the  table  may  be  adopted  with  propriety,  the  dinner 
a  la  Rutae.  may  now  be  considered  to  l)e  the  universal  rule,  as,  indeed,  the  superior 
convenience  which  the  system  affords  entitles  it  to  be.  For  this  dinner  en  cereuwnie 
menu  cards  are  indispensable.  As  these  are,  on  exceptional  occasions,  generally  taken 
away  by  the  guest  as  a  souvenir,  it  is  fashionable  to  have  them  of  as  elegant  design 
as  possible.  One  curd  is  provided  for  every  couple.  The  card  should  show  two  soups, 
one  or  two  kinds  of  fish,  the  choicest  in  season,  two  entrees,  two  kinds  of  meat  and 
fowl,  in  boiled  and  roast,  cold  meats,  some  preparation  of  cheese,  and  a  variety  of 
dessert,  fruit,  and  confections. 

ORDER  OF  WINES.— With  the  soup  and  fish  the  waiter  will  pass  round  sherry, 
taking  care  to  inquire  of  each  guest,  and  if  wine  be  not  declineti,  to  fill  each  glass 
about  four-fifths  full.  If  hock  is  not  provided  for  the  entrees,  the  sherry  should  be 
passed  round  again.  With  the  dinner  proper  champagne  is  supplied,  in  the  bottle,  as 
a  matter  of  course,  the  waiter  simply  seeing  to  it  that  there  is  wine  within  convenient 
reach  and  removing  empty  bottles.  In  sultry  weather  ice  in  a  glass  dish  with  ice  tongs 
should  be  passed  around.  In  pouring  the  wine  the  waiter  will  take  the  neck  of  the 
bottle  with  a  clean  napkin.  At  dessert  sherry,  port,  claret  or  Madeira  may  be  pro- 
vided, one  or  all,  but  generally  two  varieties.  As  the  standard  after-dinner  beverage 
claret  has  generally  supplanted  port,  which  was  formerly  en  regie.  The  host,  after 
filling  the  glass  of  the  lady  on  his  right,  if  she  wishes,  passes  the  bottle,  which  makes 
the  detour  of  the  table  to  the  host,  where  it  remains  till  the  ladies  leave  the  table,  when 
the  bottle  is  circulated  according  to  pleasure.  Champagne,  ales  or  stout  should  be 
kept  in  the  sideboard,  or  on  the  ice,  according  to  season.  Wines  in  decanters  are 
placed,  on  the  table. 

SETTING  THE  TABLE  —In  arranging  the  table  for  a  dinner-party,  at  each 
place  there  should  be  placed  a  knife  and  fork  for  dinner  and  dessert,  soup  spoon  and 
dessert  spoon,  napkin,  finger  bowl  and  salt. 

For  ordinary  domestic  dinners,  knife,  fork,  soup  spoon,  napkin  and  salt  should  be 
at  each  place.  The  cruet  is  usually  the  centre  piece,  and  the  table  arranged  according 
to  the  taste  of  the  lady  of  the  house.  The  plates  are  placed  on  the  table  after  soup, 
with  the  joint,  by  the  servant  to  the  right  of  the  host  at  the  head  of  the  table.  Plates 
for  all  hot  meals  should  be  always  heated.  The  head  of  the  family  will  carve  the 
joint,  and  the  servant  will  wait  upon  those  at  the  table  in  the  same  manner  and  order 
as  prescribed  for  larger  dinner  parties. 


SHAPE  OF  THE  TABLE.— A  table  should  not  be  so  wide  that  a  guest  Is  unable 
to  carry  on  conversation  with  his  vin-a-vis.  For  that  reason,  except  for  Ihe  very 
smallest  number,  a  round  table  is  inadmissible.  The  most  convenient  shape  is  an 
oval  table,  where  the  whole  circle  can  see  and  be  seen. 

TABLE  DECORATIONS.— The  decoration  of  the  table  is  something  which  tests 
the  good  taste  and  artistic  skill  of  the  hostess.  The  dinner  a  la  liusse  gives  scope  for 
a  pleasing  effect  at  the  table  not  attainable  where  the  board  is  crowded  with  viands. 
Care  should  be  taken  not  to  be  too  profuse  nor  elaborate.  The  center  piece  may  be  a 
floral  design,  or  an  epergne,  tastefully  arranged  with  fruit  and  crowned  with  flowers. 
Where  the  table  is  lengthy,  the  center  piece  should  be  supported  by  two  side  pieces 
containing  pyramids  of  fruit  tastefully  arranged.  Vases  of  flowers  should  be  arranged 
to  fill  the  table  with  taste,  and  with  regard  to  the  general  effect.  Nothing  is  more 
elegant  than  bowls  of  fresh  blown  roses.  Where  the  table  is  large  enough  to  warrant, 
and  the  choice  of  a  conservatory  is  available,  a  floral  favor,  in  glass  or  silver  holder, 
placed  before  each  guest,  or  between  alternate  covers,  has  a  pleasing  effect.    Tliese 

should  be  of  the  most  simple  design,  such 
as  a  rosebud  with  spray  of  maiden  hair,  or 
pink  and  white  or  yellow  and  red  buds 
delicately  relieved  with  foliage. 

THE    SIDEBOARD.— The    arrange- 
ment of  the  sideboard   will    occupy  the 
attention  of  the  hostess  scarcely  less  than 
the  table.     The  silver  necessary  to  the  serv- 
ice,'salvers,  etc  ,  knives,  forks  and  spoons, 
cheese  plates,  dessert  plates,  etc.,  should  be 
neatly  arranged,  both  for  effect  and  for  the 
facilitation  of  the  work  of  the  waiter.     The  champagne  (and  beer  ale  or  stout,  where 
provided),  except  when  the  weather  requires  it  to  be  kept  on  the  ice,  is  genei-ally  placed 
upon  the  sideboard. 

THE  WAITING. — The  lady  who  is  anxious  for  the  success  of  her  dinner,  and 
what  lady  is  not  alive  to  the  supreme  importance  of  the  event  in  a  social  sense,  will  be 
exceedingly  careful  about  the  wailing,  as  the  best  dinner  in  the  world  will  be  spoiled 
by  clumsy,  uninstructed  or  ill-trained  waiters  or  waitresses.  In  large  establishments 
where  the  services  of  a  butler  are  retained,  that  duty  is  taken  off  the  lady's  hands,  but 
in  the  generality  of  cases  the  responsibility  is  left  upon  the  lady  of  the  house.  As  a 
rule  women  are  preferred  to  men  for  this  work.  The  waiter  requires  to  be  prompt, 
vigilant,  noiseless  and  quick  of  perception.  For  a  party  of  more  than  twelve  and  less 
than  twenty,  two  waiters  are  indispensable,  and  the  services  of  a  temporary  butler 
should  be  provided  to  guard  against  blunders.  He  will  superintend  the  work  of  ihe 
waiters  and  take  charge  of  the  sideboard.  The  waiters  of  course,  must  receive  the 
hot  dishes  at  the  door  from  some  invisible  agency  connected  vdth  the  culinary  depart- 
ment, which  also  removes  the  dishes  as  fast  as  they  may  be  dispensed  with. 

DUTIES  OF  WAITERS.— When  there  is  a  small  party  and  only  one  waiter  (the 
term  is  applied  to  either  male  or  female),  he  takes  his  place  behind  the  chair  of  the 
host  on  the  left  hand  side.  At  a  signal  from  the  host  he  removes  the  cover  of  the 
soup  tureen,  and  then  proceeds  to  hand  soup  to  each  person,  commencing  with  the 
lady  on  the  right  hand  of  the  host.  During  the  course  he  will  hand  round  the  sherry. 
He  will  then,  as  the  guests  finish  the  course,  pass  a  clean  plate  to  each,  removing  the 
soup  plnte  with  the  spoon  in  it.  When  all  have  finished,  the  tureen  is  removed  and 
placed  with  the  soiled  plates  in  the  receptacle  provided  for  the  purpose.  The  fish 
received  at  the  door  from  the  cook  is  then  placed  on  the  table.  Each  dish  should  be 
ready  for  the  waiter  at  the  door  as  required  for  the  table.     The  cover  is  removed  as 


before,  and  the  fish  serVed,  the  waiter  taking  in  his  left  hand  the  sauce  tureen.  If  a 
cruet  be  used,  it  should  also  be  passed  round,  but  the  rule  is  that  salt,  j)epper  and 
sauces  are  provided  on  the  table.  He  then  goes  round  with  the  sherry  again  during 
this  course,  which  will  be  removed  as  before.  The  same  routine  is  to  be  observed, 
with  the  eutreen,  joints,  etc.  Cheese  is  usually  placed  on  the  table,  where  it  is  cut  by 
the  person  helping  in  small  pieces  on  a  plate,  which  the  waiter,  who  has  previously 
placed  cheese  plates,  with  biscuits,  butter,  and  celery,  will  pass  around.  The  waiter 
will  then  remove  everything  from  the  table  except  the  dessert  and  flowers,  carefully 
removing  the  sidecloths,  where  used,  crumbs,  etc.  The  dessert  plate  and  glasses  are 
then  placed  before  each  guest,  and  the  wine  before  the  host  or  gentleman  presiding. 
The  waiter  should  hand  round  two  or  three  dishes  of  dessert,  after  which  his  duties 
terminate  with  the  removal  of  the  box  or  bucket  containing  the  plates,  knives,  etc. 
Where  there  are  two  waiters  one  should  be  assigned  lo  each  side  of  the  table.  In  passing 
the  entrees,  each  should  Ixave  a  separate  dish  which  will  be  exchanged  at  the  foot  of 
the  table,  the  second  being  profiFered  to  such  guests  on  each  side  as  have  refused  the 
first. 

FRUIT.— In  arranging  the  fruit  for  the  occasion,  the  housewife  will  find  it  a  great 
convenience  to  her  guests  to  make  an  incision  round  the  circumference  of  tlie  orange. 
By  introducing  a  spoon,  the  half  of  the  peel  can  be  neatly  removed  so  far  that  when 
handed  to  the  person  partaking,  it  Is  conveniently  got  rid  of,  and  the  orange  thus 
eaten  with  comfort,  and  without  the  danger  of  spoiled  clothes,  which  makes  so  many 
ladies  reject  this  choicest  of  fruit  at  dinner.  Sugar,  in  the  granulated  form,  should  be 
placed  on  the  table  for  those  who  prefer  it  with  oranges. 

t     ■  -^"^  ^^'^^^       3 

THE  following  examples  in  various  forms  of  menu  cards  may 
be    advantageously   followed   both    in   form,    and    for   pro- 
gramme, for  correct,  elegant  and  fashionable  menus : 

MENU  FOR  LADIES'  RECEPTION. 

Cream  of  Terrapin,  Puff  Paste. 

Cutlets  of  Minced  Quail,  with  French  Peas  in  Cream. 

Chicken  Salad.  Fresh  Lobster  Salad. 

Bread  and  Butter  Sandwiches. 

French  Sponge  Rolls. 

Coffee,  with  Whipped  Cream. 

Nesselrode  Pudding,  Kirsch  Glace  and  Coffee  Ice  Cream, 

Macaroon  Tart  Cake.  Jellies,  in  Paper  Cases. 

White  Chocolate.  Tea. 


Cream  of  Oysters. 

Escaloped  Partridge  in  Shells.        Fricadelle  of  Game,  with  Truffles. 

Sweetbread  Salad.  Assorted  Glaces. 

Walnut  and  Orange  Tart  Cakes. 

French  Sponge  Rolls. 

Bread  and  Butter  Sandwiches. 

Coffee,  with  Whipped  Cream.        White  Chocolate.        Oolong  Tea. 

Lemonade  Frappe,  or  Punch. 


THE   SOCIAL   CODE. 


AKOTHER. 

Bisque  of  Lobster. 

Cutlets  of  Minced  Cliicken,  with  French  Peas. 

Fricadelle  of  Game,  Truffle  Sauce.  Sweetbread  Salad. 

Glaces,  in  Paper  Cases.      Walnut  and  Orange  Tart  Cakes. 

French  Sponge  Rolls. 

Bread  and  Butter  Sandwiches. 

Coffee,  with  "Whipped  Cream.        White  Chocolate.        Oolong  Tea. 

MENU  FOR  DINNER  PARTY. 

Blue  Points. 

Bisque  of  Lobster. 

Baked  Blue-fish,  Port  Wine  Sauce.        Fried  Parisienne  Potatoes, 

Patties  of  Sweetbreads. 

Fillet  of  Turkey,  with  Truffles  and  Chestnuts. 

Asparagus.  ^ 

Croquettes  of  Potatoes.  "'-    -  -^       ^ 

Victoria  Punch.  '  ^^ftV* 

Broiled  Quail,  Currant  Jelly.  \^V^      t 

Lettuce  Salad.  ^  So^ 

Glaces.  Cakes.  '  'iumi     ""^ 

Cafe. 

MENU  FOR  CHILDREN'S  EVENING  PARTY. 

Escaloped  Chicken.         Sweetbreai  Salad. 

Rolls,  Sandwiches.  Coffee,  with  Whipped  Cream. 

Assorted  French  Creams  and  Ices. 

Assorted  Cakes. 

Center  Piece,  Mottoes  and  Flowers. 

Lemonade  Frappe. 

MENU  FOR  WEDDING  BREAKFAST. 

Cutlets  of  Minced  Lobster,  a  la  Hollandaise. 

Fricadelle  of  Turkey,  with  Truffles. 

Sweetbread  Patties. 

Chicken  Salad.  Fresh  Lobster  Salad. 

Ices.       Creams.      Glaces.      Tart  Cakes. 

Jellies. 

Bride's  Cake.    Groom's  Cake.    Wedding  Cake  Boxes  Filled. 

Center  Piece  Natural  Flowers. 

French  Sponge  Rolls.       Bread  and  Butter  Sandwiches. 

Coffee.        Tea.        Sauterne  Punch  Frappe. 

ANOTHER. 

Chicken  Croquettes. 

Crab  Salad. 

French  Sponge  Rolls.      Bread  and  Butter  Sandwiches. 

Coffee,  with  Whipped  Cream.     Oolong  Tea. 

Bride's  Cake.        Groom's  Cake. 

Wedding  Cake  Boxes  Filled.        Assorted  Cakes. 

Assorted  French  Creams  and  Ices.      JeUies. 

Lemonade  Frappe. 


r4^^^ 


THE   SOCIAL   CODE. 


I  CHOICE  RECIPES.  I 

The  following  recipes,  furnished  by  Kinsley,  of  Chicago,  will 
no  doubt  be  fully  appreciated  by  the  ladies  at  the  head  of  many 
households : 

Chicken  Croquettes  for  Ei^ht  Persons. 

Jnorredtento.— Select  one  irood  ben ;  ^  lb.  butter ;  ^  pint  sweet  cream ;  3  tablespoonfuls 
sherry ;  a  very  little  ground  nutmcflr ;  3  tablespoonfuls  tlour ;  M  pint  chicken  stock ;  salt  and 
white  pepper  to  taste ;  the  juice  of  half  a  lemon,  and  J4  can  mushrooms. 

Boil  tlie  chicken,  and  let  it  cool ;  remove  the  meat  from  the  bone,  cut  it  in  small  pieces, 
and  chop  the  niu8hn>om8.  Then  melt  the  butter  in  a  sauce|>an,  8tir  in  the  tlour,  cream  and 
stock,  and  continue  stirring  for  about  two  minutes;  then  take  it  off  the  Are,  add  the  wine 
and  seasoning:,  chicken  and  mushrooms.  Spread  thin  on  a  platter,  and  let  it  cool.  When 
quite  cold,  shape  in  the  form  of  pears,  dip  them  in  egff  and  cracker  crumbs,  and  fry  in  boiling- 
hot  lard,  two  or  three  at  a  time. 

Green  or  French  peas,  or  mushroom  sauoe,  can  be  served  with  croquettes. 

To  Broil  a  Steak,  Chop,  Chicken,  Game,  Fish,  or  Anything:. 
Season  the  meal  with  i>eppcr  and  salt;  place  it  in  a  double  wire  broiler,  and  put  the 
broiler  in  a  bakinK-|)an  containing  about  ^  inch  cold  water;  put  the  pan  on  the  top  shelf  of 
the  oven,  which  should  be  very  hot.    For  sirloin  steak,  eight  to  ten  minutes;  other  articlee, 
according  to  size  and  heat  of  the  oven. 

Coffee. 

Ingreditnt».—llfi  quarts  boiling  water ;  y^  lb.  best  ground  coffee;  1  egg. 

Break  the  egg  into  the  dry  coffee ;  stir  together  until  the  coffee  has  entirely  absorbed  the 
egg,  then  put  into  the  boiling  water  and  let  it  boil  five  minutes.  Strain  through  a  flannel 
into  a  china  or  porcelain  coffee-pot,  and  it  is  ready  to  sen'e. 

Tea. 
One  teaspoonf  ul  best  tea  to  one  cup  water.    Pour  boiling  water  into  a  china  or  earthen 
tea-pot ;  let  stand  till  heated  through,  then  pour  off  the  water ;  put  in  the  tea,  pour  boiling- 
hot  water  over  it.  and  serve  in  three  minutes. 

Cafe  Brule  for  Six. 

Jn{;red(«nt«.— Take  1  pint  strong  coffee ;  1  oz.  whole  spices  (consisting  of  allspice,  cloves, 
cinnamon,  mace  and  lemon-peel)  in  a  linen  sack ;  3  oz.  old-fashion  loaf  sugar,  in  one  piece. 

Pour  the  coffee  into  a  small  bowl ;  place  the  sack  of  spices  in  the  coffee,  and  the  sugar  on 
top  of  the  spices.  Pour  cognac  over  the  sugar  and  coffee,  and  set  on  fire.  Stir  to  keep  it  in 
a  blaze  for  some  minutes. 

Salad  Dressing,  or  French  Mayonnaise. 

Ingredients.— Take  the  yolks  of  2  eggs;  the  juice  of  half  a  lemon ;  a  small  pinch  of  cay- 
enne pepper ;  H  teaspoonful  fine  salt ;  3  tablespoonfuls  of  vinegar ;  }i  pint  best  olive  oil ;  1 
teaspoonf  ul  dry  mustard  (Colman's). 

Put  the  eggs  in  a  china  bowl,  salt  and  mustard  them,  stir  with  a  fork,  and  drop  in  the  oil 
slowly  until  it  thickens ;  then  add  the  vinegar  and  lemon- Juice,  stirring  all  the  time  till  well 
mixed. 

Whitefish  a  la  Point  Shirley. 

After  cleaning  the  fish,  lay  it  open  and  remove  the  backbone,  placing  it  in  a  buttered 
baking-pan,  skin  next  to  the  pan.    Season  freely  with  pepper  and  salt,  a  little  lemon- juice 
and  butter.    Put  two  cups  water  in  the  pan.  around  the  sides  of  the  fish.    Bake  in  a  hot  oven 
A  f our-poimd  fish  should  cook  fifteen  minutes.    Large  white-fish  are  superior  to  small  ones 


Muffins. 

Ingredients.—!  pint  sifted  flour,  1  pinch  salt,  3  eggs,  yi  pint  milk,  1  teaspoonf ul  powdered 
sugiir,  3  teaspoonfuls  baking  powder. 

Beat  the  eggs  and  milk  together,  put  In  the  salt  and  sugar;  sift  the  flour  and  baking  powder 
together  into  the  first  mixture,  and  stir  well  together.  Butter  the  irons  and  fill  f^bout  half 
full.    Have  a  medium  hot  oven. 

French  Puff  Paste. 

Itigredients.—l  lb.  flour,  1  lb.  best  butter. 

Mix  the  flour  with  one  quarter  of  the  butter  by  rubbing  it  together,  and  add  enough 
cold  water  to  make  it  the  consistency  of  ordinary  bread-dough.  Roll  this  out  to  the  thick- 
ness of  half  an  inch;  put  the  balance  of  the  butter  on  this  in  one  lump,  and  fold  the  four 
corners  of  the  dough  over  the  butter,  entirely  covering  it,  then  roll  it  out  to  the  thickness  of 
a  quarter  of  an  inch,  as  nearly  square  or  oblong  as  possible;  then  fold  the  ends  over  to  the 
center  until  the  sheet  is  about  four  inches  wide,  then  roll  it  out  again.  Let  it  rest  one  half 
hour  each  time,  and  roll  out  four  times. 

Peach  or  Apricot  Omelette  for  Four  Persons. 

Itigredients. — 4  eggs,  2  oz.  sugar,  J^  can  fruit,  14  tea-cup  sweet  cream,  pinch  salt. 

Beat  the  whites  of  eggs  separate,  then  beat  the  yolks  and  cream  together,  add  the  salt 
and  mix  all  well  together.  Melt  two  ounces  choice  butter  in  an  8-inch  frying-pan,  pour  in  the 
mixture ;  when  well  set  on  the  bottom  place  in  the  oven  two  minutes ;  then  place  the  fruit  on 
and  fold  over  like  a  turn-over.  Serve  plain  or  put  on  a  platter.  Sprinkle  fine  sugar  over  it, 
pour  rum  around  it,  and  set  on  fire. 

Corned  Beef  Hash. 

Ingredients.— 14  lb.  cooked  corned  beef,  chopped  fine,  double  quantity  in  bulk  of  cold 
boiled  potatoes  chopped  fine,  6  drops  Tobasco  pepper,  ^  teacup  water,  2  oz.  butter,  salt  and 
black  pepper  to  taste. 

Melt  the  butter  in  the  water,  then  add  the  other  ingredients  and  cook  till  thoroughly 
heated  through,  then  put  into  a  baking-pan  and  place  in  the  oven  till  brown  on  top.  Serve 
with  or  without  poached  eggs.    Onions  may  be  added  if  desired. 

Hamburg:  Steak. 

Ingredients.— 2  lbs.  round  of  beef,  raw,  1  medium  size  onion,  }4  lb-  beef  suet,  pepper  and 
salt  to  taste. 

Chop  the  beef  and  suet  very  fine ;  chop  the  onion  very  fine ;  mix  well  together  size  of  a 
fish-ball  and  fry  slow  in  butter  till  thoroughly  cooked  through,  about  five  minutes.  Mush- 
room, tomato  or  truffle  sauce  may  be  served  with  the  above. 

Sauce  HoUandaise. 

Ingredients.— 2  oz.  butter,  }^  pint  sweet  cream,  pepper  and  salt,  3  tablespoonfula  flour, 
juice  of  1  lemon,  yolk  of  3  eggs. 

Melt  the  butter,  stir  in  the  flour,  boil  the  cream  and  stir  it  in,  and  then  add  the  lemon, 
pepper  and  salt ;  whip  the  eggs  and  add  to  the  above.    If  too  thick,  thin  it  with  fish  broth. 

White  Sauce. 
Same  as  above,  leaving  out  the  lemon  and  eggs. 

Tomato  Soup. 

Ingredients.— 1  can  best  tomatoes,  pinch  red  pepper,  }^  teaspoonf  ul  sugar,  2  teaspoonfuls 
flour,  equal  quantity  water,  salt  to  taste,  1  oz.  butter,  J^  wine  glass  sherry. 

Melt  the  butter  and  stir  in  the  floiu",  then  add  the  tomatoes,  water  and  seasoning ;  stir 
well  to  mix,  and  bring  to  a  boil.  When  ready  to  serve  put  in  the  sherry.  Pried  bread  crumbe 
may  be  added  if  desired. 


THE   SOCIAL   CODE. 


Hillimi: 

THE  ART  OF  CARVING. 

iiiiniiiiiiiniiiiiwiiiiiiffliiiiiii 


^VERY  gentleman  should  early  make  himself  master  of  the 
art  of  carving.  It  is  a  necessary  accomplishment,  not  only 
for  the  young  man  who  contemplates  himself  as  the  future 
head  of  a  household,  but  for  everyone.  Every  young  man 
who  has  social  habits,  is  hable  at  any  moment  to  be  asked 
by  his  hostess  to  undertake^ the  carving  of  a  dinner,  and 
and  he  will  make  a  jjoor  figure,  especially  in  the  eyes  of  those  who 
look  upon  him  with  a  view  to  his  "  eligibility,"  if  he  have  to  plead 
ignorance.  Unscientific  carving,  hke  ignorant  waiting,  will  niin  the 
best  eff'orts  of  the  hostess  and  cook.  Young  men  should  take  lessons 
from  properly  quahfied  instructors  in  carving,  where  available,  or 
from  their  eldei*s,  when  possible.  For  those  who  have  to  depend 
upon  their  own  aptitude  and  ingenuity,  with  practice,  for  their  ac- 
quaintance with  the  art  of  carving,  a  few  rules  borne  in  mind  will 
enable  them  to  carve  with  the  best  advantage,  and  to  cut  meats  so 
as  to  give  the  greatest  satisfaction  to  the  guests  and  to  do  the 
greatest  measure  of  justice  to  the  cuisine. 

RULES  FOR  CARVING. 
Serve  small  fish  whole.  Mackerel  should  be  quartered.  Salmon  should  be  cut 
in  slices,  down  the  middle  of  the  upper  side  and  across  on  the  lower  side;  codfish  is 
cut  in  the  same  manner.  The  larger  fishes,  such  as  the  turbot,  should  be  halved  down 
the  centre  from  head  to  tail,  and  then  served  in  slices  across.  The  fin  of  a  turbot  is 
esteemed  by  many  a  rare  delicacy. 

A  sirloin  of  beef  is  carved  downward  to  the  bone,  the 
inside  or  tenderloin  part  being  sliced  thin  lengthwise.     Ask 
each  guest  the  preference,  for  outside  or  inside,  and  serve  a 
small  piece  of  fat  with  each  piece.     Otherwise  a  small 
piece  of  the  inside  should  be  helped  with  each  piece,  being 
esteemed  the  choicest  portion. 
A  roimd  of  beef  should  be  cut  in  thin,  smooth,  and  even  slices. 
Cut  a  leg  of  mutton  in  the  middle,  being  the  most  juicy  part,  making  the  slices 
thin  and  deep,  and  helping  each  plate  to  a  little  of  the  fat  and  a  portion  of  the  outside 
brown.     Be  carefxil  not  to  press  too  hard  with  the  knife,  as  the  succulent  juices, 
which  form  the  chief  merit  of  a  well-cooked  leg  of  mutton,  will  be  squeezed  out. 

If  a  fillet  of  veal  is  stuffed,  cut  clean  through  the  stuflSng,  and  serve  a  portion 
with  each  piece.  If  not  stuffed,  cut  in  the  same  way  as  a  roimd  of  beef.  Ask  each 
person  whether  the  brown  or  outside  is  preferred. 

The  most  economical  way  to  carve  a  ham  is  to  cut  from  the  large  end.  The 
common  way  is  to  cut  down  the  center,  to  the  bone,  carving  out  thin,  circular  slices, 
with  the  fat  and  lean  as  evenly  distributed  as  possible. 


THE   SOCIAL   CODE. 


Carve  a  shoulder  of  mutton  in  slices  lengthwise  from  knuckle  to  joint. 

Separate  the  shoulder  of  a  forequarter  of  lamb  from  the  breast  and  ribs  by 
passing  the  knife  through  and  under  it.  Help  from  the  ribs,  or  the  other  part, 
according  to  choice. 

Carve  a  saddle  of  mutton  in  thin  slices,  beginning  close  to  the  backbone,  and 
cutting  from  tail  to  end.     Help,  with  each  plate,  to  some  of  the  fat  from  the  sides. 

Roast  pig  is  sent  to  the  table  halved  from  end  to  end.  Begin  by  severing  the 
shoulder,  and  then  divide  the  joints  and  ribs.  The  neck  end  and  ribs  are  considered 
the  choicest  parts. 

Cut  a  haunch  of  venison  close  across  to  the  elbow,  after  which  slice  lengthwise. 

Tongue  should  be  cut  across,  beginning  an  inch  and  a  half  from  the  small  end, 
diminishing  the  slices  toward  the  larger  part. 

Small  game  is  sent  to  the  plate  whole,  or  halved, 
according  to  size.  ,(f^§i,       //,«.„. ~*--;i^<3 

In  carving  a  goose  or  turkey,  cut  off  the 
apron,  or  part  under  the  neck  and  outside  the 
"merry  thought,"  or  "  wishbone."  With  the  neck 
end  towards  you,  then  cut  off  the  breast  in  slices 
from  each  side  down  to  the  bone.  In  cutting  off  a  wing  or  a  leg  (the  former  first) 
with  the  knife,  holding  the  small  end  of  the  bone  or  pinion,  press  close  to  the  body, 
and  separate  the  joint  with  the  knife.  The  wing,  sidebones  and  thighs  are  next  sepa- 
rated, holding  the  fowl  with  the  fork  on  the  breastbone  and  pressing  the  bone  out 
with  the  knife  till  the  joint  separates,  when  it  is  easily  removed.  Cut  the  back  in  two 
crosswise.  The  breast  and  thighs  are  choice  pieces,  but  a  piece  of  the  breast  goes 
with  each  plate. 

Chicken  or  fowl  are  carved  by  separating  the  leg  aad  wings  whole.  Divide  the 
breast  from  the  body  by  cutting  through  the  tender  ribs.  Cut  the  breast  in  two  length- 
wise and  the  back  crosswise. 

Never  pour  gravy  over  white  meat,  on  a  plate,  as  it  destroys  its  delicate  appear- 
ance. 


THE   SOCIAL   CODE. 


e)e-BfIljIiS  AND  ]^fll^©ies.- 


•  / 


THE    BALL 

I)  ALLS  and  parties  are  the  occasions  where  people  of  both 
sexes,  more  especially  the  young  and  pleasure-loving, 
meet  for  mutual  enjoyment  and  the  innocent  and  exhil- 
arating pleasures  of  social  intercourse,  of  which,  as 
a  rule,  dancing  forms  the  chief  feature.  And  here  let 
it  be  remarked  that  many  young  men  of  sober  thought 
and  serious  aspirations  are  accustomed  to  look  upon  danc- 
ing as  a  frivolous  amusement,  to  be  indulged  in  only  by 
the  empty-headed.  It  should  be  remembered,  however, 
that  a  few  lessons  in  dancing  necessitates  but  a  small  expenditure 
of  time  and  money,  and  they  do  not  involve  the  promiscuous  at- 
tendance and  waste  of  the  precious  hours  of  youtli,  at  balls  and 
dancing  parties,  in  which  too  much  indulgence  is  often  permitted. 
The  young  man  should  be  sufficiently  master  of  the  standard  dances 
to  be  able,  later  in  life,  when  business  success  shall  have  imposed 
social  duties  upon  him,  to  make  a  creditable  appearance  upon  the 
the  ball-room  floor. 

Balls  are  of  three  classes,  private,  public,  and  fancy  dress,  the 
latter  of  which  may  be  either  public  or  private.  Public  balls  are 
generally  to  subserve  some  practical  object,  and  are  in  charge  of 
committees  of  lady  patronesses,  who  supervise  the  issuing  of  invita- 
tions, where  they  are  not  offered  for  public  sale,  and  consider 
applications  for  tickets,  and  of  stewards  who  assist  them,  and  act  as 
masters  of  ceremonies.  Public  balls  usually  extend  from  10  p.m.  to 
4  a.m.  For  a  private  ball  the  principal  requisites  are  a  room  suitable 
for  dancing,  and  a  hostess  with  sufficient  tact  not  to  allow  her 
hospitality  to  overcrowd  the  room  at  her  disposal.  In  the  dancing 
room,  where  there  is  not  an  apartment  specially  devoted  to  that  pur- 
pose, the  carpet  should  be  removed.  A  newly  waxed  floor  is  not 
pleasant  for  dancers ;  still  floors  have  to  be  waxed  the  first  time.  In 
case  of  an  uneven  floor,  a  cover  made  of  strong  brown  holland 
stretched  tightly  over  the  floor,  makes  an  excellent  dancing  surface 


THE   SOCIAL   CODE. 


THE  MUSIC. — For  a  small  party  a  piano,  or  piano  and  violin,  is  sufficient,  but 
a  large  party  in  a  room  of  corresponding  dimensions  requires  at  least  a  piano,  comet, 
violin  and  violoncello. 

CLOAK-ROOMS. — Rooms  will  be  set  apart  for  ladies'  and  gentlemen's  uressing 
rooms,  where  the  attendants  should  have  duplicate  tickets  to  be  given  with  each  article 
of  attire  received,  so  as  to  avoid  confusion  at  the  close.  The  maids  in  the  ladies' 
dressing  room  should  have  a  supply  of  needles,  pins,  cotton,  hairpains,  etc.,  and  there 
should  be  mirrors  and  other  toilet  accessories. 

DECORATION  AND  REFRESHMENTS.— In  the  cities  the  decorations  can 
be  best  left  in  the  hands  of  a  profes- 
sional, who  will  supply  everything  and 
be  responsible.  The  chief  requisite  is  a 
profusion  of  flowers  artistically  ar- 
ranged, plenty  of  mirrors  and  abundant 
light.  For  refreshments  there  should 
be  a  lunch-room  on  the  same  floor  as 
the  dancing  room,  where  light  refec- 
tions are  served  out  by  attendants  from 
a  table,  with  ices  and  champagne  cup, 
or  claret  punch. 

PROGRAMMES. — Each  invited  guest  should  be  supplied  with  a  card,  with  pro- 
gramme of  dances  to  be  followed,  and  blanks  for  filling  in  the  names  of  partners,  to 
which  a  small  pencil  is  attached  by  a  silk  cord  and  tassel. 

SUPPER. — Supper  should  be  provided  in  a  separate  room,  and  is  generally  the 
subject  of  care  on  the  part  of  the  hostess.  It  will  comprise  cold  turkey,  fowl,  game, 
ham,  tongue,  salads,  pates,  soufiies,  trifles,  etc. ,  and  Moselle,  claret,  sauterne  and  lighter 
wines  are  the  beverages.     Everything  as  far  as  possible  is  iced. 

INVITATIONS  AND  RECEPTION.— Invitation  cards  for  Balls,  At  Homes, 
etc. ,  are  all  in  very  much  the  same  form,  which  may  be  generally  procured  from  sta- 
tioners and  the  blanks  filled  in.     One  example  will  suffice  for  all : 


FRrs.  ^ames  Everett 

requests  t^e  pleasure  of  your  company 

3t 

0n   PHonday,   November  23cl  inst. 


Dancing  at  9;30  o'clock. 


THE   SOCIAL    CODE. 


The  blank  may  be  filled  in  with  the  words,  "A  Ball,"  or  "  At  Home,"  or  other- 
wise as  the  occasion  varies.  The  lady  of  the  house  should  remain  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  door  till  all  the  guests  have  arrivetl,  to  welcome  them  by  bow  or  handshake.  She 
should  be  assisted  by  sons  or  daughters,  or  friends,  in  the  task  of  performing  intro- 
ductions, finding  partners  for  late  arrivals,  and  generally  endeavoring  to  make  the 
event  one  of  as  much  pleasure  as  possible  to  the  guests. 


OP  VARIOUS  KINDS.— The  term  "  At  Home,"  is  nowadays  applied  to  nearly 
every  kind  of  evening  entertainment.    The  Invitation  may  be  worded  as  follows : 


FRrs.  James  Everett  , 

requests  tbe  pleasure  of  your  company 


on 


rKonday  Qvenina,   Rovember  23cl, 
frbnn  8  to   1  1    o  olock. 


Dancing. 


As  the  leading  feature  of  the  event,  the  words.  Music,  Charades,  Theatricals,  may 
take  the  place  of  Dancing.  The  invitations  are  usually  sent  out  two  weeks  in  advance 
of  the  date,  and  require  the  same  punctilious  attention  and  form  of  reply  as  in  other 
social  events  alluded  lo. 

THE  INVITED  GUEST.— If  the  "  At  Home"  be  held  in  the  afternoon,  if  there 
be  dancing  or  not,  ladies  will  retain  their  bonnets  during  the  stay,  but  will  avoid  large 
hats  which  would  incommode  themselves  or  others  in  dancing.  The  guest  on  being 
announced  will  endeavor  to  make  his  way  to  the  lady  of  the  house  to  pay  his  respects, 
but  may  salute  acquaintances  on  his  way.  It  is  good  form  to  arrive  a  short  time  a^ter 
the  hour  fixed  on  the  invitation  card,  and  to  retire  some  time  before  the  close.  Recep- 
tions are,  of  course,  attended  in  full  evening  dress. 

INTRODUCTIONS. — The  "At  Home"  being  of  a  more,  promiscuous  nature 
than  other  social  events,  general  introductions  are  neither  necessary  nor  desirable.  The 
hostess  in  this  matter  will  exercise  tact  and  discretion.  If  a  guest  have  a  desire  for  an 
introduction  to  a  stranger  of  either  sex  he  may,  in  the  absence  of  a  mutual  acquaintance, 
apply  to  his  hostess  for  it.  •  The  hostess  should  be  watchful,  however,  to  see  that  no 
person  is  left  entirely  to  his  or  her  own  resoiu*ces  for  amusement. 


THE   SOCIAL    CODE. 


REFRESHMENTS.— These  are  provided  in  the  dining-room,  whether  at  cere- 
monious ' '  Teas"  or  "At  Homes. "  No  plates  are  necessary,  except  where  ices  are  served. 
The  edibles  provided  comprise  sandwiches,  bread  and  butter,  biscuits  and  cake,  with 
tea  and  coffee  and  wine  "cups,"  if  desired.  Fresh  fruit  may  also  have  a  place  on  the 
refreshment  list.     Strawberries  and  cream  in  season  are  always  appreciated. 


I  AFTERNOON  TEAS.  I 


HE  same  regulations  will  apply  to  afternoon  teas  as  to  "At  Homes,"  and  the 

provision  for  refreshments  will  be  made  in  the  same  manner.     For  a  small 

five  o'clock  tea  party,  the  hostess  herself  dispenses  tea  or  coffee,  and  the  ladies 

are  waited  on  by  the  gentlemen  present,  or,  in  the  absence  of  gentlemen,  by 

young  lady  members  or  friends  of  the  hostess.     The  gloves  are  not  removed,  as 

a  rule,  but  in  some  circles  the  sensible  custom  of  xmgloving  the  right  hand  is 

adopted. 

AFTERNOON  PARTIES.— For  more  formal  afternoon  parties,  which  are 
popular  in  the  months  of  June,  July,  and  August,  cards  are  issued  in  the  following 
manner: 


CREST 


MONOGRAM. 


The  name  of  the  invited  guest  is  written  across  the  top  of  the  card,  and  the  date 
is  generally  written  on  a  blank  line  left  for  the  purpose.  In  the  refreshment  room, 
tea,  coffee,  and  ices  will  be  presided  over  by  the  lady's  maid,  and  the  salads,  biscuits, 
sandwiches,  rolls,  cakes,  fruit,  and  champagne  or  claret  cup  is  dispensed  by  waiters. 

"Where  music  of  a  professional  character  is  included,  chairs  should  be  arranged  in 
concert-room  order,  and  guests  furnished  with  programmes;  also  in  the  case  of  theat- 
ricals; in  either  case  "Music,"  or  "Theatricals"  being  denoted  on  the  card.  The 
guests  should  leave  cards  with  the  hostess  the  day  succeeding  the  party. 


THE    SOCIAL   CODE. 


§iiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiMiiiiiinMiiiiDinii!iin«ii!ii!iiwfiiiiniiiiiiiiniiiiiiii!si»iii 

I §^  PICNICS.  ^-2 1 

llllll!linillll!llHllllllliniIIIIIIIHIIIIIII!WIIIIIIIIIBIIIIIIIIHI!llllllMII!ll!llBI 

lllBLMONG  social  amusements  limited  to  the  summer  months,  there  is  none 
3\  more  deservedly  popular  than  the  Picnic.  The  healthful,  exhilarating 
;»TTO  influence  of  such  an  event,  when  a  good  deal  of  the  stiffness  of  conven- 
tional etiquette  is  relaxed,  usually  gives  the  picnic  an  air  of  hilarious  festivity, 
which,  indeed,  indicates  its  true  character,  and  for  this  reason  care  should  be 
taken  to  have  the  company  invited  selected  with  care  and  discrimination. 

SELECTING  THE  SPOT.— The  site  selected  for  a  picnic  should  be  not 
so  remote  as  to  be  in- 
convenient of  access, 
nor  so  near  the  ' '  busy 
haunts  of  men  "  as  to 
invite  intrusion  or 
impertinent  curiosity. 
It  should  combine  the 
attributes  of  utility 
and  the  picturesque; 
should  afford  shade 
from  the  meridian 
heat,  and  open  lawn 
for  afternoon  amuse- 
ments, and,  above  all, 
if  p>ossible,  should  be 
near  a  stream  of  liv- 
ing water.  Prudence 
will  also  take  into 
account  the  proxim- 
ity of  some  con- 
venient shelter  in 
which  refuge  can  be 
had  in  the  event  of 
unpropitious  weather. 

PICNIC  TOILETS. — An  expensive  toilet  at  a  picnic  betokens  neither  good  taste 
nor  good  breeding.  Boots  and  gloves  should,  as  at  all  times,  be  unexceptionable,  and 
the  style  in  which  the  dress  material  is  made  up  may  be  of  the  most  approved  fashion 
The  material  itself  should  be  of  some  cheap  and  strong  washing  material,  white  being 
given  the  preference.  If  the  w-eather  be  cool,  flannel,  serge,  or  mohair  is  suitable; 
if  hot,  cotton,  linen,  or  hoUand.  The  dress  should  be  short  enough  for  convenience 
and  comfort  in  walking.  Gentlemen  may  wear  shooting-coats  and  wide-awake  hats 
if  desired. 

INVITATIONS,  CONVEYANCES  AND  LUNCH.— The  most  agreeable  way 
of  selecting  a  picnic  party  is  for  two  or  three  friends  to  join  the  hostess  in  making  the 
necessary  provisions.  The  invitations  are  to  be  written,  as  there  are  so  many  points 
to  be  explained  that  no  stereotyped  form  can  be  adopted.  The  guests  may  be  re- 
quested to  meet  at  the  spot  selected  at  a  given  hour,  or  they  may  be  rendezvoused  at 
an  appointed  time  for  conveyance  by  rail  or  carriage.  In  this  case  the  party  issuing 
the  invitations  is  expected  to  furnish  the  conveyances  and  to  make  all  needful  arrange 


THE   80CIA.L    CODE. 


ments.  The  guests  will,  as  a  rule,  pay  for  their  own  tickets  and  traps.  The  luncheon 
should  consist  of  an  abundance  of  cold  fowl,  ham  and  tongue,  salads,  canned  fish, 
meats  and  sardines,  sandwiches,  pat(38,  cold  salmon,  bread,  butter  and  cheese,  tarts, 
fruits  and  cake,  and  a  generous  supply  of  cider,  claret  and  champagne — in  the  "  cup" 
preparation.  The  party,  on  reaching  the  destination,  will  disperse,  leaving  the  hostess 
and  her  chosen  attendants  to  prepare  the  lunch,  a  time  for  which  is  set,  generally  about 
one  hour  from  time  of  arrival.  The  gentlemen  will  wait  upon  the  ladies,  and  the 
lunch  is  altogether  sans  ceremonie. 


i&'.^^'t^i^^'^  Ks^&m 


THE  FANCY  DRESS  BALL 


k*(i(!Bt<f*  .^  <f> »» "^s »»  ^>^1 


ARDS  for  the  bal  inasque,  a  form  of  entertaiimient  which  the  hostess,  if 
she  have  ample  accommodation,  may  give  once,  but  not  oftener,  in  a  sea- 
son, should  be  of  exceptionally  elegant  and  expensive  design,  marking  the 

more  than  ordinary  character  of  the  event.    Invitations  are  in  the  following 

form: 


FRr.  and  FRrs.   l^alpb  Winters 

request  tf^e  pleasure   of  your  company  in 

rs(2i:r)cy  k)p<z-ss 

0n    rrionday    Qvenina,    December    22d. 

at  9  o  clod?. 


R.  S.  V.  p. 


Gorham  Place. 


No  introductions  are  possible,  and  guests  are  presumed  to  maintain  conversational 
Intercourse  in  accordance  vdth  the  character  assumed.  A  gentleman  in  mask  may  beg 
the  favor  of  attending  the  masked  lady  without  an  introduction.  Masks  are  removed 
on  the  announcement  of  supper.  The  fancy  dress  ball  most  in  vogue  in  America  dis- 
penses with  masks,  which  is  the  French  custom.  The  ordinary  regulations  for  a  ball 
prevail. 


THE   SOCIAL   CODE. 


«|g-Tr-r.t»K^r-T-g(|> 


* 


^^ — 


f 


I  HE  laxJy  at  the  head  of  a  household  has  not  only  the 
social  reputation  of  the  house  on  her  shoulders  in  her 
i,^eneral  management  of  the  domestic  economy,  and  her 
success  in  providing  the  substantial  elements  of  comfort, 
but  much  also  depends  upon  her  personal  knowledge  of 
the  proprieties,  her  tact  in  being  in  the  right  place  at  the 
right  time  and  saying  the  right  thing  to  the  right  person. 
She  should  have  a  distinct  understanding  of  the  progrannne  neces- 
sary to  be  followed  upon  the  various  social  events,  and  in  carrying 
this  out  she  will  not  fail  to  meet  the  exjx3ctations  of  society. 

MORNING  RECEPTIONS —For  receiving  morning  visitors  the  hostess  will 
rise  to  receive  ladies,  but  will,  as  a  rule,  receive  a  gentleman  seated,  shaking  hands 
with  each  visitor.  When  the  guests  depart  she  will  shake  hands  with  each,  witliout 
rising  if  a  gentleman,  and  ringing  the  bell  for  the  door  as  she  does  so.  If,  however, 
her  visitor  is  a  lady  unattended,  the  hostess  will  accompany  her  to  the  door  of  the 
drawing-room,  and  close  it  after  her.  If  two  parties  are  present  in  the  room  at  the 
same  time,  the  hostess  may  introduce  them  to  each  other,  or  not,  at  her  discretion. 

RECEPTION  OF  DINNER  GUESTS.— In  preparing  for  the  reception  of 
guests  for  a  dinner  party,  the  hostess  should  be  in  the  drawing  room  for  some  little 
time  previous  to  the  hour  appointed  for  the  arrival  of  guests,  to  see  that  every  ar- 
rangement has  been  properly  executed,  and,  also,  lest  a  difference  in  time  pieces  might 
announce  some  guest,  who  would  not  find  her  prepared  for  the  occasion.  She  will 
rise  on  the  arrival  of  each  guest,  but  generally  takes  a  position  seated  near  the  door, 
where  she  greets  the  guest,  exchanging  a  few  words  of  conversation,  in  which  the 
gentleman  should  be  informed  whom  he  will  escort  to  the  table,  and  passes  the  guest  on 
to  some  other  visitor  or  coterie  where  he  will  be  entertained.  When  the  host  offers  his 
arm  to  the  premier  lady,  the  hostess,  in  the  order  of  consideration,  mentions  the  name 
of  each  gentleman,  instructing  him  which  lady  guest  to  attend  to  the  table.  She 
will  give  the  signal  for  the  conclusion  of  the  dinner  by  rising  and  bowing  to  the  part- 
ner of  the  host,  and  will  follow  the  ladies  to  the  drawing-room.  She  will  there  devote 
herself  to  the  entertainment  of  the  ladies  by  introducing  general  conversation  till  the 
gentlemen  reappear.  In  the  drawing-room  the  hostess  will  endeavor  to  divide  her 
attentions  and  conversation  impartially  among  her  guests. 

EVENING  RECEPTIONS  AND  BALLS.— At  afternoon  and  evening  receptions 
the  first  guests  are  received  by  the  hostess  seated  in  the  drawing-room,  rising  to  greet 
each.  As  the  arrivals  become  more  frequent,  and  the  rooms  begin  to  fill,  she  takes  her 
stand  at  the  drawing-room  door,  or  on  the  landing,  greeting  the  guests  as  they  reach 


K 


THE   SOCIAL    CODE. 


the  top  of  the  stair-case  or  the  vestibule  leading  to  the  drawing-room,  passing  a  word 
with  each,  and  intimating  on  occasion  that  a  particular  friend  of  the  guest  will  be 
found  within.  She  will  not  leave  the  drawing-room  for  the  refreshment  room  till  the 
majority  of  the  guests  have  done  so. 

If  the  entertainment  be  a  concert,  the  hostess  must  accord  a  pleasant  reception  to 
the  performers,  see  that  they  are  comfortably  disposed  at  the  piano,  and  have  every- 
thing that  they  require,  such  as  wine  and  water. 

At  a  ball  the  chief  duty  of  the  hostess,  after  seeing  that  everything  else  is  in  order, 
is  the  reception  of  her  guests,  as  for  an  afternoon  party.  It  is  not  necessary  to  intro- 
duce people  to  each  other  generally,  but  where  a  young  lady  is  observed  who  is  not 


OOUNTBY  VISITING. 

dancing  the  hostess  will  ask  permission  from  her  chaperon  to  introduce  a  partner,  or 
from  herself,  if  the  young  lady  is  alone,  and  she  will  generally  endeavor  to  find  partners 
for  those  whose  want  of  acquaintance  or  diffidence  keeps  them  in  the  background. 
When  supper  is  announced,  and  the  host  leads  the  way  with  the  premier  lady,  the 
hostess  will  make  introductions  so  that  the  company  is  duly  paired  off. 

HOUSE  VISITORS  IN  THE  COUNTRY.— The  duties  of  the  hostess  in  town 
are  comparatively  slight.  It  is  when  entertaining  a  paity  of  friends  at  her  country 
residence  that  she  feels  the  full  anxieties  and  responsibilities  of  her  place.  The  first  anx- 
iety is  the  assembling  of  a  suitable  party  of  people,  that  is  persons  who  will  be  likely 
to  be  pleased  to  meet  each  other,  to  join  in  the  same  recreations,  and  who  sometimes 
by  diversity  of  special  talents,  such  as  music,  singing,  conversation  or  humor  will  con 
tribute  to  each  other's  mutual  entertainment  and  to  the  fund  of  common  pleasure 


Invitations  should  be  worded  so  as  to  leave  no  suspicion  of  mere  formality  in  the  mind 
of  the  recipient,  and  should  state  the  day  on  which  the  guest  is  expected,  and  the 
duration  of  the  visit.  When  the  acceptance  is  received,  write  naming  the  station,  and 
whether  a  friend  or  carriage  will  be  in  waiting  Guests  generally  arrive  late  in  the 
afternoon,  and  the  hostess  should,  if  not  engaged  in  driving  with  other  guests,  be  ready 
to  welcome  them,  and  have  tea  ready  for  their  refreshment.  When  sufficient  time  has 
thus  elapsed  to  allow  the  guests'  baggage  to  be  deposited  in  the  room  prepared  for  them, 
to  which  the  hostess  will  previously  personally  have  attended,  she  will  accompany  the 
guests,  to  their  rooms,  and  having  informed  them  of  the  hour  for  dinner,  and  indi- 
cated the  bell  to  summon  the  maid,  will  leave  them  to  rest. 

When  the  guests  assemble  in  the  drawing  room,  before  dinner,  the  hostess  will 
introduce  them  to  each  other,  if  on  the  iirst  assembling,  or  introduce  any  new  addi- 
tion to  the  circle.  The  hostess  in  pairing  off  for  dinner  will  give  the  latest  comer  due 
precedence,  and  will  endeavor  to  alternate  the  company  an  much  as  possible,  so  that 
there  shall  be,  if  possible,  a  different  order  on  each  evening.  After  dinner,  she  will 
divide  the  company  for  various  amusements,  arrange  tables  for  whist,  and  other 
round  games,  matching  those  at  chess  who  prefer  it,  and  utilizing  those  who  are  mu- 
sical in  playing  and  singing  for  the  entertainment  of  tlie  company.  When  the  tray 
with  wine  and  water  makes  its  appearance,  at  the  hour  fixed  by  the  custom  of  the 
house,  the  lady  suggests  the  propriety  of  retiring,  and  accompanies  to  their  rooms 
such  guests  as  are  new  on  that  day,  leaving  with  polite  hoi>e8  for  their  comfort,  and 
intimations  to  ring  or  ask  for  anything  desired. 

In  the  morning,  the  hostess  is  the  first  down,  and  will  preside  at  the  breakfast 
table.  Tea  is  generally  made  and  handed  round  by  the  butler  or  servant,  instead  of 
being  made  at  table  by  the  hostess,  as  was  formerly  the  cut-tom. 

Formerly  it  was  the  duty  of  the  hostess  not  to  lose  tight  of  her  guests  for  a 
moment,  but  more  rational  customs  now  prevail.  At  and  after  breakfast  the  hostess, 
will  impart  to  her  guests  such  society  news  as  may  have  reached  her  by  mail,  and 
after  giving  such  information  as  may  aid  the  guests  to  enjoy  themselves,  will  leave 
them  free  to  follow  their  own  inclinations.  She  will  indicate  what  points  of  interest 
are  in  the  neighborhood,  and  what  horses  and  conveyances  are  available,  what  friends 
of  members  of  the  party  are  witliin  visiting  distance,  etc.,  while  the  host,  if  in  the 
shooting  season,  will  take  charge  of  those  who  desire  to  engage  in  shooting.  The 
hostess  is  thus  left  free  to  hold  counsel  with  her  cook  as  to  the  menu,  give  orders 
respecting  rooms,  to  give  instructions  to  the  gardener  as  to  flowers  required  for  house 
use,  to  attend  to  her  correspondence,  write  menus,  rearrange  the  order  of  her  guests 
for  dinner,  and  plan  the  programme  of  the  evening's  entertainment.  She  reappears 
before  luncheon,  at  which  she  presides,  afterward  drives  or  walks  with  guests,  and  is 
on  hand  to  welcome  any  fresh  guests,  before  retiring  to  dress  for  dinner.  When 
guests  are  departing  the  hostess  will  be  on  hand  early  to  bid  them  good-bye,  and  will 
inquire  the  address  to  which  to  forward  their  mail  matter,  if  any  should  come  after 
their  departure. 

When  taking  her  guests  to  a  neighbor's  house  for  a  ball  or  other  party,  the  hostess 
should  arrive  in  the  first  carriage  so  as  to  be  ready  to  introduce  members  of  her  party 
to  the  lady  of  the  house  visited. 

When  accompanied  by  guests  to  church,  the  hostess  will  stop  at  the  door  of  her 
family  seat,  and  wait  till  they  have  entered,  before  taking  her  seat. 

The  really  good  hostess  is  she  who  attends  to  those  trifles  which  go  so  far  to  make 
up  the  pleasure  of  existence.  Nearly  every  person  has  some  peculiarity  or  preference 
in  their  habits  of  life,  eating  or  drinking,  or  daily  custom,  the  means  of  gratifying 
which,  in  a  strange  house,  is  always  particularly  grateful.  The  good  hostess  will  study 
these  trifles,  and  endeavor  to  meet  the  comfort  of  her  guests  by  providing  for  them. 


THE   SOCIAL   CODE. 


•<• 


_i#l_ 


•>•- 


INTRODUCTIONS 


HE  ceremony  of  introduction  is  one  which  should  never 
be  looked  upon  as  trivial  or  formal.  Though  it  is  in 
itself  the  simplest  and  the  most  frequent  of  social  cere- 
monies, it  is  at  the  same  time  one  of  the  most  important. 
There  are,  of  course,  occasions  when  introductions  are  a 
mere  formality,'  rendered  necessary  by  the  exigency  of 
the  occasion,  where  the  introduction  is  not  designed  to, 
and  does  not  warrant,  the  foundation  of  acquaintance,  but  the  true 
meaning  in  etiquette  of  an  introduction  is  that  the  person  who  in- 
troduces the  stranger  to  his  (or  her)  friend  takes  upon  himself  the 
warranty  for  the  worthiness  of  the  person  introduced  of  that  friend's 
esteem.  The  hostess  at  a  social  event  should  never  introduce  to  a 
young  lady,  or  cause  to  be  introduced,  a  gentleman  whom  she  does 
not  consider  worthy  of  her  own  regard.  The  conveniences  of 
society  ofttimes  make  it  necessary  to  invite  the  company  at  a  social 
gathering  of  a  gentleman  whom  the  hostess  would  not  select  for  the 
acquaintance  of  her  own  daughters,  and  she  has  a  moral  duty  not  to 
be  the  means  of  introducing  such  an  one  to  the  respect  of  a  young 
lady  friend  by  the  indorsement  of  an  introduction. 

FORMS  OF  INTRODUCTION. 

In  making  an  introduction;  the  person  of  the  higher  social  consideration  is  always 
the  person  to  whom  the  introduction  is  made.  If  the  parties  are  lady  and  gentleman, 
it  is  the  gentleman  who  is  introduced  to  the  lady.  If  two  ladies,  the  one  having  the 
higher  social  standing,  or  of  the  greater  age,  is  given  the  place  of  honor.  At  a  party 
where  a  lady  or  gentleman  is  the  guest  of  the  evening,  all  the  other  guests  are  intro- 
duced to  her  or  him,  as  the  case  may  be. 

The  mutual  friend  or  hostess  will,  in  making  an  introduction,  say:  "Mrs.  Jones, 
permit  me  to  make  you  acquainted  with  (or,  to  introduce  to  you)  Miss  Robinson  ;  Miss 
Robinson,  Mrs.  Jones."  If  there  are  others  in  the  group,  the  introducer  will  add: 
"Mrs.  Martin,  Miss  Robinson ;  Miss  Featherstone,  Miss  Robinson  ;  Mr.  Hafdy,  Miss 
Robinson,"  waiting  in  a  short  pause  between  each  introduction,  the  formal  salutation, 
by  bow,  or  otherwise,  between  the  parties  introduced. 

In  introductions,  always  give  the  full  title  of  either  party,  military,  naval,  judi- 
cial or  professional.  As,  for  instance,  "Mr.  Grace,  allow  me  to  introduce  to  you, 
Captain  Pat  ton,  of  the  United  States  ship  Warrant;  Captain  Patton,  the  Rev.  Mr. 
Grace,  rector  of  St.  Alban's  Church ; "  or,   ' '  Dr.  Blade,  permit  me  to  make  you 


THE   SOCIAL   CODE. 


acquainted  with  Senator  Harvey,  of  the  state  of  Iowa ;  Senator  Harvey,  Dr.  Blade, 
Professor  of  Anatomy,  in  the  University  of  Bonesville." 

Introductions  are  frequently  made  with  a  business  object,  which  should  be  fully 
stated  by  the  intro<lucing  party,  as,  for  instance:  "  Mr.  Marley,  allow  me  to  introduce 
to  you  Mr.  Yarrow,  of  the  Ebbw  Vale  Steel  and  Iron  Company,  of  Bristol,  England, 
who  is  seeking  to  extend  the  business  of  the  company  in  the  West;  Mr.  Yarrow,  Mr. 
Marley,  President  of  the  ^lissouri  Valley  Railway  Company,  who  is  well  qualified  to 
give  you  any  information  you  may  desire."  Or,  in  other  words:  "Mr.  Bernard,  let 
me  make  you  acquainted  with  Prof.  Driscoll,  Professor  of  Mathematics,  of  the  Toronto 
University,  Canada,  who  is  taking  advantage  of  his  holidays  to  study  the  systems  in 
the  leading  colleges  of  the  United  States;  Prof.  Driscoll,  Mr.  Bernard,  President  of  the 
Faculty  of  the  Mount  Allison  University." 

Gentlemen  will  take  care  to  bear  in  mind  that  an  introduction  necessitated  by 
accidental  circumstances  is  not  made  the  ground  of  obtruding  acquaintance.  In  the 
same  way  ladies,  who  at  home  move  in  different  social  spheres,  often  meet  on  a  com- 
mon ground  at  watering-places  and  other  places  of  public  resort;  but  it  should  always 
be  left  to  the  person  of  higher  social  standing  to  indicate  whether  the  acquaintance  so 
formed  shall  be  continued. 


Ji    TITLES— HOW  TO  USE  THEM.    | 


N  foreign  countries  the  necessities  of  etiquette  impose  quite 
a  task  upon  the  memory  in  keeping  it  stored  with  the 
numerous  titles  conferred  by  governments  or  by  educar 
^  tional  institutions.  In  our  own  land  the  constitution  prohibits 
the  conferring  of  titles  of  nobility,  yet  even  our  democratic 
customs  and  tendencies  do  not  cause  an  entire  disuse  of  titles. 
Many  of  them,  however,  are  mere  abbreviations,  while  others  indi- 
cate a  profession  or  avocation.  Nevertheless,  there  remains  among 
superficial  people  a  tendency  to  make  the  most  of  their  limited 
opportunities  of  wearing  titles,  and  if  the}''  have  earned  none  they 
are  tempted  to  assume  them.  More  than  this,  a  title  once  borne  is 
made  to  cling  ever  after  to  the  name  which  it  has  adorned  in  the 
past.  One  must  use  his  own  judgment  in  conceding  to  a  man  a  title 
to  which  he  has  not  a  right,  and  the  tendency  ought  to  be  toward 
limiting,  rather  than  enlarging,  the  use  of  titles.  It  is  rudeness, 
however,  amounting  to  insult,  to  withhold  a  title  which  a  man  has 
acquired  with  unquestioned  right,  and  which  the  public  freely  gives 
him.  In  matters  of  ceremony,  especially,  this  rule  must  be  rigidly 
observed.  In  addressing,  or  even  in  writing  of,  the  possessor  of  an 
honorary  title,  offense  may  be  given  or  inferred  as  being  intended, 
if  the  usual  title  is  not  attached  to  the  name. 


THE    SOCIAL   CODE. 


Following  are  some  examples  of  titles  as  used  in  the  United 
States : 

Military. — Gen.  U.  S.  Grant ;  Major-General  Winfleld  Scott ;  Lieut-General 
Philip  Sheridan ;  Captain  J.  J.  Lambert,  Post  Commanding ;  Adjutant- General  Stimp- 
8on ;  Majpr  O.  J.  Smith  ;  Francis  S.  Dodge,  Lieutenant  Commanding  ;  Colonel  M.  H. 
Fitch. 

Naval.— Admiral  David  G.  Farragut ;  Rear- Admiral  Andrew  H.  Foote  ;  Com- 
modore Isaac  Hull ;  Commander  John  Paul  Jones ;  Captain  George  H.  Preble ;  Post- 
Captain  Jacob  Jones. 

Civil. — Hon.  John  A.  Logan;  Hon.  "William  R.  Grace;  Governor  Richard  J. 
Oglesby;  Attorney  General  James  Brewster;  His  Excellency,  Chester  A.  Arthur; 
Chief -Justice  Marshall ;  Judge  H.  D.  Scott :  Consul-General  Edwin  A.  Merritt ;  Alder- 
man Henry  Jamison. 

Scholastic  — Prof.  Joseph  Luce  ;  Louis  J.  R.  Agassiz,  A.M. ;  Edward  Hitchcock, 
B.A.;  William  McDonald,  M.D.;  Dr.  J.  C.  Lay;  J.  S.  Greene,  C.E.;  John  G.  Smith, 
M.E.;  Rev.  James  Edmondson;  Rev.  J.  C.  Reid,  D.D. 

Social. — Mr.  Joseph  Medill ;  Mrs.  E.  B.  Russell ;  Miss  Sallie  Smith ;  Master 
John  Brown;  Messrs.  J.  V.  Farwell  &  Co.;  John  Boggs,  Esq.;  Dear  Sir;  Gentle- 
men (used  in  the  plural);  Madam,  etc. 

The  above  titles  are  too  frequently  used  to  need  explanation.  In  their  use,  but 
one  should  be  applied  to  the  same  name.  To  say  "Mr.  William  Hyde,  Esquire," 
would  be  useless  and  absurd.  To  say  "  Dr.  M.  A.  Wilcox,  M.D.,"  would  be  an  equally 
absurd  repetition.  An  exception  is  where  one  title  does  not  imply  or  include  another; 
as,  "Rev.  Matthew  Simpson,  LL.D." 

The  title  "Mr."  is  one  which  every  respectable  man  may  claim  as  his  due.  It  is 
the  part  of  politeness  to  make  use  of  it  in  all  cases  where  no  higher  title  is  known. 
Any  man  who  places  a  value  upon  courtesy  will  have  "Mr. "at  his  tongue's  end  when 
addressing  all  kinds  of  men,  rich  or  poor.  It  is  in  much  better  taste,  placed  before  a 
name,  than  the  anglicism  "Esquire  "  placed  after  it. 

"Honorable"  is  a  title  applied  to  persons  who  have  been  elected  to  seats  in  the 
United  States  congress  or  a  state  legislature;  also  to  members  or  ex-members  of  the 
president's  cabinet,  or  of  a  governor's  staff,  and  mayors  of  cities. 

Plural  titles  are  written  as  follows:  Messrs.  (for  Messieurs,  meaning  "Gentle- 
men"); Misses  (plural  of  Miss);  Mesdames  (plural  of  Madame). 

The  term  "  His"  or  "Your  Excellency,"  is  applied  to  the  president  of  the  United 
States,  the  governor  of  any  state,  and  the  minister  plenipotentiary  to  any  foreign 
country. 

The  address  to  a  man  and  his  wife,  in  case  the  man  has  a  title,  should  be  as 
follows:  His  Excellency  and  Mrs.  A.  Lincoln;  Governor  and  Mrs.  F.  Pitkin;  Hon. 
and  Mrs.  George  Steel;  Rev.  and  Mrs.  F.  M.  Pavey;  Dr.  and  Mrs.  F.  H.  Sutherland; 
Rev.  Dr.  and  Mrs.  W.  H.  Thomas.  If  the  person  have  no  title,  other  than  the  social, 
let  it  be  given;  as,  "  Mr.  and  Mrs.  M.  J.  Bigelow." 


m 


-^1 


ERCISES. 


k  OUT-DOOR 

^X^ 


^^ONG  the  active  exercises  in  which  the  polite  world  is 
accustomed  to  indulge,  and  in  which  pleasure  and  profit 
are  combined,  the  physical  health  being  as  much  con- 
sulted as  social  intercourse,  are  riding,  driving  and  boat- 
ing. *  Of  these  exercises,  the  most  elegant,  suitable  and 
beneficial,  for  the  lady  especially,  is  that  of  horseback 
riding,  and  its  popularity  is  gradually  and  perceptibly 
spreading  in  American  society. 

HABIT  FOR  THE  SADDLE.— The 
lady's  riding  habit  may  be  either  long  or 
of  moderate  length,  according  to  taste. 
The  long  habit  is  certainly  preferable  in 
point  of  appearance.  It  should  be  of  dark 
colored  stuff  of  some  woolen  material, 
black,  dark  green  or  brown,  made  plain, 
and  fitting  closely  to  the  figure.  Strong 
buff  gloves  should  be  worn.  The  left  hand, 
or  the  "rear"  side  is  the  whip  hand,  and 
the  right  or  "off"  side  the  bridle  hand. 
A  lady  who  is  accustomed  to  riding  exer- 
cise will  do  well  to  familiarize  herself  with 
the  accoutrements  of  the  horse,  so  as  to  be 
able  in  event  of  necessity  to  remedy  an 
accident. 

THE  LADY'S  HORSE.— The  head  of  the  household  will,  usually  either  person- 
ally or  through  some  person  of  proper  experience,  use  care  and  judgment  in  the 
selection  of  a  lady's  horse.  The  horse  should  be  selected  of  good  stock,  of  fair  sym- 
metry, and  handsome  appearance,  of  good  temper,  and  free  from  vicious  or  nervous 
habits,  such  as  biting,  kicking,  bolting,  shying,  or  stumbling.  He  should  be  free 
in  action,  spirited  in  temper,  though  gentle  under  control.  He  should  walk  well, 
trot  swiftly  and  steadily,  and  canter  lightly,  and  be  obedient  but  not  too  sensitive  to 
the  bit.  A  horse  which  has  the  stumbling  habit  should  never  be  mounted  by  a  lady. 
For  a  lady  of  petite  form,  a  tall  horse  should  not  be  providal,  nor  should  a  lady  of 
full  stature  be  mounted  on  a  diminutive  animal. 

MOUNTING.— The  art  of  assisting  a  lady  to  mount  her  horse  is  one  of  which 
every  gentlemen  should  be  master.  It  is  a  grateful  courtesy  to  a  lady  if  gracefully 
performed,  but  one  in  which  awkwardness  or  clumsiness,  which  is  liable  to  expose  a 
lady  to  ridicule,  is  not  easily  overlooked.  The  lady  prepared  to  mount 'is  stationed  on 
the  near  side  of  the  horse  with  her  right  hand  grasping  the  reins,  and  holding  the 
head  of  the  saddle.     The  cavalier,  facing  her,  stoops  and  offers  his  clasped  hands  as  a 


THE   SOCIAL   CODE. 


stirrup  into  which  she  places  her  foot,  then  placing  her  left  hand  on  his  shoulder  by 
a  simultaneous  movement,  she  is  placed  lightly  and  easily  in  the  saddle.  If  necessary, 
the  gentleman  should  adjust  the  stirrup,  which  should  hang  just  below  the  ankle  bone. 

ON  HORSE  BACK. — In  the  saddle  the  lady  should  sit  erect,  facing  squarely  to 
the  front,  and  not  depending  entirely  for  her  seat  either  upon  the  stirrup  or  crutch. 
She  should  accustom  herself  to  the  movement  of  her  horse,  and  at  all  times  keep 
him  under  thorough  but  gentle  control  of  the  bit.  If  a  horse  stumble  or  slip,  the 
rider  should  instantly  detach  her  foot  from  the  siirrup,  to  avoid  disaster  in  case  of 
being  thrown. 

On  the  road  always  keep  to  the  near  side  in  passing. 

The  gentleman  will  usually  take  the  off  side  in  escorting  a  lady  on  horseback. 

In  dismounting  the  lady  will  free  her  knee,  placing  one  hand  on  the  saddle  head 
and  the  other  on  the  gentleman's  shoulder,  and  spring  lightly  to  the  ground. 

The  gentleman  in  escorting  a  lady  on  horesback  will  attend  ber  on  the  right  hand 
side.  He  will  offer  such  assistance  in  mounting  and  dismounting  as  has  been  de- 
scribed, and  will  study  her  comfort  by  every  means  at  his  command,  attending  to 
errands  and  commissions,  and  opening  gates.  After  the  lady  has  been  mounted  for  a 
time  he  should  see  that  the  saddle  girth  does  not  require  tightening  as  is  frequently 
the  case. 

In  absence  of  other  escort,  the  lady  should  always  be  attended  by  a  groom,  who 
will  ride  a  respectful  distance  to  the  rear. 


CARRIAGE  EXERCISE. 

Let  it  be  borne  in  mind  that  you  never  go  for  a  ride  except  on  horseback.  When 
you  take  carriage  exercise  you  always  go  for  a  drive.  The  etiquette  of  the  road,  which 
is  in  the  hands  of  the  driver,  consists  in  not  driving  at  an  unseemly  pace,  and  keep- 
ing to  your  own  side  of  the  road,  both  in  meeting  and  passing  vehicles. 

If  gentlemen  accompany  ladies  in  a  two-seated  carriage,  the  ladies  will  be  given 
the  seat  facing  the  horses.  The  deportment  in  the  carriage  should  be  unaffected  and 
unostentatious.  Avoid  loud  talking  and  undue  hilarity.  Enter  a  carriage  gracfully. 
If  there  is  one  step,  place  the  left  foot  upon  it,  the  right  reaching  the  floor,  and  the 
seat  being  thus  easily  and  naturally  reached.  If  there  are  two  steps,  place  the  right 
foot  first,  and  the  seat  is  reached  in  the  same  manner. 

BOATING. 
Many  ladies  are  excellent  oarswomen,  and,  though  many  in  the  medical  profes- 
sion set  their  faces  against  the  practice  as  too  violent  for  female  health,  used  in 
moderation  it  is  an  invigorating  and  health-developing  exercise.  The  lady  who  is 
attired  for  rowing  should  have  substantial  boots  and  loose  corsets.  The  costume  is  a 
matter  of  taste,  but  is  generally  of  blue  serge,  trimmed  with  white  braid,  and  a  sailor 


114 


THE    SOCIAL    CODK. 


hat.  There  are  many  other  picturesque  and  elegant  costumes  worn.  The  gentleman's 
rowing  costume  is  of  white  flannel,  and  he  should  take  a  pea  jacket  in  the  lx)at  to  put 
on  when  heated  with  rowing  and  resting  from  the  oars.  Gentlemen  should  hand  the 
ladies  to  their  seats,  and  see  that  they  are  comfortably  bestowed  and  placed  so  as  to 
have  their  garments  clear  of  accidental  splashing  from  the  oars.  "Where  ladies  are 
timid,  the  gentlemen  should  reassure  them.  The  accidental  rocking  of  a  boat  by  the 
swell  of  a  passing  steamer  is  alarming  to  the  novice,  and  if  the  absence  of  danger  be 
not  explained  by  the  escort,  she  is  liable  to  a  panic  from  which  serious  results  may 
occur. 

GENERAL  OUT-DOOR  EXERCISES. 
For  archery,  an  out-door  amusement  which  of  late  years  has  become  quite  popular, 
special  costumes  are  generally  provided  by  the  ladies.  For  other  out  door  exercises, 
such  as  croquet,  lawn  tennis,  etc.,  ladies  should  be  attired  in  a  suitable,  cheerful  cos- 
tume, without  train  or  unnecessary  encumbrance,  and  ha\ing  regard  to  the  degree  of 
exertion  involved  in  the  amusement  to  be  engaged  in.  Conversation  should  be  light 
and  cheerful,  and  should  be  general  among  parties  engaged  in  a  game. 


Villi! 


n!iiiii!!!«ii!iiii!ni!ii!iiiMninisniiiiii«iniiii!iiffi!!iiii!Hiiiii^ 

MISTRESSES  AND  SERVANTS.     I 

DiiiiwtaiiiiiMiiiiaim 


HE  rules  which  govern  the  relations  between  mistresses  and  servants,  belong 

to  the  domain  of  domestic  economy  rather  than  that  of  etiquette,  but  there 

are  one  or  two  more  or  less  important  points  with  which  etiquette  has  to 

deal,  and  upon  which  no  lady  should  fail  to  perform  the  duty  which  she  owes 

to  society. 

In  the  first  place  in  her  relations  with  the  servant  the  lady  represents  soci- 
ety, and  has  no  right  to  relax  the  respect  due  to  herself  in  that  capacity  by  |)er- 
mitting  undue  familiarity  or  freedom  of  intercourse  with  the  servant,  and  so  turn  the 
servant  loose  upon  society  to  annoy  others  with  offensive  breaches  of  place  and  imper- 
tinent familiarity.  The  lady  of  good  breeding  treats  her  servant  with  the  same  gentle 
and  considerate  courtesy  which  she  extends  to  all,  but  the  servant  must  understand 
that  a  request  is  a  command,  that  his  or  her  duty  is  prompt,  explicit,  and  respectful 
obedience. 

In  engaging  a  servant,  she  should  not  accept  a  recommendation  from  a  lady  who 
is  unknown  to  her.  Where  practicable,  the  servant  who  brings  a  letter  of  recommend- 
ation, should  be  asked  to  arrange  with  the  former  employer  an  hour  for  an  interview 
with  the  lady  with  whom  service  is  sought ;  the  lady  will  then  ascertain  how  far  the 
"  character  "  is  deserved,  and  how  much  of  it  was  due  to  good  nature,  and  also  the 
characteristics  of  the  intended  employee.  If  "characters"  are  given  from  persons 
whom  she  only  knows  from  reputation,  a  note  should  be  addressed  to  the  party  for 
direct  confirmation  of  the  character  given.  Servants  should  be  received  into  the  house- 
hold with  the  greatest  caution. 

When  you  discharge  a  servant  for  cause,  never  give  a  character.  You  have  no 
right  to  furnish  the  false  pretenses  by  which  such  servant  shall  gain  undeserved  con- 
fidence in  another  household.  Let  your  recommendation,  if  you  are  warranted  in 
giving  a  character,  be  strictly  in  accordamce  with  the  deserts  of  the  employee.  If  he  or 
she  be  especially  worthy  of  trust  and  confidence,  word  the  "character"  furnished  so 
as  to  be  of  the  greatest  benefit  to  the  servant.  It  is  as  proper  to  help  a  deserving  serv- 
ant as  it  is  wrong  and  improper  to  cover  up  the  slothful,  impertinent  or  dishonest 
proclivities  of  another,  with  the  guarantee  of  your  name  and  station. 


mm 


t 


THE   SOCIAL   CODE. 


*HE  lady  "who  desires  to  carry  respect  with  her  wherever  she  goes,  and 
who  would  be  ponsidered  a  gentlewoman,  even  among  strangers,  and  in  the 
pursuance  of  every  avocation  of  life,  will  pay  strict  attention  to  her  con- 
duct while  shopping,  and  in  all  her  dealings  with  tradesmen. 

The  first  tiling  to  be  impressed  upon  the  mind  is  the  importance  of  thor- 
oughly making  up  your  conclusions,  before  setting  out,  as  to  exactly  what  you 
want,  and  about  to  what  expense  you  are  prepared  to  go  in  the  purchase. 
When  you  enter  a  store  speak  frankly  and  courteously  to  the  clerk.  Tell  him 
plainly  what  class  of  goods  you  require,  what  grade  of  color,  and  about  what  range 
of  cost,  and  ask  to  be  shown  something  in  the  line  indicated. 

In  examining  the  goods,  unless  you  are  ambitious  of  distinction  for  vulgarity, 
do  not  say  to  the  clerk  that  the  goods  could  be  got  cheaper  at  another  store,  or  that 

you  could  get  better  value  else- 
where for  the  same  money.  If 
the  goods  do  not  suit  for  any 
reason,  state  it  frankly,  and  leave 
the  store. 

Never  ask  to  be  shown  goods 
if  you  do  not  intend  to  purchase 
on  the  occasion,  without  previ- 
ously stating  to  the  shopman  that 
you  merely  wish  to  examine 
goods  with  a  view  to  future  pur- 
chase, if  suited. 

Remember,  in  handling  goods,  more  especially  in  those  of  delicate  constniction, 
that  if  you  treat  them  roughly  you  are  liable  to  destroy  their  salableness. 

Remember  that  the  time  of  the  clerk  is  of  value  to  his  employer,  and  that  it  is 
only  yours  while  you  are  engaged  in  doing  business.  Consequently,  while  you  are 
engaging  his  time  do  not  keep  him  waiting  while  you  indulge  in  social  chatter. 

Never  attempt  to  engage  the  attention  of  a  clerk  while  he  is  waiting  upon  another 
person.     That  is  both  unreasonable  and  ill-bred. 

If  you  have  no  account  at  the  store  where  you  are  purchasing,  and  are  not  confi- 
dent that  you  are  so  well  known  that  your  credit  is  unquestioned,  always  pay  cash  for 
goods,  or  instruct  the  clerk  to  send  the  bill  with  them. 

If  either  before  or  after  leaving  the  store  you  find  that  an  error  in  change  has 
been  made  in  your  favor,  always  return  and  rectify  it.  This  is  not  only  rendered 
necessary  to  your  self  esteem  by  your  sense  of  honesty,  but  it  is  an  imperative  duty 
from  the  fact  that  the  clerk  or  cashier  may  be  unjustly  suspected  of  dishonesty  as  a 
reason  for  the  shortage  in  cash  which  the  mistake  involves. 

Invariably  be  polite  and  courteous  to  clerks.  It  is  the  natural  instinct  of  good 
breeding,  and  will  be  observed  if  you  would  avoid  a  reputation  for  snobbishness. 


THE    SOCIAL   CODE, 


-Hj^«H-^«*- 


WMWMU  ^MS^Wk: 


■"*> — ^¥s# — <>- 


If 


OT  only  is  the  conduct  and  deportment  of  a  person 
traveling  in  public  of  the  strictest  account,  but  an  ac- 
quaintance with  the  rules  which  govern  them  will  affect 
the  comfort  of  the  inexperienced  traveler.  To  the 
traveler  who  is  governed  by  a  few  simple  rules,  a  journey 
on  the  cars  is  undertaken  with  as  t much  confidence  and 
certainty  of  enjoyment,  as  would  attend  his  pjissage 
from  his  place  of  business  to  his  dinner  table.  On  the 
contrary,  to  the  person,  particularly  if  a  lady,  who  is  both  a  stranger 
to  the  experience  and  to  the  rules  which  should  be  observed,  a 
journey  from  home  is  a  subject  of  apprehension  and  anxiety,  which 
only  go  to  increase  the  difficulties  to  be  encountered. 

TICKETS.— The  first  essential  to  the 
traveler  is  the  possession  of  a  reliable 
Railway  Guide.  As  soon  as  a  journey  is 
contemplated  con.sult  the  Guide,  and  make 
up  your  mind  by  what  route  you  will  travel 
and  also  by  what  train  you  will  leave.  If 
you  have  sufficient  leisure,  never  leave  the 
purchase  of  the  ticket  until  the  arrival  of 
the  train.  Send  out  and  get  your  ticket 
during  the  day.  If  the  journey  be  a  pro- 
longed one,  take  the  sleeping  car,  and  secure 
your  berth  before  starting.  In  selecting 
the  berth,  if  the  lady  be  alone,  she  will  do 
better  to  Uike  the  whole  section  (two  berths), 
as  she  will  thus  avoid  even  a  chance  dis- 
turbance of  her  privacy.  Remember  that 
the  best  berths  are  those  in  the  center  of 
the  car,  where  the  jar  of  the  wheels  is  less 
perceptible,  and  that  lower  berths  are  al- 
ways preferable  to  the  upper. 

BAGGAGE. — Unless  it  be  a  lady,  when  a  friend  or  traveling  companion  takes  the 
responsibility,  always  personally  supervise  the  checking  of  baggage.  Have  your  ticket 
in  your  hand  when  you  approach  the  baggageman,  and  indicate  the  baggage  to  be 
checked,  mentioning  also  its  destination.  It  is  a  safe  rule  to  compare  the  coupon 
check  with  that  attached  to  the  baggage  to  see  that  they  correspond;  but  the  baggaere- 
man  may  be  generally  trusted  to  avoid  error  in  that  respect.  Once  you  have  your 
check  in  your  satchel,  no  further  concern  need  be  given  to  the  baggage  till  the 
destination  is  reached. 


THE   SOCIAL   CODE. 


In  your  personal  baggage  include  nothing  that  is  not  absolutely  necessary  to  your 
comfort  and  requirements  on  the  journey.  A  lady  who  enters  a  railway  carriage  with 
a  hand-satchel,  a  band-box,  a  bird  cage,  and  a  miscellaneous  collection  of  parcels  is  at 
once  set  down  as  ill-bred,  no  matter  how  charming  in  appearance,  or  how  much  her 
accoutrements  and  apparel  may  indicate  the  possession  of  wealth. 

TRAVELING  COSTUME.— This  should  invariably  be  of  some  quiet  material, 
of  texture  that  will  not  attract  nor  retain  dust,  of  a  color  that  will  not  weary  the  eye 
by  its  perspicuity,  and  of  substance  that  will  shake  out  into  its  natural  shape  after  a 
day's  wear,  without  acquiring  permanent  folds.  It  should  be  suited  to  the  season, 
but  always  bearing  in  miud  that  even  summer  nights  are  chilly,  and  require  a  dress  of 
woolen  fabric,  even  if  of  the  very  lightest  material. 

Upon  every  loose  article  of  dress,  and  of  baggage,  always  have  the  name  and 
address  of  the  owner,  either  by  card  attached  or  in  some  other  way. 

THE  LADY  ON  BOARD  BOAT  OR  CAR.— Upon  entering  a  car  glance 
round  for  a  vacant  seat,  and  take  possession  of  the  most  convenient  one  that  offers, 
choosing  in  summer  if  available  the  shady  side  and  the  seat  next  the  window.  If  a 
lady  is  alone  and  the  car  is  but  sparsely  filled  endeavor  to  secure  a  seat  as  near  as  pos- 
sible to  any  other  lady  on  the  car,  and  if  there  are  none,  seat  yourself  so  that  you 
may  not  be  suspected  of  desiring  the  proximity  of  gentlemen. 

If  an  overcoat,  satchel  or  parcel  is  observed  upon  an  apparently  vacant  seat  accept 
it  as  an  indication  that  the  seat  is  occupied,  and  the  owner  temporarily  absent. 

A  lady  traveling  alone  should  invariably  resent  any  attempt  on  the  part  of  a 
stranger  to  engage  her  in  conversation,  as  an  impertinence  of  which  no  person,  with 
the  title  of  gentleman,  would  be  guilty.  If  the  lady  is  in  want  of  any  information  let 
her  seek  it  from  the  conductor,  and  never  accost  a  strange  gentleman  except  under 
unavoidable  circumstances. 

If,  however,  a  gentleman  who  is  on  a  long  journey  observes  a  lady  whose  contin- 
ued presence  indicates  that  she  also  is  on  a  protracted  journey,  and  apparently  unat- 
tended, he  may  with  respectful  courtesy  offer  any  assistance  which  is  likely  to 
conduce  to  her  comfort.  Conversation  is  in  such  a  case  permissible;  but  the  gentleman 
should  never  take  a  seat  along  side  the  lady  so  addressed,  but  the  seat  in  front  of  her. 
If  an  approach  to  familiarity  is  made  on  part  of  the  gentleman,  the  lady  will  promptly 
check  it,  by  freezing  out  the  conversation,  and  withdrawing  from  the  acquaintance 
with  quiet  dignity. 

HINTS  FOR  THE  CARS.— Never  loll  in  the  seats.  Do  not  monopolize  a 
double  seat  when  you  see  others  standing — you  pay  only  for  a  single  seat.  Never 
open  a  window  without  first  inquiring  from  those  about  you  if  the  draught  would  be 
too  much  for  them.  If  the  car  is  overheated  do  not  open  the  door  without  first 
appealing  to  the  general  sense  of  the  passengers. 

HOTEL  DEPORTMENT. 

The  conduct  of  a  lady  traveling  alone  should  be  a  subject  of  constant  care  and 
anxious  watchfulness  to  her.  In  European  countries  no  lady  may  travel  alone  without 
either  escort  or  servant,  but  in  America  much  greater  freedom  of  movement  is  given, 
and  any  well-bred  lady  can  travel  alone  in  this  country  without  being  misapprehended 
or  experiencing  the  least  want  of  courteous  attention. 

On  arriving  at  a  hotel  from  the  cars,  the  lady  traveling  alone  will  enter  by  the 
"ladies'  entrance,"  and  proceed  to  the  ladies'  parlor,  where  she  will  ring  the  bell  and 
send  the  servant  for  the  hotel  clerk  or  proprietor,  to  whom  she  will  give  her  card, 
explaining  the  reason  for  her  traveling  alone,  giving  the  length  of  her  stay,  and  ask 
them  to  see  to  the  registering  and  locating  of  her  room. 


THE   SOCIAL    (X)DE. 


On  going  down  to  dinner,  notice  should  be  sent  to  the  clerk,  who  will  escort  her 
to  the  head- waiter,  who  will  assign  her  a  permanent  seat. 

At  breakfast  it  is  permissible  to  read  a  paper,  while  waiting  to  be  served,  but  not 
at  any  other  meal. 

She  will  not  permit  any  conversation  at  the  hotel  table  to  be  addressed  to  her, 
except  from  friends,  nor  will  she  ask  any  one  to  pass  anything  from  the  table.  The 
waiter  is  at  hand  for  that  purpose. 

No  lady  should  ever  use  the  public  parlor  piano,  nor  sing  In  the  apartment  unless 
entertaining  a  company  of  friends  or  callers. 

It  is  not  good  taste  to  sit  at  the  hotel  window,  and  in  passing  on  the  stairs  or  cor- 
ridors do  so  quietly  and  intently,  paying  no  attention  to  anything  or  person  on  the  way. 

Dress  quietly  and  unassumingly,  even  for  dinner,  for  which  a  plain  black  silk, 
relieved  with  fine  white  lace  is  the  most  suitable. 


THE   WONDERS   OF   AMERICA. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  chief  Natural  and  Artificial  Wonders  of  the  United 

States,  with  tlieir  location. 

Niagara  Falls. — In  the  Niagara  River,  between  Lakes  Erie  and  Ontario;  breadth, 
three-quarters  of  a  mile,  height,  175  feet. 

Natural  Bridge. — A  natural  arch  of  rock,  spanning  Cedar  Creek,  Virginia. 

Split  Rock. — A  rock  of  great  height,  in  Virginia,  having  a  fissure  formed  by 
nature  extending  from  top  to  bottom. 

Mammoth  Cave. — In  Kentucky.    Supposed  to  be  the  largest  cave  in  the  world. 

YosEMiTE  Valley. — Sixty  miles  from  Coulterville,  California.  The  length  of  the 
valley  is  about  nine  miles,  and  its  average  width  about  a  mile.  It  abounds  in 
natural  wonders,  containing  waterfalls  from  700  to  1,000  feet  in  height,  a  perpen- 
dicular precipice  3,000  feet  high;  slopes  of  great  steepness  and  a  height  of  3,500 
feet;  and  a  nearly  perpendicular  rock  of  3,270  feet  in  altitude. 

Lake  Superior. — Between  Cjmada  and  Michigan;  the  largest  lake  in  the  world. 

Croton  Aqueduct. — An  aqueduct  over  thirty  miles  long,  bringing  water  to  New 
York  city. 

East  River  Bridge. — A  suspension  bridge,  hung  on  cables  of  steel  wire,  connecting 
the  cities  of  New  York  and  Brooklyn. 

The  National  Capitol. — At  Washington,  D.  C. 

The  New  York  Capitol. — At  Albany,  N.  Y. 

Washington  Monument. — At  Washington,  D.  C. 

City  Park. — At  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania. 

Central  Park. — In  New  York  city. 


THE   GAUGER'S  GUIDE. 

The  following  are  rules  for  ascertaining  the  number  of  bushels  of  shelled  com  in 
a  crib,  or  of  apples,  iwtatoes,  etc.,  in  a  bin,  or  the  number  of  tons  of  hay  in  a  mow: 

Multiply  together  the  length,  breadth  and  height  of  the  crib,  bin  or  mow,  to 
ascertain  the  number  of  cubic  feet  in  whichever  one  is  to  be  measured.  Then  proceed 
as  follows: 

To  find  the  number  of  bushels  of  shelled  com  that  the  crib  holds,  divide  its  cubic 
contents  by  two. 

To  leara  the  number  of  bushels  that  the  bin  contains,  divide  its  cubic  contents  by 
eight,  and  point  off  the  right  hand  figure  as  a  decimal  fraction. 

To  ascertain  the  number  of  tons  that  will  fill  the  mow,  divide  its  cubic  contents 
by  five  hundred  and  twelve. 


MI80KLLANEOUS. 


TABLE  Showing  the  Altitude  and  Location  of  the  most  Celebrated  Mount- 
ains in  the  World,  arranged  according  to  their  height. 


Mountain. 


Mt.  Everest  (Himalaya 
Rang-e) 

Dhuwaiaghiri  (Hima- 
laya Range) 

Sorata 

Chimborazo 

Hindoo  Koosh 

Cotopaxi  (the  highest 
volcano  in  the  world) 

Mt.  St.  Elias 

Popocatapetl 

Mt.  Boa 

Brown  Mountain 
(Rocky  Mt.  Range). . . 

Mt.  Blanc 

Mt.  Geesh 

Mt.  Whitney 

Mt.  Fairweather 

Mt.  Ramier 

Mt.  Shasta 

Antiusua 

Pike's  Peak 

Mt.  Ophir,  Sumatra 

Jungfrau 

Fremont's  Peak 


Location. 

Altitude 
(in  Feet.) 

Thibet 

29,0(X) 

India 

35,500 

Bolivia 

555,400 

Ecuador  

21,000 

Afghanistan 

20,544 

Ecuador  

18,900' 

Alaska 

17,9a) 

Mexico 

17,700 

Sandwich 

Islands 

17,500 

U.S 

16,000 

Switzerland. 

15,900 

Africa 

15,100 

California, 

u.  s :.. 

14,865 

Alaska 

14,475 

Washington 
Ter.,  U.S.. 

14,445 

California, 

U.  S 

14,440 

Ecuador  — 

14,300 

Colorado 

14,215 

India 

l.S,800 

■Switzerland. 

13,700 

W  y  d  m  i  n  g 

Ter.,  U.S.. 

13,575 

Mountain. 


Mt.  St.  Helena. . . 

Mt.  Ararat 

Temerifife  Peak. . 

Mt.  Millazin 

Purdu  Mountain 

Mt.  Hood 

Mt.  .(Etna 

Mt.  Lebanon 

Mt.  Sinai 

Shehattan 

St.  Bernard 

Mt.  Olympus 

Black  Mountain. 
Mt.  Washington. 

Mt.  Parnassus  . . . 

Mt.  Hecla 

Mt.  Marcy 

Ben  Nevis 

Mt.  Mansfield.... 

Peaks  of  Otto... 

"Vesuvius 

Round  Top . 

Stromboli 


Location. 


Washington 
Ter.,  U.S.. 

Armenia 

Canary  Is- 
lands   

Morocco 

France  

Oregon,  U.  S 

Sicily 

Syria 

Arabia 

M  orway 

Switzerland 

Greece 

N.  Carolina. 
New  Hamp- 
shire, U.S. 

Greece 

Iceland 

New    York, 

U.  S 

Scotland 

Vermont, 

U.  S 

Virginia 

Italy 

New     York, 

U.S 

A  volcano  in 

the  Mediter- 

nean  Sea. 


Altitude 

(in  Feet.) 


13,475 
12,700 

12,000 
11,498 
11,300 
11,220 
10,000 
10,090 
8,200 
8,100 
8,000 
6,600 
6,500 

6,293 
6,000 
5,500 

5,400 
4,400 

4,275 

4,250 
3,900 

8,800 


3,000 


TABLE  Showing  the  Various  Sizes  of  Tacks  and  Xails,  the  length  of  each 
Size,  and  the  Number  per  Pound. 


TACKS. 


Commercial 
Name. 

Length. 

u 

il 

■a 
2  . 
sa 

o 

Length. 

So 

1    oz 

One-half  inch 

16,000 
10,666 
8,000 
6,400 
5,333 
4.000 
2,666 
2,000 

10  oz. 

13  " 

14  " 
16    " 

18    " 
20    " 
32    " 
24    " 

Eleven-sixteenths  incl*. 

Three-quarters  inch 

1,600 
1,333 

1^  " 

Three-sixteenths  inch 

2     " 

One-quarter   inch 

Thirteen-sixteenths  inch 

1,143 

1,000 
888 
800 

2H  " 

Five-sixteenths  inch 

3  " 

4  " 

Three-quarters  inch 

Seven-sixteenths  inch 

Fifteen-sixteenths  inch 

One  inch 

6      " 

Nine-sixteenths  inch 

One  and  one-sixteenth  inches 
One  and  one-quarter  inches. . 

727 

8      " 

Five-eighths  inch 

666 

NAILS. 


Commercial 
Name. 


2  penny,  fine. 


Length  in  Inches. 


One  and  one-eighth 

One  and  one-quarter 

One  and  one-half 

One  and  three-quarters. 

Two  

Two  and  one-quarter... 

Two  and  one- half 

Two  and  three-quarters 

Three  

Three  and  one-quarter. 


la 

z 


Commercial 
Name. 


16  penny,  fine, 


■  fence 


Length  in  Inches. 


Three  and  one-quarter 

Three  and  one  half 

Four 

Four  and  one-half 

Five 

Two 

Two  and  one-half 

Three 

Three  and  one-half 


-^ 


-H^ 


^^ 


mmMm(^  Lmmm  ^ 


HJW.^^ 


HATEVER  may  be  the  opinion  of  the  "butterflies  of 
fashion,"  housekeeping  is,  of  all  the  arts,  the  one  which 
has  the  most  important  bearing  on  the  real  life  of 
women.  It  is  more  than  an  art :  it  rises  to  the  dignity 
of  a  science.  All  that  goes  to  make  up  a  well-ordered 
home  is  comprehended  in  it.  Considered  as  an  accom- 
plishment, it  is  of  more  solid,  practical  value  than  any 
of  those  showy  attainments  that  serve  to  adorn  rather 
than  to  build  up.  It  is  acquired  only  by  study  and 
experiment ;  like  liberty,  "  eternal  vigilance "  is  the 
price  of  it ;  and  it  is  only  through  great  tribulation  that  the  young 
and  inexperienced  housekeeper  enters  into  success.  Nothing  tends 
more  to  insure  comfort,  peace  and  attractiveness  in  home  than  good 
housekeeping.  The  mother  who  desires  her  daughter's  real  happi- 
ness will  not  fail  to  instruct  her  in  household  duties,  and  no  maiden 
who  looks  forward  to  being  one  day  the  mistress  of  her  own  home 
will  grudge  the  time  spent  in  mastering  their  smallest  details. 

It  is  a  common  error  of  young  girls  to  believe  that  because  they 
are  able  (or  expect  to  be  able)  to  keep  servants,  it  is,  therefore,  un- 
necessary for  them  to  become  familiar  with  household  cares. 
"  Hired  help ''  are  quick  to  discern  the  ignorance  and  incapacity  of  a 
mistress,  and,  as  a  rule,  are  equally  ready  to  take  advantage  of  it. 
A  capable  housekeeper,  however,  soon  makes  her  capacity  appre- 
ciated and  respected,  by  her  servants. 

No  department  of  domestic  economy  is  less  understood  or  more 
neglected  than  ventilation.  Sunlight  and  pure  air  are  the  worst  foes 
to  disease.  Grates  and  open  fire  places  are  of  great  value  as  ven- 
tilating flues.  The  heavy,  impure  air  naturally  sinks  toward  the 
floor,  and  openings  of  this  kind  create  a  draft  which  tends  to  carry 
it  off.  If  no  grates  or  fire-places  are  used,  throw  open  the  windows 
and  let  in  the  outer  air ;  do  not  rely  on  the  air  in  the  halls.  Plenty 
of  sunlight — floods  of  it — should  enter  the  living-rooms  of  the 
family.  It  is  better  (and  cheaper)  to  replace  a  faded  carpet  than  to 
pay  a  doctor's  biU. 

130 


To  sweep  and  dust  properly  is  "  not  so  easy  as  it  looks,"  and 
in  this,  as  in  nearly  every  other  department  of  the  housekeeper's 
care,  system,  will  secure  the  best  results.  Statuettes,  books  and 
articles  ol"  bric-a-brac  which  are  difficult  to  dust  should,  before 
sweeping,  be  covered  with  "dusters"  made  of  old  calico  or  other 
convenient  material.  Admit  as  much  light  as  possible  into  the  room 
before  sweeping.  Scan  the  ceilings  for  cobwebs  and  remove  them 
by  means  of  a  broom,  around  which  a  towel  has  been  pinned.  The 
housekeeper  will  be  repaid  for  care  in  sweeping  and  dusting  by 
the  longer  wear  of  her  carpets  and  by  the  brightness  and  freshness 
of  their  colors. 

The  "  siege "  of  housecleaning  is  one  of  the  epochs  in  household 
life,  and  is  a  most  trying  period  in  the  housekeeper's  existence. 
The  first  bright  sunshine  of  spring  reveals  unsuspected  dust  and 
cobwebs,  and  to  her  imagination,  even  the  brooms  and  scrubbing- 
brushes  seem  anxious  to  begin  the  campaign.  In  northern  latitudes, 
however,  it  is  not  wise  to  begin  too  early.  Spring  breaks  her  prom- 
ises of  pleasant  weather  and  gives  us  many  days  when  it  will  be 
anything  but  comfortable  to  sit,  shivering,  in  a  fireless  room,  when 
children  become  unmanageable  and  husbands  growl.  So,  for  the 
sake  of  health,  peace  and  comfort,  don't  remove  the  stoves  before 
the  middle  of  May. 

To  combat  the  ravages  of  the  everlasting  moth  is  one  of  the 
most  tiresome  of  the  housekeeper's  duties.  The  moth  works  in  the 
dark.  During  the  winter  the  worms  are  torpid.  Early  in  the 
spring  they  change  into  chrysalids,  and  in  three  weeks  afterward 
they  are  transformed  into  Avinged  moths,  which  fly  about  the  house 
in  the  evenings  of  May  and  June.  They  lay  their  eggs  (which  are 
too  small  to  be  distinguished  by  the  naked  eye)  in  dark  corners,  and 
immediately  thereafter  die.  The  eggs  hatch  in  about  a  fortnight, 
and  the  young  worms  at  once  devote  their  energies  to  business. 
The  o'^vner  of  a  cedar  closet  (or  even  a  cedar  chest)  is  secure  against 
their  ravages ;  those  who  do  not  o^vn  either  will  find  camphor,  cedar 
chips,  cut  tobacco  and  cayenne  pepper,  laid  in  the  folds  of  the  gar- 
ment, valuable  preventives.  It  is  a  good  plan  to  wrap  articles  in 
heavy  brown  paper  and  seal  the  packages  closely.  Moths  will  not 
touch  brown  paper.  Furs  should  be  combed,  beaten  and  aired, 
sprinkled  with  camphor  gum,  sewed  up  in  Unen  and  then  put  in  a 
paper  bag.  It  is  a  prudent  course  to  examine  the  furs  once  or  twice 
during  the  summer. 

To  many  housekeepers,  servants  constitute  the  "  greatest  plague 
of  life."    The  incompetent  servant  is  perpetually  repeating  her  (or 


him)  self.  The  nurse  who  tyrannizes  over  the  children,  or  upsets 
the  baby  carriage  in  the  park;  the  waitress  who  drinks  the  cherry 
brandy  and  fiUs  the  bottle  witli  weak  tea ;  the  cook  Avho  stimulates 
her  fiery  temper  with  whisky ;  all  these  are  more  or  less  famihar 
examples  of  tlie  "trained  servants,"  whom  the  inteUigence  offices 
daily  send  forth  to  vex  tiie  souls  of  their  employers. 

And  yet,  after  all,  for  how  many  bad  servants  are  those  employers 
honestly  responsible?  Servants  h^ve  a  creed  of  their  own.  the  first 
article  of  which  is  "  I  do  not  believe  in  my  mistress ;"  and  is  not  this 
distrust  often  the  result  of  an  experience  of  injustice?  In  your  in- 
tercourse with  your  servants  remember  that  they  are  human. 
Bridget,  or  Gretchen,  or  Dinah  is  as  susceptible  of  fatigue  and  as 
capable  of  enjoyment  as  her  employers.  Their  pleasures  are  (and 
should  be)  separate  from  yours,  but  recreation  in  some  form  is  as 
necessary  for  them  as  for  you.  At  the  same  time  bear  in  mind  the 
old  adage,  "  familiarity  breeds  contempt,"  and  do  not  place  yourself 
and  them  on  the  same  level  by  making  them  your  confidantes  and 
associates.  Make  no  rules  which  you  have  not  carefully  considered, 
and  a  compliance  with  which  you  intend  to  enforce.  Don't  tell 
"  Mary "  to  follow  a  certain  line  of  conduct,  unless  you  have  fully 
made  up  your  mind  that  she  shaU  follow  it,  and  if  you  have, 
insist  upon  obedience.  In  one  word,  tiie  same  principles  should  con- 
trol you  in  the  management  of  your  servants  as  in  the  government 
of  your  children — firmness,  joined  to  consideration  and  gentleness. 
Remember,  always,  tliat  they  have  the  same  desires  and  are  subject 
to  the  same  temptations  as  yourself ;  and  you  ^vill  find  them,  as  a 
rule,  ready  to  meet  you  fuUy  half-way  in  your  efforts  to  secure  a 
weU-ordered  household. 


HEALTH-GIVING    FOOD. 


imiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiwiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiniiiiiii^ 
HEALTH-GIVING  FOOD. 

miiiiiimiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiWiiiiiiiiiisaiiiiiimiiiiiiiimiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiii^ 


N  every  living  human  being  there  is  an  incessant  waste 
and  repair.  The  body  is  every  moment  yielding  up  its 
particles  to  destruction,  like  the  coal  which  is  burned  in 
the  furnace.  Hunger  is  the  instinct  which  teaches  us 
that  the  furnace  needs  to  be  replenished.  Properly 
speaking,  every  ingredient  of  the  body  constantly  re- 
quires to  be  replaced,  and  every  ingredient  which  goes 
to  make  up  the  body  must,  therefore,  form  a  part  of 
food.  All  food  substances  are  accordingly  divided  into 
groups,  each  of  which  has  some  distinguishing  charac- 
teristic. 

The  first  group  comprises  what  are  called  inorganic  substances, 
namely,  water  and  what  are  known  as  mineral  salts.  Of  these, 
water  is  the  most  abundant,  as  it  is  the  most  indispensable.  It 
forms  from  two-thirds  to  three-quarters  of  the  entire  body,  and  is 
being  constantly  discharged  by  perspiration,  etc.  Of  the  mineral 
salts,  the  most  important  are  the  chloride  of  sodium  (or  common 
salt)  and  phosphate  of  lime.  Salt  is  found  in  lean  meat  in  small 
proportions;  phosphate  of  lime  is  also  found  in  lean  meat,  fish, 
oysters,  and  eggs,  the  cereal  grains,  vegetables,  and  even  in  fruit. 
Alkaline  salts  (carbonate  of  soda,  etc.,)  are  also  necessary  for  the 
nourishment  of  the  body,  in  order  to  repair  the  waste  of  the  secre- 
tions of  the  blood.  These  salts  are  found  in  many  of  the  summer 
vegetables  and  fruits. 

The  second  group  of  food-substances  comprises  starch  and  sugar. 
Starch  is  found  in  the  form  of  minute  round  grains  in  a  vast  number 
of  vegetable  products.  It  is  very  abundant  in  wheat-flour,  rice, 
Indian  corn,  rye,  barley,  potatoes,  peas  and  beans,  and  enters,  in 
smaller  proportion,  into  nearly  every  article  of  vegetable  food. 
Sugar  is  not  so  plentiful  in  nature  as  starch,  but  it  forms  an  ingredi- 
ent of  the  sweet  juice  of  nearly  all  the  fruits  and  most  of  the 
vegetables.  Wheat  flour  has  five  per  cent  of  sugar ;  milk  nearly  as 
much  ;  beets,  nine  per  cent.,  etc.,  etc.  Vegetable  foods  containing 
starch  and  sugar,  are  always  useful  in  maintaining  health. 

The  third  group  comprises  the  fats,  which  are  of  both  animal  and 
vegetable  origin.  Twenty-five  per  cent  of  the  yolk  of  eggs,  and  all 
of  the  butter  obtained  from  cow's  milk,  belong  to  this  class  of  food, 
as  well  as  the  natural  fat  of  animals. 


The  fourth  group  of  food  substances  is  known  as  the  albuminoid 
class.  One  of  the  most  familiar  of  this  class  is  the  white  of  an  egg, 
which  is  pure  albumen.  Albumen  is  also  found  in  lean  meats  as 
well  as  in  a  few  vegetables. 

The  articles  of  food  containing  most  of  the  substances  needed  in 
the  body  are  as  follows :  For  fat  and  heat  making — butter,  lard, 
sugar,  and  molasses ;  for  flesh,  blood  or  muscle-forming — lean  meat, 
cheese,  peas,  beans,  and  lean  fish  ;  for  brain  and  nerves — shell  fish, 
lean  meat,  peas,  beans,  and  very  active  birds  and  fish  which  live  on 
food  in  which  phosphorus  abounds.  Green  vegetables,  fruits  and 
berries  furnish  additional  supplies  of  the  acids,  the  salts  and  the 
water  needed.  Water,  coffee,  tea,  cocoa,  and  other  drinks,  are 
simply  liquid  foods,  each  supplying  nutriment  in  greater  or  less 
amounts  and  repairing  waste.  Alcohol,  in  all  its  forms,  is  generally 
excluded  from  the  list  of  foods ;  but  taken  in  limited  quantities  and 
under  certain  conditions,  it  is  thought  by  some  authors  to  promote 
digestion  and  stimulate  the  conversion  of  food  into  tissue  and  blood. 
It  is,  however,  as  a  rule,  a  wiser  plan  to  allow  the  process  of  diges- 
tion to  proceed  under  the  guidance  of  nature,  unassisted  by  artificial 
stimulation  of  this  kind.  "Whatever  may  be  the  usefulness  of  alco- 
hol under  proper  restrictions,  the  danger  of  its  abuse  is  top  great  to 
render  its  use  prudent  or  wise. 


STRANGE  POST  OFFICE  NAMES. 

riOME  genius  with  an  eye  to  the  double  meaning  of  words  has 
]^  compiled  the  following  Ust  of  queer  names  of  post  offices  in 
y^   the  United  States : 

One  hundred  and  thirty-five  Cedar,  124  Pine,  216  Oak,  25  Chest- 
nut, 100  Maple,  36  Locust,  61  Elm,  28  Apple,  10  Spruce,  38  Hickory, 
and  27  Poplar.  Four  have  only  two  letters  in  their  names :  Po, 
Ok,  Oz,  and  Ai.  Tw^o  are  Poor  and  106  are  Kich ;  81  High  and  72 
Low ;  113  Big  and  106  Little ;  11  Short  and  100  Long ;  42  Upper 
and  24  Lower;  16  Great  and  3  Small.  The  lightest  town  is 
Pound,  in  Wise  county,  Va.  The  town  that  holds  the  least  is  Gill, 
in  Franklin  county,  Mass.  There  are  240  names  of  post  offices 
beginning  with  Rock,  42  with  Stone,  106  with  Sand,  68  with  Clay, 
and  15  with  Mud.  There  are  200  beginning  with  Spring,  28  with 
Summer,  39  with  Fall  and  17  with  Winter.  Eight  are  Hot  and 
38  Cold ;  13  Wet  and  41  Dry ;  47  Clear  and  15  Muddy.  One  is 
Yiolet,  65  are  Blue,  230  Green,  27  Yellow,  42  Orange,  123  Eed, 
300  White,  105  Black,  and  36  Gray. 


HE  following  recipes  and  hints  upon  various   matters  of 
household  economy  are  carefully  collated   from  the  most 
reliable  and  valuable  sources,  and  will  be  found  of  advan- 
tage in  regulating  the  domestic  economy.      The  housewife 
who  refers  here  in   a   difficulty  will  find  herself  extricated 
from  the  horns  of  many  little  dilemmas,  which  invariably 


arise  to  perplex  her. 


USEFUL   RECIPES  AND    PRACTICAL   HINTS. 


For  Sprains. — The  white  of  an  egg  and 
salt  mixed  to  a  thick  paste  is  one  of  the 
best  remedies  for  sprains,  bruises  or  lame- 
ness, for  man  or  beast.  Rub  well  the 
parts  affected. 

Salve  for  Cuts  and  Burns, — To  one- 
half  pound  of  sweet  lard  add  one-fourth 
pound  of  beeswax  and  the  same  of  resin. 
Beat  all  together  till  well  mixed,  and  pour 
into  small  tin  box.  Apply  a  little  to  the 
wound  on  a  soft  cotton  cloth. 

To  Cure  Chilblains.— Soak  the  feet 
fifteen  minutes  in  warm  water,  put  on  a 
pair  of  rubbers,  without  stockings,  and 
go  to  bed. 

To  Procure  an  Appetite, — Take  a 
slice  of  fresh  cut  bread,  not  too  new,  rub 
it  all  over  with  garlic,  and  pour  a  little 
fine  olive  oil  over  it.  This  eaten  just  pre- 
viously to  a  meal  induces  an  astonishing 
appetite.  For  such  as  dislike  the  raw  oil, 
the  bread  may  be  lightly  fried  in  butter 
or  oil. 

Cure  for  Hiccough. — Hold  your  nose, 
and  in  the  meantime  drink  of  any  liquid 
you  please.  This  will  cause  hiccoughs 
to  cease  instantly. 

White  Teeth. — A  mixture  of  honey 
with  the  purest  charcoal  will  make  the 
teeth  as  white  as  snow.  At  rare  intervals 
pumice  stone,  powdered,  on  the  tooth- 
brush, may  be  used,  but  cautiously,  so  as 
not  to  destroy  the  enamel. 

To  Stop  Bleeding.— Apply  to  a  fresh 
cut  wet  tea  leaves,  or  wetted  scrapings  of 
new  sole  leather.  Both  of  these  sub- 
stances contain  tannin,  which  is  an  as- 
tringent. A  strong  decoction  of  white 
oak  bark  is  still  betfer. 

Eruptions  of  the  Face. — Smear  the 
face  over  with  oil  of  walnuts  at  night  on 
going  to  bed,  and  wash  it  off  in  the  morn- 


ing by  means  of  a  little  oat  meal  or  Indian 
meal  in  the  water,  instead  of  soap. 

A  Smoky  Lamp. — A  smoky  lamp  not 
only  emits  a  disagreeable  smell,  but  also 
spoils  the  furniture  and  blackens  the  ceil- 
ing. The  simple  preventative  for  this  is 
to  soak  the  wick  in  vinegar  and  dry  it  be- 
fore using.  See  that  the  air  has  free 
passage  up  through  the  bottom  of  the 
chimney. 

To  Destroy  Ants. —  Take  a  large 
sponge,  wash  it  well,  press  it  very  dry. 
By  so  doing  it  will  leave  the  small  cells 
open.  Lay  it  on  a  shelf  where  the  ants 
are  most  troublesome,  and  sprinkle  sugar 
lightly  over  the  sponge.  At  intervals 
plunge  the  sponge  into  boiling  water  to 
kill  the  ants,  which  will  gather  by  thou- 
sands in  the  cells  of  the  sponge. 

Uses  of  Ammonia. -To  wash  paint,  put 
a  tablespoonful  of  ammonia  into  a  quart  of 
moderately  hot  water  ;  dip  in  a  flannel 
cloth,  and  with  this  merely  wipe  over  the 
woodwork  ;  no  scrubbing  will  be  neces- 
sary. For  taking  grease  spots  from  any 
fabric,  use  the  ammonia  nearly  pure,  and 
then  lay  white  blotting  paper  over  the 
spot  and  iron  it  lightly.  For  washing 
laces,  put  twelve  drops  in  a  little  warm 
suds.  For  cleaning  silver,  mix  two  tea- 
spoonfuls  of  ammonia  in  a  quart  of  hot 
soap-suds,  put  in  your  silver  and  wash  it, 
using  an  old  nail-brush  or  tooth-brush. 
For  cleaning  hair-brushes,  etc.,  simply 
shake  the  brushes  up  and  down  in  a  mixt- 
ure of  one  teaspoonf  ul  of  ammonia  to  one 
pint  of  hot  water,  and  when  they  are 
cleaned  rinse  them  in  cold  water  and 
stand  them  in  the  wind  or  in  a  hot  place 
to  dry.  For  washing  finger  marks  from 
looking-glasses  or  windows,  put  a  few 
drops  of  ammonia  on  a  moist  rag  and 


125 


HOUSEHOLD   VADE   MECrM. 


make  quick  work  of  it.  If  you  wish 
your  house  plants  to  flourish,  put  a  few 
drops  of  the  spirits  in  every  pint  of  water 
used  in  watering.  A  teaspoonful  in  a 
basin  of  cold  water  will  add  much  to  the 
refreshing  effects  of  a  bath,  and  for  those 
who  have  a  sour  or  sweet  smell  it  will  be 
an  absolute  remedy  for  some  time.  Noth- 
ing is  better  than  ammonia  water  for 
cleansing  the  hair.  In  every  case  rinse 
off  the  iiminonia  with  pure  water. 

Varnish  for  Hard  Wood. — Two  parts 
linseed  oil,  one  part  spirits  of  turpentine, 
one  and  a  half  parts  copal  varnish.  Mix 
well  together,  apply  with  a  pic^e  of  linen 
rag,  and  polish  with  a  soft  cloth. 

To  Silence  Snorers.  —  If  a  person 
snore  in  your  vicinity  to  such  a  degree 
that  you  cannot  go  to  sleep,  steal  gently 
out  of  bed,  seize  the  water  jug,  approach 
his  bed  side,  catch  hold  of  his  hand  and 
plunge  it  into  the  water.  It  is  strange, 
but  true,  notwithstanding,  that  after  thislie 
will  never  snore  again.  The  reason  of  this 
is  that  although  asleep  we  still  possess  a 
certain  amount  of  moral  consciousness, 
which  exercises  its  influence  over  the  ac- 
tions; and  thus  the  snorer  instinctively 
associates  the  shock  with  the  act  of  snor- 
ing, and  this  dread  is  riuftlcient  to  control 
him  so  as  to  escape  the  penalty. 

Bums  and  Scalds. — In  case  of  scald- 
ing by  hot  water,  dash  on  cold  water  in- 
stantly, and  lift  off  from  the  skin  any 
clothing  that  may  cover  the  scald,  as 
quickly  as  possible.  Cold  milk  is  still 
better.  If  the  scald  or  burn  is  not  serious, 
keep  upon  it  a  cloth  wetted  with  eciual 
parts  of  lime-water  and  linseed  oil,  with  a 
little  spirits  of  turpentine.  If  it  is  a  se- 
vere bum,  cover  it  with  simple  dry  flour. 
Keep  the  flour  heaped  and  packed  down 
tightly,  so  as  to  wholly  exclude  the  air, 
and  send  for  a  physician.  The  danger 
from  a  burn  depends  upon  the  extent  of 
the  surface  injured.  If  flame  is  inhaled 
into  the  lungs  the  patient  is  not  likely  to 
recover,  although  but  little  outward  mark 
of  the  fire  may  be  found. 

Illusion  of  Taste. — If  the  nose  be  held 
tightly  while  the  most  nauseous  medicine 
is  being  administered,  no  taste  will  be 
perceptible;  and  if  the  eyes  be  shut  while 
a  person  is  smoking,  he  will  nbt  be  able 
to  tell  whether  his  cigar  or  pipe  is  lighted 
or  not. 

To  liook  at  the  Sun  Without  In- 
jury.— Provide  a  wine-glass  filled  with 
plain  water,  which  will  keep  off  the  heat 
so  effectually  that  the  brightest  sun  may 
be  viewed  some  time  through  it  without 
any  inconvenience. 

Reviving  Withered  Flowers.  — 
Flowers  that  have  been  twenty-four  hours 
out  of  water  and  are  withered,  may  be 
revived  by  plunging  their  stems  into  hot 


water,  and  as  the  water  gradually  cools 
they  will  become  quite  fresh  again. 

Boots  and  Shoes. — As  soon  as  ^ou 
buy  a  pair  of  boots,  and  before  wearmg, 
rub  into  the  leather  with  the  hand  a  mixt- 
ure of  equal  parts  of  neats-foot  oil  and 
castor-oil,  well  shaken.  Before  applying 
the  oil  wet  the  leather  slightly  with  a 
moist  rag,  to  keep  the  oil  from  soaking 
through  into  the  stockings.  The  follow- 
ing is  an  excellent  water-proof  for  coarse 
boots:  Beef  tallow,  13  ounces;  resin,  1 
ounce;  f)eeswax,  0  ounces;  neatsfoot  oil, 

1  gill;  castor  oil,  1  gill.  M\x  well,  and 
apply  as  hot  as  the  leather  will  stand  with- 
out burning.  Remember  that  a  very  mod- 
erate degree  of  heat  will  scorch  leather 
and  ruin  it.  The  following  is  another 
valuable  leather  preservative,  good  for 
b(K)ts  and  shoes  and  for  leather  belting: 
Melt  21  parts  tallow  with  3  parts  resin, 
and  mix  well.     In  another  vessel  put  70 

{)arts  rain-water  and  7  parts  good  wash- 
Dg-soap,  dissolved  in  the  waterby  boiling. 
Add  the  first  mixture  and  again  bring  to 
a  gentle  boil.  When  cool  it  is  ready  for 
use.  Apply  only  what  will  enter  the 
leather  in  a  reasonable  time. 

A  Cheap  Aquarium. — Cut  a  nan  ow 
groove  in  a  board  the  size  you  wish.  Set 
four  panes  of  glass  on  edge  in  the  grooves. 
Put  a  piece  of  zinc  in  the  bottom.  Make 
a  light  frame  of  wood  or  zinc,  with  grooves 
to  correspond,  for  the  top.  Pass  rods 
through  the  frame  down  the  inside  of  the 
corners,  through  the  bottom,  and  screw 
up  tight.  Put  into  the  joints  and  cor- 
ners the  following: 

Water-Proof  Cement. — One  part,  by 
measurement,  of  litharge;  one  of  plaster- 
Paris;  one  of  fine  sand;  one- third  of  finely 
powdered  resin.  Keep  dry,  ready  for  use, 
in  a  well-corked  bottle.  To  use,  make 
into  a  putty  with  boiled  linseed  oil.  A 
little  patent  drier  may  be  used. 

Another. — White  lead  and  red  lead, 
equal  parts,  mixed  with  boiled  linseed  oil. 

For  Dandiuff. — One  ounce  flour  of 
sulphur  to  one  quart  of  water.  Shake  at 
intervals  of  a  few  hours.  Next  day  pour 
off  the  clear  water,  and  useit  to  saturate 
tlie  hair  every  morning.  Shampoo,  gently, 
once  a  week,  with  mild  soap,  not  rubbing 
the  scalp  very  hard.  Do  not  use  prepara- 
tions of  carbonate  of  potass,  for  dandruff, 
as  it  will  cause  the  hair  to  fall  out. 

To  Remove  Grease. — If  simple  ben- 
zine, followed  with  soap  suds,  is  not 
sufficient,  make  the  following  prepara- 
tion: Alcohol,  one-half  pint;  sulphuric 
ether,  2  ounces;  pure  carbonate  of  pot- 
ash-salts of  tartar,  10  grains;  soft  water, 

2  ounces ;  oil  of  bergamot,  one-fourth 
ounce.  Dissolve  the  carbonate  in  the 
water,  and  put  the  oil  of  berga;,uot  in  the 
alcohol.     Mix  all  together  and  cork  for 


■^^^ 


HOUSEHOLD   VADB   MECUM. 


use.  (The  bergamot  is  only  for  flavor.) 
In  using,  apply  with  a  clean  sponge,  rub- 
bing patiently.  If  the  paint  or  grease 
has  been  long  on  the  goods  it  will  be  more 
diflicult  to  remove  than  when  fresh. 

To  clean  Brussels  carpets  when  down, 
thoroughly  sweep,  and  then  scrub  with  a 
stiff  brush. 

To  clean  zinc,  or  indeed  any  metal,  use 
kerosene.  Remember  that  kerosene  is  not 
harmful  to  any  metal,  and  is  a  foe  to  all 
rust,  grease  and  paint. 

To  clean  saws  or  tools  from  rust,  when 
petrolemn  will  not  do,  scrub  with  pumice 
stone  and  diluted  muriatic  acid,  afterward 
washing  with  water,  drying  and  slightly 
heating.  You  must  keep  your  fingers  out 
of  the  acid. 

Stimulating  Flowers. — To  hasten 
the  blooming  of  flowers,  the  following 
liquid  has  been  used  with  advantage:  Sul- 
phate or  nitrate  of  ammonia,  4  oz. ;  ni- 
trate of  potash,  2  oz. ;  sugar,  1  oz. ;  hot 
water,  1  pint.  Dissolve  and  keep  it  in  a 
well-corked  bottle.  For  use,  put  eight  or 
ten  drops  of  this  liquid  into  the  water  of 
a  hyacinth  glass  or  jar,  for  bulbous-rooted 
plants,  changing  the  water  every  ten  or 
twelve  days.  For  flowering  plants  in 
pots  a  few  drops  must  be  added  to 
the  water  used  to  moisten  them.  Rain- 
water should  be  used.  If  you  have  only 
well-water,  remove  the  lime  by  boiling. 

Flowers  in  "Winter. — Flowers  may 
be  produced  In  winter  by  taking  up  the 
plants,  trees  or  shrubs,  in  the  spring,  at 
the  time  when  they  are  about  to  bud, 
with  some  of  their  own  soil  carefully 
preserved  among  the  roots,  placing  them 
upright  in  a  dark  cellar  till  October. 
Then,  with  the  addition  of  fresh  earth, 
they  are  to  be  put  into  proper  tubs  or  ves- 
sels and  placed  in  a  hot-house  or  warm 
window,  where  they  mu'-t  be  moistened 
every  morning. 

Natural  Flowers  in  Winter.— Choose 
some  of  the  most  perfect  buds  of  the 
flowers  you  would  preserve,  such  as  are 
latest  in  blooming  and  ready  to  open. 
Cut  them  off  with  a  pair  of  scissors  or  a 
knife,  leaving  to  each,  if  possible,  a  piece 
of  the  stem  about  three  inches  long. 
Cover  the  end  of  the  stem  immediately 


with  Spanish  wax.  When  the  buds  are  a 
little  shrunk  and  withered,  inclose  and 
seal  each  of  them  separately  in  a  piece  of 
paper,  perfectly  clean  and  dry,  and  pre- 
serve them  untouched  in  a  box  or  drawer. 
Well-sized  paper,  or  paper  coated  with 
wax,  must  be  used.  In  winter,  or  at  any 
other  time  when  you  would  have  the 
flowers  bloom,  take  buds  over  night  and 
cut  off  the  ends  of  the  stems  sealed  with 
Spanish  wax,  and  place  them  in  water 
wherein  a  little  nitre  or  salt  has  been  dis- 
solved, and  the  buds  will  open  the  next 
day,  the  same  as  on  their  native  bushes. 

Snake-Bites. — In  900  cases  of  snake- 
bites in  India,  reported  by  an  English  sur- 
geon, aqua  ammonia  was  administered  in- 
ternally, and  over  700  of  them  recovered, 
although  the  average  time  that  had  elapsed 
after  the  bite,  before  the  ammonia  was 
given,  was  3^  hours;  and  in  those  who 
died,  4^.  The  dose  in  administering  am- 
monia is  5  to  30  drops,  well  diluted  with 
water. 

Nose-Bleed. — Wet  a  small,  soft  linen 
cloth  in  water,  roll  it  in  a  convenient  size, 
dip  and  rub  it  in  tannic  acid  in  the  dry 
powdered  form,  and  pass  it  into  the  nos- 
tril as  high  up  as  will  allow  the  tannic 
acid  to  reach  the  point  where  the  blood  is 
issuing.  If  the  acid  will  not  adhere  to 
the  cloth,  make  an  ointment  of  it  with  a 
very  little  lard,  and  apply  as  before. 
Monsel's  persulphate  of  iron  is  also  highly 
recommended  as  a  styptic,  or  astringent 
for  causing  contraction  of  the  blood  ves- 
sels. In  case  of  severe  nosebleed  it  is 
well  to  soak  the  feet  in  hot  water,  to  draw 
the  blood  away  from  the  head.  Compress 
the  little  artery  in  the  side  of  the  face 
leading  to  the  nostril,  just  where  it  passes 
over  the  jaw  bone. 

To  Relieve  Asthma. — Wet  blotting 
paper  in  a  strong  solution  of  saltpetre,  dry 
it,  and  burn  a  piece  three  inches  square 
on  a  plate  in  the  sleeping  room,  and  it 
will  afford  quick  relief. 

To  Remove  Warts. — Touch  the  warts 
with  caustic  potassa,  or  liquor  potassa,  or 
acetic  acid.  The  operation  is  not  painful, 
does  not  discolor  the  skin,  and  removes 
the  warts  in  a  short  time,  leaving  the  skin 
perfectly  smooth. 


PUZZLES   OF   HOUSEKEEPERS. 


Clean  brass  ornaments  by  washing  with 
roche  alum  boiled  to  a  strong  lye,  after- 
ward scouring  with  tripoli. 

Extract  grease  from  papered  walls  by 
washing  lightly  with  spirits  of  wine. 

Remove    medicine    stains  from  silver 


spoons  with  sulphuric  acid,  diluted  some- 
what. 

Remove  stains  from  the  hands  by  wash- 
ing in  water  containing  a  very  little  sul- 
phuric acid. 

To  clean  knives  and  forks  rub  with 


sweet  oil,  let  them  lie  forty-eight  hours,  kin  should  lie  in  lye  before  being  washed, 

then    scour    with    powdered    unslaked  as  it  sets  the  color.     A  strong  tea  of  com- 

lime.  mon  hay  will  preserve  the  color  of  French 

Sharpen  light,  thin-edged  tools  by  put-  linen.     Vinegar  in  the  rinsing  water  for 

ting  them  half  an  hour  in  water  with  one  pink  or  green  calicoes  will  brighten  them, 

twentieth  part  of  muriatic  acid.  and  soda  answers  the  same  end  for  both 

Remove  strong  vegetable  odors  from  purple  and  blue.     To  bleach  cotton  cloth 

kitchen  utensils  by  rinsing  with  powdered  take  one  large  spoonful  of  sal  soda  and 

charcoal.  one  pound  of  chloride  of  lime  for  thirty 

A  spoonful  of  oxgall  to  a  gallon  of  yards;  dissolve  in  clear  soft  water;  rinse 

water  will  set  the  colors  of  almost  any  the  cloth  thoroughly  in  cold  soft  water, 

goods  soaked  in  it  previous  to  washing.  so  that  it  may  not  rot.     That  amount  of 

A  tea  cup  of  lye  in  a  pail  of  water  will  cloth  may  be  bleached  in  fourteen  or  fif- 

improve  the  color  of  black  goods.     Nan-  teen  minutes. 


SUNDRY  BRIEF  ITEMS  OF  INTEREST. 

In  1492  America  was  discovered. 
In  1848  gold  was  found  in  California. 
Invention  of  telescopes,  1590. 
Elias  Howe,  Jr.,  invented  sewing  machines  in  1846. 
In  1839  envelopes  came  into  use. 
Steel  pens  first  made  in  1830. 
The  first  watch  was  constructed  in  1476. 
First  manufacture  of  sulphur  matches  In  1829. 
Glass  windows  introduced  into  England  in  the  eighth  century. 
First  coaches  introduced  into  England  in  1569. 
In  1545  needles  of  the  modem  style  first  came  into  use. 
In  1527  Albert  Durer  first  engraved  on  wood. 
1559  saw  knives  introduced  into  England. 
In  the  same  year  wheeled  carriages  Were  first  used  in  Prance. 
In  1588  the  first  newspaper  appeared  in  England. 
In  1629  the  first  printing  press  was  brought  to  America. 
The  first  newspaper  advertisement  appeared  in  1652. 
England  sent  the  first  steam  engine  to  this  continent  in  1703. 
The  first  steamboat  in  the  United  States  ascended  the  Hudson  in  1807. 
Locomotive  first  used  in  the  United  States  in  1830. 
First  horse  railroad  constructed  in  1827. 
In  1830  the  first  iron  steamship  was  built. 
Coal  oil  first  used  for  illuminating  purposes  in  1886. 
Looms  introduced  as  a  substitute  for  spinning  wheels  in  1776. 
The  velocity  of  a  severe  storm  is  36  miles  an  hour;  that  of  a  hurricane,  80  miles 
an  hour. 

National  ensign  of  the  United  States  formally  adopted  by  Congress  in  1777. 

A  square  acre  is  a  trifle  less  than  209  feet  each  way. 

Six  hundred  and  forty  acres  make  a  square  mile. 

A  "hand "  (employed  in  measuring  horses'  height)  is  four  inches. 

A  span  is  10^  inches. 

Six  hundred  pounds  make  a  barrel  of  rice. 

One  hundred  and  ninety-six  pounds  make  a  barrel  of  flour. 

Two  hundred  pounds  make  a  barrel  of  pork. 

Fifty- six  pounds  make  a  firkin  of  butter. 

The  number  of  languages  is  2,750. 

The  average  duration  of  human  life  is  31  years. 


physicians'  digestion  table. 


PHYSICIMS'  DIGESTIOH  TABLE. 

SHOWING  THE  TIME  REGlTnilED  FOB,  THE   DIGESTION  OF  THE 
OBDINARY  ARTICLES  OF  FOOD. 

SOUPS. 
Chicken,  3  hours;  Mutton,  3^  hours;  Oyster,  3^  hours:  vegetable,  4  hoiirs. 

FISH. 
Bass,  broiled,  3  hours;  Codfish,  boiled,  2  hours;  Oysters,  raw,  3  hours;  Oysters, 
roasted,  3i  hours;  Oysters,  stewed.  3i  hours;  Salmon  (fresh),  boiled,  If  hours;  Trout, 
fried,  1^  hours. 

MEATS. 
Beef,  roasted,  3  hours;  Beefsteak,  broiled,  3  hours;  Beef  (corned;  boiled,  4i 
hours;  Lamb,  roast,  2i  hours;  Lamb,  boiled,  3  hours;  Meat,  hashed,  2i  hours; 
Mutton,  broiled,  3  hours;  Mutton,  roast,  3i  hours;  Pigs'  feet,  soused,  1  hour;  Pork, 
roast,  5i  hours;  Pork,  boiled,  4^  hours;  Pork,  fried,  4J  hours;  Pork,  broiled,  3i 
hours;  Sausage,  fried,  4  hours;  Veal,  broiled,  4  hours;  Veal,  roast,  4i  hours. 

POULTRY  AND  GAME. 
Chicken,  fricasseed,  3i  hours;  Duck  (tame),  roasted,  4  hours;  Duck  (wild),  roasted, 
4f  hours;  Fowls  (domestic),  roasted  or  boiled,  4  hours;  Goose  (wild)  roasted,  2i  hours; 
Goose  (tame),  roasted,  2i  hours;  Turkey,  boiled  or  roasted,  2i  hours;  Venison,  broiled 
or  roasted,  H  hoiirs. 

VEGETABLES. 
Asparagus,  boiled,  2^  hours;  Beans  (Lima),  boiled,  2^  hours;  Beans  (string),  boiled, 
3  hours;  Beans,  baked  (with  pork),  4^  hourg;  Beets  (young)  boiled,  3f  hours;  Beets 
(old)  boiled,  4  hours;  Cabbage,  raw,  2  hours;  Cabbage,  boiled,  4i  hours;  Cauliflower, 
boiled,  2i  hours;  Com  (green),  boiled,  4  hours;  Onions,  boiled,  3  hours;  Parsnips, 
boiled,  3  hours;  Potatoes,  boiled  or  baked,  3^  hours;  Rice,  boiled,  1  hour;  Spinach, 
boiled,  21  hours;  Tomatoes,  raw  or  stewed,  2i  hours;  Turnips,  boiled,  3^  hours. 

BREAD,  EGGS,  MILK,  ETC. 
Bread,  com,  di  hours;  Bread,  wheat,  3^  hours;  Eggs,  raw,  2  hours;  Cheese,  Si 
hours;  Custard,  2|  hours;  Eggs,  soft-boiled,  3- hours;  Eggs,  hard-boiled  or  fried,  3i 
hours;  Gelatine,  2i  hours;  Tapioca,  2  hours. 

SUSTAINING    POWER   OF   ICE. 

The  sustaining  power  of  ice  at  various  degrees  of  thickness  is  given  in  the 
following  paragraphs: 

At  a  thickness  of  two  inches,  will  support  a  man. 

At  a  thickness  of  four  inches,  will  support  man  on  horseback. 

At  a  thickness  of  six  inches,  will  support  teams  with  moderate  loads. 

At  a  thickness  of  eight  inches,  will  support  heavy  loads. 

At  a  thickness  of  ten  inches,  it  will  support  1,000  pounds  to  the  square  foot. 


•(SJBIIOp) 


-W«¥s*^'s*'^'*'5p;is>'p'5  ^^^iJ^^^x^ 


*0  C*^ '3 'O 


'aiim  aivnbs 
9)ira}(qBqai 


•aoj^Bxndoj 


•  c  I.  *  3  .  P  a 


fc.  3  3  «  O  E  5  OJ3J3  O  2 


■iH r.i.it>^T-^-^it 


SDiJIf  i.T'i  ©lilf  li. 

■   ■i^r:i'4t.^i<- ■ 


f 


»^S^f»«5*» 


THE  CAPITOL  AT  WASHINGTON. 


ASHIKGTOK  City,  the  capital  of  the  United  States, 
occupies  a  central  position  in  the  District  of  Columbia, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Potomac,  105  miles  from  its 
mouth.  The  site  was  selected  by  Washington  himself, 
whose  choice  was  ratified  by  Act  of  Congress  in  1790. 
The  city  is  laid  out  upon  a  somewhat  unique  plan. 
Its  streets  run  parallel  with  the  meridian,  or  at  right 
angles  with  it,  while  a  number  of  avenues  intersect 
these  in  diagonal  directions.  The  main  street  is  known  as  Penn- 
sylvania Avenue,  and  extends  from  the  Capitol  to  the  White  House, 
which  are  about  a  mile  apart,  and  which  are  themselves  the  centers 
around  which  several  of  the  broad  diagonal  avenues  radiate.  The 
streets  are  from  70  to  110  feet  in  width,  and  the  avenues  from  130 
to  160  feet.  The  city,  although  it  has  become  one  of  the  largest  in 
the  country,  with  a  population,  in  1880,  of  147,300,  is  laid  out  on  so 
grand  a  scale  that  it  will  be  many  years  before  all  the  streets  are 
lined  with  buildings.  It  has  acquired  the  name  of  the  "  City  of 
Magnificent  Distances."  It  is  said  that  Washington  in  his  early 
days,  and  being  before  he  dreamed  of  the  august  destiny  and  glori- 
ous career  which  awaited  him,  predicted  that  somewhere  in  that 
vicinity  would  one  day  stand  a  great  city,  and  time  is  rapidly  de- 
veloping the  fulfillment  of  that  youthful  dream  of  the  saviour  of  his 


131 


OUE   COUNTRY  8    CAPITAL. 


IMMWWWH.MIIIffliati'lfAltiilMPAMWHWHIAWWHIilMliWIHHIH 


PUBLIC   BUILDINGS. 


HE  building  of  the  greatest  importance  in  Washington,  if 
not  in  America,  is  the  National  Capitol.  It  is  situated  on 
an  elevation  known  as  Capitol  Hill,  a  mile  east  of  the 
Potomac.  The  building  faces  to  the  east,  and  before  it 
extends  a  wide  plaza,  used  for  reviews  and  for  some  of  the 
inauguration  ceremonies. 
The  first  building  on  this  site  was  commenced  in  1793,  General 
Washington  laying  the  corner  stone,  but  was  destroyed  by  tire 
during  the  British  occupancy  of  the  city  in  1814.  The  present  edi- 
fice was  commenced  in  1821,  its  corner  stone  being  laid  by  Daniel 
Webster,  then  Secretary  of  State.  It  consisted  at  first  of  what  is 
now  called  the  central  building,  but  two  wings  were  added  in  1851. 
The  cost  of  this  splendid  structure  has  been  about  $15,000,000  up  to 
the  present  time.  Its  entire  length  is  T50  feet.  The  central  build- 
ing is  of  freestone,  whitened ;  it  is  approached  by  a  flight  of  steps, 
on  which  stand  statues  of  the  discovery  and  first  settlement  of 
America.  A  portico,  supported  on  lofty  Corinthian  columns,  ex- 
tends across  the  front  of  this  portion  of  the  building,  in  front  of 
which  stands  a  colossal  statue  of  Washington.  The  building  is  sur- 
mounted by  a  lofty  iron  dome,  on  whose  summit  stands  a  bronze 
statue  of  Liberty,  also  of  colossal  size,  being  twenty  feet  in  height. 
The  height  to  the  top  of  this  figure  is  307^  feet,  being  36  feet  less 
than  that  of  St.  Peter's  at  Rome. 

Underneath  the  dome,  in  the  interior  of  the  building,  is  the 
Rotunda,  an  enormous  hall,  96  feet  in  diameter  and  168  feet  in 
height.  Over  its  doors  are  marble  bas-reliefs,  representing  scenes 
in  American  history ;  and  on  its  walls  hang  pictures  of  historical 
interest.  Adjoining  the  Rotunda  is  the  famous  Library  of  Congress, 
which  occupies  three  large  halls  with  fire-proof  walls  and  shelving. 
It  contains  more  than  525,000  books  and  pamphlets,  and  about 
15,000  are  annually  added  to  its  numbers. 

To  the  north  of  the  Rotunda  extends  the  Senate  wing  of  the 
building.  The  Senate  Chamber  itself  is  rectangular  in  form,  being 
114  feet  long,  82  feet  wide,  and  36  feet  high.  The  ceiling  is  of  cast- 
iron,  paneled  with  richly  ornamented  stained  glass  skylights.  Gal- 
leries capable  of  seating  more  than  1,000  persons  surround  the  hall, 
to  which  the  visitor  ascends  by  spacious  staircases  of  white   and 


colored  marble.  Adjoining  this  chamber  are  reception  rooms,  re- 
tiring rooms  for  senators,  etc.,  etc.,  all  furnished  with  great  mag- 
nificence, with  walls  and  columns  of  white  and  red  marble,  and  the 
ceilings  frescoed  and  gilded. 

Hall  of  Representatives. — This  is  in  the  opposite  wing  of  the 
building.  It  is  of  fine  proportions,  and  is  richly  decorated.  It  is 
139  feet  long  and  93  feet  wide.  Spacious  galleries  surround  is  for 
the  diplomatic  corps,  the  public  and  the  reporters  for  the  press, 
capable  of  seating  1,200  persons.  The  roof  is  similar  to  that  of  the 
Senate  Chamber,  and  on  its  glass  panels  are  painted  the  arms  of  the 
States. 

The  Executive  Mansion. — This  building,  known  as  the 
White  House,  is  constructed  of  whitened  sandstone,  in  the  style  of 
architecture  called  Ionic.  It  is  lYO  feet  long.  Its  main  entrance  is 
through  a  portico  supported  by  columns,  on  the  north  side  of  the 
building;  on  the  south  side  a  semi-circular  portico  overlooks  the 
Potomac.  On  the  ground  floor  are  the  public  rooms,  consisting  of 
the  East  Room,  the  Blue  Room,  the  Green  Room  and  the  State 
Dining  Room.  The  first  named  is  adorned  with  portraits  of  former 
presidents  and  is  sumptuously  furnished,  its  floor  being  covered  by 
a  Turkish  carpet  presented  to  the  Government  by  the  Sultan.  On 
the  upper  floor  are  the  executive  offices  and  the  private  apartments. 
Presidential  levees,  to  which  the  public  are  admitted,  are  held  fre- 
quently during  the  congressional  sessions. 

Smithsonian  Institute. — This  is  one  of  the  most  important 
and  interesting  of  the  public  buildings.  It  is  of  red  sandstone,  and 
ornamented  by  seven  towers  at  its  extremities.  It  was  erected 
with  money  bequeathed  to  the  United  States  by  James  Smithson,  a 
natural  son  of  the  Duke  of  Northumberland,  at  a  cost  of  $450,000. 
It  contains  very  valuable  and  extensive  collections  of  minerals, 
animals,  skeletons,  shells,  costumes,  weapons,  medals,  fossils  and 
photographs.  Th6  bmlding  is  surrounded  by  spacious  and  well- 
kept  grounds. 

Department  Buildings.— These  are  huge  piles  of  marble, 
granite,  or  sandstone.  Those  of  special  interest  are  the  Treasury, 
the  State,  War  and  Navy  Department  and  the  Patent  Office.  Of 
these,  the  Treasury  is  the  largest,  being  589  feet  long,  and  300  feet 
wide.  The  north  and  south  porticos  and  eastern  portion  are  sup- 
ported by  immense  columns,  31  feet  in  height,  and  4  feet  in  diame- 
ter. The  north  part  opens  upon  a  tesselated  plateau  containing  a 
fine  fountain,  and  the  south  portico  commands  a  view  over  beautiful 


Wk 


OUK  countky's  capital. 


gardens  of  the  Potomac.  The  stair-cases  and  offices  are  lined  with 
marbles  and  richly  decorated.  To  most  visitors,  however,  the  most 
interesting  portions  of  the  building  are  the  marble  Cash  Room  and 
the  Gold  Vaults  with  their  thousands  of  millions  of  dollars,  so 
readily  seen,  yet  so  difficult  to  reach  ! 

State,  War  and  Navy  Departments. — The  building  occupied 
by  these  departments  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  specimens  of 
architecture  in  the  United  States.  It  is  built  of  granite,  and  is 
believed  to  be  absolutely  fire-proof.  Its  length  is  567  feet,  its 
width  342  feet,  and  its  cost  was  $5,000,000.  The  Hall  of  the  Sec- 
retary of  State,  the  Ambassadors'  Hall  and  the  Library,  are  sump- 
tuous apartments. 

Patent  OflElce. — This  is  also  a  beautiful  piece  of  architectural 
work — periiaps  it  is,  architecturally  considered,  the  most  perfect  in 
the  city.  It  is  built  of  white  marble  and  sandstone.  Here  are  de- 
posited models  of  every  patent  issued.  The  !Model  Rooms  are  tilled 
with  objects  of  the  greatest  interest,  inclosed  in  cases,  the  contents 
of  each  case  being  described  on  a  label  attached.  The  original 
Declaration  of  Independence  may  be  seen  here,  and  various  interest- 
ing historical  relics,  originally  belonging  to  Washington,  Lincoln, 
and  other  patriots. 


J         ^AQUIKiriTnM      MnMIIMCMT  * 


WASHINGTON    MONUMENT. 

'jiyiiip  wit  liiP  <ipi  HP  laniw  iiiip  Mfiny  MfW\\ 


HIS  stupendous  work  was  commenced  in  1848  and  completed 
in  1884,  although  work  upon  it  has  been  suspended  from 
time  to  time.     The  suspension  has  been  due,  sometimes,  to 
lack  of  funds,  and  again  because  the  foundations  were  found 
to  be  insecure.     Its  design  is  a  circular  temple,  from  which 
springs  a  lofty  shaft  in  the  shape  of  an  obelisk,  the  whole 
structure  reaching  a  height  of   557  feet.     The  shaft  is  of  Maine 
granite,  faced  with  white.     The  interior  contains  various  stones 
presented  by  foreign  powers,  as  well  as  by  the  different  States  and 
by  distinguished  American  societies.     Some  of  the  blocks  bear  in- 
scriptions and  are  richly  ornamented  with  carving.     This  monument, 
which   has  been  called  "  earth's  greatest  cenotaph,"  is  the  loftiest 
structure  in  the  world,  towering  far  above  the  Capitol,  and  even 
exceeding  in  altitude,  by  69  feet,  the  great  Pyramid  of  Cheops  in 
Egypt.     It  is  intended  that  an  elevator,  as  well  as  a  spiral  staircase, 


OUR   COUNTEY  S   CAPITAL. 


shall  be  used  for  ascent,  and  that  the  interior  of  the  shaft  shall  be 
brilliantly  illuminated,  as  the  only  natural  light  admitted  will  be 
through  star-shaped  windows  at  the  top.  The  prospect  from  the 
top  is  sublime  beyond  conception.  On  the  west,  the  range  of  vision 
extends  to  the  AUeghanies;  on  the  south,  across  the  blue  waters  of 
Chesapeake  Bay  ^to  the  Atlantic  ;  and  on  the  north  and  east,  far 
over  the  fertile  valleys  of  Maryland  alid  Pennsylvania. 


l|0  description  of  Washington  could  pretend  to  be  com- 
plete which  failed  to  include  some  mention  of  its  parks  and 
'**'  statues.  The  squares  are  numerous  and  beautiful,  the 
largest  covering  an  area  of  nineteen  acres.  They  not  only 
beautify  the  city  and  please  the  eye,  but  also  serve  as  delight- 
ful resting  spots  for  tired  pedestrians  and  charming  play 
grounds  for  whole  troops  of  laughing  children.  Almost  all  of 
these  parks  are  adorned  with  statues  of  persons  famous  in  American 
history,  among  whom  might  be  named  Lafayette,  Greene,  Scott, 
Lincoln,  and  many  of  the  heroes  of  the  Civil  War.  Besides  the 
parks,  another  feature  which  tends  greatly  to  beautify  the  city 
should  be  noticed.  On  the  majority  of  the  streets,  the  houses  stand 
from  forty  to  fifty  feet  back  from  the  curbstone,  each  house  having 
nearly  twenty  feet  of  garden  in  front  of  it.  The  result  is,  that  in 
the  vernal  season  Washington  is  dotted  by  innumerable  gardens 
filled  with  the  choicest  of  Southern  flowers. 


POPULATION— SOCIETY. 


EOBABLY  no  city  on  the  American  continent  has  a  pop- 
ulation of  so  cosmopolitan  a  character  as  Washington. 
Hither  flock  people  from  all  climes  and  countries,  whose 
interests  and  tastes  are  as  diverse  as  their  habits  and  civiliza- 
tion.     The    rosy-faced,   blonde-haired   European   from    the 
steppes  of  Northern  Eussia  is  jostled  by  the  tawny-skinned, 
black-browed  South  American  ;  the  delicate  features  of  the  Cauca- 
sian present  a  daily  contrast  to  the  thick  lips  and  high  cheek-bones 


of  the  native  African ;  while  the  polished  Parisian  learns  new 
lessons  in  life  from  the  "  cow-boy "  of  our  Western  plains.  In  ad- 
dition to  its  cosmopolitan  character,  the  population  of  Washington 
may  be  fairly  characterized  as  migratory.  The  number  of  "  old 
settlers"  is  comparatively  small,  and  even  the  "oldest  inhabitant" 
will  hardly  strain  his  conscience  by  telling  you  stories  of  his  per- 
sonal recollections  of  General  Jackson.  A  very  large  majority  of 
Washington  ians  are  ot!ice-AoW<?r#,  and  a  considerable  percentage  of 
the  remainder  are  ofsic^seekers^  known  in  Washington  as  "tide- 
waiters."  The  advent  of  a  new  political  party,  or  even  of  a  new 
administration,  or  the  assembling  of  a  new  congress,  renders  neces- 
sary very  material  alterations  in  the  directory. 

Washington  society  is  of  every  grade,  and  no  variety  of  social 
entertainment  can  be  imagined  which  cannot  be  found  there,  from 
the  "  state  dinner  "  with  its  distinguished  guests,  its  elaborate  menu, 
and  its  gorgeous  appointments,  to  the  far  humbler,  but  perhaps 
equally  happy,  "  tea "  given  in  the  quiet  home  of  the  department 
lady-clerk,  who  thinks  herself  rich  on  an  income  of  $75  per  month. 
In  a  word,  whatever  may  be  your  intellectual  tastes,  or  financial  cir- 
cumstances, or  religious  creed,  or  social  standing,  you  may  find  in 
some  one  of  the  many  strata  of  Washington  society  a  congenial 
circle.  No  capital  of  the  New  World  can  vie  with  it  in  gayety  during 
what  is  known  as  "  the  season,"  as  none  can  surpass  it  in  beauty. 

Art  and  nature  vie  with  each  other  in  affording  a  situation 
and  surroundings  worthy  of  the  highest  ambition  of  the  capital 
for  the  future,  and  on  so  generous  and  noble  a  plan  have  the  im- 
provements of  the  naturally  picturesque  site  been  conducted,  that  it 
is  difficult  to  decide  which  of  the  two  has  most  contributed  to  the 
imposing  coup  cToeil  which  the  Washington  of  to-day  presents. 

More  than  half  a  century  ago  a  distinguished  writer  penned 
these  lines,  which  are  even  more  true  to-day  than  when  first  written : 
"  The  Nation  has  founded  a  city  which  bears  and  will  transmit  to 
posterity  the  name  of  Washington  and  his  reno\\Ti.  It  is  a  living, 
intelligent  monument  of  his  glory,  and  will  reflect,  as  it  grows  in 
wealth  and  splendor,  the  inestimable  consequences  resulting  to  the 
country  from  his  martial  qualities  and  patriotic  virtues." 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


LIST  of  State  and  Territorial  Capitals,  with  the  Salaries  and  Length  of 
Terms  of  the  Governors. 


I. -STATES. 


State. 

Capital. 

o 

OtHO 

State. 

Capital. 

to 

r 

Governor's 
Term    of 
Office. 

Alabama 

Montgomery  . . . 
Little  Rock.... 
Sacramento  — 
Denver  

$3,000 
3,000 
(5,000 
.^,000 
2,000 
3,000 
3,.500 
3,000 
6,000 
5,000 
.S,000 
3,000 
5,000 

"4,000 
2,000 
4,500 
4,000 
1,000 
3,300 
4,0OU 

2  years 

4      " 

2  " 

3  " 

4  " 
4      " 

2  " 
4      " 
4       " 

3  " 
2      " 

4  " 
4      " 
2      " 
4      " 

1  " 

2  " 
2      " 
4      " 

Missouri 

Nebraska 

Nevada  

New  Hamp- 

Jefferson  City.. 
Lincoln 

$5,000 
2,500 
5,000 

1,000 
5,000 
10,000 
3,0i0 
4,000 

i,.->oo 

10,OoO 

1,000 
3  500 
4,000 
4,000 
1,000 
5,000 
2,700 
5,000 

4  years 
2     " 

California  .   .. 

Carson  City 

Concord  

Trenton    

Albany  

4      " 

Hartford    

2      " 

New  Jersey... 

New  York 

North  Carolina 
Ohio 

3      " 

Tallahassee 

3      " 

Georgia 

Illinois 

Raleigh 

4      " 

Springfield 

Indianapolis  .... 
Des  Monies 

Columbus. 

Salem 

2      '* 

Oregon  

Pennsylvania 
Rhode  Island . . 

South  Carolina 
Tennessee .... 
Texas 

4      " 

Iowa 

Harrisburgh 

Providence  and 

Newport 

Columbia 

Nashville 

Austin 

Montpelier 

Richmond 

Wheeling 

Madison 

4      " 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts  . 

Michigan  

Minnesota 

Frankfort 

Baton  Rouge . . . 

Augusta 

Annapolis 

Boston 

Lansing  

St.  Paul 

1  " 

2  " 

2      " 
2      " 

Vermont 

Virginia 

West  Virginia . 
Wisconsin.  ... 

2      " 
4      " 
4      ' 

Mississippi 

Jackson 

2      " 

II.-TERRITORIES. 


Territories. 

Capitals. 

<H  O 

oa 

iOtM 

gas 

oHO 

Territories. 

Capitals. 

•H  O 

o  c 

u 

>-> 

'^9h 

'u  o 

O 

gs§ 

oHO 

Arizona .... 

Dakota 

Idaho  

Prescott 

Bismarck 

Boise  City 

Tchlequah 

$2,000 
2,000 
2,000 
2,000 
3,000 

4  years 

New  Mexico.. 

Utah 

Washington... 
Wyoming 

Santa  Fe  

Salt  Lake  City 

Olympia 

Cheyenne  

$3,000 
2,000 
3,000 
3,000 

4  years 

4     " 
4     " 

TABLE  showing  the  length  of  the  Longest  and  Shortest  Day  and  Night 
in  various  Capitals  of  the  World. 


i 

hi 

.  c 

. 

jd 

Time. 

-2  a 
al 

c 

1 

1 

6 

"3 

ll 

a  0. 
C.2 

O.M 

cS, 

3 

.& 

u 

< 

pa 

6 

u 

O 

o 

o 

P 

W 

H.  M. 

H.  M. 

H.  M. 

H.  M. 

H.  M. 

H.  M. 

H.  M. 

H.  M. 

H.  M. 

H.  M. 

Longest  day    . . 

16  44 

16  38 

J5  16 

14    0 

13  26 

14  22 

15    4 

17  30 

16  56 

17  .H3 

Longest  night.. 

16  27 

16  20 

15    3 

13  41 

13  18 

14  22 

14  48 

17    6 

16  42 

17  10 

Shortest  day... 
Shortest  night. . 

7  33 

7  40 

8  58 

10  19 

10  43 

9  38 

9  12 

6  ,54 

7  18 

650 

7  16 

7  22 

8  44 

10    0 

10  34 

938 

8  56 

6  40 

7    4 

638 

Time. 

s 

% 

d 
o 

i 

.2 
u 

(2 

« 

d 

1 

9.  0 

St.   Pe- 
ters- 
burgh. 

i 

§ 
> 

if 

H.  M. 

H.  M. 

H.  M. 

H.  M. 

H.  M. 

H.  M. 

H.  M. 

H.  M. 

H.  M. 

H.  M. 

Longest  day 

Longest  night.. 
Shortest  day... 
Shortest  night. 

16  23 
1«  16 

7  44 
7  37 

15    0 
14  i^ 
9  14 
9    0 

15    3 
14  4'< 
9  14 

8  57 

16    6 
15  50 
8  10 

7  54 

12  36 
12  26 
11  34 
11  24 

14  58 
14  44 
9  16 
9    2 

18  30 
18    6 
5  54 
530 

18  44 
18  18 
5  42 
5  16 

15  58 
15  43 
8  17 
8    2 

14  52 
14  38 

9  23 
9    8 

GEOGEAPHICAL   TABLE. 


GEOGRAPHICAL  TABLE 


A  Table   Showing   the    Height  of  the   Most    Celebrated   Buildings  and 
Monuments  of  the  World,  Arranged  According  to  their  Altitude. 


Name  of  EonrcE. 

HT. 
FT. 

LOCATIOW. 

Namb  op  EnincK. 

HT. 

rr. 

855 

348 
328 

272 

aoo 

SS4 
221 

17« 
175 

ita 

151 
110 

Location. 

Washington  Monument  . 

Pyramid  of  riieoue 

Catliedrul  of  Antwerp... 
Stnuibourg'  Cathedral 

665 

4M 
47« 
474 
466 
448 
411 
400 

ao6 

887 
886 
865 
860 
856 
356 

Washing.,  D.C 
Egypt. 

Antwerp,  Bel, 
Strasb'rgr.  Gr. 
Egypt. 
Kome.  It. 
Landshut,  Gr. 
Sjiulsb'y.  Eng,; 
rremona,  It. 
Florence,  It. 
Frlbourg,  Gr. 
Ix)ndon,  I'.nii. 
Seville.  Spain. 
Egypt. 
Utrecht,  Hoi. 

Milan  Cathedral 

Milan,  It. 

Notre  Dame  Cathedral. . 

St.  Mark's  Church 

Trinitv  Church 

Munich,  Bav. 
Venice,  It.      • 
New  York  Cy. 
Uokigna,  It. 
Delhi,  India. 

Pyramid  of  Cephrenca. . . 

AseiMcll  Tower 

St.  Peter's  Church 

Dellii  Column 

St.  Martin's  Church 

Saulsbiiry  rathodnU 

Cremonii  Ciithc  hal 

Florence  Ciithcdnil 

Churcli  at  KribouiK 

St.  Paul's  Church 

Seville  Cathedral 

]  Porcelain  Tower 

i  Notre  Dame  Cathedral. . 
j  Hunker  Hill  Monument 

liCtining  Tower  of  Pisa. 

Washington  Monument 

V'endome  Column 

Trajan's  Pillar 

Nankin,  China 
Paris.  France. 
Hoston,  Mass. 
Pisa,  It. 
lialtimorc,  Md 
Paris,  France. 

Pyramid  of  Sakurab 

Utrecht  Cathedral 

Obelisk  of  Lu;(or 

Paris,  France. 

LENGTH  OF  SEAS. 


Baltic  Sea 

Black  Sea 

Carribean  Sea. 
Caspian  Sea  . . . 
China  Sea  . .  . 
Japan  Sea 


.Length  600 miles 


1,800 

640 

1,700 

LOOO 


Mediterranean  Sea Length  2,000  miles 

OkhotskSea "         flOO     " 

RedSea "       1,400     " 

SeaofAral "         260     " 

White  Sea "  460     " 


Table   Showing  the  Solid  Contents  of  Boxes  of  Various  Sizes,  in  Cubic 
Feet  or  Inches,  with  the  Equivalent  in  Dry  and  Liquid  Measure. 


Dimensions  of 
Box. 

SotXD 
Contents. 

CUBIC  IN. 

Equivat.etjt. 

Dimensions  of 
Box. 

Solid 
Contents. 

CUBIC  IH. 

Equivalent. 

4  in.  X  4  In.  X  4|  in. 
8in.x4in.x4iin. 
8  in.  X  8  in.  x  4i  in. 
8  in.  X  82  in.  x  8  in. 
8  in.  X  8?  in.  X 16  in. 

67J 
134i 

268J 

537g 

l,075i 

1  quart. 

2  quarts  i  (gal) 
1  gallon. 

1  peck. 

2  pecks  (i  bu.). 

16  in.  X  16  In.  X  8|  in. 
16  in.  X  16  in.  x  12?  in. 
24  in.  X  16  in.  X  16|  in. 
4  ft.  X  3A  ft.  X  2A  tt. 

2,150J 

3,385i 

6,451i 

3^  cu.  ft. 

1  bushel, 
i  barrel  (Hbu) 
1  barrel  &  bu). 
1  ton  of  coal. 

YNONYMS  are  words  that  have  not  the  same,  but 
similar^  meaning.    One  word  can  seldom  be  ex- 
plained otherwise  than   roughly  by  any  other 
word  in  the  same  language.    Even  if  two  words 
are  identical  in  meaning  there   is  a  constant 
tendency  to  differentiate  their  meaning,  a  proc- 
ess aptly  termed  by  Coleridge  as  desynonym- 
izing.     No  other  language  is  more  open  to  the  charge 
of  superfluity  of  words  than  the  English,  and  yet  rarely 
do   synonyms,  which   in    their   literal  sense   signifiy 
words  of  precisely  the  same  meaning,  occur. 

By  synonyms,  then,  we  mean  that  there  are  words 
which,  with  great  and  essential  resemblances  of  mean- 
ing, ha,ve  at- the  same  time  small,  subordinate,  and 
partial  differences,  these  being  such  as  either  originally,  on 
the  ground  of  their  etymology,  inhered  in  them,  or  differ- 
ences acquired  by  universal  usage,  or  such  as,  though  nearly 
latent,  they  were  capable  of  receiving  at  the  hands  of  wise  masters 
of  the  tongue.  Synonyms  are  neither  on  the  one  hand  absolutely 
identical,  nor  on  the  other  remotely  related  to  one  another.  They 
are  words  more  or  less  liable  to  confusion,  but  which  ought  not  to 
be  confounded. 

The  main  source  of  synonyms  in  our  language  arises  from  mod- 
ern English,  being  the  result  of  a  compromise  between  Norman- 
French  and  Anglo-Saxon,  while  to  this  may  be  added  the  words 
imported  into  our  early  literature  by  writers  familiar  with  foreign 
tongues.  And  even  in  one  race,  such  as  the  Anglo-Saxon,  there  was 
a  coalescence  of  various  tribes  speaking  different  dialects.  As  an 
illustration  of  how  English  has  enriched  itself  from  various  quarters 
"we  may  instance  these  words,  trick,  device,  finesse,  artifice  and  strat- 
agem, which  are  respectively  from  Anglo-Saxon,  Italian.  French, 
Latin  and  Greek. 


139 


As  society  axivances  from  a  simple  to  a  complex  state,  and  lan- 
guage as  an  instrument  for  the  conveyance  of  thought  becomes 
more  and  more  an  object  of  attention,  it  is  felt  to  be  a  waste  of 
resources  to  have  more  than  one  sign  for  one  and  the  same  object, 
and  men  feel  that  with  a  boundless  world  lying  both  without  and 
within  them,  with  an  infinity  of  shades  of  thought  and  meaning, 
such  extravagance  as  two  signs  for  one  object  must  be  counterbal- 
anced by  a  scantiness  and  straitness  in  another  direction,  and  hence 
arises  the  desynonymizing  process. 

It  will  serve  as  a  guide  to  the  choice  of  S3monym  in  numberless 
instances  to  know  that  of  two  words,  the  Anglo-Saxon  is  generally 
used  in  its  plain,  literal,  primary  meaning,  and  relates  to  the  ex- 
ternal world  of  sensation,  while  the  Latin  or  Greek  equivalent,  is 
used  in  a  secondary  or  figurative  sense.  The  pure  English  word  is 
concrete,  the  foreign  term  is  abstract ;  the  former  is  the  language  of 
primitive  nature ;  the  latter  of  the  scientific  world.  Thus  shepherd^ 
the  Anglo-Saxon  word,  is  generally  confined  to  its  primary  meaning 
as  a  keeper  of  sheep,  while  pastor  is  exclusively  confined  to  its  fig- 
urative sense  of  one  who,keeps  the  flock  of  God,  and  so  in  number- 
less other  cases. 

While  the  habit  of  nice  discrimination  in  the  use  of  words  is 
valuable  even  for  its  intellectual  training,  it  biings  what  is  of  more 
value,  an  increase  of  mental  wealth  in  the  ability  to  discern  between 
things  which  really  differ,  but  which  we  have  hitherto  confused  in 
our  minds,  and  we  have  made  these  distinctions  permanently  our 
own  in  the  only  way  they  can  be  made  secure,  that  is,  by  assigning 
to  each  its  own  appropriate  word  and  peculiar  sign.  "What  a  help 
to  the  writing  of  a  good  English  style  is  the  ability  instantly  to 
choose  from  a  list  of  words  presented  to  the  mind  that  one  which 
expresses  the  exact  shade  of  meaning  we  wish  to  give.  When  a 
writer  says  either  more  or  less  than  he  means,  or  has  said  some- 
thing beside  what  his  intention  was,  it  shows  a  lack  of  dexterity 
in  the  employment  of  the  instrument  of  language.  Nor  is  this 
power  of  expressing  exactly  what  we  mean  a  mere  elegant  mental 
accomplishment;  it  is  something  far  higher — it  is  nearly  aUied 
to  morality,  since  it  is  closely  connected  with  truthfulness.  How 
much  that  is  false  has  become  current  by  the  use  of  words  care- 
lessly or  dishonestly  employed.  While  one  may  sometimes  feel 
tempted,  like  Shakspeare's  clown,  to  say  that  "  Words  are  grown  so 
false,  I  am  loath  to  prove  reason  with  them,"  we  cannot  forego 
their  employment,  and  this  falseness  arises  rather  from  their  abuse 
and  not  from  their  proper  use.   Learn  to  distinguish  between  words, 


SYNONYMS. 


for,  as  Hooker  observes,  "  The  mixture  of  those  things  by  speech, 
which  by  nature  are  divided,  is  the  mother  of  all  error." 

The  natural  way  to  distinguish  the  meaning  of  a  word  is  by  the 
method  of  induction.  Th'us  we  hear  the  word  oppression  repeated 
in  a  context  so  as  to  convey  to  our  mind  the  idea  of  violence ,'  then 
we  hear  it  in  another  context  and  perceive  that  it  does  not  exactly 
mean  violence,  but  it  seems  now  rather  to  suggest  injustice ;  but 
airain  some  further  mention  of  the  word  makes  it  evident  that  while 
oppression  is  always  unjust,  yet  it  is  not  identical  with  injustice.  If 
we  are  accustomed  to  live  in  society  where  words  are  correctly  used, 
or  if  we  read  words  by  the  best  masters  of  English,  in  course  of  time 
we  learn  to  reject  incorrect  notions  of  the  word  and  arrive  at  its 
exact  meaning.  The  process  of  rejection  may  technically  be  termed 
elimination.  The  whole  process  by  which,  by  introducing  the  differ- 
ent instances  in  which  a  word  occurs,  we  arrive  at  the  meaning  it  has 
in  every  instance  is  called  induction.  Thus,  if  we  say,  "  The  tenant 
oppressed  his  landlord  by  defrauding  him  of  his  rent,"  we  feel  this  is 
incorrect,  as  oppression,  can  only  be  exercised  by  the  superior  on  the 
inferior,  by  the  strong  on  the  weak.  Then,  again,  if  we  say  that, 
"  The  robber  oppressed  the  traveler  by  robbing  him  of  his  purse," 
we  see  that  this  is  incorrect  because  oppression  denotes  conduct 
more  public  and  self-reliant  than  the  violence  of  a  robber  who  may 
at  any  time  be  punished  by  the  law.  Then,  "  The  tyrant  oppressed 
his  steward  by  giving  him  a  blow,"  is  also  incorrect  as  oppression 
implies  systematic  injustice,  not  a  single  isolated  instance.  Hence 
we  can  eliminate  from  the  broad  ideas  of  injustice  as  inherent  in  all 
oppression,  all  injustice  that  is  (1)  not  practised  by  the  strong  against 
the  weak;  (2)  pubhc  and  self-reliant ;  (3)  systematic.  The  residuum 
i.  e.,  "  injustice  more  or  less  open  and  systematic,  practiced  by  the 
strong  upon  the  weak,"  is  a  fair  definition  of  oppression. 

To  illustrate  how  the  list  following  should  be  used,  should  for  in- 
stance the  word  pride  be  under  consideration,  it  is  well  to  make  a 
list  of  the  synonymous  group,  w^hich  is,  vanity,  conceit,  arrogance,  as- 
surance, presumption,  haughtiness  and  insolence,  and  ascertain  first 
what  is  the  common  quality  pervading  all  these  synonyms,  and 
second  what  are  the  special  qualities  in  which  pride  differs  from 
each  of  the  others.  This  common  quality  is  an  exaggerated  sense 
of  one's  own  worth  as  compared  with  others ;  but  pride  differs 
from  vanity  in  being  more  indifferent  to  the  opinion  of  others ;  the 
proud  man  has  a  more  soUd  foundation  of  merit  than  the  conceited 
man ;  he  is  not  so  selfishly  exacting  as  the  arrogant ;  not  so  brutally 
unfeeling  as  the  insolent;  and  far  too  dignified  to  be  accused  of 


142 


SYNONYMS. 


assurcmce.  lie  is  too  certain  of  liis  own  merits  to  presume  upon 
them,  knowing  that  time  will  bring  their  acknowledgment  without 
pushing,  and  the  same  feeling  of  merit  will  lead  him  to  beware  of 
the  open  contempt  of  others  which  the  haughty  affect.  Hence  from 
this  analysis  will  flow  a  correct  definition  as  follows :  (1)  Pride  is  a 
high  opinion  of  one's  own  merits,  or  of  something  connected  with 
one's  self ;  (2)  it  is  not  pushing  like  pTf^mnnption^  nor  brutal  like 
insolence^  nor  openly  contemptuous  like  haughtiness.,  nor  influenced 
by  a  desire  of  admiration  like  vanity^  etc. 
"We  append  below  a  full  list  of  synonyms. 


Abandon— relinquish,  srive  up,  desert,  for- 
8iikt',  t'oretfo,  yiclfl,  fedc,  surrender,  resigrn, 
ab<lifiito,  loiive,  retire,  withdraw  from. 

Abandoned  —  reprobute,  protlisrate,  f  or- 
sak'-n. 

Abase— degrade,  humble,  disgrrace,  lower, 
depress. 

Abate— reduce,  subside,  diminish,  lessen,  de- 
creuso. 

Abbreviate  — curtail,  compress,  abridgrc, 
coiulonse,  epitomize,  shorten,  lessen,  re- 
duce. 

Abettor— accomplice,  aid.  accessory. 

Abhor— abominate,  hate,  detest,  loathe. 

AbiUty  —  capacity,  power,  talent,  skill, 
menus. 

Able— capable,  competent. 

Abode    (1  welling,  habitation,  residence. 

Abominate— (lotest,  hate,  loathe,  abhor. 

Abridgre  -contract,  curtail,  diminish,  lessen, 
shorten. 

Abrog'ate— abolish,  cancel,  annul,  repeal,  re- 
voke. 

Abrupt— hasty,  harsh,  steep,  rough,  sudden, 
nigniHl,  unceremonious. 

Absent— A bstnictcd,  heedless.  Inattentive. 

Absorb -engulf,  engross,  imbibe,  swallow. 

Abstain  -forlwar,  refrain,  withhold. 

Abstruse— dilHcult,  hidden,  obscure. 

Absurd -foolish,  preposterous,  silly,  ridicu- 
lous, uiirejisonahle. 

Abundant— Mmple,  copious,  plentiful. 

Abusive  —  disgraceful,  insolent,  offensive, 
srurrilous. 

Abyss— chasm,  gulf. 

Accede -agree,  acquiesce,  assent,  comply. 
coiisctit,  yield. 

Accept— admit,  receive,  take. 

Acceptable— agreeable,  grateful,  welcome. 

Accession  —  addition,  augmentation,  In- 
creiLse. 

Accommodate— iidapt,  siiit,  adjust,  serve,  fit. 

Accompany  —  attend,  escort,  wait  on,  go 

Witll. 

Accomplice— abettor,   ally,  accessory,  asso- 

cuite,  assistiuit. 
Accomplish— execute,  effect,  finish,  achieve, 

fultlii,  realize,  complete. 
Accordingly  —  agreeably,      consequently, 

therefore,  suitably. 
Account— description,  explanation,  recital, 

narration. 
Accumulate— amass,  collect,  gather,  heap. 
Accurate— correct,  exact,  nice,  precise. 
Accuse— arraign,  asperse,   detract,  defame, 

impeach,  calumniate,  A'illify,  censiire. 


Achieve— accomplish,  realize,  effect,  com- 

plet«',  exe<'Utc,  lulrtll. 

Acknowledge— avow,  confess,  own,  grant. 

Acknowledgment— admission,  avowal,  con- 
fes>i<)ti.  coiiicssitm,  recognition. 

Acquaint  ( oiiimunicate,  disclose,  inform, 
make  known. 

Acquiesce -accede,  assent,  agree,  comply, 
c(»nscnt,  yield. 

Acquire    attain,  obtain,  gain,  procure,  win. 

Acquirement— attainment,  gain. 

Acquit -clear,  discharge,  free,  forgive,  par- 
don. 

Active -agile,  busy,  vigorous,  brisk,  quick, 
industrious,  nimble,  prompt. 

Actual— ntal,  positive,  certain,  genuine. 

Actuate  move,  impel,  uicite,  rouse,  insti- 
gate, animate,  induce. 

Acute- penetrating.  |)ointed,  keen,  piercing, 
subtle,  shrewd,  sharp. 

Adage  -apothegm,  aphorism,  maxim,  say- 
ing. i)roverb,  axiom. 

Adapt  -accommodate,  adjust,  fit,  suit. 

Add    join,  annex,  increase. 

Addition  —  accession,  augmentation  in- 
crease. 

Address— ability,  courtship,  direction,  ut- 
terance, skill,  speech. 

Address— accost,  salute,  harangue,  speech, 
oration,  direction,  superscription,  dexter- 
ity. 

Adept— skillful,  apt,  quick,  export. 

Adhere-  attach,  cleave,  hold,  stick. 

Adherent— disciple,  partisan,  follower,  up- 
holder. 

Adhesion— attachment,  sticking,  adherence, 
union. 

Adjacent— ad  joining,contlguous,near.close. 

Adjourn— postpone,  defer,  delay,  put  off. 

Adjust— accommodate,  adapt,  fit,  settle,  suit. 

Adiainister— give,  manage,  dispense,  sup- 
1>I>-.  serve,  execute. 

Admiration— amazement,  esteem,  regard, 
wonder,  surprise. 

Admission— entrance,  admittance,  access, 
concession,  initiation. 

Admit— allow,  concede,  grant,  permit,  tol- 
••rate. 

Admonition— advice,  caution,  counsel,  re- 
proof, warning. 

Adore— revere,  reverence,  venerate,  wor- 
ship. 

Adorn— deck,  embellish,  beautify,  decorate, 
ornament. 

Adroit— ngile,  clever,  dexterous,  skillful. 

Adulterate— corrupt,  defile,  debase,  pollute 

Advancement— improvement,  furthennjce 
prog'ression. 


AdvantEig«— benefit,  good,  profit,  use. 

Adventure— ocfurrt'iice.  incident,  casualty, 
t'lmnco.  ooiitiiiKt'iii-'y. 

Adversary- opponent,  enemy,  antagonist. 

Adverse— liostile,  contrary,  repugnant,  un- 
t'ortiumte.  opposed. 

Advert— allude,  notice,  regard,  turn. 

Advertise— publish,  proclaim,  announce. 

Advice— instruction,  admonition,  counsel. 

Advise— admonish,  consult,  deliberate,  con- 
sider. 

Advocate — argiie,  defend,  plead,  support. 

Affability— civility,  courteousness,  urban- 
ity. 

Affable— courteous,  civil,  pleasing,  urbane. 

Affair— business,  concern,  matter,  transac- 
tion. 

Affect— aim,  assume,  arrogate,  move,  pre- 
tend. 

Affecting— feeling,  pathetic,  touching. 

Affection— tenderness,  love,  kindness,  fond- 
ness, attachment. 

Affiliate— adopt,  associate,  initiate,  receive. 

Affinity— conformity,  alliance,  relationship, 
kindred,  attraction. 

Affirm— assert,  aver,  assure,  protest,  declare. 

Affliction— sadness,  sorrow,  bereavement, 
calamity,  distress,  pain,  grief,  trouble, 
tribulation. 

Affluence— opulence,  wealth,  riches,  abun- 
dance, concourse,  influx,  plenty. 

Afford— impart,  grant,  give,  produce,  spare, 
yield. 

Affray— disturbance,  broil,  feud,  fray,  quar- 
rel. 

Affright— alarm,  appall,  frighten,  terrify, 
shock,  dismay,  intimidate,  dishearten. 

Affront— insult,  offend,  provoke,  outrage. 

Afraid— fearful,  timid,  timorous,  terrified. 

Aged— old,  elderly,  senile,  advanced  in 
years. 

Agent— deputy,  factor,  representative. 

Aggravate— tantalize,  provoke,  exasperate, 
irritate. 

Aggregate— accumulate,  mass*  collect,  pile. 

Agile— nimble,  brisk,  alert,  lively,  quick, 
active,  sprijrhtly. 

Agitate— disturb,  shake,  move,  discuss. 

Agitation— trepidation,  tremor,  disturb- 
ance. 

Aerony— distress,  pain,  anguish,  torture,  suf- 
fering. 

Agree— consent,  assent,  accede,  concur, 
comply,  acquiesce. 

Agreeable— suitable,  acceptable,  pleasing, 
srateful. 

Agreement— bargain,  covenant,  accord- 
ance, contract,  concurrence,  harmony. 

Aid— assist,  help,  succor,  relieve. 

Aim— aspire,  endeavor,  level,  strive,  point. 

Air— mien,  look,  manner,  appearance,  as- 
pect. 

Alarm— apprehension,  terror,  surprise,  sum- 
mons friiiht,  fear,  dread,  consternation. 

Alienate— witlidraw,  estrange,  transfer. 

AUiiy— soothe,  mitigate,  appease,  assuage. 

Allege— a.ssert,  advance,  adduce,  affirm. 

Alleviate— mitigate,  relieve,  soothe,  ease, 
lessen,  diminish,  atiate,  lighten. 

Alliance— union,  league,  confederacy,  coa- 
lition, combination. 

Allot— a.ssign,  apportion,  appoint,  distribute. 

Allowance— wages,  salary,  pay,  stipend, 
grant,  concession. 

All  to— very  much,  entirely,  completel'*, 
altosrether. 

Allude— refer,  intimate,  hint,  suggest. 

Allure— decoy,  attract,  seduce,  tempt,  en- 
tice. 

Alter— change,  vary,  modify,  rearrange. 

Altercation— difference,  dispute,  quarrel. 

Always— continually,  incessantly,  consant- 
ly.  e\er.  perpetually. 

Amass— heap,  pile,  accumulate,  collect, 
gather. 

Amazement— surprise,  astonishment,  ad- 
mitation,  wonder. 


AmbigTious— equivocal,  doubtful,  uncer- 
tain, obscure. 

Amenable— answerable,  responsible,  ac- 
countable. 

Amend— rectify,  reform,  mend,  better,  cor- 
rect, improve. 

Amends— restitution,  restoration,  recom- 
pense, reparation. 

Amiable— kind,  agreeable,  obliging,  charm- 
ing, delightful,  lovely. 

Ample  abundant,  large,  copious,  spacious, 
extended,  plenteous. 

Amusement— pastime,  recreation,  diver- 
sion, sport,  entertainment. 

Ancestors— progenitors,  forefathers. 

Anecdote— tale,  story. 

Angry- passionate,  resentful,  hot,  hasty, 
irascible,  wrathful,  furious. 

Angruish— distress,  pain,  agony,  suffering. 

Animate— urge,  enliven,  exhilarate,  encour- 
age, impel,  cheer,  incite,  inspire. 

Animation— life,  spirits,  gayety,  buoyancy, 
vivacity,  liveliness. 

Animosity— enmity,  hatred,  hostility,  ma- 
lignity. 

Annals— memoirs,  anecdotes,  chronicles, 
narrations. 

Annex— attach,  add,  affix,  subjoin. 

Announce— proclaim,  publish,  advertise,  de- 
clare. 

Annul— cancel,  destroy,  revoke,  repeal, 
abolish,  annihilate. 

Answer— reply,  rejoinder,  response. 

Answerable— accountable,  responsible, 
amenable. 

Antagonist— foe.  adversary,  opponent,  en- 
emy. 

Antecedent— foregoing,  former,  previoup, 
anterior,  prior,  preceding. 

Anterior— antecedent,  pre\  ious,  prior,  for- 
mer, foregoing. 

Antipathy— aversion,  dislike,  detestation, 
abhorrence,  hatred. 

Antijiue— ancient,  old,  antiguated. 

Anxiety— uneasiness,  caution,  care,  per- 
ple.vity.  solicitude,  disquietude. 

Apathy— insensibility,  indifference,  uncon- 
cern, iiiifeelingness. 

Aperture  —cavity,  hollow. 

Aphorism— adage,  maxim,  apothegm,  ax- 
iom, ijroverb,  saying. 

Apology —plea,  excuse,  defense. 

Appall— daunt,  dismay,  reduce,  depress,  dis- 
courage. 

Apparent— evident,  visible,  plain,  clear,  dis- 
tinct. 

Appeal— refer,  invoke,  call  upon. 

Appearance— aspect,  air,  manner,  look, 
mien,  semblance. 

Appease— assuage,  allay,  soothe,  pacify, 
calm,  tranquilize. 

Applaud— extol,  praise,  commend,  approve. 

Applause— acclamation,  approval,  shout- 
ing. 

Appoint— provide,  allot,  constitute,  fix,  or- 
dain, prescrilje,  depute,  order. 

Appraise— estimate,  value. 

Appreciate— value,  esteem,  prize,  esti- 
mate. 

Apprehension— suspicion,  alarm,  seizure, 
terror,  fear,  fright,  dread. 

Apprise— make  known,  acquaint,  disclose, 
inform. 

Approach— admittance,  access,  passage,  av- 
enue. 

Approbation— approval,  concurrence,  con- 
firmation consent,  sanction. 

Appropriate— set  apart,  assume,  usurp. 

Appropriate— adapted,  exclusive,  peculiar, 
suital)le. 

Approve— allow,  applaud,  commend,  llKe, 
esteem. 

Apt— fit,  moot,  quick,  ready,  prompt,  liable. 

Arbitrator— arbiter,  referee,  judge,  um- 
pire. 

Archives— annals,  records,  registers,  chron 
icles. 


SYNONYMS. 


Ardent-  cujfer,  fervent,  flery,  hot,  passion- 
ate, vehement. 

Arduous -'lillicult,  trying,  laborious,  hard. 

Arg-ument —debate,  dispute,  proof,  reason. 

Arise    u.scend.  mount,  rise,  stand  up. 

Arraigrn— accuse,  charge,  impeacli. 

Arrange  -class,  adjust,  dispose,  place. 

Arrogance  lussumption,  haughtiness,  pride, 
pr(';5Uiapti<jn,  self-conceit. 

Artful  -aititiciul,  cunning,  crafty,  dexter- 
ous, ileceitful. 

Articulate  -  speak,  utter,  pronounce. 

Artifice  -strataurem.  deceit,  cheat,  finesse, 
itnpositioii.  <lcc«'pt inn. 

Assembly    ass<iiil)laKi',  collection,  group. 

Associate    coiiipaiiidn,  friend,  mate. 

Atrocious    Ikmiious.  tlagrant,  tlagitious. 

Attitude    i>()><iti(iM.  posture,  gesture. 

Attract  allure,  charm,  captivate,  entice, 
win,  draw. 

Audacity— hardihood,  impudence,  effront- 
ery, hordne8.s. 

Auspicious  favorable,  fortunate,  lucky, 
propitious,  prosperous. 

Austere    riRid,  rigorous,  stern,  severe. 

Authentic    gen  nine,  authorized,  true. 

Authority  dominion,  force,  power,  sway, 
iiitlueiice,  ascendancy. 

Avarice— greed,  covetousness,  cupidity. 

Averse  loath,  reluctant,  repugnant,  un- 
willing, unfavorable,  unfortunate. 

Aversion— abhorrence,  antipathy,  detesta- 
tion, dislike,  repugnance. 

Avidity -eagerness,  greediness. 

Avocation occupation,  |>rofeaBion,  trade, 
emnloyment,  calling,  office,  busineas. 

Avoid— shun,  ehule,  esi-hew. 

Avow— acknowledge,  own,  confeflB,  recog- 
nize. 

Awake— arouse,  excite,  provoke. 

Awe -dread,  fear,  reverence. 

B 

Babbling— chattering,  idle  talk,  prattling, 

loiiwacity. 
Backward— unwilling,  averse,  loath,  reluc- 

t4llll.         . 

Baffle  -disconcert,  elude,  confound,  defeat, 
confuse. 

Balance— equalize,  adjust,  settle,  regulate, 
liiise. 

Banter— deride,  jest,  ridicule,  taunt,  rally. 

Bare— naked,  unadornetl,  stripped,  destitute. 

Bargain— b\iy.  purchase,  contract. 

Base    low,  vile,  mean,  evil. 

Bashful  -modest,  diffident,  shy,  timid. 

Basis    pedestal,  base,  foundation. 

Bastard  -  illcvritinuitc,  spurious. 

Battle— engagement,  combat,  flght. 

Bear— sutfer,  undergo,  carry,  sustain,  bring 
forth,  support,  endure,  yield. 

Beat— strike,  overthrow,  defeat,  hit. 

Beau  -gallant,  dandy,  sweetheart,  fop. 

Beautiful— tine,  handsome,  pretty. 

Beautify  — decorate,  ornament,  embellish, 
adorn,  deck. 

Becominer  —  comely,  decent,  fit,  graceful, 
suitable.  • 

Beg— beseech,  request,  ask,  crave,  supplicate. 

Begin— enter  upon,  oriirinate,  commence. 

BegTiile— mislead,  amuse,  impose  upon,  de- 
ceive. 

Behavior — carriage,  deportment,  address, 
conduct. 

Behold— observe,  see,  view. 

Beholder— observer,  spectator,  looker  on. 

Belief— assent,  conviction,  confidence,  cer- 
tainty, faith,  trust. 

Below— beneath,  under. 

Bend— bow,  distort,  incline,  lean,  subdue. 

Beneath— below,  under. 

Beneficent— helpful,  benevolent,  generous, 
bountiful,  lH)eral,  munificent. 

Bent— crooked,  awry,  prepossession,  curved, 
inclination. 

Bequeath— devise,  give  by  will. 


Beseech— urge,  beg,  implore,  solicit,  suppli- 
cate, request,  crave,  entreat. 

Bestow— grant,  confer,  present,  give. 

Better— imi>r<jve,  amelif>rate,  reform,  mend. 

Biaa— warp,  jjrepossession,  bent,  prejudice. 

Blame— inculpate,  reijrove,  upbraid,  con- 
demn, censure,  rei)roacli,  reprehend. 

Blameless  —  guiltless,  innocent,  spotless, 
fjiuliless,  unblemibhed,  irreproachable. 

Blast— split,  wither  up,  desolate,  destroy. 

Blemish— flaw,  defect,  stain,  fault,  spot, 
sjK'ck. 

Blend— mix.  mingle,  confound. 

Bliss— happiness,  felicity,  beatitude,  blessed- 
ness. 

Blunt— dull,  uncouth,  brusque,  insentient, 
abrupt. 

Blunder— error,  mistake. 

Boaster— vaunter,  blusterer,  braggard,  brag- 
gart. 

Boasting— parade,  ostentation,  vaunting. 

Boisteroua- violent,  vehement,  furious,  im- 

IH'tUOUS. 

Bold -courageous,  daring,  Insolent,  impu- 
dent, intrepid,  fearless,  audacious. 

Bondage- servitude,  confinement,  slavery, 
imi>ri.s<inment. 

Booty— plunder,  spoil,  prey. 

Border— edge,  side,  verge,  brink,  brim,  mar- 
gin.  rim. 

Bore--i)enetrate,  j)erf orate,  pierce. 

Bound— <letlne,  eircumscribe.  confine,  re- 
strict, hmit.  terminate. 

Bounty— liberality,  beneficence,  generosity, 
lK'ne\ oleiice,  munificence. 

Brace— supi>ort,  pair,  couple. 

Brave— bold,  intrepid,  fearless,  undaunted. 
heroic,  daring,  courageous. 

Breach  -chasm,  break,  gap.  opening. 

Break— destroy,  shatter,  batter,  demolish, 
tame,  dissolve,  crush,  rend. 

Breaker— covered  rock,  surge,  wave,  sand- 
bank, billow. 

Brief— short,  epitomized,  concise,  summary, 
succinct,  compendious. 

Bright- lucid,  glistening,  resplendent,  brill- 
iant, glittering,  clear,  shining,  sparkling, 
vivid. 

Brilliancy  —  brightness,  luster,  radiance, 
splendor. 

Brittle    crisp,  frail,  fraalle. 

Broad —far-reaching,wide,  ample,  extensive, 
large. 

Broil— fight,  affray,  altercation,  feud,  quar- 
rel. 

Bruise— break,  crush,  squeeze,  pound,  com- 
press. 

Build— erect,  establish,  found,  construct. 

Bulk— magnitude,  dimensions,  greatness,  ex- 
tent, size,  largeness. 

Burden— load,  cargo,  weight,  freight. 

Burning— ardent,  hot.  scorching,  fiery. 

Burst— si)lit,  crack,  rend,  break. 

Business— avocation,  occui)ation,  employ- 
nu'iit,  trade,  work,  calling,  profession. 

Bustle— confusion,  hurry,  tumult,  disorder. 

But— notwithstanding,  nevertheless,  except, 
however,  still,  yet,  save. 

Butchery— havoc.carnage,  massacre,  slaugh- 
ter. 

Buy— procure,  purchase,  bargain,  obtain. 


Cabal— coalition,  intrigue,  plot,  combina- 
tion, league,  conspiracy. 

Cajole — fawn,  wheedle,  coax. 

Calamity  —  mishap,  misfortune,  disaster, 
mischance. 

Calculate— count,  reckon,  estimate,  com- 
pute, number. 

Call— subpoena,  summon,  name,  cry,  bid,  in- 
vite, exclaim. 

Calling— trade,  emplojinent,  avocation,  oc- 
cupation, profession,  business. 

Calm— soothe,  assuage,  allay,  appease,  com 
pose,  tranquilize,  quiet,  peace,  pacify 


Cancel— erase,  revoke,  destroy,  annul,  at-ol- 

isli,  icpwil. 
Candid— fnink,  honest,  ingenuous,  open,  nrt- 

U'ss. 
Capable— able,  skillful,  fitted,  qualified,  com- 

IH'tCllt. 

Capacity— capability,  talent,  faculty,  genius, 
al)ility. 

Caprice— fancy,  humor,  whim,  freak,  notion. 

Capricious— notional,  whimsical,  variable, 
l^iiita^ticiil,  tickle,  chauKeable, 

Captivate— chai in,  fascinate,  Uike  prisoner, 
onsi  ive,  eiiehaiit,  attract,  enrapture. 

Captivity— servitude,  imprisonment,  bond- 
ajriN  confinement. 

Capture— prize,  seizure. 

Care— distiuietudc.  management, worry,  anx- 
k'ty,  CDiuern,  attention,  regard,  solicitude. 

Careful— provident,  circumspect,  guarded 
prudent,  cautious,  solicitous,  attentive. 

Careless— inattentive,  unconcerned,  negli- 
gent, thoughtless,  remiss,  heedless. 

Caress— fondle,  soothe,  endear,  stroke,  em- 
brace. 

Carnage— massacre,  slaughter,  butchery. 

Carriagre — deportment,  walk,  bearing,  de- 
nif^anor,  manner,  behavior,  mien. 

Carry— bear,  convey,  transport. 

CtLse —predicament,  condition,  state,  plight, 
situation. 

Cast— throw,  fling,  direct,  turn,  hurl. 

Casual— accidental,  contingent,  incidental. 

Catch— capture,  grip,  snatch,  lay  hold  of, 
seize,  grasi). 

Cause— origin,  inducement,  reason,  motive, 
source. 

Caution— solicitude,  notice,  advice,  circum- 
spection, care,  admonition,  warning. 

Cautious— careful,  wary,  prudent,  watchful, 
circumspect. 

Cease— leave  off,  stop,  desist,  discontinue. 

Celebrated— illustrious,  renowned,  famous, 
honored. 

Celebrate— praise;  commend,  extol,  perpet- 
uate 

Celerity— velocity  ,swiftness,fleetne88,qulck- 
ness.  rapidity. 

Censure— rebuke,  reproach,strictu  re,blarae, 
reprimand  upbraid,  condemnation. 

Ceremony— rite,  form,  observance. 

Certain— actual,  real,  manifest,  sure,  con- 
stant. 

Chagrin— vexation",  mortification,  fretful- 
ness. 

Challenge— object,  demand,  except,  claim, 
defy,  accuse,  call,  dare. 

Chance— Casual,  accident,  fortune,  fate^ for- 
tuitous, hazard. 

Change— alteration,  vicissitude,  variety, 
conversion,  mutation. 

Changeable— uncertain,  unsteady,  incon- 
stant, mutable,  fickle,  variable. 

Character— manner,  quality,  mark,  descrip- 
tion, reputation,  cast,  letter. 

Charity— kindness,  beneficence,  benevo- 
lence, generosity,  good-will,  liberality. 

Charm— fascinate,  captivate,  bewitch,  en- 
rapture, attract,  delight. 

Chasten— chastise,  afllict,  correct,  punish. 

Chastpness— purity,  simplicity,  continence, 
chastity. 

Chastise— afflict,  correct,  punish. 

Chattels— effects,  movable  goods. 

Cheat— fraud,  imposition,  deception,  deceit, 
stratagem. 

Cheer- encourage,  incite,  exhilarate,  glad- 
den, '  omfort. 

Cheerfulness— sprightliness,  livelmess,  jol- 
'ity,  comfort,  gayety,  mirth,  gladness. 

Cherish— help,  nurture,  foster,  shelter,  in- 
dulge, warm. 

Chide— scold,  reprimand,  rebuke  reprove. 

Chiefly— mainly,  especially,  principally,  par- 
ticularly. 

Childish— simple,  puerile,  young,  trifling. 
Childhood— infancy,  minority. 
Children— issue,  offspring,  progeny. 


Choke— suffocate,  smother,  stifle. 

Choice    selection,  option,  election. 

Choose-  pick,  select,  elect,  prefer. 

Circulate  spread,  pass,  bruit,  diffuse,  prop- 
agate. 

Circumscribe— limit,  inclose,confine,bound. 

Circumstance— situation,  event,  condition, 
state,  incident. 

Circumspect— vigilant,  watchful,  prudent, 
wary,  particuhir,  lautious. 

Circumstantial-  minute,  accidental,  partic- 
ular, incidental. 

Civil— obliging,  well-bred,  polite,  polished, 
urijane.  allable,  courteous,  complaisant. 

Civilization— refinement,  culture. 

Claim— demand,  ask,  right,  pretension. 

Clamor -outcry,  cry,  uproar,  noise. 

Clandestine— hidden,  secret,  private. 

Class '  division,  rank,  order,  degree. 

Cleansing— purging,  purifying,  cleaning. 

Clear    obvious,  apparent,  free,  pure,  vivid. 

Clearly  —  visibly,  manifestly,  lucidly,  dis- 
tinctly, obviously,  plainly. 

Clemency— mercy,  kindness,  lenity,  mild- 
ness. 

Clever— adroit,  expert,  skillful,  ready. 

Climb— mount,  ascend,  rise,  scale. 

Cling— hang,  clasp,  cleave,  stick,  hold. 

Close— confined,  shut,  near,  firm,  concise, 
compact. 

Clothes— apparel,  habiliments,  raiment,  cov- 
ering, attire,  garment. 

Clouded— overcast,  sullen,  obscured,  varie- 
gated, gloomy,  dark. 

Clumsy— uncouth,  unhandy,  bungling,  awk- 
ward. 

Coadjutor— colleague,  ally,  assistant. 

Coalition— conspiracy,  union,  combination. 

Coarse— gross,  vulgar,  rude,  rough,  inele- 
gant, unrefined. 

Coax— fawn,  wheedle,  tease,  flatter,  cajole. 

Coerce— force,  compel,  restrain. 

Cognomen— name,  appellation,  denomina- 
tion. 

Coherent— consistent,  tenacious,  adhesive. 

Coincide- agree,  harmonize,  concur. 

Cold— unaffecting,  shy,  frigid,  chill,  re- 
served. 

Colleague— ally,  partner,  associate,  coadju- 
tor. 

Collected— composed,  calm,  unruflled,placid, 
cool,  gathered. 

Collection— gathering,  group,  assemblage, 
contribution. 

Colloquy— conference,  talk,  dialogue. 

Color— line,  tint,  stain. 

Combination— confederacy,  conspiracy,  co- 
alition,union,  league,  alliance. 

Comely— handsome,  becoming,  graceful, 
agreeable. 

Comfort— solace,  enliven,  encourage,  con- 
sole. 

Comfortless — wretched,  desolate,  forlorn. 

Comic- tunny,  laughable,  ridiculous,  ludi- 
crous. 

Command— direction,  order,  precept,  be- 
hest, injunction. 

Commanding— dictatorial.  Imperious,  au- 
thoritative, imperative. 

Commence— begin,  undertake,  originate. 

Commend— approve,  laud,  praise,  applaud, 
extol,  recommend. 

Commensurate— sufficient,  adequate,  equal, 
proportionate. 

Comment— utterance,  elucidation,  remark, 
observation,  annotation,  note,  explanation, 
exposition. 

Commiseration— compassion,  feeling  for, 
condolence,  pity,  sympathy. 

Commission— authorize,  empower,  enable. 

Commodious— fit,  large,  suitable,  conven- 
ient 

Commodity— goods,  wares,  merchandise. 

Common— general,  low,  mean,  frequent, 
usual,  vulgar,  ordinary. 

Commotion— perturbation,  confusion,  tu- 
mult, disturbance. 


Communicate-  tell,  impart,  reveal,  disclose, 
report,  make  known. 

Communication— commerce,  intercourse, 
coril'ijreiice. . 

Communion— union,  fellowship,  converge, 
intt^rcoiirsc. 

Commute    barter,  excliange. 

Compact  -  close,  solid,  Ann. 

Companion— imrtner,  allv,  confederate,  ac- 
eoiiiplice,  friend, eomracfe, associate,  chum. 

Company— assembly,  congregation,  crew, 
baiKl,  corporation,  u.isociation. 

Compass  ootmummute,  attain,  encircle,  en- 
close, environ,  in\et<t. 

Compassion  conimiseratiom,  sympathy, 
pit\-.  tetKleniess. 

Compensation— amends,  requital,  remuner- 
Htion,  rewani,  paj',  satmfaction. 

Competent  Hk  flit  id.  suital)le,  effective, 
tltliil,  eilieieiit,  (jualilled,  cupable,  able. 

Competition    emulation,  rivalry. 

ComplaininfT  — >>emoaniim-,  bewailing,  la- 
meiitinif,  reuining,  regretting. 

Complaisant  affable,  civil,  courteous, 
HRreeahle,  obliging. 

Complete  aecoinplinh,  eonsumate,  con- 
clude, e.\ecute,  efrcet,  Hnish,  ful£Ul. 

Complex-  complicate,  intricate. 

Compliment    flatter,  extol,  praise. 

Comply  accede,  agree,  assent,  consent, 
yield,  acijuiewe. 

Composed    calm,  quiet,  put  together. 

Comprehend  appreciate,  embrace,  com- 
prise, understand. 

Compress    bind,  condense,  squeeze. 

Compulsion    coercion,  restraint,  force. 

Compunction— contrition,  repentance,  pen- 
itence, regret. 

Compute  -calculate,  reckon,  count,  esti- 
mate. 

Concede— admit,  allow,  yield,  grant,  deliver. 

Conceal— cover,  disguise,  hide,  secrete. 

Conceit  -fancy,  vanity,  pride,  notion,  im&gi- 
nation,  freak. 

Conception    idea,  notion,  porception,fancy. 

Concern    atfuir,  matter,  l)\isines8,  care. 

Concert    adjust,  consult,  contrive. 

Conciliate    reconcile,  propitiate. 

Conclude    llnisli,  close,  terminate. 

Conclusive    convincing,  decisive. 

Concord  iigreement,  amity,  peace,  union, 
harmony. 

Concur— agree,  coincide,  approve,  acquiesce. 

Condemn  -i-eproach,  doom,  sentence, 
blame. 

Condense— shorten,  contract,  abbreviate. 

Condescension— submission,  humility,  def- 
erence. 

Condition— stipulation,  situation,  state, 
rank. 

Condolence— sympathy,  commiseration, 
coinpa.ssion. 

Conduct— behavior,  deportment,  mana^re- 
ment. 

Confederate— associate,  ally,  accomplice. 

Confer^grant,  bestow,  give. 

Confess— admit,  disclose,  acknowledge, 
own. 

Confide— trust,  depend,  rely,  repose. 

Confident— assured,  bold,  positive. 

Confined— imprisoned,  circumscribed,  lim- 
ited, contracted. 

Confirm— strengthen,  corroborate,  estab- 
lish. 

Conform— comply,  yield,  submit. 

Congruity— consistency,  agreement. 

Connected— joined,  united,  related. 

Conquer— overcome,  subdue,  vanquish. 

Consent— agree,  assent,  comply,  jneld,  ac- 
cede. 

Consider— ponder,  deliberate,  reflect. 

Consistent— agreeing,  accordant. 

Conspicuous— noted,  prominent,  illustri- 
ous, distinguished. 

Contract— build,  erect,  frame,  form,  make. 

Consume— absorb,  waste,  destroy. 

Contagiotis- inf  ectious,  epidemic. 


Contaminate— corrupt,  defile,  taint,  poison, 
pollute. 

Contemplate— muse,  meditate,  consider. 

Contend    contest,  vie,  strive,  argue,  debate. 

Contentment— happiness,  satisfaction,  grat- 
ilk-ation. 

Continuation— duration,  continuance. 

Contraxit— shorten,  curtail,  reduce,  abbre- 
Ni:it^',  condense,  abridge. 

Contrary  -opposite,  adverse,  inimical. 

Contrivance— invention,  plan,  scheme,  de- 
vice, means. 

Controversy— debate,  disputation,  argu- 
ment, debute. 

Convenient— suitable,  adapted,  handy. 

Convey— transport,  bear,  carrv. 

Convivial— sociable,  agreeable,  festal,  so- 
cial. 

Copy-duplicate,  specimen,  model. 

Correct  -mend,  rectify,  better,  reform. 

Costly    valuable,  precious,  expensive. 

Countenance-  uphold,  sanction,  support, 
favor,  eiu'ounige. 

Couple    toniiect.  join,  unite. 

Courage  heroism,  firmness,  valor,  bravery, 
fearl(«siies.«. 

Covering:  hiding,  concealing,  sheltering, 
screening. 

Coward— poltroon,  dastard,  sneak. 

Crave-  lx?g,  supplicate,  solicit,  request,  be- 
st'ech,  implore,  entreat. 

Crime— sin,  evil,  vice,  wickedness,  guilt. 

Cross  splenetic,  ill-tempered,  petulant, 
fretful.  j)eevi8h. 

Cure    remedy,  restore,  heal. 

Curse    imprecation,  anathema,  malediction. 

Curtail— abridge,  shorten,  abbreviate,  con- 
tract, 

Cuatozn— manner,  tisagc,  habit,  practice. 


Dainty— choice,  delicate. 

Dampness— humidity,  wet,  moisture.  ■ 

Dark— dismal,  dim,  gloomy,  obscure. 

Dead    lifeless,  inunimute,  deceased,  still. 

Dealingr— commerce,  trade,  trallic. 

Debas»— degrade,  lower,  himible,  abase. 

Decay— consumption,  decline. 

Decent— comely,  seemly,  fit.  becoming. 

Decisive— conclusive,  convincing,  ending'. 

Decline— reject,  refuse,  decay. 

Decoy  -seduce,  tempt,  allure,  entice,  in- 
veigle. 

Dedicate— consecrate,  set  apart,  devote. 

Deed  -  feat,  action,  exploit,  achievement. 

Defect  -blemish,  want,  imperfection,  flaw. 

Defender— protector,  advocate,  vindicator, 
pleader. 

Deference— veneration,  regard,  respect. 

Deficient— imperfect,  lacking,  wanting. 

Defraud— eheat,  swindle,  deceive,  rob, 
track. 

Degree— class,  rank,  station,  position. 

Delay  -postpone,  protract,  prolong,  defer, 
hinder. 

Delig'hted- grateful,  pleased,  charmed,  joy- 
ful, g-lud. 

Delinquent — offender,  criminal,  culprit. 

Delude— beguile,  mislead,  cheat,  deceive. 

Demand— claim,  ask,  require. 

Demonstrate— manifest,  prove,  show, 
evince. 

Denote- -mark,  imply,  signify. 

Dependence— trust,  reliance,  confidence. 

Deportment — behavior,  demeanor,  conduct, 
carriage. 

Deprive— depose,  strip,  divest,  hinder,  pre- 
vent. 

Deputy— delegate,  agent,  representative. 

Deride— hiugh  at,  mock,  banter,  ridicule. 

Description— relation,  detail,  explanation, 
account,  recital,  illustration,  narration. 

Design  —  project,  intend,  sketch,  plan, 
scheme,  purpose. 

Desist— discontinue,  stop,  leave  off,  cease 


SYNONYMS. 


Despicable— mean,  outrageous,  contempti- 
l)le,  pitiliil,  vile,  wortlik'ss. 

Despotic    arbitrary,  sell -willed,  absolute. 

Destitute  — bai-e,   forlorn,   forsaken,  poor, 
seaiUy,  needy. 

Desultory— loose,  hasty,  slight,  roving. 

Detail    iiecount,  recital,  tale,   description, 
narration. 

Detect— discover,  find,  convict. 

Determined— concluded,  ended,  firm,  reso- 
lute, iimnovable.  decided,  fixed. 

Detestable -hateful,    loathsome,  abomina- 
ble, execrable. 

Detriment— hurt,  damage,  injury,  prejudice, 
loss,  inconvenience,  disiidvantage. 

Deviate— digr  ss,  err,  wander,  stray,  swerve. 

Devote— give,  dedicate,  set  apart,  apply,  con- 
secrate. 

Devout— holy,  religious,  pious,  prayerful. 

Dialect— language,  tongue,  speech. 

Die    expire,  wither,  perish,  depart,  languish 

Different— various,  unlike,  diverse. 

Diffident— modest,  retiring,  hesitating,  bash 
lul,  distrustful,  fearful. 

Diligent— persevering,  laborious,  attentive, 
industrious,  active,  assiduous. 

Direct— show,  sway,  regulate,  manage,  guide, 
concTfict. 

Direction— command,  order,  address,  super 
scription. 

Disagree— quarrel,  dissent,  differ,  dispute 
vary. 

Disappoint— fail,  defeat. 

Disivow— disown,  deny,  disclaim,  repudiate, 

Discard — cast  off,  discharge,  dismiss. 

Disclose— discover,  reveal,  divulge,  promul- 
gate. 

Discord— dissension, contention,  inharmony. 

Discretion— judgment,  prudence. 

Disdain— scorn,  pride,  contempt,  haughti- 
ness, arrogance. 

Disgrace— debase,  degrade,  abase,  dishonor. 

Disgrust- loathing,  nausea,  dislike,  aversion. 

Dishonor— shame,  disgrace. 

Dismiss— divest,  discharge,  discard. 

Disperse— scatter,  deal   out,   spread,  dissi- 
pate, distribute. 

Display— parade,  show,  exhibit,  ostentation. 

Displease— offend,  anger,  vex. 

Dispose    regulate,  adapt,  order,  arrange. 

Disseminate  —  scatter,  spread,  propagate, 
circulate. 

Dissertation— discourse,  essay,  treatise,  dis- 
quisition. 

Distaste— aversion,  disgust,  contempt,  dis- 
like, loathing,  dissatisfaction. 

Distingruish— perceive,  see,  know,  discern, 
discriminate. 

Distress— affliction,  misery,  agony,  pain,  sor- 
row, anguish,  sadness,  suffering,  grief. 

District— county,  circuit,  locality,  province, 
section,  tract,  region,  territory. 

Divide— part,  share,  separate,  distribute. 

Divulge— impart,  disclose,  publish,  reveal, 
communicate. 

Doctrine— wisdom,  dogma,  belief,  principle, 
precept. 

Doleful— awful,  dismal,  piteous,  sorrowful, 
woeful,  rueful. 

Drag— pull,  draw,  bring,  haul. 

Dread— fear,  apprehension. 

Dress— array,  attire,  vestments,  garments, 
apparel. 

Dumb— silent,  mute,  still,  inarticulate. 

Dutiful— submissive,  respectful,  obedient. 

Dye— stain,  color,  tinge. 


Earn- gain,  win,  make,  obtain,  acquire. 
Ease— rest,  repose,  quiet. 
Eccentric— strange,  singular,  odd. 
Ecstacy— happiness,  joy,  delight,   rapture, 

transport,  enthusiasm,  elevation. 
Edifice— fabric,  building,  structure. 
Efface— expunge,  erase,  obliterate,  destroy, 

eradicate. 


Efficient- competent,  effective,  able,  capa- 
ble, effectual. 

Effort  endeavor,  trial,  attempt,  exertion, 
es.xa.N'. 

Elevate— raise,  lift,  hoist,  exalt. 

Eligible— worthy,  fit,  capable,  suitable. 

Emanate- issue,  flow,  arise,  spring,  pro- 
ceed. 

Embarrass— trouble,  i>erplex,  distress,  en- 
tangle, puzzle. 

Emblem— symbol,  figure,  type. 

Emergrency— exigency,  casualty,  necessity. 

Emotion— feeling,  tremor,  agitation,  excite- 
ment. 

Empower— enable,  commission,  delegate, 
authorize. 

Enchant— beguile,  enrapture,  charm,  capti- 
vate, bewitch,  fascinate. 

Encomium— eulogy,  praise. 

Encroach— tresjjass,  intrude,  infringe. 

Endeavor- effort,  aim,  exertion,  attempt. 

Endurance— fortitude,8ubmission, patience, 
lesignution. 

Enemy  -foe,  opponent,  antagonist,  adver- 
sary. 

Enervate— unnerve,  enfeeble,  deteriorate, 
weaken,  debilitate. 

Enjoyment— happiness,  joy,  pleasure,  grati- 
fication. 

Enlarge— extend,  increase,  lengthen,  widen. 

Enough— ample,  plenty,  sufficient,  abund- 
luice. 

Enrapture— charm,  fascinate,  attract,  capti- 
^■ate,  enchant. 

Enterprise— business,  adventure,  attempt, 
undertaking. 

Entice— tempt,  allure,  seduce,  decoy. 

Entirely— perfectly,  wholly,  completely. 

Envy— jealousy,  suspicion,  grudging. 

Epidemical— contageous,pestilential,catch- 
ing. 

Equal— uniform,  adequate,  commensurate. 

Eradicate— root  out,  extirpate,  exterminate. 

Erase— "ixpunge,  cancel,  efface,  obliterate. 

Error— fault,  blunder,  mistake. 

Escape— elope,  pass,  avoid,  fly,  evade,  elude. 

Esteem— prize,  love,  respect,  value,  regard, 
appreciate. 

Eulogy— encomium,  panegyric. 

Evade— escape,  elude,  shun,  avoid,  prevari- 
cate. 

Even— smooth,  equal,  plain,  uniform,  level. 

Evidence— proof,  witness,  deposition,  testi- 
mony. 

Evil— wicked,  bad,  sinful. 

Exact— enjoin,  extort,  demand,  extract. 

Exalted— high,  sublime,  dignified,  magnifi- 
cent, raised,  refined,  elevated. 

Example— precedent,  copy,  pattern. 

Exceed— transcend,  surpass,  improve,  outdo, 
excel. 

Except— but,  object,  besides,  unless. 

Excite  —  provoke,  irritate,  arouse,  incite, 
awaken,  stimulate. 

Excursion— jaunt,  trip,  tour,  ramble. 

Execrable— hateful,  detestable,  contempti- 
ble, abominable. 

Exercise— exert,  practice,  carry  on. 

Exhilarate  —  inspire,  cheer,  animate,  en- 
liven. 

Exigency— necessity,  emergency. 

Expectation— belief,  anticipation,  confi- 
dence, hope,  trust. 

Expedite— hurry,  quicken,  hasten,  acceler- 
ate. 

Expel  -banish,  exile,  cast  out. 

Experience— knowledge,  test,  proof,  exi)eri- 
meiit.  trial. 

Explain— show,  elucidate,  unfold. 

Explicit— clear,  plain,  express,  definite. 

Explore— hunt,  search,  examine.         * 

Extensive— comprehensi\'e,  wide,  commo- 
dious, large. 

Exterior— outside,  outward,  external. 

External — outward,  exterior. 

Extra  vagrant  —  profuse,  lavish,  wasteful, 
prodigal. 


SYNONYMS. 


Pabrlcate  —  invent,  feigrn,  falsify,  frame, 
for«-e. 

Pact— incident,  circumstance. 

Faculty— ability,  power,  talent,  Rift. 

Pallinsr  —  weakness,  fault,  foible,  frailty, 
mlccarriaK'',  iini>erfection,  misfortune, 

Paith    fidelity,  credit,  trust,  belief. 

Palsehood  lals;ty,  lie,  untruth,  fiction,  fab- 
rication, falsiHcution. 

Pamiliar— intimate,  free,  unceremonious. 

Panciful —ideal,  hypochondriacal,  whimsi- 
cal, cai)rioiouH,  fantastical,  imutfinutive. 

Par    remote,  distant. 

Pashion-form,  style,  sort,  practice,  mode, 
custom,  way,  manner. 

Pastidious— disdainful,  particular,  squeam- 
ish. 

Pa vor— civility,  benefit,  flrrace,  support. 

Pa  vorable  -propitious,  suitable,  auspicious. 

Paultless  —  ifuiltlcss,  innocent,  spotless, 
blaniclt'.ss. 

Pearful  drejidf ui,tlmorou8,horrlble,afraid, 
awlui,  terrible. 

Peasibie— plausible,  reasonable,  practicable. 

Peeble— Innrm,  weak,  frail. 

Peiarn— frame,  fornre,  fabricate,  invent. 

Pertile— fruitful,  productive,  proliflo,  abun- 
dant. 

Pervor— vehemenoe,  warmth,  zeal,  heat,  ar- 
dor. 

Petter— shackle,  bind,  chain. 

Pictlon— invention,  untruth,  lie,  fabrication. 

Piery— hot,  \ehement,  fervent,  paasionatc, 
ardent,  impulsive. 

Plnesse— .strat^ijfem,  trick,  artifice. 

Plrm  -ready,  partnership,  strong,  sturdy, 
solid,  steady,  immovable. 

Pitted    suited, competent.quallfled,adapted. 

Plagr— droop,  faint,  j)ine,  decline,  lang^uish. 

Plavor    odor,  taste,  fnyrranf e,  savor. 

PleeUnff— tninsient,  swift,  temporary,  tran- 
sitory. 

Plexible— pliable,  plaint,  supple. 

Pluctuate— hesitate,  vary,  waver,  change, 
vacillate. 

Pondness— affection,  tenderness,  love,  at- 
tachment. 

Porsake  -relinquish,  leave,  desert,  abandon, 
quit,  alxlicate. 

Porbear -retrain,  spare,  abstain,  pause. 

Porce  ^)bliKe,  restrain,  compel. 

Porebode- auRur,  foretell,  betoken,  pre- 
sjiKe,  prou-nostlcate. 

Porepo -)?ive  up,  quit,  resign. 

Foreiarner— strang-er,  alien. 

Porfelture    penalty,  line. 

Forgive— absolve.excuse,  remit,  acquit,  par- 
don. 

Form- rite,  ceremony,  shape,  observance. 

Fortunate— lucky,  prosperous,  successful. 

Forward— Immodest,  progressive,  ready, 
presumptuous,  confident,  bold,  ardent, 
eager. 

Fragile— brittle,  tender,  weak,  frail. 

Frailty— weakness,  foible,  failing,  unsteadi- 
ness, instability. 

Fraternity— brotherhood,  society. 

Fraught— loaded,  filled. 

Freak— whim,  fancy,  caprice,  humnr. 

Free- deliver,  liberate,  rescue,  clear,  enfran- 
chise, affranchise. 

Freely— liberally,  frankly,  unreservedly, 
cheerfully,  spontaneously,  unhesitatingly. 

Fresh— new,  modern,  cool,  recent,  novel. 

Fretful— captious,  angry,  peevish,  petulant. 

Fright— terror,  panic,  alarm,  consternation. 

Frighten— terriry,  alarm,  daunt,  scare,  in- 
timidate, affright. 

Privolous—f  utile,  petty,  trivial,  trifling. 

Pru«tl— careful,  prudent,  8a\ing,  econom- 
ical 

Frustrate — defeat,  disappoint,  foil,  hinder, 
nullify. 

Furious— impetuous,  boisterous,  violent, 
vehement. 


Ghain— obtain,   profit,  get,  acquire,  attain, 

win. 
Gkile— breeze,  hurricane,  storm,  tempest. 
Gallantry— valor,  bravery,  courage. 
Gay    dasldng,  cheerful,  showy,  fine,  merry, 

8pri>flitly. 
Generally— commonly,  frequently,  usually. 
Genteel— polite,  cultured,  mannerly,  refined, 

p.ilislied. 
Gentle    tame,  peaceable,  mild,  quiet,  meek, 
Germinate— sprout,    vegetate,   grow,  bud. 

shoot. 
Gesture -action,  attitude,  motion,  posture. 
Giddiness-flightiuess,     levity,     lightness, 

volatility. 
Give    impart,  yield,  consign,  grant,  confer, 

(wstow. 
Glance-look,  glimpse,  sight. 
Glitter  —  glisten,     radiate,     shine,     glare, 

sparkle. 
Gloom— dark,   melancholy,  morose,  sullen, 

sad,  cloudy,  dull,  dim. 
Graceful— comely,  neat,  becoming,  genteel, 

eleifMnt. 
Grant -w'll,    yield,   give,    bestow,    confer, 

cf<lc'.  concede. 
Grateful— thankful,  pleasing,  agreeable,  de- 
licious. 
Grave  —  sedate,      thoughtful,      important, 

Kfiiemn.  slow,  serious. 
Greediness— ravenousness,      covetoiisneas, 

•  ■HKcrncHS.  nipacity,  voracity. 
Grieve  — iKjnjoan,   mourn,   sorrow,   lament, 

hurt,  afflict. 
Group— collection,  assemblage,  cluster. 
Guarantee— vouch  for,  secure,  warrant. 
Guard— i>rot<H!t,  watch,  defend,  shield. 
Guest— visitant,  stranjfcr,  visitor. 
Guilty— <lepraved,  debauched,  sinful,  crimi- 
nal, wicked. 

H 

Habit— custom,  habitude,  guise. 
Hale    strong,  hearty,  robust,  sound. 
Happiness— content  ment.blis8,luck,fellcity. 
Harbinger— precursor,  forerunner,  messen- 

Hardened— unfeeling,    callous,    obdurate, 
insensible. 

Hardly -scarcely,  w^ith  difficulty,  barely. 

Harm  -evil,  mishap,  injury,  ill,   hurt,  mis- 
fortune, damage. 

Harmony— unison,  accordance,  melody  .con- 
cord, agreement. 

Hasten  —  hurry,   quicken,  expedite,   accel- 
ei-ate. 

Hasty— rash,  passionate,  quick,  angry,  ciu-- 
sory. 

Hate— dislike,  abominate,  loathe,  abhor,  de- 
test, abjure. 

Haughtiness— vanity,  arrogance,  self-con- 
ceit, pride,  distain. 

Hazard— trial,  peril,  danger,  venture,chance, 
risk. 

Heal— cure,  remedy,  restore. 

Hear  —  barken,   overhear,    watch,    attend, 
listen. 

Heaviness  —  sorrow,     gravity,    dejection, 
weight,  gloom. 

Heighten— raise,   aggravate,   improve,   ad- 
vance. 

Heinous— wicked,    atrocious,    simple,    fla- 
Krant. 

Help— provide,  support,  success,  serve,  aid, 
relieve,  assist. 

Heroic— bold,  courageous,  intrepid,  brave, 
nol)le,  valiant,  fearless. 

Hesitate— demur,    pause,   stammer,  doubt, 
falter,  wait,  scruple,  delay. 

Hideous  —  awful,     grisly,    grim,     ghastly, 
frightful,  horrible. 

High-tall,  lofty. 

Hinder— stop,  thwart,  oppose,  prevent,  re 
tard,  interfere. obstruct,  impede,embarrass 

Hollow— empty,  vacant. 


SYNONYMS. 


Honor— exalt,  venerate,  reverence,  dignify, 
♦.'Stec'in,  respect,  adorn,  revere. 

Hopeless  —  dejected,  despairing',  despond- 
in«r. 

Hostile— contrary,  opposite,  warlike,  repug- 
nant, unfriendly. 

Hovise— ilomicile,  quorum,  dwelling,  race, 
home,  family,  habitation. 

However— notwithstanding,  still,  yet,  but, 
nevertheless. 

Hug&— \  ast,  enormous,  immense. 

Humanity— benevolence,  benign  ity. 

Hurry -i'.vpedite,  hasten,  precipitate. 

Hypocrisy— pretense,  deceit,  dissimulation. 


Idea— notion,  perception,  thought,  concep- 
tion, imatfination. 

Ignorant— untaught,  illiterate,  unlearned, 
uiilt'ttored,  uninformed,  unskilled. 

Illusion -deception,  mockery,  falsity. 

Imbecility-  weakness,  impotence,  debility, 
intirmity,  languor,  feebleness. 

Imitate— copy,  ape,  follow,  mimic. 

Immediately— directly,  instantly. 

Immense— \iist,  huge,  enormous,  prodig- 
ious, unlimited. 

Impair—lessen,  injure,  decrease,  weaken. 

Impatient— eagei",  restless,  hasty,  uneasy. 

Impede— delay,  hinder,  obstruct,  retard. 

Impediment — obstacle,  hinderance,  ob- 
struction. 

Impending— imminent,  threatening. 

Imperious-  tyrannical,  overbearing,  lordly, 
hau^rhty,  domineering. 

Impetuous— hasty,  forcible,  rough,  vehe- 
ment, violent,  boisterous. 

Imply— involve,  mean,  infer,  denote,  sig- 
nify. 

Importunity— solicitation. 

Imprecation— anathema,curse,  malediction, 
exo'  ration. 

Impute— ascribe,  attribute,  charge. 

Inactive— sluggish,  lazy,  idle,  inert,  slothful, 
drowsy. 

Inattentive— remiss,  negligent,  dilatory, 
careless,  heedless,  thoughtless,  inadvert- 
ent. 

Incident— circumstance,  event,contingency, 
occurrence,  adventure. 

Inclination— disposition,  bent,  preposses- 
sion. 

Incompetent  —  unsuitable,  inapt,  inade- 
quate, incapable,  insufficient. 

Increase  —  accession,  addition,  augmenta- 
tion. 

Indicate— show,  reveal,  point  out,  mark. 

Indigence— penury,  poverty,  want,  need. 

Indiscretion— folly.  In  judiciousness,  impru- 
dence. 

Indistinct— dark,  confused,  doubtful,  am- 
biguous. 

Inevitable— certain,  unavoidable. 

Inexpedient— unfit,  inconvenient,  unsuit- 
able. 

Infamous— outrageous,  scandalous. 

Inference— conclusion,  deduction. 

Infested  —  annoyed,  disturbed,  plagued, 
troubled. 

Influence  — persuasion,  authority,  sway, 
power,  credit. 

Infringe— invade,  intrench,  encroach,  in- 
trude. 

Ingenuity— talent,  capacity,  skill,  genius, 
invention. 

Inherent— inbred,  inborn,  innate. 

Iniquitous— nefarious,  unjust,  wicked,  evil. 

Injure  —  harm,  deteriorate,  hurt,  impair, 
damage. 

Innate— natural,  inborn,  inherent,  imbued. 

Inordinate— immoderate,  irregular,  exces- 
sive, intemperate. 

Inquisitive— curious,  prjing,  anxious,  in- 
quirin<r. 

Insensibility— dullness,  torpor,  impercept- 
bility,  apathy,  indifference,  stupidity. 


Insignificant  —  worthless,  unimportant, 
tri\  ial,  meaningless,  inconsiderable. 

Insinuate— suggest,  hint,  intimate. 

Inspire- animate,  suggest,  exhilarate,  en- 
liven, invigorate,  cheer. 

Instill— infuse,  sow,  implant. 

Insufllcient- inadequate,  iniable,  incapable, 
unlit,  incompetent,  unsuitable. 

Integrity  —  purity,  honesty,  truthfulness, 
pr()l)it,y,  uprightness. 

Intellect— understanding,  talent,  capacity, 
ability,  genius. 

Intemperate— immoderate,  inordinate,  ex- 
cessive. 

Intercede— interpose,  mediate,  interfere. 

Intermission— vacation,interruption,  cessa- 
tion, rest,  stop. 

Interpose— mediate,  intermeddle,  intercede, 
intertere. 

Interrogate— question,  inquire,  examine. 

Intervening  —  coming  between,  interme- 
diate, interposing. 

Intoxication— infatuation,  inebriety,drunk- 
enness. 

Intrepid  —  fearless,  brave,  daring,  bold, 
valiant,  undaunted,  courageous. 

Introductory— preliminary,  previous,  pre- 
fatory. 

Intrust— confide,  commit. 

Invade— intrench,  infringe,  attack,  enter, 
encroach. 

Invalidate— weaken,  overthrow,  destroy, 
injure,  nullify. 

Invent— discover,  devise,  feign,  fabricate, 
conceive,  frame. 

Investigation— research,  search,  scrutiny, 
examination,  inquiry. 

Invigorate— restore,  fortify,  strengthen. 

Invite— call,  summon,  bid. 

Irascible— irritable,  angry,  hot,  hasty,  fiery. 

Irksome  -troublesome,  vexatious. 

Irrational— silly,  foolish,  absurd,  unreason- 
able. 

Irregular— intemperate,  disorderly,  inordi- 
nate. 

Irruption-  invasion,  opening,  inroad. 


Jade— harass,  weary,  tire,  dispirit,  wench. 

Jealousy— envy,  suspicion,  emulation. 

Jest— fun,  joke,  sport. 

Jocund  —  joyful,  lighthearted,  mirthful, 
merry,  vivacious,  gay,  sprightly,  sportive. 

Joke— rally,  sport. 

Journey— trip,  voyage,  tour. 

Judgment— discernment,  sagacity,  intelli- 
gence, doom,  decision,  sentence,  opinion, 
discrimination. 

Justify— clear,  maintain,  defend,  absolve, 
excuse. 

Justness— correctness,  propriety,  equity, 
accuracy,  exactness. 


Keen— shrewd,  sharp,  acute,  cutting,  pierc- 
ing, penetrating. 

Keep— guard,  sustain,  hold,  reserve,  sup- 
port, maintain,  detain,  retain. 

Kind— bland,  benignant,  lenient,  courteous, 
gentle,  indulgent,  compassionate,  tender, 
affable. 

Kind— sort,  way,  genus,  species,  manner, 
race,  class. 

Knavish— deceitful,  dishonest. 

Knowledge— perception,  acquaintance,  eru- 
dition, undei*standing,  skill,  learning. 


Labor— toil,  exert,  drudge,  strive. 
Liack — want,  need. 

Langruage— tongue,  speech,  dialect,  idiom 
IiangTiid— weary,  faint,  dull,  drooping,  ex 
hausted. 


Lassitude— prostration,  enervation,  fatigue, 
luiiKUor,  weariness. 

Last— latest,  end,  ultimate,  final,  hindermost. 

Latent— unseen,  secret,  hidden. 

Laugrhable— droll,comical,rldIculou8,mirth- 
tiil. 

Lazy-  indolent,  inactive,  idle,  inert,  slothful. 

Leagrue— alliance,  confederacy. 

Lean  -waver,  totter,  incline,  bend. 

Leave- resign,  relinquish,  bequeath,  aban- 
don. 

Lengthen— continue,  protract,  extend,  draw 
out. 

Lenity— clemency,  mercy. 

Let  -allow,  jierrait,  hire,  leave,  suffer. 

Level    plain,  flat,  even,  smooth. 

Liable    exposed,  rt'8pon8il)le,  subject. 

Liberate— I i"ee,  deliver,  release. 

Lie  untruth,  falsehood,  fiction,  fabrication, 
deception. 

Life— I)ri8kne88,  vitality,  being,  energy,  vi- 
vacity. 

Lift— exalt,  erect,  raise,  hoist,  elevate. 

Like— similar,  resemoUng,  uniform,  proba- 
ble. 

Liking— inclination,  fondness,  affection,  at- 
tachment. 

Ling'er-  tarry,  lag,  delay,  wait,  saunter,  beei- 
tatx;,  loiter. 

Listen    overhear,  attend,  hearken,  hear. 

Live  -dwell,  reside,  subsist,  abide,  exist. 

Load    weight,  encumber,  clog,  burden. 

Lodge— shelter,  harbor,  entertain,  accommo- 
date. 

Loiter— lag,  saunter,  tarry,  linger. 

Long  -<leslro,  hanker. 

Look    see,\  iew,  ins|>ect,  behold,  apiHjaranoe. 

Loquacioiis    talkative,  garrulous. 

Lot  -duuni,  fortune,  sliare,  fatis  destiny,  por- 
tion. 

Loud— noisy,  vehement,  clamorous,  turbu- 
lent, vociferous. 

Lovely— attractive,  beautiful,  amiable,  ele- 
giint,  flnc,  handsome,  charming,  delightful. 

Lover— wooer,  suitor,  beau. 

Low— despicable,  debased,  humble,  dejected, 
Imlsc,  abject. 

Lucky— successful,  fortunate,  prosjjerous. 

Lunacy  —  derangement,  mania,  insanity, 
iiuiilnes-s. 

Luxuriant— exuberant,  voluptuous,  excess- 
ive, abundant. 

Luxury— abundance,  excess,  elegance,  pro- 
fusion. 

M 

Magisterial— august,  prosperous,  stately, 
nia.iestit-,  dignitied. 

Mag'nitude- bulk,  size,  greatness. 

Majestic -august,  stately,  dignified. 

Malice— grudge,  spite,  nineor,  pique. 

Mandate— order,  charj^e,  injunction,  com- 
mand. 

Manifest— apparent,  plain,  open,  clear,  ob- 
vious, evident. 

Margin— border,  rim,  brltik,  verge,  edge, 
brim. 

Mark— imprint,  observe,  show,  brand,  im- 
press, stamp. 

Martial— soldier-like,  tnilitary,  warlike. 

Massive— ponderous,  heavy,  large,  bulky. 

Mature— complete,  ripe,  perfect. 

Mean— sordid,  niggardly,  penurious,  low, 
miserly,  abject,  despicably. 

Meanvrhile  —  meantime,  intervening,  in- 
terim. 

Meddle— touch,  interfere,  interpose,  inter- 
rupt. 

Meditate— contemplate,  muse. 

Meek    soft,  humble,  gentle,  mild. 

Meeting— congregation,  company,  auditory, 
assembly. 

Melody— harmony,  concord,  happiness,  uni- 
son. 

Memory  —  reminiscence,  recollection,  re- 
membrance. 


Merchant— tradesman,  trader. 

Merciless  -hard-hearted,  pitiless,  cruel,  un- 
luerc-iful. 

Merry  —  lively,  gay,  sprightly,  sportive, 
cheerful,  happy,  vivacious,  mirthful. 

Metaphor— trope,  symbol,  embleni,ailegory, 
similitude. 

Mighty    great,  potent,  strong,  powerful. 

Mindful— heedful,  attentive,  regardful,  ob- 
servaiil. 

Miracle    prodigy,  marvel,  wonder. 

Mischief— harm,  hurt,  damage,  misfortune, 
injury. 

Misfortune— calamity,  ill  luck,  harm,  mis- 
hap, disaster. 

Misuse— i>ervert,  ill-treat,  abuse,  misapply. 

Mix    mingle,  blend,  confound. 

Model— pattern,  mould,  sample,  copy,  speci- 
men. 

Modem— recent,  new.  novel,  fresh,  late. 

Modify— re-arrange,alter,moderate,  change, 
extenuate. 

Mollify  —  ease,  soften,  assuage,  appease, 
moderate,  mitigate. 

Morose— gloomy,  sour,  forbidding,  sullen, 

jM-evish. 

motive -incentive,  cause,  reason,  principle. 

Mourn— 8<jrrow,  grieve,  bewail,  lament,  be- 
moan. 

Multitude— crowd,  throng,  swarm. 

Murmur    I'oinplaln,  rei)ine. 

Mutable  -irresolute-,  wavering,  changeable, 
lirkle,  unstable,  incunstant,  variable,  un- 
steady. 

Mutinous— turbulent,  seditious,  insubordi- 
nate. 

N 

Naked— simple,  unclothed,  uncovered,  nude, 
exposed. 

Narrative— account,  tale,  story. 

Nasty- filthy,  foul. 

Nautical  -marine,  naval,  maritime. 

Near  —  adjoining,  adjacent,  close,  contig- 
uous. 

Need-  indigence,  poverty,  penury,  want. 

Nefarious— wicked,  evil,  unjust,  wrong,  in- 
i(|uitous. 

Nevertheless— however,  yet,  notwithstand- 
ing. 

Nice— exact,  particular,  delicate. 

Noble  grand,  exalted,  distinguished,  great, 
elevated,  illustrious. 

Noted— notorious,  eminent,  renowned,  cel- 
ebrated, distinguished,  conspicuous,  illus- 
trious. 

Notion  —  sentiment,  perception,  thought, 
whim,  eoneeption,  opinion,  idea. 

Notwithstanding— in  spite  of,  yet,  never- 
theless, however. 


Obdurate  —  inflexible,  obstinate.  Impeni- 
tent, hardened,  unfeeling,  callous,  insen- 
sible. 

Object— subject,  end,  aim,  purpose,  oppose. 

Oblige — engage,  bind,  force,  gratify,  coerce, 
favor,  compel,  please. 

Obscure— abstruse,  eoncealed,  hidden,  indis- 
tinct, dark,  dim,  uncertain,  difBcult. 

Observant— regardful,  attentive,  watchful, 
m'ndful. 

Obsolete— disused,  worn  out,  antiquated, 
ancient,  old,  old-fashioned. 

Obstinate— headstrong,  resolute,  stubborn. 

Obtain—  gain,  get,  win,  procure,  secure,  ac- 
quire, earn. 

Obviate— prevent,  preclude,  avoid. 

Occasional— frequently  casual. 

Occupy— use.  hold,  keep,  possess. 

Odd— singular,  eccentric,  strange,  uneven. 

Offense- injury,  orirae,  transgression,  out- 
rairo,  trespass,  misdeed,  wronjr.  insult. 

Officious— busy,  active,  forward,  intrusive, 
obtrusive. 

Omen— presage,  prognostic,  sign. 


^^ 


SYNONYMS. 


Open— disclose,  reveal,  unlock,  unravel. 

Operation— agency,  p.erforraance,  action. 

Opinion— belief,  sentiment,  notion,  idea. 

Opponent— antagonist,  adversary,  opposer, 
loe,  enemy. 

Opprobrious— reproachful.  Insulting,  scur- 
rilous, offensive,  insolent,  scandalous, 
abusive. 

Option— choice,  selection. 

Opulence— afliuence,  wealth,  riches. 

Ordain— prescribe,  invest,  appoint,  order. 

Order— mandate,  command,  injunction,  pre- 
cept. 

Ordinary— usual,  common,  general. 

Original— primary,  fli-st,  pristine,  primitive. 

Ostentation— show,  boast,  display,  parade. 

Outlive  —survive. 

Outward— extraneous,  apparent,  extrinsic. 

Overbearing:- repressive,  haughty,  lordly, 
impertinent. 

Overflow— fill,  Inimdate,  abound,  dtfluge. 

Overwhelm— up-turn,  subdue,  crush,  over- 
throw, overpower. 


Pacify— soothe,  still,  calm,  quiet,  conciliate. 

Pain— hurt,  afliict,  distress,  torture,  suffer, 
torment. 

Pair— couple,  brace,  two. 

Palpable  —  apparent,  plain,  perceptible, 
gross,  discernible. 

Pang— sorrow,  torment,  anguish,  torture, 
agony,  distress. 

Parade— show,  ostentation. 

Pare— strip,  peel. 

Part— concern,  portion,  piece,  share,  action, 
division. 

Particularly— chiefly,  mainly,  principally, 
distinctly,  especially,  specifically. 

Partner— associate,  coadjutor,  accomplice, 
colleague. 

Passionate— excitable,  hot,  angry,  hasty, 
irascible. 

Pathetic— affecting,  moving,  touching. 

Patience— endurance,  fortitude,  resigna- 
tion. 

Pay— salary,  wages,  stipend. 

Penalty— punishment,  chastisement,  fine, 
pain,  forfeiture. 

Penitence— repentance,  remorse,  compunc- 
tion, contrition. 

Penury— poverty,  need,  want,  distress,  indi- 
gence. 

Perceive— observe,  discern,  distinguish. 

Perfect— done,  complete,  finished. 

Perforate— bore,  penetrate,  pierce. 

Perfume— smell,  odor,  scent,  fragrance,  ex- 
halation. 

Perish— die,  decay. 

Permit— tolerate,  yield,  allow,  consent,  suf- 
fer, admit. 

Perpetrate.— commit. 

Perplex— bewilder,  confuse,  involve,  annoy, 
puzzle,  harass,  molest,  entangle,  embarrass. 

Persist— pursue,  prosecute. 

Persuade— prevail  upon,  influence,  induce, 
exhort,  urge,  entice. 

Pestilential— epidemical,  contagioxis,  infec- 
tious, mischevious,  destructive. 

Petulant— peevish,  cross,  captious,  fretful. 

Pious— religious,  devout,  godly,  spiritual, 
holy. 

Pique— spite,  grudge,  malice,  rancor,  dislike, 
offense. 

Place— post,  site,  ground,  position,  spot. 

Plague — perplex,  embarrass,  annoy,  tanta- 
lize, vex,  importune,  torment. 

Plan— scheme,  contrivance,  device,  design, 
project,  stratagem,  arrangement. 

Play— game,  si)drt. 

Please— delight,  satisfy,  humor,  gratify. 

Pledge— hostage,  deposit,  securitj',  pawn, 
earnest. 

Pliant— limber,  bending,  lithe,  yielding,  plia- 
ble, supple. 


Pligrht— state,  condition,  situation,  case,  con- 
jecture. 

Polite— well-bred,  civil,  courteous,  polished, 
all  able,  genteel,  refined. 

Politic— careful,  prudent,  wise,  artful,  cun- 
ning. 

Pompous— stately,showy,ostentatiou8,lofty, 
dignified. 

Portion— part,  share,  piece,  division,  quan- 
tity, fortune. 

Possess— hold,  have,  keep,  occupy,  enjoy. 

Posture— gesture,  action,  figure,  position, 
attitude. 

Poverty— need,  suffering,  want,  penury, 
indigence. 

Practice— habit,  custom,  manner,  use,  form, 
style. 

Prayer— sviit  request,  entreaty,  application, 
suppl  cation. 

Precedence— superiority,  priority,  prefer- 
ence. 

Precept— rule,  injunction,  maxim,  principle, 
law  mandate,  command. 

Precious— costly  ,expen8ive,\-aluable,choice, 
rare. 

Precise— exact,  accurate,  nice,  careful,  par- 
ticular. 

Predicament— position,  plight,  condition, 
situation. 

Predominant— controlling,  supreme,  pre- 
vailing, prevalent. 

Preference— priority,  advancement,  choice, 

Prejudice— injury,  disadvantage,  bias,  hurt, 

Prepare— qualify,  make  ready,  equip,  ar- 
range, fit. 

Prerogative— immunity,  privilege. 

Preserve— maintain,  save,  uphold,  protect, 
spare. 

Presume— suppose,  believe,  guess,  think, 
surmise. 

Pretext— pretension,  excuse,  pretense. 

Pretty— agreeable,  lovely,  fine,  beautiful. 

Prevent  —  hinder,  obstruct,  impede,  pre- 
clude, obviate. 

Price— expense,  worth,  cost,  value,  charge. 

Pride  —  vanity,  conceit,  arrogance,  tussur- 
ance,  presumption,  haughtiness,  insolence. 

Primary— original,  pristine,  first,  elemental. 

Print- mark,  impress,  stamp. 

Priority— precedence,  pre-eminence,  prefer- 
ence. 

Privacy— solitude,  loneliness,  seclusion,  se- 
crecy. 

Prize— esteem,  value,  reward. 

Probitv— uprightness,  integrity,  reliability, 
veracity. 

Proclaim— publish,  tell,  declare,  announce, 
advertise. 

Procure— acquire,  gain,  obtain,  get. 

Prodigious— astonishing,  large,  great,  vast, 
enormous. 

Profession— employment,  calling,  vocation, 
work,  business. 

Profit— advantage,  benefit,  gain,  lucre. 

Profuse  —  wasteful,  extravagant,  lavish, 
prodigal. 

Prohibit— proscribe,  interdict,  forbid. 

Prolific— fertile,  fruitful,  productive. 

Prolong— delay,  extend,  protract,  postpone, 
retard. 

Promise— engagement,  agreement,  pledge, 
word,  obligation. 

Prompt— ready,  quick,  assiduous,  active. 

Proof— argument,  evidence,  testimony. 

Propensity— inclination,  tendency,  prone- 
ness.  liking. 

Propitious— auspicious,  favorable. 

Proportionate  —  adequate,  commensurate, 
equal. 

Proprietor— owner,  master,  possessor. 

Prospect— landscape,  view,  survey. 

Prosperous— lucky,  successful,  fortunate, 
flourishing. 

Protract— retard,  prolong,  delay,  postpone, 
withhold. 

Prove — e\'ince,  manifest,  demonstrate. 

Provide— furnish,  prepare,  procure,  supply. 


Proviso  —  condition,  stipulation,  require- 
iiit'iit. 

Prudence  —  carefulness,  discretion,  judg- 
ment, wisdom. 

Pryin^~in<iuisitive,  curious. 

Puerife-boyish,  childish,  infantile.  Juvenile. 

Punctual— part^icular,  prompt,  exact,  nice. 

Purchase— procure,  buy. 

Puzzle— bewilder,  confound,  entan^rle,  per- 
plex. 


Quack— empiric.  Impostor,  charlatan,  pre- 
tender. 

Gualified— fit,  adapted,  capable,  competent. 

ftuality  -attribute,  property. 

Query    intt^rroKwtory,  in<iuiry,  question. 

Questionable— doubtful,  suspicious. 

Quiet-  repose,  rest,  calm,  tranquility,  ease, 
still. 

Quit— relinquish,  depart,  resigm,  forsake, 
leave. 

Quota— share,  rate,  proiwrtion. 


Saoe— family,  ^neration,  lineacre,  breed, 
course. 

Rasre- fury,  indigrnation,  angrer. 

Ramble— stroll,  rove,  roam,  wander,  ranffc. 

Rank    dcKree,  position,  cliiss,  place,  order. 

Rapacious— ravenous,  Kreedy,  voracious. 

Rapture    deliKht,  ecsUicy,  joy,  transport. 

Rash  liiuHty.  thouKhtless,  impulsive,  vio- 
lent, adventurous. 

Ravenous-  rapacious,  grreed,  voracious. 

Reach    extent,  stretch. 

Real  true,  actual,  certain,  positive,  (fcn- 
uine. 

RefMon— proof,  argrument,  purpose,  motive, 
origin,  cause. 

Rebellion— sedition,  revolt,  insurrection. 

Recall    recant,  retract,  revoke,  abjure. 

Recede    r«»trograde,  fall  back,  retire,  retreat. 

Reciprocal  -nuitual. 

Recite    rehearses  repeat,  narrate. 

Reclaim-  recover,  correct,  reform. 

Recollection— nu-mory,  remembrance. 

Reconcile    eonciliate,  propitiate. 

Recruit    letrieve,  recover,  repair,  replace. 

Redeem— rescue,  ransom,  recover,  restore. 

Refer— suggest,  intimate,  hint,  propose,  al- 
lude. 

Reform— amend,  better,  correct,  improve. 

Refrain    forlwar,  si)are,  abstain,  forego. 

Regale  -entertain,  Ki">»tify,  feast,  relish. 

Region  -quarter,  country,  section,  district. 

Regulate  —  rule,  dispose,  adjust,  control, 
govern. 

Reject— deny,  repel,  refuse,  decline. 

Relieve -succor,  assist,  mitigate,  aid,  help, 
support. 

Relish  -  flavor,  taste,  enjoy. 

Remain— stay,  tarry,  continue,  abide,  so- 
journ. 

Remark— comment,  observation,  note. 

Remiss  —  negligent,  heedless,  thoughtless, 
careless. 

Remnant— residue,  remainder,  rest. 

Renew— revive,  renovate,  refresh. 

Renown— fame,  reputjition.  celebrity. 

Reparation— restitution,  amends,  restora- 
tion. 

Repeat— rehearse,  recite,  detail. 

Replenish— supply,  fill,  refill. 

Repose— <iuict,  sleep,  ease,  rest. 

Repugnance— dislike,  aversion,  hatred. 

Request— demand,  beseech,  entreat,  ask. 

Research— inquiry,  study,  examination. 

Residence — abode,  home,  house,  dwelling. 

Resign— forego,  yield,  renounce,  abdicate. 

Resist    endure,  oppose,  withstand. 

Resort    haunt,  frequent,  visit. 

Respectful— civil,  dutiful,  obedient. 

Response— reiJly,  rejoinder,  answer. 

Rest— ease,  quiet,  repose. 


Restrain— ro  press.restrict,  suppress.conflne. 
Result— event,  effect,  i.-^sue. 
Retard— defer,  delay,  liinder.  prevent. 
Retract— take  Ijack.  revoke,  recall,  annul. 
Reveal— disclose,  divulge,  expose,  impart. 
Revere— adore,   venei-ate,   worship,    rever- 

»;nce. 
Revive- refresh,  renew,  renovate,  enliven. 
Rewajrd — satisfaction,  recompense. 
Ridicule    laugh  at.  satire,  irony. 
Right    proper,  honest,  correct,  direct. 
Rigorous    rigid,  rough,  severe,  hareh. 
Rite  -observance,  lorm,  ceremony,  custom. 
Roam— rove,  wander,  range,  ramble. 
Rough— harsh,  uncivil,  rude,  uncouth. 
Rouce — way,  |)ath.  road,  course. 
Ru^rared— <»^rupt,  rough. 

8 

Sacred— devoted,  divine,  holy, 

Sagtwity  —  discernment,  penetration,  per- 
ception, acuU.'iiess. 

Balute    acwist.  address. 

Sapient— wise,  discreei,  sage. 

Satire  -  irony,  sarcasm,  burlesque. 

Saucy- rude,  insolent  impudent. 

Saying' -by-word,  maxim,  adage,  proverb. 

Scarce— unusual,  singular,  nire. 

Scent -iK'rfu me,  odor,  fragrance,  smell. 

Scoff-  -sneer,  gibe,  jeer,  ridicule. 

Scornful— eoiit«'inpiuoiis,  diMlainful. 

Scrutinize    invebtigate,  searcli,  examine. 

Search    in<iuiry.  scrutiny,  pursuit. 

Seclusion— privacy,  quiet ude. 

Secret -<iuiet,  hidden,  still,  latent. 

Secure— certain,  safe,  sure. 

Sedate- quiet,  composed,  still,  calm. 

See    examine,  view,  look,  ob8er\'e. 

Select— choo.se,  pick. 

Sensitive— keen,  appreciative. 

Sentiment- feeling,  opinion,  notion,  ex- 
pression. 

Serene  -placid,  calm. 

Settled  -ccmclusive.  decided,  confirmed. 

Several— diverse,  different,  sundry,  various. 

Shake -totter,  shiver,  agitate. 

Shame— ignominy,  dishonor,  disgrace. 

Shape— mould,  fashion,  form. 

Sharpness— cunning.  aeuteni>8s,  keenness. 

Shine— glare,  glisten,  glitter,  gleam. 

Shocking— terrible,  dreadful,  liorrible. 

Shorten— curtail,  le.s.«en.  reduce,  abridge. 

Showy— gay,  gaudy,  fine,  grand. 

Shudder- tumble,  quake,  shake. 

Sickly— sick,  ill,  unwell,  diseased. 

Signify—  exi)res8,  imply,  utter,  declare. 

Silent-  mute,  six'eehless,  dumb,  still. 

Similarity  -  liKem-ss,  similitude,  resem- 
Vilanee. 

Simply-  merely,  solely,  only. 

Sincere— honest,  frank,  true,  plain. 

Situation— plight,  locality,  i»lace,  position. 

Slander— vilify,  defame,  detnut.  atperse. 

Slender— slim.  thin,  fragile,  slight. 

Slow— dilatory,  tedious,  tardy,  dull. 

Smooth —mild,  easy,  bland,  even. 

Snarlin^^snappish.  waspish,  surly. 

Sneer— jibe.  jeer,  scoff. 

Social— familiar,  sociable,  convi^ial. 

Soft— yielding,  iiliant,  mild,  flexible. 

Solenm— serious,  grave. 

Solid— firm.  hard,  enduring,  fixed. 

Soothe— compose,  quiet,  calm,  assuagre. 

Sort— species,  kind,  order. 

Sour— acid,  sharp,  acrimonious,  tart. 

Spacious— capacious,  ample,  large. 

Species— kind,  sort,  order,  class. 

Specimen— pattern,  sample,  model,  copy. 

Speech— address,  sermon,  oration,  lecture. 

Sphere— globe,  circle,  orb. 

Spite -malice,  hatred,  grudge. 

Sport— recreation.  ]i!istime,  game.  play. 

Spread — sow.  disperse,  scatter,  difiCuse. 

Sprinkle— tiedew,  scatter,  water. 

Stability— firmness.  fixednes.s,  continuity. 

Stammer— stutter,  falter,  hesitate. 


SYNONYMS. 


Stare— gaze,  gape. 

Station— situation,  place,  post,  position. 

Sterility— unl'niiit'uliK'ss,  barrenness. 

Still— pacify,  lull,  (piii't,  appoasi;. 

Stop— t'licck,  hintlcr,  delay,  rest. 

Straight— immediate,  direct. 

Stratagem— artiliee,elie«t,  finesse,  fine  work. 

Strife— contest,  dissension,  discord. 

Stroll— nimble,  rove,  range. 

Sturdy— firm,  robust,  strong. 

Subdue- surmount,  subject,  conquer,  over- 
come. 

Subjoin— annex,  attach,  aiBx,  connect. 

Submissive— obedient,  humble,  compliant. 

Substance— support,  livelihood,  sustenance. 

Substitute— agent,  change,  exchange. 

Subtract    deduct,  withdraw,  take  from. 

Successful— prosperous,  fortunate,  lucky. 

Succor-  defend,  relieve,  assist,  help. 

Suffer— endure,  allow,  permit,  bear. 

SuflB-cient —adequate,  plenty,  enough. 

Suggest— propose,  hint,  allude. 

Suitor    beau,  lover,  wooer. 

Summon— cite,  bid,  convoke,  call. 

Superficial— slight,  flimsy,  shallow. 

Supplicate— implore,  entreat,  ask,  beg. 

Sure    reliable,  certain,  confident. 

Surmount— subdue,  conquer,  overcome. 

Surprise— amazement,  wonder,  admiration. 

Surround— incircle,  inclose,  encompass. 

Suspense— doubt,  hesitation. 

Sustain— maintain,  carry,  support,  bear. 

Swarm— crowd,  throng,  multitude. 

Symbol— emblem,  type,  figure. 

Sympathy  —  compassion,  agreement,  con- 
dolence. 

System— order,  method. 


Tale— anecdote,  story. 

Talk— conference,  lecture,  sermon. 

Taste— relish,  savor,  flavor. 

Tedious— tardy,  tiresome,  slow. 

Temper— disposition,  mood,  humor. 

Temporal— secular,  mundane,  worldly. 

Tempt— allure,  decoy,  induce,  entice. 

Tenderness— fondness,  affection,  love. 

Terms— language,  expressions,  words,  con- 
dition. 

Terrible— horrible,  awful,  terrific,  fearful. 

Test— standard,  proof,  trial,  experience. 

Testimony— proof,  evidence. 

Think    surmise,  consider,  imagine,  ponder. 

Thought— conceit,  idea,  fancy,  reflection. 

Thoughtless  —  unthinking,  nasty,  foolish, 
careless. 

Throw— fling,  hurl,  heave,  cast. 

Time— epoch,  era,  season,  date. 

Timid^afraid,  bashful,  fearful. 

Title— claim,  name,  appellation. 

Tolerate— allow,  suffer,  permit. 

Total— sum,  gross,  entire,  whole. 

Tour— trip,  round,  journey,  jaunt. 

Trade— occupation,  ti-affic,  dealing. 

Tranquility— calm,  quiet,  peace,  stillness. 

Transcend -surpass,  exceed,  outdo,  excell. 

Transient— short,  brief,  transitory. 

Tremendous  —  dreadful,  terrific,  fearful, 
terrible. 

Trespass— transgression,  violation,  misde- 
meanor, offense. 

Trip— voyage,  journey,  excursion,  jaunt, 
ramble,  tour. 

True— upright,  honest,  plain,  candid,  relia- 
ble, sincere. 

Try— attempt,  endeavor. 

Type— mark,  illustration,  emblem,  figure, 
symbol. 

U 

Umpire— arbiter,  arbitrator.  Judge. 
Unbounded— infinite,  unlimited,  boundless. 
Uncertain— precarious,  dubious,  doubtful. 
Unconquerable— insuperable,  insurmount- 
able, invmcible. 


Undaunted  —  intrepid,  courageous,  bold, 
fearless. 

Under  -subordinate.subject,  lower,  beneath. 

Unfaithful— perfidious,  untruthful,  treach- 
erous, faithless. 

Unhandy  —  awkward,  ungdinly,  clumsy, 
uncouth. 

Uniform— Siime,  even,  equal,  alike. 

Unite-  combine,  connect. 

Unlike— different,  dissimilar,  distinct. 

Unmerciful— cruel,  hard-hearted,  merciless. 

Unravel— reveal,  unfold,  extricate,  disen- 
tangle. 

Unruly— ungovernable,  unmanageable,  re- 
fractory. 

Unspeakable— unutterable,  ineffable,  inex- 
pressible. 

Untruth— falsehood,  lie,  falsitj'. 

Upbraid— reproach,  reprove,  blame,censure. 

Urbajiity— civility,  courtesy,  suavity,  affa- 
bility. 

Urgent— pressing,  earnest,  importunate. 

Use— utility,  advantage,  custom,  service, 
usage,  habit. 

Utterly— fully,completely,  perfectly,  wholly. 


Vacant— unused,void,utterly,devoid,empty. 

Vain— conceited,  ineffectual,  fruitless,  use- 
less. 

Vanity— conceit,  pride;  arrogance,  haughti- 
ness. 

Variation— vicissitude,  deviation,  variety, 
change. 

Various— diverse,  different,  sundiy,  several. 

Venal— hireling,  mercenary 

Venture— risk,  hazard. 

Verbal— vocal,  oral. 

Vestige— track,  evidence,  trace,  mark. 

Vicinity— section,  locality,  nearness,  neigh- 
borhood. 

Vile— mean,  base. 

Vindicate— depend,  protect. 

Virtue— efficacy,  chastity,  goodness,  purity. 

Vivid— bright,  lucid,  clear. 

Vouch— attest,  assure,  protest,  warrant,  aver. 

Vulgar— mean,  low,  ordinary,  common. 

W 

Wages— allowance,  salary,  pay,  hire,  stipu- 
lation. 

"Wan- pallid,  pale. 

Want— lack,  indigence,  poverty,  need. 

Warlike— martial,  military. 

Warning— caution,  notice,  monition,  advice. 

Wasteful— prodigal,  profuse,  lavish,  extrav- 
agant. 

Way— route,  means,  road,  fashion,  plan, 
course,  method. 

Wealth— riches,  affluence,  opulence. 

Wedding— nuptials,  marriage. 

Welcome— acceptable,  desirable,  grateful, 
iiffi-eable. 

Whimsical— fantastical.  fancifuUcapricious. 

Wily— crafty,  cunning,  subtle,  artful,  sly. 

"Win— gain,  obtain,  earn,  acquire. 

Wisdom— understanding,  foresight,  knowl- 
edffe. 

Woeful— doleful,  rueful,  piteous. 

Worthy— meritorious,  deserving,  estimable. 

"Writer— scribe,  author. 

Wrong— injury,  injustice. 


Yearly— annually. 

Yet— notwithstanding,  but,  still,   neverthe 

less,  however. 
Youthful— juvenile,  adolescent. 


Zeal— enthusiasm,  warmth,  fervor,  ardor. 
Zealous— warm,  enthusiastic,  earnest,  anx 
ious,  fervent,  ardent. 


'9mm  mmm 


INCE  the  wonderful  advance  of  the  telegraphic  system 
into  all  parts  of  the  countr}'-,  allowing  the  quick  trans- 
misssion  of  news  to  points  widely  distant,  there  has 
arisen  the  comparatively  new  feature  of  the  War  De- 
partment known  as  the  Signal  Service.  This  branch 
has  been  in  existence  many  years,  but  was  formerly 
confined  principally,  in  its  work,  to  the  art  of  sending 
military  messages  from  one  point  to  another  by  means 
of  flags  of  different  colors.  Gradually  the  transmission  of  other 
kinds  of  news  was  begun,  or  ratlier  tlie  sending  of  news  which 
should  be  of  importance  not  alone  to  the  navy  and  the  army,  but 
to  the  merchant  marine  and  those  engaged  in  agriculture. 

As  now  conducted,  the  signal  office  consists  of  a  large  corps  of 
men  and  officers  who  devote  themselves  to  the  study  of  the  weather. 
The  headquarters  of  the  chief  signal  officer  are  in  Washington,  and 
his  office  is  furnished  with  every  kind  of  aj)paratus,  of  the  best 
known  manufacture,  and  constructed  on  prmciples  arrived  at  after 
years  of  careful  exi)eriment,  for  ascerttiining  the  changes  in  the 
temperature,  the  amount  of  rain-fall  and  snow-fall,  the  moisture  in 
the  atmosphere,  tlie  direction  and  force  of  the  wind,  the  rise  and 
fall  of  the  tides  and  of  the  principal  rivers,  etc.  The  more  im{K)r- 
tant  facilities  of  the  central  office,  however,  are  those  of  the  tele- 
graph, by  which  reports  are  received  from  and  advice  sent  out  in 
all  directions. 

At  a  great  many  points  over  the  countr}^,  all  the  way  from 
Maine  to  California  and  from  the  lakes  to  the  gulf,  are  stationed 
signal  officers  and  observers,  who  are  more  or  less  completely  sup- 
plied with  meteorological  apparatus,  and  who  from  time  to  time 
send  to  the  chief  signal  officer  at  Washington  the  reports  of  their 
observations.  The  "  observers "  are  volunteers,  who  receive  no  sal- 
aries from  the  government,  but  in  consideration  of  their  services 
are  supplied  witli  a  registering  thermometer,  dry  and  wet  bulb 
barometers,  wind-gauge  and  rain-gauge.  Their  reports  are  usually 
sent  once  a  month,  but  meanwhile  they  send  in  special  reports  con- 
cerning heavy  storms  or  other  extraordinary  phenomena.  The 
reports  of  the  "  observers "  are  of  no  use  in  maldng  predictions  as 

154 


THE   SIGNAL   SERVICE. 


to  the  future,  but  are  of  much  value  as  contributions  to  the  experi- 
ence and  general  knowledge  of  the  weather  which  is  necessary  to 
the  officers  at  Washington.  It  is  by  experience  of  the  past  that 
the  future  can  be  judged. 

The  signal  "  officers,"  on  the  other  hand,  are  regularly  paid  em- 
ployes of  the  government,  under  the  control  of  the  signal  service, 
into  which  they  are  detailed  after  being  enrolled  as  recruits  for  the 
army.  Each  of  these  men  is  required  to  have  a  partial  education 
at  least,  including  some  knowledge  of  science.  He  is  supplied  with 
an  office  fitted  with  all  the  apparatus  necessary  for  his  duties.  He 
must  take  regular  observations  of  the  weather  at  stated  times  dur- 
ing each  day.  The  rules  for  his  guidance  are  very  minute,  even 
extending  to  the  wearing  and  care  of  his  uniform.  His  observa- 
tions are  very  carefully  made  out,  a  copy  is  filed  for  record,  and  the 
result  is  promptly  telegraphed  to  the  chief  at  Washington  every  day. 

Thus  the  corps  at  Washington  have  a  bird's-eye  view  of  the 
whole  country,  as  it  were,  being  instantly  informed  of  every 
change  in  the  weather  at  any  point,  the  progress  and  character  of 
every  storm  and  every  current  of  wind,  the  look  of  the  clouds,  the 
extent  of  every  rainfall,  etc.  Having  reduced  to  a  science  all  the 
manifold  features  of  atmospheric  phenomena,  they  are  enabled  to 
deduct  cause  from  effect,  and  from  the  information  at  hand  they  can 
predict  the  weather  for  many  hours  in  advance,  with  an  accuracy 
which  has  grown  to  be  wonderfully  reliable. 

Besides  the  officers  and  observers  there  are  persons  stationed  at 
different  cities  throughout  the  country,  whose  duty  it  is  to  supply 
all  neighboring  points  with  the  reports  of  the  service,  which  were 
formerly  designated  as  "probabilities,"  but  are  now  spoken  of  offi- 
cially as  "indications."  These  persons  receive  the  midnight  report 
by  telegraph,  make  duplicates  by  means  of  type  and  a  printing 
press,  and  send  copies  by  mail  to  all  surrounding  postoffices,  where 
these  copies  are  displayed  for  the  benefit  of  the  public.  The  report 
is  also  furnished  to  the  Associated  Press,  and  thus  telegraphed  to 
all  daily  newspapers,  both  morning  and  evening. 

Some  years  ago  the  proprietor  of  the  New  York  Herald  estab- 
lished a  meteorological  bureau,  one  feature  of  which  was  the 
exchange  of  weather  news  between  New  York  and  London.  Out 
of  this  has  grown  an  important  adjunct  of  the  marine  service,  by 
which  warning  is  sent  across  the  Atlantic,  by  cable,  of  the  approach 
of  any  storm,  the  rate  at  which  it  is  traveling,  its  direction,  vio- 
lence, etc.,  thus  being  the  means  of  saving  many  lives  and  much 
valuable  shipping. 


n n 

■«I>*~T-T  .t^T-T-^i.- 


f 


OBEDIENCE  AND  POLITENESS, 


.Sh 


§ 


^•^^m'i¥^* 


AS  STEPPING  STONES  TO  GREATNESS. 


TIE  love  of  personal  freedom  of  action  comes  mto  exist- 
ence simultaneously  with  the  dawn  of  reason,  and 
grows  stronger  as  the  years  go  by.  The  child,  incap- 
able of  perceiving  that  the  motive  for  parental  re- 
straint is  the  desire  for  his  future  happiness,  is  disjwsed 
to  look  upon  his  father's  commands  as  the  manifesta- 
tions of  caprice,  or  at  least  as  arbitrary  dictation ;  the 
schoolboy  is  prone  to  regard  his  master  as  a  tyrant, 
and,  therefore,  his  natural  enemy ;  the  boarding-school 
maiden  resists  and  refuses  obedience  to  the  rules 
framed  for  her  better  protection  against  unseen  dan- 
gers ;  and  even  among  persons  of  maturer  years,  there 
is  a  constant  chafing  against  control. 

But  "  order  is  Heaven's  first  law."    From  the  mo- 
ment of  his  birth  to  the  hour  of  his  death,  every  man 
has,  in  a  greater  or  less  degree,  to  submit  his  will  to  the 
^  will  of  others.     The  foundations  of  government  are 

^  laid  in  the  lessons  of  obedience  learned  in  childhood, 

and  upon  this  basis  is  reared  the  supei'structure  of  society.  AVith- 
out  a  "  head "  to  exact  and  enforce  obedience,  the  home  would  be 
the  scene  of  turbulence  and  confusion,  and  the  school-room  would 
resound  with  shouts  of  riotous  disorder ;  while  without  law  to  direct 
and  govern,  the  ship  of  state  would  drift,  rudderless^  upon  a  tem- 
pestuous sea. 

And  yet,  while  none  of  the  lessons  of  life  are  harder  to  learn,  none 
are  more  salutary  in  their  effects.  What  security  would  there  be 
for  life  or  property,  if  the  strong  arm  of  the  law  were  not  always 
uplifted,  ready  to  punish  disobedience  ?  What  would  be  the  issue 
of  a  battle  in  which  each  private  soldier  undertook  to  wage  a 
desultory  warfare  of  his  own,  disregarding  the  command  of  his 
general  ?  What  would  be  the  fate  of  the  noble  ship,  with  her  costly 
cargo  of  merchandise,  and  her  still  more  precious  freight  of  human 
souls,  if,  in  the  moment  of  peril,  every  sailor  did  not  promptly  spring 
to  obey  the  commander's  orders  ?  Or  what  business  enterprise  could 
hope  for  success  if  some  one  mind  did  not  control  the  many  hands 

156 


OBEDIENCE   AND   POLITENESS. 


employed, — if  each  subordinate  were  free  to  shape  his  course 
according  to  his  own  inclinations  ? 

It  is  especially  to  the  young  that  these  remarks  are  addressed. 
It  cannot  be  too  strongly  impressed  upon  their  minds  that  obedience 
to  rightful  authority  is  their  first  and  most  imperative  duty.  The 
employ^  (be  he  ever  so  young)  who  yields  a  cheerful  and  unhesitating 
obedience  to  his  employer's  commands,  is  the  one  who  gains  that 
employer's  confidence,  and  advances  to  positions  of  trust,  of  honor 
and  of  profit. 

It  is  related  of  the  late  A.  T.  Stewart,  the  merchant  prince  of 
New  York,  that  he  once  ordered  a  captain  of  a  vessel,  who  was  in 
his  employ,  to  proceed  to  a  certain  port,  there  dispose  of  his  cargo, 
and  with  the  proceeds  of  the  sale  to  buy  a  cargo  of  indigo,  with 
which  he  was  to  return  home.  The  captain,  on  reaching  the  port 
named,  found  that  to  dispose  of  his  goods  there  would  be  to  sacrifice 
them,  by  selling  on  a  falling  market.  Accordingly,  he  proceeded  to 
another  port,  where  he  sold  the  merchandise  to  great  advantage, 
and,  having  procured  his  return  cargo  of  indigo,  set  sail  for  New 
York.  On  reaching  his  destination,  he  hastened  to  report  to  Mr. 
Stewart  the  results  of  his  enterprise,  expecting  to  be  praised  for  his 
sagacity  and  good  judgment.  But  the  merchant's  reply  was  to  de- 
mand his  immediate  resignation.  '  But  why  ?"  asked  the  astonished 
captain.  "  You  have  disobeyed  orders,"  said  Mr.  Stewart.  "  But 
you  have  gained  ten  thousand  dollars  by  my  exercise  of  judgment," 
said  his  employe.  "  I  have  gained  this  time,  it  is  true,"  was  the 
reply  ;  "  but  I  have  learned  that  I  cannot  trust  you.  Another  time, 
a  similar  act  of  disobedience  on  your  part  might  cause  me  to  lose 
ten  times  as  much." 

"  Obey  orders,  if  it  breaks  owners,"  is  a  common  proverb  among 
seafaring  men,  and  it  contains  a  whole  volume  of  worldly  wisdom. 
To  follow  this  rule,  is  to  lay  the  responsibility  where  it  rightfully 
belongs — on  the  shoulders  of  the  one  who  issues  the  orders. 

"  Theirs  not  to  make  reply ; 
Theirs  not  to  reason  why ;" 

says  Tennyson,  in  describing  the  famous  charge  of  the  six  hundred 
at  Balaklava,  and  these  words  form  a  motto  suitable  for  the  adop- 
tion of  every  young  man  or  woman,  from  whom  obedience  can  be 
rightfully  exacted.  It  may  not  be  pleasant ;  many  things  must  be 
met,  disagreeable  in  themselves,  and  trying  to  your  habits  and  pa- 
tience. But  no  genuine  or  lasting  success  can  be  obtained  without 
a  readiness  to  subordinate  your  own  will,  your  own  judgment,  to  that 
of  those  who  have  a  just  claim  to  demand  such  a  subordination. 


n, 


t 


Source  and  Value  of  Politeness. 


NOTIIER  most  important — even  essential — element  of  sue 
K    cess,  in  the  care  of  the  young,  is  politeness.     By  the  word 

m     „   T.  __  1 1    •    _    i _„i     _   •    .• i_ •_. 


politeness,  as  here  used,  is  not  meant  an  intimate  acquaint- 
ance with  every  minute  rule  of  conversational  etiquette,  but 
a  more  comprehensive  signification  is  attached  to  it.  Genu- 
ine good  breeding  proceeds  from  unselfish  kindness  of  heart, 
and  the  hand  that  performs  a  genuine  act  of  kindness,  is  equally 
beautiful,  though  not  covered  with  the  "  regulation  glove  of  fashion." 
And  yet,  kindness  need  not  be  linked  with  uncouthness.  Gentle- 
ness of  demeanor  is  attainable  by  all,  and  a  polite  man  carries  in  his 
manners  what  is  better  than  a  letter  of  recommendation,  for  his  man- 
ners are  seen  by  all.  Everyone  loves  to  gaze  on  a  beautiful  picture  or 
statue,  and  each  look  reveals  beauties  not  before  seen.  The  refined 
and  beautiful  in  art  awaken  emotions  of  delight ;  and  it  is  equally 
true  tluit  of  two  men,  \\\i\\  equal  talents  and  attainments,  he  who  is 
refined  and  polite  is  regarded  and  remembered  with  vastly  more 
pleasure  than  his  equal,  who  is  awkward,  uncouth  and  boorish  in  his 
manners.  The  French  lady  who  declared  that  she  could  never  read 
her  prayers  except  out  of  a  prayer  book  beautifully  bound  and 
decorated,  based  her  remark,  not  upon  fancy,  but  upon  true  philos- 
ophy. That  physician's  image  will  be  recalled  with  most  pleasure 
by  the  feverish,  suffering  patient,  whose  kindly  grace  pronounced 
him  a  gentleman. 

COMMON  ERRORS  RESPECTING  POLITENESS. 

Do  not  fear  that  politeness  is  inconsistent  with  independence.  It 
is  the  man  who  only  half  respects  himself,  who  reposes  only  half 
confidence  in  himself,  who  seeks  to  obtain  from  others  by  impudence 
what  he  feels  they  will  not  yield  without.  You  may  regard  the 
convenience  of  others,  and  do  all  that  politeness  requires  to  secure  it, 
and  your  own  independence,  so  far  from  being  endangered,  will  be 
actually  strengthened  by  it. 

Some  persons  regard  it  as  a  mark  of  genius,  or  of  a  great  mind, 
to  be  slovenly  in  appearance  or  rude  in  their  manners.  If  this  be 
true,  certainly  the  world  has  a  superfluity  of  talent  and  genius. 
True,  a  man  may  rise  to  great  eminence  in  spite  of  very  bad  man- 
ners ;  but  so  can  an  elephant  accomplish  wonders  with  his  trunk. 
No  lady  can  thread  a  needle  with  more  ease  than  he  can,  but  even 


OBEDIENCE   AND   POLITENESS. 


the  most  ardent  champion  of  boorishness  would  hardly  think  the 
lady  improved  by  the  substitution  of  the  elephant's  trunk  for  her  hand. 
No  station,  no  rank,  no  talents,  can  excuse  a  man  for  neglecting 
the  civilities  due  from  man  to  man.  When  Pope  Clement  XIV. 
ascended  the  papal  chair,  the  ambassadors  of  the  several  states  rep- 
resented at  his  court,  waited  on  his  Holiness  to  congratulate  him. 
As  they  were  presented,  and  severally  bowed,  he  also  bowed  in 
acknowledgment  of  the  compliment.  The  master  of  ceremonies 
told  his  Holiness  that  this  act  of  courtesy,  on  his  part,  was  unneces- 
sary. "  O,  I  beg  your  pardon,"  replied  Clement,  "  I  have  not  yet 
been  Pope  long  enough  to  forget  good  manners." 

ESSENTIAL  ELEMENTS  OF  POLITENESS. 

One  essential  element  of  politeness  is  to  treat  others  with  the 
respect  due  to  their  age,  sex,  and  relative  position  toward  yourself. 
Nothing  sooner  gains  friends  for  a  young  man,  among  those  who 
observe  his  conduct,  than  a  reverence  for  age,  and  a  chivalrous  (not 
foppish)  demeanor  toward  women.  The  little  every  day  acts  of 
courtesy  cost  but  little,  and  no  investment  will  lead  a'  larger  (or 
sometimes  quicker)  return. 

Another  element  of  politeness  is  cheerfulness.  A  gloomy,  mel- 
ancholy man  is  constantly  thinking  of  himself,  whom  he  cannot 
forget  long  enough  to  attend  to  others.  When  you  cultivate  cheer- 
fulness, you  cultivate  the  habit  of  politeness.  There  is,  about  some 
men,  a  keenness — a  sort  of  razor-like  irony — which  assumes  the  air 
of  cheerfulness,  but  which  is,  in  reality,  only  another  mode  of  snarl- 
ing.    Much  that  is  impolite  and  really  bitter,  is  said  in  this  way. 

Another  element  of  true  politeness  is  the  faculty  of  being  easily 
pleased.  To  appreciate  the  motwe  from  which,  rather  than  the 
manner  in  which,  an  act  of  kindness  is  rendered  you,  will  prompt  you 
at  once  to  make  a  fitting  acknowledgment  and  a  suitable  return. 

It  must  always  be  remembered,  also,  that  all  politeness,  to  be 
genuine,  must  have  a  foundation  of  principle.  The  ancient  Romans 
used  the  same  term — "  honi  mores  " — to  express  good  manners  and 
good  morals.  "  Do  unto  others  as  ye  would  that  they  should  do 
unto  you,"  is  the  fundamental  rule  at  once  of  morality  and  courtesy. 
Avoid  showing  rudeness  to  another,  as  you  would  wish  him  to  avoid 
rudeness  toward  you.  It  is  weU  nigh  impossible  to  carry  this  rule 
into  everyday  life  without  becoming  considerate,  careful  and  gentle. 

As  a  practical  aid  to  success,  politeness  is  invaluable.  Combined 
with  obedience,  it  forms  the  best  of  aU  recommendations.  Its  ab 
sence  has  been  the  cause  of  more  than  one  ignominious  failure. 


_„.,i^^^^^=-,«_ 


CARE  OF  THE  PERSOR. 


|rTE  desire  for  improvement  and  the  effort  to  attain  per- 
fection are  nowhere  to  be  more  commended  than  when 
manifested  in  the  care  of  the  person.  Refinement,  as 
shown  in  other  directions,  is  thrown  away  if  the  person 
be  left  in  slovenly  and  unattractive  condition.  Young 
men  are  mistaken  when  they  imagine  that  a  reasonable 
time  spent  upon  the  toilet  shows  effeminacy,  and 
young  ladies  who  neglect  the  toilet  cannot  hope  to  be 
as  attractive  to  others  as  they  might  be.  The  opera- 
tions of  the  toilet  should  be  as  carefully  performed  for  the  home 
circle  as  for  the  public.  The  desire  to  make  a  good  personal  ap- 
pearance is  a  natural  one,  and  is  commendable.  *  Not  only  that,  but 
care  of  the  person  is  an  adjunct  of  good  health,  as  certainly  as  that 
perfect  health,  more  than  anything  else,  is  the  brighest  jewel  in  the 
crown  of  beauty. 

Care  of  the  Hands. — The  worst  looking  hands  are  those  which 
are  not  clean;  next  to  that,  chapped,  bruised,  or  red  hands  are  un- 
sightly. The  consideration  of  gloves  becomes  an  important  item  in 
the  cares  of  the  toilet,  when  it  is  desired  to  keep  the  hands  looking 
well.  The  best  lotions  for  chapped  hands  are  glycerine  and  linseed 
oil,  applied  at  night  on  going  to  bed.  After  washing  the  hands 
with  soap,  always  rinse  them  well  in  clear  water.  The  nails  sliould 
be  neatly  pared,  not  so  short  as  to  seem  painful,  nor  so  long  as  to 
look  like  talons.  White  spots  which  disfigure  finger  nails  are  caused 
by  bruises.  Stains  may  be  removed  with  the  juice  of  lemons  or 
potatoes.     The  nail  brush  should  not  be  forgotton. 

Care  of  the  Teeth. — It  surpasses  belief,  to  observe  now  many 
people  suffer  pain  and  inconvenience  during  the  latter  half  of  their 
lives,  because  during  the  first  half  they  paid  no  attention  to  their 
teeth.  It  is  also  an  absurdity  to  see,  as  we  often  do,  a  young  man 
making  an  otherwise  careful  toilet,  yet  allowing  his  teeth  to  remain 
stained  and  unsightly,  or  perhaps  blackened  with  tobacco,  and  his 
breath  in  consequence  very  repulsive.     The  use  of  the  tooth  brush 

leo 


should  be  as  habitual  as  that  of  the  comb.  The  simplest  tooth 
powder  is  pulverized  charcoal.  Brush  the  backs  as  well  as  the  fronts 
of  the  teeth.  A  dentist  should  examine  them  and  put  them  in  good 
condition  at  least  every  two  years.  Never  crack  nuts  or  hard  candy 
with  the  teeth,  or  otherwise  abuse  them,  for  you  will  be  repaid  in 
pain.  Do  not  suppose  that  after  your  natural  teeth  are  gone  the 
dentist  can  give  you  just  as  good  a  set,  for  he  cannot  do  it.  Artifi- 
cial teeth  are  poor  ones,  at  the  best. 

Bathing. — There  is  no  such  thing  as  a  toilet,  and  no  such  thing 
as  good  health,  without  water,  used  frequently  and  regularly.  The 
soap  should  be  of  good  quality.  Warm  water  removes  dirt  and 
sweat,  and  cold  water,  followed  by  brisk  rubbing,  revives  the  circu- 
lation. The  sponge  bath  is  almost  as  good  as  any  other,  and  the 
whole  person  may  be  simply  washed  and  rubbed  with  the  hands, 
the  same  as  the  face. 

The  Hair. — The  best  care  of  the  hair  is  cleanliness,  which  is 
attained  by  washing,  better  than  by  combing.  Carp  should  be  taken 
in  using  the  brush  and  comb,  not  to  irritate  the  scalp  too  much. 
Pomades  and  hair  oil  should  not  be  used  too  liberally.  A  good  hair 
wash  for  ladies  is  made  as  follows :  Beat  up  the  yolks  of  two  eggs  with 
a  spoonful  of  lemon  juice  and  a  spoonful  of  soft  water,  and  with  this 
rub  the  head  and  hair  thoroughly.  Then  wash  it  with  plenty  of 
soft  tepid  water,  and  wipe  it  with  towels.  The  hair  may  afterward 
be  dried  by  spreading  it  loose  a  few  seconds  in  the  smoke  of  a  little 
powdered  benzoin,  thrown  upon  a  pan  of  lighted  charcoal.  The 
body  reclines  upon  a  sofa,  while  the  hair  is  allowed  to  fall  over  the 
end  of  the  couch  in  the  smoke  of  the  benzoin.  This  leaves  in  the 
hair  a  very  agreeable  perfume. 

The  Complexion. — The  things  which  best  promote  the  com- 
plexion are  sleep,  exercise  and  bathing.  The  use  of  cosmetics  is  a 
mistake,  without  question.  They  clog  the  pores  of  the  skin,  and  are 
unnatural.  The  best  cosmetics  are  sleep,  exercise  and  health.  Even 
the  sunshine  is  better  than  too  much  darkness,  which  makes  the  face 
pale.  Cosmetics  as  used  by  actresses  consist  of  cold  cream  spread 
thin  upon  a  perfectly  clean  face,  and  then  gently  rubbed  with  a  soft 
cloth,  so  that  it  becomes  almost  dry  without  being  rubbed  away. 
Pure  and  fine  powder  is  then  puffed  over  the  face,  which  is  after- 
ward softly  patted  with  a  cambric  handkerchief,  to  remove  any  loose 
powder.  It  should  be  noted  that  the  continued  use  of  cosmetics  will 
ruin  the  best  complexion. 

The  Feet. — If  the  shoe  fits  perfectly,  there  will  be  little  trouble 
with  the  feet ;  and  those  who  choose   shoes  too  small  for  them, 


through  vanity,  deserve  to  have  trouble.  Corns  may  be  cured  by 
paring,  on  going  to  bed,  and  binding  upon  them  one  of  the  many 
new  salves  containing  petroleum  as  an  ingredient.  This  must  be 
continued  night  after  night  for  a  week  or  more.  The  same  treat- 
ment will  do  for  chilblains,  if  they  have  become  broken,  and  if  not 
they  may  simply  be  rubbed  with  spirits  of  turpentine.  The  feet 
should  be  washed,  then  well  rubbed,  every  morning. 

Perfumes. — One  of  the  most  attractive  and  harmless  luxuries 
is  that  of  sweet  odors.  It  is  but  natural  to  ^vish  for  the  continual 
breath  of  flowers.  It  has  been  said  that  "  Even  sound  itself  has  less 
faculty  of  association  with  our  ideas  than  the  sense  of  smell.  A 
waft  of  perfume  in  the  air  carries  us  back  mentally  to  some  scene 
of  childhood  or  early  youth.  The  favorite  perfume  of  a  mother,  a 
sister,  a  friend,  is  forever  associated  with  the  thought  of  them,  even 
if  they  themselves  are  but  a  memory."  Care  should  be  used  not 
only  in  their  selection,  but  also  in  their  proper  use. 

On  Dyeing  the  Hair. — Nature  always  tints  the  hair,  beard 
and  mustache  in  exact  harmony  with  the  complexion.  To  change 
the  color  of  the  hair,  when  the  shade  of  the  complexion  cannot  be 
altered  to  match  it,  produces  inharmony,  as  unpleasant  to  the  eye  as 
a  discord  in  music  to  the  ear.  Dyes  are  unnatural,  unnecessary  to 
the  best  possible  personal  appearance,  dangerous  in  their  effects, 
nearly  all  of  them  being  poisonous,  whetlier  mineral  or  vegetable, 
and  are  not  a  requisite  of  the  toilet.  Still  less  to  be  commended  are 
acids  for  bleaching  the  hair,  which  have  in  a  number  of  instances 
caused  insanity. 


— cy\o. — ^. 


_  {low  TO  pi^OLOMI?  THE  ^Rl 


T  is  wonderful,  how  much  hard  work  and  steady  use  the 
human  eyes  Avill  submit  to  when  properly  taken  care  of; 
and  it  is  no  less  surprising,  how  small  a  thing  will  throw 
them  so  far  wrong  as  to  cause  a  great  misfortune.  The 
eye  is  most  delicately  constructed,  yet,  like  the  rest  of 
our  complicated  organism,  is  perfectly  adapted  to  its  pur- 
pose, and  will  itself  soon  give  notice  if  anything  is  not 
right  with  it. 

The  natural  light  of  the  sun  is  that  best  adapted  for 
the  organ  of  vision ;  yet  even  it  may  be  too  strong.  The  sunshine 
in  the  dry  and  cloudless  countries  bordering  the  Mediterranean,  and 
in  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  and  other  parts  of  the  west,  is  extremely 
trying  to  the  eyes,  and  smoked  or  green  glasses  will  be  found  a  great 
relief.  A  long  journey  through  snow  should  be  similarly  guarded 
against. 

"Working,  reading  or  writing  in  insufficient  or  imperfect  artificial 
light  is  the  principal  cause  of  most  eye  troubles.  The  artificial 
light  should  not  be  too  strong,  and  should  be  perfectly  steady.  The 
electric  arc  light  produces  very  severe  effects  upon  the  vison,  but  the 
incandescent  light  is  not  so  unfavorable.  The  German  student  lamp, 
all  things  considered,  gives  the  most  satisfactory  light,  and  gas  light 
with  an  Argand  burner  is  about  the  same.  Both,  however,  may  be 
made  too  strong,  and  it  is  well  to  use  a  blue  glass  chimney.  The 
blue  color  has  no  special  virtue,  but  it  tones  down  the  brilhancy  of 
the  light. 

A  very  important  matter  is  to  regulate  the  focus  at  which  the 
eye  does  its  work.  Many  persons  become  so  interested  or  earnest  in 
their  work  as  to  bend  down  over  it  closely,  thus  bringing  the  eyes 
nearer  than  is  natural.  The  natural  focus  is  destroyed,  and  the  eyes 
become  tired  very  soon.  It  is  always  well  to  pause  occasionally, 
during  protracted  work  held  near  the  face,  and  gaze  for  a  moment 
at  some  distant  object,  so  as  to  change  the  focus  and  relieve  the  eyes. 
Heading  on  the  cars  is  very  injurious,  as  they  are  too  unsteady.  The 
eyes  should  be  little  used  during  convalescence  from  sickness,  as  they 
are  then  very  weak.    A  grateful  relief  to  tired  eyes  is  to  dash  pure 

163 


HOW    TO   PROLONG   THE   SIGHT. 


cold  water  into  them.  On  going  to  bed  the  eyes  may  be  washed, 
even  using  soap  slightly  for  a  moment,  to  remove  all  sweat  and  dust, 
and  then  rinsing  with  pure  water.  The  room  should  be  dark  during 
sleep.  Never  rub  the  eye  with  the  hands  or  fingers.  When  there 
is  any  itching  sensation,  instead  of  rubbing  them,  hold  them  closed 
till  the  irritation  ceases.  Never  use  "  eye  cups,"  as  they  cause  con- 
gestion. Tobacco  smoke,  and  indeed  any  smoke,  is  injurious  to  the 
eyes.  Do  not  read  much  immediately  after  eating  a  hearty  meal, 
and  never  at  dusk  or  in  insufficient  light.  Do  not  sit  at  too  high  a 
desk,  where  your  reading  or  WTiting  is  brought  too  near  the  face, 
and  do  not  read  by  a  jerking,  unsteady  light. 

One  of  the  most  common  and  painful  diseases  of  the  eye  is  gran- 
ulation of  the  lids.  The  most  effectual  treatment  for  it  is  dietintr. 
The  patient  must  eat  very  lightly  of  the  most  easily  digested  food, 
with  no  peppei*  or  spices,  no  salt,  no  salty  meats,  not  much  meat  of 
any  kind,  drink  no  tea  nor  coffee,  no  stimulants,  use  no  tobacco,  and 
must  keep  upon  the  eyelids  a  cloth  constantly  wetted  with  cold  rain- 
water, or,  better,  distilled  water,  changing  it  frequently  day  and 
night,  thus  keeping  the  eyelids  constantly  cooler  than  the  rest  of  the 
body.  Such  treatment  will  cure  any  case  of  granulated  eyelids 
sooner  than  any  medicine  will  do  it. 


3gist  0t  statutory  JloIidittjB. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  legal  and  bank  holidays  in  the 
States  and  Territories  of  the  Union : 

Independence  Day— Fourth  of  July,  In  Washington's    Bikthdat— (Feb.     22), 

all  States  and  Territories.  in  all  States  and  Territories  except  Ala- 

Thanksgiving  Day,  and  all  •  Fast  Days  bama,  Florida,  Illinois,  Iowa,  Indiana, 

appointed   by   Presidential    Proclama-  Kansas,  Maine,  Missouri,  North  Caro- 

tion,  in  all  States  and  Territories.  lina,  Ohio,  Texas,  Oregon  and  Tennes- 

Christmas  Day — In  all  Slates  and  Terri-  see. 

tories.  Decoration  Day — (May  30),  in  Colorado, 

New  Year's  Day — In  all  States  and  Ter-  Connecticut,     District    of    Columbia, 

ritories    except    Arkansas,    Delaware,  Maine,    Michigan,    New    Hampshire, 

Georgia,  Kentucky,  Maiae,  Massachu-  New  Jersey,  New  York,  Pennsylvania 

setts.  New  Hampshire,  North  Carolina,  and  Rhode  Island." 

South  Carolina  and  Rhode  Island.  In  Louisiana  Only — Anniversary  of  the 

Good    Friday — In    Florida,   Louisiana,  battle  of  New  Orleans  (Jan.  8);  Fire- 
Minnesota  and  Pennsylvania.  man's  Anniversary  (March  4);  Lincoln's 

Shrove  Tuesday,  in  Louisiana,  and  the  Birthday  (Feb.  12). 

cities  of  Selma,  Mobile  and  Montgom-  In  Texas  Only— Texan  Independence 
ery,  Alabama.                                            .       Day  (March  2);  Battle  of  San  Jacinto 

General  Election  Day— (Tuesday  af-  (April  21). 

ter  the  first  Monday  in  November)  in  In    Georgla    Only  —  Memorial     Day 

California,  Maine,  Missouri,  New  York,  (April  26). 
Oregon,  South  Carolina  and  Wisconsin. 

Note.— Good  Friday  is  the  Friday  next  preceding  Easter  Sunday,  and  being  the  hypotheti- 
cal anniversary  of  the  Crucifixion,  is  set  apart  as  the  most  solemn  day  of  fast  and  prayer  in  the 
Lenten  period.  Shrove  Tuesday,  or  Pancake  Tuesday,  as  it  is  called  in  England,  from  thecus; 
torn  of  eating  pancakes  on  that  day,  is  the  Tuesday  before  Good  Friday. 


»>5*?X. 


¥-HE,EtC:^GkE,, 


HIS  has  grown  to  be  one  of  the  recognized 
means  of  locomotion,  and  of  late  years  bicy- 
cling has  become  very  popular.  Of  the  value 
of  the  bicycle  for  getting  over  ground  no  proof 
is  now  needed,  when  it  is  no  uncommon  thing 
for  youths  to  ride  sixty  or  seventy  miles  in  a 
day,  with  no  undue  strain  on  the  muscular 
powers.  The  bicycle  interest  is  now  assuming  vast  dimensions,  and 
to  a  greater  extent  in  the  Old  World  than  in  America,  thus  far.  In 
England  there  are  130  makers  of  bicycles,  a  million  pounds  sterling 
is  invested  in  the  business,  and  60,000  bicycles  are  in  existence  in 
London  and  the  British  provinces.  These  are  astonishing  facts 
when  we  remember  that  only  a  few  years  ago  the  very  name  did 
not  exist.  One  of  the  chief  charms  of  the  bicycle,  as  compared  with 
other  modern  locomotive  improvements,  is  that  there  is  a  privacy 
and  an  individuality  about  it  in  which  the  railway  and  steamboat 
are  lacking.  The  bicyclist  is  as  independent  as  the  horseman,  and 
is  in  some  respects  his  superior,  for  his  steed  needs  no  watching, 
and  though  he  miss  his  feed  of  oats  can  travel  as  long  as  the  master's 
own  strength  holds  out.  The  bicycle  demands  a  more  smooth  and 
level  road  than  the  horse,  and  cannot  explore  woodlands  or  jump 
fences  and  ditches,  but  as  the  country  is  gradually  improved,  the 
streets  and  roads  are  more  and  more  fitted  for  travel  on  the  wheel. 
In  America  the  bicycle  is  manufactured  in  many  different  styles, 
the  best  of  which  are  so  perfect  that  no  further  improvement  can 
be  imagined.  The  old  velocipede,  the  first  machine  of  this  kind 
which  was  propelled  by  treadles,  had  both  its  wheels  of  the  same 
size,  or  nearly  so ;  but  the  bicycle  has  a  very  small  rear  wheel,  while 
the  front  wheel  is  made  so  large  that  its  diameter  stands  as  high  as 
the  rider's  shoulder.  This  vastly  increases  the  speed,  for  every 
revolution  measures  the  increased  circumference  upon  the  ground. 
The  "  wheel,"  as  it  is  usually  called,  "  for  short,"  is  not  only 
found  very  useful  by  messengers  and  others  who  in  their  business 
have  short,  quick  trips  to  make,  but  the  sport  takes  rank  with  other 
kinds  of  competition  in  racing.  The  speed  record  of  the  bicycle  has 
been  constantly  lowered,  until  now  a  mile  is  made  in  but  little  over 
three  minutes.     Sporting  authorities  preserve  careful  records  of  the 

165 


HOW   POOE  BOYS   BECOME  SUCCESSFUL   MEN. 


speed  made  in  one  mile,  three  miles,  six  miles,  ten  miles,  and  other 
distances  accomplished  in  the  contests,  which  often  attract  large 
crowds  of  people.  ^ 

In  the  large  cities  bicycle  clubs  are  formed,  which  have  the  usual 
forms  of  society  organizations,  adopt  a  uniform  and  style  of  trumpet, 
hold  meetings  and  races,  and  at  times  ride  in  procession.  The 
authorities  of  many  cities  forbid  the  use  of  the  bicycle  on  public 
streets.  Its  rapid,  noiseless  movement  frightens  many  horses  which 
are  afraid  of  nothing  else. 


?l0xtr  goor  Sobs  gccomc  <§ucccsstul  pXcn. 

OU  want  some  good  advice.  Rise  early.  Be  abstemious. 
Be  frugal.  Attend  to  your  own  business  and  never  trust  it 
to  another.  Be  not  afraid  to  work,  and  diligently,  too,  with 
your  own  hands.  Treat  every  one  with  civility  and  respect. 
Good  manners  insure  success.  Accomplish  what  you  under- 
take. Decide,  then  persevere.  Diligence  and  industry  over- 
come all  difficulties.  Never  be  mean — rather  give  than  take  the  odd 
shilling.  Never  postpone  till  to-morrow  what  can  be  done  to-day. 
Never  anticipate  wealth  from  any  source  but  labor.  Honesty  is  not 
only  the  best  pohcy,  but  the  only  policy.  Commence  at  the  first 
round  and  keep  chmbing.  Make  your  word  as  good  as  your  bond. 
Seek  knowledge  to  plan,  enterprise  to  execute,  honesty  to  govern 
all.  Never  overtrade.  Never  give  too  large  credit.  Time  is 
money.  Reckon  the  hours  of  the  day  as  so  many  dollars,  the  min- 
utes as  so  many  cents.  Make  few  promises.  Keep  your  secrets. 
Live  within  your  income.  Sobriety  above  all  things.  Luck  is  a 
word  that  does  not  apply  to  a  successful  man.  Not  too  much  cau- 
tion— slow  but  sure  is  the  thing.  The  highest  monuments  are  built 
piece  by  piece.  Step  by  step  we  mount  the  pyramids.  Be  bold — be 
resolute  when  the  clouds  gather;  difficulties  are  surmounted  by 
opposition.  Self-confidence,  self-reliance,  is  your  capital.  Your  con- 
science the  best  monitor.  Never  be  over-sanguine,  but  do  not 
underrate  your  own  abilities.  Don't  be  discouraged.  Ninety-nine 
may  say  no,  the  hundredth,  yes  ;  take  off  your  coat :  roll  up  your 
sleeves,  don't  be  afraid  of  manual  labor !  America  is  large  enough 
for  all — strike  out  for  the  west.  The  best  letter  of  introduction  is 
your  own  energy.  Lean  on  yourself  when  you  walk.  Keep  good 
company.  Keep  out  of  politics  unless  you  are  sure  to  win — ^you  are 
never  sure  to  win,  so  look  out. 


A  CALENDAR  for  ascertaining-  Any  Day  of  the  Week  for  any  griven  time  within 
Two  Hundred  Years  from  introduction  of  New  Style  1752*  to  1952  inclusive 


Years  1763  to  1953. 

c 
s 
1- 

s  « 

9  P«< 

^ 

■^ 

u 
P. 

1 

a 

3 

be 

a 
< 

4J 

> 
o 

1 

i76l 

1767 

1778 

1789 

1795 

ISOl 

1807 

1818 

1829 

1835 

18U6 

1857 
1903 

1863 
1914 

187k 
1935 

1885 
1931 

1891    4 
1943 

7 

7 

3 

5 

1 

3 

6 

2 

4 

7 

2 

1783 

1773 

1779 

1790 

180-2 

181S 

1819 

18S0 

18U1 

18U7 

1858 
1909 

1869 
1915 

1875 
1936 

1886 
1937 

1897    5 
1943 

1 

1 

4 

6 

3 

4 

7 

3 

5 

1 

3 

1757 

1763 

1774 

I7a5 

1791 

180S 

181U 

1835 

18S1 

181,2 

1853 

1859 
1910 

1870 
1931 

1881 
1937 

1887 
1938 

1898    6 
1949 

3 

2 

6 

7 

3 

5 

1 

4 

6 

2 

nm 

1765 

1771 

1783 

1793 

1799 

1805 

1811 

18SS 

183S 

1839 

1850 

1861 

1867 

1878 

1889 

1895    2 

5 

5 

1 

3 

« 

1 

4 

7 

2 

5 

7 

1901 

1907 

1918 

1939 

m 

<5 

1946 

-- 

- 

1755 

1766 

1777 

1783 

1794 

1800 

1806 

1817 

18gS 

18SU 

18U5 

1851 
1903 

1862 
1913 

1873 
1919 

1879 
1930 

1890 
1941 

3 
1947 

6 

6 

3 

4 

7 

2 

6 

1 

3 

6 

1 

1758 

1769 

1775 

1786 

1797 

1809 

1815 

1826 

1837 

isw 

185U 
1905 

1865 
1911 

1871 
1933 

1882 
1933 

1893 
1939 

1899    7 
1950 

3 

3 

6 

1 

4 

6 

2 

5 

7 

3 

5 

1753 

1759 

1770 

1781 

1787 

1798 

+ 

1810 

1821 

1827 

1838 

18/49 

1855 

1866 
1906 

1877 
1917 

1883 
1933 

189k 
1934 

1900     1 
1948 

4 

4 

7 

2 

5 

7 

3 

6 

1 

4 

6 

1953 

.  39 
3 
1 
6 
4 
2 
7 

4 
3 

7 
5 
3 
1 

7 
5 
3 

1 
6 
4 

2 

2 

7 
5 
3 
1 
6 
4 

5 
3 
1 
6 
4 
2 
7 

7 
5 
3 
1 
6 
4 
2 

3 
1 

6 
4 
2 

7 
5 

6 
4 
3 

7 
5 
3 

1 

1 
6 
4 

3 
7 
5 
3 

4 
3 
7 
5 
3 
1 
6 

Leap  Years.                                              1 

1764 

1793 

180k 

1832 

1860 

1888 

1928 

....       7 

6 

1768 

1796 

1808 

1836 

186k 

1892 

1904 

1932       5 

4 

1772 

. .    . 

1812 

18U0 

1868 

1896 

1908 

1936       i 

3 

1776 

1816 

ISUU^ 

1872 

1913 

1940       1 

7 

1780 

1820 

181S 

1876 

1916 

1944       « 

5 

1756 

1784 

182U 

1852 

1880 

1930 

1948       4 

3 

1760 

1788 

1S28 

1856 

188k 

1924 

1952     ; 

J  5 

6 

1 

1. 

2. 

3.             1 

4.          1 

5. 

6. 

S^ 

7. 

Monday       1 

Tuesday      1 

Wednesd 

1 

Thui-sda 

y     1 

Friday           1 

Saturday      1 

mday          1 

Tuesday      2 

Wednesd.    2 

Thursday 

2 

Friday 

2 

Saturday      2 

Sunday         3 

Monday         2 

Wedaesd.    t 

Thursday     3!  Friday 

3 

Saturday 

f      3 

Sunday         3 

VIonday        3 

Tuesday         3 

Thursday    i 

Friday       *  4 

Saturday 

4 

Sunday 

4 

Monday        4 

Tuesday       4 

Wednesd.      4 

Friday         5 

Saturday     5 

Sunday 

5 

Monday 

5 

Tuesday        5 

Wednesd.     5 

Thursday       5 

Saturday     6 

Sunday        6 

Monday 

6 

Tuesday 

6 

Wednesd.      6 

Thursday     6 

Friday            6 

Sunday        7 

Monday       7 

Tuesday 

7 

Wednesc 

1.      7 

Thursday      7 

Friday           7 

Saturday       7 

Monday       8 

Tuesday      8 

Wednesd 

8 

Thursda 

V      8 

Friday           8 

Saturday      8 

Sunday          8 

Tuesday      t 

Wednesd.    9 

Thursday 

9 

Friday 

9 

Saturday      9 

Sunday         9 

Monday         9 

Wednesd.  1( 

Thursday  10 

Friday 

10 

Saturday 

i     10 

Sunday        10 

Monday      10 

Tuesday       10 

Thursday  11 

Friday        11 

Saturday 

11 

Sumlay 

ii! 

VIonday       11 

Tuesday      11 

Wednesd.     11 

Friday        12 

Saturday    12 

Sunday 

12 

Monday 

]2:Tuesday      12i 

Wednesd.    12 

Thursday     13 

Saturday    Ic 

Sunday      13 

Monday 

13 

Tuesday 

13,  Wednesd.    13 

Thursday    13 

Friday          13 

Stmday       \i 

Monday     14 

Tuesday 

14 

Wednesc 

i.    14  Thursday    14 

Friday         14 

Saturday      14 

Monday      15 

Tuesday     15 

Wednesd 

15 

Thursda 

y    15  Friday         15 

Saturday     15 

Smuiay         15 

Tuesday     lb 

Wednesd.  16 

Thursday 

16 

Friday 

16  Saturday    16 

Sunday        16 

Monday        16 

Wednesd.  17 

Thursday  17 

Friday 

17 

Saturda; 

i     17  Sunday        17 

Monday       17 

Tuesday       17 

Thursday  18 

Friday        18 

Saturday 

18 

Sunday 

18  Monday       18 

Tuesday      18 

Wednesd.     18 

Friday       \i 

Saturday    19 

Surulay 

19 

Monday 

19  Tuesday      19 

Wednesd.    19 

Thursday     19 

Saturday    3( 

Sunday       20 

Monday 

20 

Tuesday 

20  Wednesd.    20 

Thursday    30 

Friday          30 

Sunday       2] 

Monday     21 

Tuesday 

31 

Wednes< 

1.   21  Thursday    21 

Friday         21 

Saturday      31 

Monday      32 

Tuesday     23 

Wednesd 

23 

Thursda 

y   22  Friday         33l 

Saturday     22 

Sunday         33 

Tuesday     2c 

Wednesd.  23:Thursday 

'£i 

Friday 

23  Saturday     23. 

'iunday        23 

Monday        23 

Wednesd.  2^ 

Thursday  34  Friday 

34 

Saturda 

y    2iSunday        24i 

Monday       24 

Tuesday      24 

Thursday  23 

Friday        25  Saturday 

25 

Sunday 

25  Monday       25 

Tuesday      25 

Wednesd.     25 

Friday        3<i 

Saturday    3(5  Sunday 

3(i 

Monday 

26  Tuesday      26 

Wednesd.    26 

Thursday     26 

Saturday    27 

Sunday       37  Monday 

27 

Tuesday 

27  Wednesd.    27' 

Thursday    27 

Friday          27 

Sunday       28 

Monday      38Tuesdav 

38 

Wednes 

1.  28  Thursday    28 

Friday        28 

Saturday      28 

Monday      28 

Tuesday     29  Wednesd 

.  39 

Thursda 

y  39  Friday         29 

Saturday    29 

Sunday         29 

Tuesday     3( 

Wednesd.  .SO  Thursdaj 

r   ») 

Friday 

.SOSnturday     30. 

Sunday        30 

Monday       .30 

Wednesd.  .31 

Thursday  31  Friday 

31iSaturda 

y    S\Sunda>i        31^ 

Monday       31  Tuesday       31 

♦  1752  same  as  1772,  from  Jan.  1,  to  Sept.  3.  From  Sept.  14  to  Dec.  31,  same  as  1780  (September 
3-13  were  omifted). 

+  To  ascertain  any  day  of  the  week,  first  look  in  the  table  for  the  year  required,  and  under 
the  months  are  figures  which  refer  to  the  corresponding  fig-ures  at  the  head  of  the  columns 
of  days  below.  For  Example  .-—To  know  on  what  day  of  the  week  May  4  will  be  in  the  year 
1883,  in  the  table  of  years  look  for  1883,  and  in  «  parallel  line,  under  May,  is  figure  3,  which 
directs  to  column  2,  in  which  It  will  be  seen  that  May  4  falls  on  Friday. 

167 


168 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


POPULATION  AND  RANK  OF  THE  SEVERAL  STATES. 


State. 


Male.      Female.    Native.    Forelgrn.    White.     Ck>lored.     Total 


New  York 

Pennsylvania...  . 

Ohio 

Illinois 

Missouri 

Indiana 

Massachusetts 

Kentucky 

Michi«ran , 

Iowa 

Tcxaa 

Tcnneooee 

Ocorflria 

Virginia 

North  Carolina 

Wisconsin 

Alabama 

Mississippi 

Now  Jersey 

Kansas  

South  Carolina  .... 

I^ouisiana 

Maryland 

California 

Arkansas 

Minnesota 

Maine  

Connecticut 

Went  Virginia 

Nebraska 

New  Hampshire. . . 

Vermont 

Ithodo  Island 

Florida 

Colorado 

Dist.  Columbia.... 

Oregon 

Delaware 

Utah 

Dakota 

New  Mexico 

Washinjflon 

Nevada 

Arizona 

Montana 

Idaho 

Wyomingr 


:..W6,283 
;,  !;*{,«:» 

,«I4,10.J 
,.5«7,4;H 
,127.424 
,01U,«T« 

8W,4"'" 

8;ti,«7« 

«»Ki,270 
848.334 
K}8,719 
7tW,374 
701,184 
74.'),839 
««S.3a} 
680,100 
00,890 
667,137 
560,883 
686,725 
490,400 
408,838 
462,104 
518,^n 
416,883 
419,362 
824,084 
806.886 
814,479 
249,275 
170,57.'> 
166,888 
I83,0:« 
185.3»i 
120,471 
88,.')04 
10e,.388 
74,1.5.3 
74,470 
82,.-n2 
88,761 
46,977 
42,013 
28,202 
28,180 
21,818 
14.151 


2.577,527 

2,14«,151 

1,584.074 

l,4"Jl.;Htt 

l,041.:lHlt 

9«;.«8« 

Se4,.537 

81U.U12 

774.065 

776,386 

7.'>3,855 

77:1,080 

777,864 

70«,9«7 

71J.844 

«'5,374 

630.904 

564,456 

571,160 

450,241 

606,163 

471,270 

473.«28 

346.415 

386,181 

861^^4 

824,861 

816,797 

808,964 

208,158 

176,400 

lO.'i.dOS 

14:^,406 

131.958 

65.178 

94.044 

71.379 

T-',501 

69,436 

52318 

64,679 

20,143 

20.252 

12,230 

10,977 

10,793 

6,637 


Total 25,620,583  24,632,284  43,475,506 


3.872,372 

3,803.409 
3.495,177 
1,957.564 
1,834,.')07 
l.:»9.919 
1.'>85».3IJ7 
1,347.985 
M63,133 
1,478,058 
1.6e5,88l 
1,628.723 
1.498.139 

],:«»!.:«),>• 

91U.U63 
1,253.131 
1,122,429 
909,308 
886,261 
9H7.981 
885,964 
861.964 
672,006 
792,260 
618,107 
600,076 
492,879 
600,214 
866,043 
800,961 
201,840 
802.606 
257.631 
1.54,809 
160..'i33 
14.%327 
137.182 
09.974 
83,387 
108.498 
60.250 
36,623 
24.419 
27.640 
22,639 
14,943 


1,211.438 

587,.5:5J 
3SM,743 

311.340 
143. 

44;i,U9:i 

WMTl 

3K8,;H« 

3U1.4h8 

114J)10 

16,583 

10.315 

]4,(i«rr 
3,(;7it 

405,41 
0,673 
0,168 

221,686 

100,705 

7,641 

64,130 

82.648 

202,680 
10.296 

807,600 
68,860 

129,804 
18,»» 
07.890 
46.028 
40,946 
78,980 
9.720 
39,780 
17,115 
30,440 
9.472 
43,982 
61,798 
9.982 
16,861 
26,642 
16,022 
11JS16 
0.982 
6.845 


5,017.116 

4.197.106 

3,118.344 

3,033,174 

3.033.5«18 

1.939.094 

1.764,004 

1.:J77.187 

1,(114.078 

l.OU.WKi 

1.197,499 

l,i;».]30 

8I4.2'.1 

8HI,<thl 

Ni7.478 

lJ()9,a23 

662.828 

479.871 

l.-091,947 

952,056 

891,224 

455.1417 

734,718 

767,266 

601,611 

776.940 

646,908 

610,884 

602.606 

449.806 

8464964 

881.243 

860,931 

141,832 

191,452 

118,236 

163,08" 

120,198 

142,380 

133,177 

108,127 

67,349 

53.574 

3^.178 

85.446 

29,M1 

19,436 


66,694 

8.5.680 

79.895 

46.505 

145,336 

39.368 

19.008 

371. .531 

33,3.VJ 

9,954 

395,07.' 

403.:M3 

734,71»7 

631,Kir 

6;j3..Vi9 

5.858 

600,466 

662.221 

80,086 

43,910 

604.308 

4^5,006 

209,914 

97.420 

210,058 

3,866 

2,042 

11,7«0 

25.887 

2,627 

720 

1.043 

6,507 

125.519 

8,197 

50,402 

11.680 

26,456 

1.536 

2,003 

10.303 

7,771 

8,601 

6,268 

3,711 

3,600 

1,353 


5,083,810 
4.383.786 
3.198,230 
3,078,769 
2,168,804 
],978.3«i3 
1,783.013 
l,«4h,;08 

i,(i:i«,3;{i 

1.634.630 

1,55C',574 

1.642,4t>3 

1,. 539.048 

1.513.HI6 

1,400.047 

1.315.480 

1,262.794 

1,131,502 

1.180.983 

966,906 

996.622 

940.1(3 

084.082 

864.686 

802,664 

780,806 

64f.046 

622.688 

618,443 

453,433 

346,984 

833.286 

276,528 

267,351 

194,649 

177,638 

174.767 

146,654 

143,906 

135,180 

118,430 

76,120 

63,286 

40.441 

39.157 

32,611 

20,788 


6,677.3601  43,404.876 


6,747,990  50,152,866 


Slave  Population  in  the  United  States  in  1860. 


States. 


Alabama 

Arkansas 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgria 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maryland 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

North  Carolina 


1850. 


343,844 

47,100 
2.290 

30,310 
381.682 
210.981 
244.809 

90,368 
809.878 

87,423 
288,548 


1860. 


435,133 

111.104 

1,798 

61,753 
462,230 
225,490 
832;520 

87.188 
436.696 
114,965 
331,081 


States. 


South  Carolina. 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Virjfinia 


Nebraska  (Ter.) — 

Utah  (Ter.) 

New  Mexico  (Ter.) 
District  Columbia. 


Total. 


1850. 


384.984 

289.450 

58.161 

472.628 


3.687 


*  3.304,077 


1800. 


402.541 

275,784 

180.388 

490.887 

10 

29 

24 

3,181 


3,952,801 


Color  Census  of  Four  Decades. 


White. 


43,404,876 
33,589,377 


Colored. 


6,.577.1.51 
4,880,000 


1860. 
1850. 


White. 


36.932,537 
19.553.068 


Colored. 


■-■ ^H~^~T-H-T Hi» 


WORDS  OF  WIT  AND  WISDOM. 

-*> — ^^^ — "^^^ 


HE   following   selection  of    q)igrams,  proverbs,   "wise 
and   original  conceptions  include  some  of  the 


saws, 


brilliant  passages  of  standard  authors — gleams  of  sun- 
light which  here  and  there  flash  through  the  foUage  of 
thought — as  well  as  many  gems  of  anonymous  origin. 
They  will  be  found  not  only  full  of  entertainment  and 
instruction,  but  useful  where  a  pertinent  quotation  is 
required  to  illustrate  ideas  either  in  speech  or  writing. 

WORDS  OF  WIT  AND  WISDOM. 


'Tis  strange  the   miser  should  his  care  em- 
ploy, 
To  gain  those  riches  he  can  ne'er  enjoy. 

—Pope. 

If  you  would  not  have  affliction  visit 
you  twice,  listen  at  once  to  what  it  teaches. 

Some  sort  of  charity  will  swallow  the 
egg  and  give  away  the  shell. 

A  word  of  kindness  is  seldom  spoken 
in  vain.  It  is  a  seed  which,  even  when 
dropped  by  chance,  springs  up  a  flower. 

Mean  souls,  like  mean  pictures,  are 
often  found  in  good-looking  frames. 

A  child  is  eager  to  have  any  toy  he 
sees,  but  throws  it  away  at  the  sight  of 
another,  and  is  equally  eager  to  have  that. 
We  are  most  of  us  children  through  life, 
and  only  change  one  toy  for  another  from 
the  cradle  to  the  grave. 

Learning  is  wealth  to  the  poor,  an  honor 
to  the  rich,  an  aid  to  the  young,  and  a 
support  and  comfort  to  the  aged. 

Love  is  the  strongest  hold-fast  in  the 
world ;  it  is  stronger  than  death. 

Hope  and  fear,  peace  and  strife, 
Malie  up  the  troubled  web  of  life. 

False  friendship,  like  the  ivy,  decays 
and  ruins  the  wall  it  embraces:  but  true 
friendship  gives  new  life  and  animation  to 
the  object  it  supports. — Burton. 

A  man  who  hoards  riches  and  enjoys 
them  not  is  like  the  ass  which  carries  gold 
yet  eats  thistles. 

People  should  remember  that  it  is  only 
great  souls  that  know  how  much  glory 
there  is  in  doing  good. 

Happiness  is  a  perfume  that  one  cannot 
shed  over  another  without  a  few  drops 
falling  upon  himself. 


AVith  love  the  heart  becomes  a  fair  and 
fertile  garden,  glowing  with  sunshine  and 
warm  hues,  and  exhaling  sweet  odors; 
but  without  it,  it  is  a  bleak  desert  covered 
with  ashes. 

Prosperity  is  no  just  scale;  adversity  is 
the  only  true  balance  to  weigh  friends. 

To  discover  what  is  true,  and  to  practice 
what  is  good,  are  the  two  most  important 
objects  of  life. 

Life  has  its  hours  of  bitterness, 

Its  joys,  its  hopes  and  fears; 
Our  way  is  sometimes  wreathed  with  smiles, 

And  then  baptized  with  tears. 

Prosperity  is  not  without  its  trouble,  nor 
adversity  without  its  comfort. 

As  riches  and  favor  forsake  a  man  we 
discover  him  to  be  a  fool,  but  nobody 
could  find  it  out  in  his  prosperity. — 
Bruyere. 

Troubles  are  like  babies — they  only 
grow  bigger  by  nursing. 

You  cannot  injure  any  one  by  elevating 
poor  fallen  humanity.  It  is  the  noblest 
work  man  can  engage  in,  not  oaly  to  ele- 
vate himself  but  to  elevate  others. 

Happiness  is  a  butterfly,  which,  when 
pursued,  is  always  just  beyond  your 
grasp ;  but  which,  if  you  will  sit  down 
quietly,  may  come  and  alight  on  you. 

Purchase  not  friends  with  gifts  ;  when 
thou  ceasest  to  give,  such  will  cease  to 
love. — Fkbller. 

By  humility,  and  the  fear  of  the  Lord, 
are  riches,  and  honor  and  life. — Proverbs. 

Life  appears  to  be  too  short  to  be  spent 
in  nursing  animosities  or  registering 
wrongs. 


170 


WOKDS   OF    WIT    AND   WISDOM. 


If  thou  wouldst  be  borne  with,  bear 
with  others. — Fuller. 

Ladies  who  have  a  disposition  to  punish 
their  husbands  should  recollect  that  a 
little  warm  sunshine  will  melt  an  icicle 
much  sooner  than  a  regular  northeaster. 

A  wise  man  knows  his  own  ignorance; 
a  fool  thinks  he  knows  everything. 

Cyrus,  the  conqueror  of  Babylon,  of 
whorp  we  read  in  the  Bible,  was  once 
asked  what  was  the  first  thing  he  learned. 
"To  tell  the  truth,"  was  the  reply. 

Evay  man  can  and  should  do  some- 
thing for  the  public,  if  it  be  only  to  kick 
a  piece  of  orange  peel  into  the  road  from 
the  pavement. 

A  rich  man  who  is  not  liberal  resembles 
a  tree  without  fruit. 

How  brightly  do  little  joys  beam  upon 
a  soul  which  stands  on  a  ground 
darkened  by  clouds  of  sorrow!  So 
do  stars  come  forth  from  the  empty 
sky,  when  we  look  up  to  them  from  a 
deep  well. 

It  is  not  going  into  the  furnace,  but  the 
coming  out,  which  demonstrates  the 
metal. 

Indulging  in  dangerous  pleasures,  saith 
a  Burmese  proverb,  is  like  licking  honev 
from  a  knife  and  cutting  Uie  tongue  with 
the  edge. 

There  are  more  p)oor  willing  to  give 
charity  from  their  necessity  than  rich  from 
their  superfluities. 

"Wealth  does  not  always  improve  us. 
A  man,  as  he  gets  to  be  worth  more,  may 
become  wortli-less. 

The  greatest  friend  of  truth  is  time,  her 
greatest  enemy  prejudice,  and  her  con- 
stant companion  is  humility. — Coltun. 

Beauty  unaccompanied  by  virtue  is  a 
flower  without  perfume. 

Virtue,  like  a  dowerless  beauty,  has 
more  admirers  than  followers. 

Never  trouble  trouble  till  trouble 
troubles  you. 

Whoso  hath  this  world's  goods,  and 
seeth  his  brother  have  need,  and  shutteth 
up  his  bowels  of  compassion  from  him, 
how  dwelleth  the  love  of  God  in  him. — 
1  John. 

Every  good  deed  is  a  benefit  to  the  doer 
as  sure  as  to  the  receiver. 

We  should  value  affliction  as  we  do 
physic — not  by  its  taste,  but  by  its  effects. 

He  that  giveth  unto  the  poor  shall  not 
lack,  but  he  that  hideth  his  eyes  shall 
have  many  a  curse. — Proverbs. 

Most  of  the  shadows  that  cross  our 
pathway  through  life  are  caused  by  our 
standing  in  our  own  way. 


Avarice  is  like  a  graveyard;  it  takes  all 
that  it  can  get  and  gives  nothing  back. 

It  is  not  wealth,  but  wisdom,  that  makes 
a  man  rich. 

Virtue,  like  a  rich  stone,  looks  best 
when  plainest  set. 

The  duties  and  burdens  of  life  should 
be  met  with  courage  and  determination. 
No  one  has  a  right  to  be  a  wart  on  the 
fair  face  of  nature,  doing  nothing  useful, 

f)ro<iucing  nothing  of  utility  or  value.  It 
8  a  gross  and  fatal  error  to  supiwse  that 
life  is  to  be  enjoyed  in  idleness.  It  can 
never  be. 

If  a  man  be  gracious  to  strangers,  it 
shows  he  is  a  citizen  of  the  worm,  and 
that  his  heart  is  no  island  cut  off  from  the 
other  lands,  but  a  continent  that  joins 
them. — Bacon. 

True  friendship  is  like  sound  health, 
the  value  of  it  is  seldom  known  until  it  is 
lost. 

AH  our  affections  are  but  so  many  doors 
to  let  in  Christ. 

Much  wanted  more,  and  lost  all. 

Troubles  are  like  hornets,  the  less  ado 
you  make  about  them  the  better,  for 
your  outcry  will  only  bring  the  whole 
swarm  upon  you. 

God  lays  us  upon  our  backs  that  we 
may  look  heavenward. 

The  more  liberal  we  are  to  others  from 
a  principle  of  faith  and  love,  the  more 
liberal  Gkxl  will  be  to  us. 

The  flowers  that  breathe  the  sweetest 
perfume  into  our  hearts  bloom  upon  the 
rod  with  which  Providence  chastises  us. 

Be  not  stingy  of  kind  words  and  pleas- 
ing acts,  for  such  are  fragrant  gifts, 
whose  perfume  will  gladden  the  heart 
and  sweeten  the  life  of  all  who  hear  or 
receive  them. 

Rare  as  Is  true  love,  true  friendship  is 
still  rarer. — Rochffoucauld. 

Learninsr  by  study  must  be  won ; 
'Twas  ne'er  entailed  from  sire  to  son. 
-Gay. 

The  violet  grows  low,  and  covers  itself 
with  its  own  tears,  and  of  all  flowers 
yields  the  sweetest  fragrance.  Such  is 
humility. 

We  should  not  forget  that  life  is  a 
flower,  which  is  no  sooner  fully  blown 
than  it  begins  to  wither. 

He  who  has  other  graces,  without  hu- 
mility, is  one  who  carries  a  box  of  precious 
powder  without  a  cover  on  a  windy  day. 

Heaven's  gates  are  not  so  highly  arched 
as  princes'  palaces.  They  that  enter  there 
must  go  upon  their  knees. — Webster. 

God  strikes  not  as  an  enemy  to  destroy, 
but  as  a  father  to  correct. 


This  may  be  said  of  love,  that  if  you 
strike  it  out  of  the  soul,  life  would  be  in- 
sipid aud  our  being  but  half  animated. 

It  is  better  to  be  poor,  with  a  good 
heart,  than  rich,  with  a  bad  conscience. 

From  the  walks  of  humble  life  have 
risen  ihose  who  are  the  lights  and  land- 
marks of  mankind. 

The  universal  lot. 
To  weep,  to  wander,  die,  and  be  forgot. 

—Sproffue. 
The  path  of  sorrow,  and  that  path  alone. 
Leads  to  the  land  where  sorrow  is  unknown  ; 
No  traveler  ever  reached  that  blest  abode, 
Who  found    not   thorns   and  briars  in    his 
road.  —Cowpcr. 

He  that  does  good  for  good's  sake  seeks 
neither  praise  nor  reward,  though  sure  of 
both  at  last. 

Living  in  the  fear  of  God  takes  away 
the  fear  of  death ;  for  the  sting  of  death 
is  sin. 

Nothing  is  more  dangerous  than  a 
friend  without  discretion  ;  even  a  prudent 
enemy  is  preferable. — La  Fontaine. 

The  grand  essentials  to  happiness  in 
this  life  are,  something  to  do,  something 
to  love,  and  something  to  hope  for. 

He  that  has  never  known  adversity  is 
but  half  acquainted  with  others,  or  with 
himself.  Constant  success  shows  us  but 
one  side  of  the  world  ;  for,  as  it  surrounds 
us  with  friends,  who  will  tell  us  only  our 
merits,  so  it  silences  those  enemies  from 
whom  only  we  can  learn  our  defects. — 
Colton. 

Base  all  your  actions  upon  a  principle 
of  right ;  preserve  your  integrity  of  char- 
acter, and,  doing  this,  never  reckon  the 
cost. 

Adversity  is  the  trial  of  principle. 
Without  it  a  man  hardly  knows  whether 
he  is  honest  or  not. — Fielding. 

Never  be  cast  down  by  trifles.  If  a 
spider  break  his  web  twentv  times,  twenty 
times  will  he  mend  it.  Make  up  your 
mind  to  do  a  thing  and  you  will  do  it. 

A  covetous  man  lives  without  comfort, 
and  dies  without  hope. 

Whoso  stoppeth  his  ear  at  the  cry  of 
the  poor,  he  also  shall  cry  himself,  but 
shall  not  be  heard. — Proverbs. 

Value  the  friendship  of  him  who  stands 
by  you  in  storms.  Swarms  of  insects  will 
surround  you  in  sunshine. 

Pleasures  have  honey  in  the  mouth,  but 
a  sting  in  the  tail,  and  often  perish  in  the 
budding. 

Religion  teaches  the  rich  humility,  and 
the  poor  contentment. 

It  is  far  more  easy  to  acquire  a  fortune 
like  a  knave,  than  to  expend  it  like  a  gen- 
tleman. — Colton. 


Excesses  in  our  youth  are  drafts  upon 
our  old  age,  payable,  with  interest,  about 
thirty  years  after  date. 

Riches  and  true  excellence  are  seldom 
found  together. 

The  use  of  money  is  all  the  advantage 
there  is  in  having  it. 

Truth  is  a  mighty  weapon  when  wielded 
by  the  weakest  arm. — Fletcher. 

The  greatest  pleasure  of  life  is  love;  the 
greatest  treasure,  contentment;  the  great- 
est possession,  health;  the  greatest  ease, 
sleep,  and  the  best  medicine,  a  true  friend. 

Wealth  is  not  his  who  gets  it,  but  his 
who  enjoys  it. 

That  man  cannot  be  upright  before 
God  who  is  unjust  in  his  dealings  with 
men. 

Little  troubles  wear  the  heart  out,  and 
it  is  easier  to  throw  a  bomb  shell  a  mile 
than  a  feather,  even  with  artillery.  Fifty 
little  debts  of  one  dollar  each  will  cause 
more  trouble  and  dunning  than  one  big 
one  of  a  thousand. 

Professing,  without  practicing,  will 
bring  neither  glory  to  God  nor  comfort  to 
ourselves. 

He  that  follows  pleasure  instead  of  busi- 
ness will  in  a  little  time  have  no  business 
to  follow. 

Fashionable  Christianity  is  not  spiritual 
piety. 

Fear  God  and  keep  his  commandments; 
for  this  is  the  whole  duty  of  man. — Solo- 
mon. 

Pleasure  as  pleasure  is  not  to  be  con- 
demned, but  only  sinful  pleasure;  such  as 
injures  another  is  unjust,  such  as  hurts 
ourselves  is  imprudent. 

Natural  blindness  is  bad,  but  spiritual 
blindnes  is  much  worse. 

The  only  avarice  which  is  justifiable  is 
that  of  love;  the  only  ambition  that  is 
commendable  is  zeal  in  the  cause  of  virtue 
and  good  actions. 

Without  entire  confidence  friendship 
and  love  are  but  mockeries,  and  social 
intercourse  a  war  in  disguise. 

Contentment  is  a  pearl  of  great  price, 
and  whoever  procures  it  at  the  expense 
of  ten  thousand  desires  makes  a  wise  pur- 
chase. 

What  is  joy?  A  sunbeam  between  two 
clouds. 

Who  is  wise?  He  that  learns  from 
every  one.  Who  is  powerful?  He  that 
governs  his  passions.  Who  is  rich  ?  He 
that  is  content. 

Prosperity  without  God's  presence  is 
full  of  trouble;  but  trouble  with  the  pres 
ence  of  God  is  full  of  comfort. 


"  Think  not  mournfully  upon  the  Past,  It  cannot  return.    Wteely  Improve  the  Present,  It  is 
thine.    Go  forth  to  meet  the  shadowy  Future  with  strong  heart  and  free  wllL" 

HERE  are  few  persons  who  have  reached  mature  life  who 
can  look  back  over  the  past  without  mingled  emotions. 
Childhood  knows  no  past ;  its  happy  life  is  rounded  out 
and  completed  by  its  present  joys.  But  as  we  learn  the  harder 
lessons  in  life's  school  under  that  stern  teacher,  experience, 
our  present  joys  are  heightened  and  our  present  sorrows 
deepened  by  the  alternate  lights  and  shadows  thrown  over  them  by 
the  past.  The  happy  memories  of  a  mother's  tender  love  are  often 
darkened  by  the  recollection  of  her  losses ;  we  recall  our  moments 
of  success,  only  to  have  our  exultation  turned  into  regret  by  the 
memory  of  our  failure.  Happy  would  be  that  man  who,  in  looking 
back  over  the  years  that  are  his  no  longer,  could  raise  his  eyes 
toward  Heaven  and  say,  in  all  sincerity,  "  I  have  made  no  mistakes; 
my  conscience  tells  me  that  I  have  been  guilty  of  no  wrong  either 
toward  God  or  my  fellow-man." 

But  the  human  intellect  is  weak ;  the  human  heart  is  prone  to 
err ;  and  there  probably  Uves  no  man  nor  woman  who  does  not  wish 
that  at  some  period  of  his  or  her  past  life,  the  "still,  small  voice"  of 
conscience  had  been  heeded,  or  the  dictates  of  prudence  followed. 

There  is  one  mode  in  which  such  reflections  may  be  made  salu- 
tary. A  careful  self-examination,  impartially  conducted,  with  a  view 
to  discovering  past  errors  and  an  avoidance  of  them  in  the  future, 
will  be  of  great  service.  But  in  such  an  examination  into  our  past 
lives,  there  must  be  no  secret  desire  to  cover  up  or  to  excuse  that 
which  has  been  blame-worthy.  Freely  must  the  heart  confess; 
sternly  must  the  intellect  and  conscience  judge.  The  resolves  for 
the  future,  too,  must  be  sincere  and  earnest. 

But  after  this  introspection  and  the  formation  of  a  new  deter- 
mination, let  there  be  no  vain  and  empty  regrets  over  what  cannot 
now  be  changed.  It  is  worse  than  foolish  to  waste  time  in  such 
fruitless  vaporings.  The  man  of  firm  will  should  "  let  the  dead  past 
bury  its  dead  ;  "  la^ang  hold  upon  the  present  without  looking  back. 
You  are  not  called  upon  to  seek  to  obliterate  the  recollection  of  past 
griefs.  Such  memories,  rightly  used,  have  an  ennobling — even  a 
holy — influence.     The  little  empty  shoe,  the  golden  curl,  the  tress  of 

1T2 


PAST,    PRESENT    AND    FUTURE. 


silver  hair — these  should  not  be  suffered  to  lie  unnoticed  and  uncared 
for.  They  are  links  in  that  golden  chain  which  holds  you  to  your 
true  home;  they  will  mutually  appeal  to  you  in  moments  when 
avarice  and  passion  are  struggling  to  control  you,  and  a  voice  long 
silent  will  make  itself  heard  in  your  heart.  But  do  not  let  this  grief 
make  you  unmindful  of  present  duties,  or  selfishly  indifferent  to  the 
claims  of  others  upon  you. 

In  one  word,  remember  the  past  only  to  avoid  its  errors,  and 
cherish  its  memories  only  that  they  may  beautify  and  sanctify  your 
life. 


THE    PRESENT.  ^ 


HE  Present  is  the  only  one  of  the  three  divisions  of  time 
which  any  man  can  safely  call  his  own.  The  Past  has  gone 
from  his  grasp  ;  the  Future  he  may  never  reach.  To-day 
belongs  to  him ;  and  accordingly  as  he  improves  or  abuses  it, 
will  his  future  be  bright  with  promise  or  gloomy  with  recol- 
lections of  a  misspent  past.  The  Present  is  the  seed  time, 
the  Future  will  yield  the  harvest ;  and  what  a  man  sows  to-day  he 
will  surely  reap,  be  it  sooner  or  later.  "  Men  do  not  gather  grapes 
of  thorns,  nor  figs  of  thistles,"  is  as  true  in  our  age  as  when  spoken 
nineteen  hundred  years  ago.  Neglect  of  duty,  self-indulgen.ce, 
extravagance  and  improvidence  in  the  present  will  yield  their  full 
harvest  of  poverty,  of  suffering  and  of  impotent  regrets  in  the 
future.  To-day's  duties  must  be  performed  to-day  ;  to-morrow — if 
it  come  at  all — will  have  its  own  calls  upon  your  time  and  strength. 
Each  moment  of  life  some  duty  demands  to  be  performed,  but  for 
each  duty  there  is  a  moment  of  which  you  can  avail  yourself  : 

'*  One  by  one  the  sands  are  flowing. 
One  by  one  the  moments  fall ; 
Some  are  coming',  some  are  going, 
Do  not  strive  to  grasp  them  all. 

"  One  by  one  thy  duties  wait  thee ; 
Let  thy  whole  strength  go  to  each. 
Let  no  future  dreams  elate  thee ; 
Learn  thou  first  what  these  can  teach. 

"  Hours  are  golden  links— God's  token. 
Reaching  Heaven,  but  one  by  one ; 
Take  them,  lest  the  chain  be  broken 
'Ere  thy  pilgrimage  be  done." 

In  each  period  of  life,  the  Present  is  a  time  of  preparation  for 
the  Future ;  in  childhood,  we  prepare  for  manhood,  and  while  in  the 
prime  of  manly  strength  we  seek  to  provide  for  the  time  when  the 
infirmities  of  age  may  overtake  us.     The  best  preparation  always  is 


PAST,    PRESENT   AND   FUTUEE. 


a  careful  attention  to  and  conscientious  performance  of  every  pres- 
ent duty,  however  apparently  trivial.  Present  opportunities  of  self- 
improvement  must  not  be  neglected.  A  well-stored  mind  is  the  best 
preventive  against  loneliness  and  ennui.  And  the  recollection  of 
acts  of  charity  and  self-denial  are  the  best  guards  against  the 
reproaches  of  conscience.  A  temptation  resisted,  a  tear  wiped  away 
from  the  eye  of  sorrow,  a  kind  word  spoken  in  the  ear  of  misfortune, 
a  suffering  alleviated — these  are  seeds  which  will,  in  the  future,  bear 
rich  fruit. 


N  youth,  thoughts  of  the  Future  fill  the  mind.  The  brain 
of  the  boy  teems  with  anticipations  and  plans  for  his  man- 
hood, and  the  cheek  of  the  maiden  glows  with  an  added 
flush  of  loveliness  as  she  looks  forward  to  the  proud  day  when 
she  shall  be  the  queen  in  her  own  household.  At  the  threshold 
of  Ufe,  as  youth  emerges  from  the  restraints  and  fostering  care 
of  home,  the  eye  eagerly  seeks  the  most  distant  horizon,  which  hope 
paints  for  the  heart  with  gorgeous  tints.  These  anticipations  are  as 
pleasing  as  they  are  natural,  and  should  not  be  rudely  discouraged. 
Ilope  for  the  future  gives  strength  for  the  present,  and  a  belief  in 
coming  happiness  lightens  the  burden  of  to-day's  cares.  But  as  dis- 
appointent  follows  disappointment,  our  confidence  in  the  absolute 
certainty  of  future  success  becomes  lessened,  and  prudence  and  fore- 
siglit  succeed  to  rashness  and  impetuosity.  "  Boast  not  thyself  of 
to-morrow,"  say  the  Scriptures,  and  human  experience  has  demo^r 
strated  the  wisdom  of  the  advice. 

Yet  at  the  same  time,  there  is  no  call  to  be  constantly  foreboding 
some  unknown  evil  which  it  is  feared  that  the  future  may  bring.  It 
is  true  that  in  summer  the  wise  farmer  gathers  and  stores  the  fruits 
of  the  earth  for  -winter  use ;  yet  he  would  be  rightly  ridiculed  who 
refused  to  enjoy  the  sunshine  and  flowers  of  June  through  his  dread 
of  the  coming  frost  and  icy  blasts  of  January.  Do  not  "  borrow 
trouble  "  from  some  imaginary  store  which  you  apprehend  may  be 
somewhere  in  reserve  for  you.  The  Future  is  kindly  hidden  from 
our  knowledge,  and  the  wise  man  will  not  seek  to  lift  the  veil  which 
shrouds  it.  Its  joys  as  well  as  its  griefs,  its  consolations  as  well  as 
its  trials,  will  come  in  their  appointed  time.  Seek,  by  a  wise  use  of 
the  Present,  to  prepare  yourself  to  accept  its  pleasures  with  thank- 
fulness and  moderation,  to  encounter  its  misfortunes  with  resigna- 
tion and  fortitude. 


I'OMPLETE  UcETTER  f^RITER.«|( 


Y  general  con*espondence  is  meant  all  the  usual  forms  in 
which  paper  and  penmanship  are  substituted  for  per- 
sonal conversation  and  oral  exchange  of  words.  The 
correspondent  should  bear  in  mind  that  a  word  is  none 
the  less  a  word,  even  though  quickly  and  easily  spoken ; 
and  that  it  is  stiU  only  a  word — nothing  more — even 
though  it  be  laboriously  written,  ticked  through  miles  of 
telegraph  wire,  spoken  by  telephone,  or  signaled  by  an 
admiral's  flags.  The  means  of  expressing  and  conveying 
the  word  have  no  bearing  on  its  meaning.  Therefore,  the  corre- 
spondent should  write  as  if  he  were  speaking  to  the  person  whom  he 
is  addressing.  If  it  be  a  business  letter,  he  should  be  concise,  formal, 
brief,  accurate,  and  yet  complete,  in  expressing  his  meaning.  If  it 
be  an  invitation,  or  other  form  of  social  acknowledgment,  he  should 
be  pleasant,  polite,  not  too  formal,  nor  too  familiar.  If  it  be  a  letter 
to  an  intimate  friend,  its  contents  may  be  suited  in  aU  respects  to 
the  degree  of  attachment  between  the  writer  and  the  recipient  of 
the  letter.  Epistolary  correspondence  may  be  humorous,  witty, 
descriptive,  argumentative,  or  otherwise  intended  to  interest  and 
please.  Commercial  correspondence  should  aim  to  convey  informa- 
tion only,  plainly  yet  politely  expressed. 

Introduction. — If  you  were  about  to  negotiate  a  trade  with  a 
merchant  you  would  not  abruptly  begin  speaking,  but  would  first 
address  him  by  name.  So  with  a  commercial  letter.  It  must  con- 
tain at  its  head  the  name  of  the  town  or  city  where  the  letter  is 
Avritten  (the  county  also,  if  the  postofiice  where  the  letter  is  to  be 
mailed  be  not  w^ell  known),  the  state,  the  year,  month  and  day. 
These,  taken  together,  are  called  in  general  terms  the  "  date  "  of  the 
letter,  and  no  letter  of  any  kind  should  be  without  it.  Next  follow 
the  name  of  the  person,  or  names  of  the  firm  addressed,  with  a  brief 
greeting,  such  as  "  Dear  Sir,"  or  "  Messrs.,"  or  "  Gentlemen."  The 
letter  should  then  begin  at  once,  first  by  acknowledging  the  receipt 
of  a  communication  to  which  the  letter  is  intended  as  a  reply,  or 

175 


CK)MPLETE    LETTEB   WRITEB. 


otherwise  stating  the  chief  subject  concerning  which  the  letter  is  to 
be  written. 

The  introduction  to  a  social  letter  from  one  friend  to  another 
should,  in  the  main,  be  similar  to  that  of  a  business  letter.     It  is 

usual  in  writing  to  a 
friend  to  begin  merely 
with  "Dear  John,"  or 
"  Friend  William."  This 
will  suffice  if  the  com- 
munication is  a  mere 
note,  the  transmission  of 
which  is  sure,  and  which 
does  not  contain  any- 
tliing  of  importance. 
All  letters,  however,  are 
abject  to  accidents  in 
lie  mails,  and  otherwise 
liable  to  a  possibility  of 
falling  into  strange  hands. 
Each  should,  therefore, 
contain  the  complete  ad- 
dress of  the  person  for- 
whom  it  is  intended,  and 
also  that  of  the  writer. 
Then,  should  the  letter 
find  its  way  to  the  dead- 
letter  office,  or  to  the 
wrong  person,  it  may  still 
be  sent  to  its  intended 
destination  or  returned 
to  the  writer. 

Postscripts. —  Post- 
scripts {after  -  writings] 
are  nearly  always  in  bad 
taste,  and  if  possible 
should  be  avoided,  ex- 
cept in  letters  between 
close  friends.  If  it  be  a  letter  of  importance,  and  the  writer  has  left 
out  something  which  he  intended  to  appear  before  the  signature, 
and  he  is  anxious  to  convey  no  bad  impression,  he  will  do  well  to 
re-write  the  last  page  of  his  letter,  so  as  to  include  the  idea  in  the 
body  of  the  letter  rather  than  in  a  postscript. 


Underscoring. — Emphasis,  whether  in  speaking  or  writing, 
borders  closely  upon  passion,  and  therefore  should  be  to  a  large 
extent  avoided.  Italics  are  used  in  printing  to  ikesignSiiQ  foreign 
words,  but  as  a  general  thing,  both  in  printing  and  writing,  their 
liberal  use  pre-supposes  a  degree  of  ignorance,  or  at  least  a  want  of 
cultivation,  in  the  reader.  If  the  reader  is  educated,  as  we  may 
suppose  he  ought  to  be,  he  will  be  fully  able  to  discern  the  strong 
passages  or  fine  points  of  a  letter,  from  the  meaning  of  the  words 
rather  than  from  under-scoring  or  italics. 

Character  of  Letters. — The  first  requisite  in  the  conversation 
of  a  man  of  cosmopolitan  training  is  the  complete  elimination  of 
idioms,  slang,  provincial  phrases,  and  words  of  local  use,  so  that  you 
cannot,  by  hearing  him  talk  or  by  reading  what  he  has  written, 
guess  from  what  part  of  the  country  he  can;e.  So  it  should  be  with 
a  business  letter.  It  should  be  so  straightforward,  concise,  and  yet 
easy  and  direct,  as  to  leave  no  room  for  individualities  of  any  kind ; 
and,  except  for  the  inevitable  personality  of  the  handwriting,  it 
should  contain  nothing  by  which  the  reader  can  designate  the  writer. 

Epistolary  correspondence,  on  the  other  hand,  needs  no  such 
restrictions,  and  indeed  may  bristle  with  the  peculiarities  of  the 
writer,  provided  they  do  not  exceed  the  bounds  of  good  taste,  and 
are  not  so  strongly  marked  as  to  prove  offensive  by  strained  eccen- 
tricity. 

Character,  however,  in  spite  of  the  writer,  will  unerringly  mark 
his  letter,  just  as  it  will  his  hand-writing,  the  crease  of  his  coat,  the 
expression  of  his  eye,  and  the  "set"  of  his  hat.  Character  is  some- 
thing that  none  of  us  can  create,  but  which  each  of  us  can  preserve. 
It  is  a  part  of  us.  It  remains  for  him  who  is  wise  to  so  effectually 
preserve  the  beauty  and  truth  of  his  character,  and  so  vigorously 
to  subdue  the  faults  and  weaknesses,  that  in  his  letters,  as  in 
everything  else,  he  will  exhibit,  at  the  worst,  a  strong  and  manly 
hold  upon  the  good  and  the  beautiful.  In  a  letter  of  extended 
length  it  would  be  very  difficult  for  any  of  us  to  prevent  it  from 
containing  something  which  Avould  cause  a  friend  of  long  acquaint- 
ance to  exclaim,  "  That's  just  like  him ! "  The  important  thing  is  to 
make  our  individualities  only  such  as  are  compatible  with  culture 
and  refinement. 

Use  of  Capitals. — In  writing  the  date  and  address,  both  in 

the  letter  and  on  the  envelope,  all  words  except  prepositions  and 

rticles  should  begin  with  capitals.     Otherwise,  the  use  of  capitals 

is,  in  the  great  majority  of  letters,  quite  excessive.     Proper  nouns, 

proper  pronouns,  the  first  word  in  each  sentence,  and  the  first 


COMPLETE    LETTER    WRITEE. 


word  in  any  parenthesis  constituting  a  sentence,  should  all  and 
always  begin  with  capitals.  With  but  few  other  exceptions  the  use 
of  capitals  is  unnecessary. 

Bepetition. — Tautology,  both  in  speech  and  print,  is  very  awk- 
ward. Repetition,  therefore,  all  the  more,  is  intolerable.  Say  a 
thing,  in  your  letter,  as  you  want  it  said.  Then  don't  say  it  again. 
"Why  should  you  ? 

Omitting  Words. — Always  read  every  letter  after  you  have 
^vritten  it.  Then  if  you  find  that  you  have  omitted  a  word,  or  a 
few  words,  you  may  insert  them  by  interlining  and  the  use  of  the 
carat.  If  this  is  frequently  done,  however,  it  shows  that  the  writer 
is  loose  in  his  habits  of  thought,  and  lacking  in  mental  discipline. 


N  the  address  of  a  letter,  the  punctuation  mark  following 
the  name  of  the  city  to  which  the  letter  is  to  be  sent  should 
be    a  dash.    After  the  greeting,  should   be  a  colon,  as 
"  Dear  Sir  : "     The  word  "  and  "  should   be  spelled  out  the 
same  as  any  other  word,  except  in  the  name  of  a  firm,  as 
"  Blue  &  Gray ; "  and  in  the  name  of  a  railroad,  as  "  Chicago, 
Burlington  &  Quincy,"  or  a  canal,  as  "  "Wabash  &  Erie." 

Abbreviations  rarely  look  well,  and  appear  as  if  the  writer  were 
as  anxious  to  save  himself  trouble  and  time.  "Jan."  never  looks 
so  well  as  "  Januar}^"  nor  "  Msrs."  so  well  as  "  Messrs.,"  nor  "  Co." 
so  well  as  "  County."  Such  abbreviations  as  "  Co."  in  the  title  of  a 
firm,  "  Mr."  and  "  Mrs.,"  and  other  established  forms  in  use  everyday, 
are  to  be  preferred  to  the  full  words  spelled  out.  After  every 
abbreviation  there  must  be  a  period. 

The  signature  of  a  firm,  followed  by  another  name  with  the 
prefix  "  per  "  (meaning  hy),  indicates  that  the  letter  has  been  written 
and  signed  by  a  clerk,  with  the  authority  of  the  firm.  As,  "  Jones 
&  Robinson,  per  Jenkins." 

Do  not  be  indiscriminate  in  the  use  of  quotations.  Many  people 
fill  their  letters  with  quotations,  which  is  both  useless  and  senseless. 
Remember  that  there  is  no  context  to  indicate  the  probably  correct 
letters  of  a  name,  so  that  every  separate  letter  in  every  name  must 
stand  for  itself,  and  be  written  as  plainly  as  possible.  An  "i" 
blurred  or  blotted  will  change  "  Miss."  to  "  Mass."  An  illegible 
"  o  "  will  change  "  Col."  to  "  Cal.,"  or  "  Colo."  to  "  Cala."     Here  is 


another  illustration  of  the  danger  of  abbreviations  :  Kever  imagine 
that  the  postmaster  knows  where  the  letter  should  go  by  the  color 
of  the  envelope.  He  may  have  a  new  clerk.  Never  forget  the 
anathema  so  frequently  uttered  in  and  out  of  printing  offices  and 
postoffices,  upon  lazy  writers — "  The  man  that  wrote  this  ought  to 
die!" 

The  card  of  a  business  man,  together  with  his  address,  always 
looks  well  printed  at  the  head  of  his  commercial  correspond- 
ence. Unless  the  printing  or  lithographing,  however,  be  well  and 
tastefully  executed,  it  is  better  to  do  without  it  than  to  send  out 
letters  bearing  a  slovenly  blotch  of  bad  printing.  In  writing  the 
date  it  is  not  necessary  to  put  the  "  th  "  or  "  d  "  after  the  day  of  the 
month,  if  the  day  is  placed  after  the  name  of  the  month.  Plain 
"  June  15  "  is  sufficient.  In  England  it  is  still  customary  to  place 
the  day  first,  the  word  "  of  "  being  understood ;  as,  "  30th  September." 

The  use  of  titles  should  be  very  limited,  in  America,  Avhere 
democratic  institutions  prevail.  It  is  questionable  taste,  to  say  the 
least,  which  betrays  an  undue  fondness  for  display  of  this  nature. 
Military  and  naval  titles,  also  "  Hon.,"  "  Kev."  and  "  Dr.,"  are  allow- 
able. 

Figures  can  never  be  too  carefully  written.  It  is  better  to 
cross  over  a  wrong  figure  and  write  a  new  one  beside  it,  than  to 
partially  erase  it,  mark  it,  and  leave  it  in  such  condition  that  nobody 
can  tell  what  it  is  intended  to  be.  An  8,  a  5  and  a  3  may  thus  all 
be  made  to  look  alike,  or  a  1  may  look  like  a  7. 

B|i|ll:l'l'lllllllllllllll'lll:lllll1lll'|illllll|i|)lill|i|il)lllllllll;lllllllilllllll1l:l'l'lilil!l!llllllllllll|:|lllllltl'll|ilillllB 

Vt       SAMPLE  BUSINESS  LETTERS.        ^!i 

is)K  M(§i 

Biiiiiiii'i'iiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!i.iiiiiiiiiiiiiJiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiJiiii:iiiii)iiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiii'iiiiii>i:riJ.iiiila 

L OMMERCIAL  correspondence  is  usually  expected  to  be 
devoid  of  argument  and  of  glowing  comments  as  to  the 
Hl^  desirable  qualities  of  goods  and  products.  The  goods  or  sam- 
ples speak  for  themselves,  and  if  much  talking  must  be  done 
the  "drummer"  wiU  do  all  that  is  necessary.  The  business 
letter  should  be  like  the  legal  document — an  epitome  of  plain 
facts,  except  that  while  the  latter  is  necessarily  elaborate  and  made 
to  include  all  the  words  necessary  for  full  description,  the  former 
must  be  limited  to  a  concise  brevity,  devoid  of  verbiage  and  loqua- 
cious comment.  When  numbers  of  articles  and  sums  of  money  are 
to  be  considered  it  is  best  to  spell  out  the  words,  or  to  give  both 
words  and  figures,  thus :  "  Nine  hundred  dollars  ($900)."     Techni- 


calities  and  trade  phrases  are  admissible  in  case  there  is  no  possible 
doubt  that  they  will  be  understood.  A  letter  to  a  firm  should  not 
pre-suppose  that  it  will  be  read  and  answered  by  the  same  person 
who  replied  to  a  previous  letter.  Most  firms  have  a  large  number 
of  clerks,  and  they  cannot  be  expected  each  to  deal  invariably  with 
the  same  customers.  Therefore  do  not  make  vague  or  indefinite 
allusions  to  something  contained  in  a  previous  letter.  Even  if  the 
same  person  has  read  both  your  letters,  he  may  have  forgotten  the 
previous  one. 

The  use  of  frequent  paragraphs,  m  the  division  of  different  topics 
in  the  same  letter,  is  better  than  not  to  have  enough. 

In  all  letters  of  complaint  keep  your  temper  as  perfectly  as  you 
would  be  expected  to  do  if  yoa-were  conversing  in  jxirson. 

Politeness  pays,  in  correspondence,  society,  on  the  street,  in  the 
home,  the  counting  room,  and  everywhere. 

The  following  are  examples  of  brief  business  letters : 

OmcE  or  D0B8ON  ft  Bon.  Real  Estate,  I 
Chicago,  III.,  Jaouury  a,  1885.     f 
Mr.  Warfikld,  Evanston : 

Dear  Sir,— Please  do  not  take  it  as  an  offense  if  we  remind  you  that  your  rent  for  the 
month  of  April  is  still  due,  and  that  our  collector  has  twice  called  upon  you  in  vain.  The 
owner  of  the  property  has  repeatedly  insi8te<l  that  we  roust  make  our  collections  invariably 
in  advance,  and  that  tuilinjf  to  do  so  we  must  u.se  striuKcnt  measures.  The  collector  will  caU 
aarain  at  your  place  of  busuiess  next  Wednesday  niurniuK. 

Uesi>ectf  ully,  Dobson  &  80N, 

JOHKSOMVILLB,  NSW  iBERIA  PARISH,  LA.,  (, 

autb  January.  1886.     f 
8.  K.  &  J.  N.  Booos:  ,  ^  ,         .      . 

OenttemeH,— I  have  received  your  circular  announcingr  an  advance  in  upland  cotton,  and 
will  ship  to-morrow  per  steamer  *^  Vick8burjf"nlne  hundred  bales,  via  NewOrleans,  consig^ned 
to  you.  Plea.se  notify  me  at  once  on  receipt  of  the  cotton.  Deduct  your  ui^ual  commission 
and  send  New  York  draft.  Yours  truly,  John  H.  Stokks, 

Manager  Shaw's  Plantation. 
To  S.  K.  &  J.  N.  Boaos,  Cotton  Brokers,  31  Stone  Court,  Cincinnati,  O. 

Spring  Station,  Ky.,  January  15, 1885. 
Mkssrs.  Kowe  Brothers,  Chica^: 

Gentlemen,— Having  heretofore  done  business  with  you  satisfactorily,  and  being  unable  to 
obtiiin  in  Spring  Station  an  article  of  which  I  am  desirous,  I  inclose  money  order  of  twenty 
(taO)  dollars,  for  which  please  send  me  a  lady's  gold  Inind  ring  with  large  cameo  set,  the  cameo 
to  be  white  on  a  black  or  blue  ground.  1  leave  it«  selection  with  you,  the  price  not  to  exc*eed 
the  amount  enclosed.  Respectfully,  C.  B.  McVay,  Lock  Box  «aO. 


Rock  Island,  III.,  January  6, 1885. 
Jersey  &  Co.,  Chicago : 

GenMemen,— The  five  car-loads  of  lumber  shipped  by  you  have  arrived  in  »ood  condition. 
Quality  satisfactory.  Inclosed  find  New  York  draft  for  naif  the  amount  ($1,22),  and  also  my 
note  of  hand  due  in  thirty  daj-B,  as  per  our  agreement.  Send  me  at  once  three  more  car-loads 
of  medium  oak,  <.\6  sills,  same  graae  as  that  sent  last  month.  Also  one  car  laths  and  pine 
shingles,  half  and  half.  Yours  truly,  Sam  P.  Dexter. 

To  L.  S.  Jersey  &  Co.,  61  South  Canal  St.,  Chicago,  111. 

Terre  Hacte,  Ind.,  January  4, 1885. 
Messrs.  H.  Dearborn  &  Co.,  New  Y'ork : 

Oentlemen,—l  have  become  impressed  with  the  idea  that  the  New  Y^ork  wholesale  men  do 
not  sufficiently  protect  their  patrons  in  the  smaller  cities  from  the  jobbers  in  Indianapolis 
and  other  large  towns,  who  sell  goods  in  our  legitimate  territory,  under-bidding  us  on  our 
own  ground.    This  is  an  important  matter,  and  I  must  insist  on  something  being  done. 

Respectfully  yours,  James  T.  Martin. 

Office  of  H.  Dearborn  &  Co.,  161  Wall  Street,  New  York,  I 
James  T.  Martin  :  December  10, 1884.     ) 

Dear  Sir,— Concerning  your  communication  of  the  4th  inst.,  allow  us  to  assure  you  that 
everything  possible  in  this  direction  is  already  being  done  bv  an  eneriretic  committee  of  the 
chamber  of  commerce,  which  is  actively  engaged  in  negotiations  with  the  commissioners  of 
the  railroad  pools.     We  will  shortly  inform  you  of  the  result  accomplished. 

Truly  yours.  Dearborn  &  Co. 

To  J.  T.  Martin,  Terre  Haute,  Ind. 


COMPLETE    LETTER   WKITER. 


LETTERS  OF  REFERENCE. 


iniiiiiiw 


fllESE  should  be  concise  and  not  too  flowery;  for  that  would 
'ii.  indicate  that  the  writer  of  the  letter  had  some  concealed  or 
individual  interest  in  writing  so  emphatic  a  recommenda- 
tion. No  one  should  write  a  letter  of  reference  except  after 
thorough  trial.  If  a  departing  employe  or  acquaintance  ask 
for  a  letter  of  reference,  and  you  have  had  but  a  limited 

knowledge  of  him,  it  is  but  justice  to  yourself  to  state  this  in  the 

letter.     Following  are  some  examples  : 

Chicago,  February  1,  1885. 
To  Whom  it  mau  Cojicem,— The  bearer,  John  Knox,  has  been  my  coachman  for  two  years, 
during  which  time  he  lias  given  me  excellent  satisfaction  in  every  way.    I  recommend  him  to 
any  one  in  need  of  a  reliable  man.  T.  R.  Kimble. 

Sandy  Hook,  Conn.,  January  25, 1885. 
To  Dialers  in  Dry  Goo(?s,— The  bearer,  Mr.  Charles  L.  Roberts,  lias  been  in  our  employ  as  a 
clerk  for  thirteen  months,  and  we  are  pleased  on  his  departure  to  furnish  him  with  this  letter 
of  recommendation,  bearing  testimony  to  his  excellence  as  a  dry  goods  salesman  and  his 
character  as  a  gentleman.  He  is  well  posted  in  the  requirements  and  details  of  the  trade,  and 
we  have  always  found  him  to  be  sober,  reliable,  honest  and  faithful  to  our  interests. 

Paul  Wix^on  &  Co. 


The  Hermitage  Brewery,     I 
Sunbeam,  Md.,  January  8, 188.5.  | 
This  is  to  say  that  Mr.  Herbert  Madison  has  been  a  resident  of  the  town  of  Sunbeam  for 
several  years,  and  is  known  to  us  as  an  industrious  and  energetic  workman.    He  may  refer  to 
us  for  honesty  and  sobriety,  and  we  recommend  him  to  all  in  need  of  his  services. 

James  Seath,  Treasurer. 


Nashville,  Tenn.,  February  4, 1885. 
The  bearer.  Miss  Jennie  King,  has  been  employed  by  me  as  a  typewriter  and  cashier  in  my 
millinery  store.    I  have  found  her  to  be  honest  and  accurate  as  an  accountant,  and  she  has  a 
thorough  knowledge  of  the  millinery  business.  Mrs.  Mary  Hemingway. 


|B)     letters  of  AFFECTION,     ^f 

OR  these  there  is  no  rule  that  will  govern  all  cases,  and  if 
the  affection  is  of  genuine  quality  it  Avill  obey  no  rule. 
'^^  However,  love  strives  to  appear  at  its  best,  and  is,  therefore, 
usually  open  to  argument.  The  chief  injunction  necessary  in 
regard  to  letters  of  affection,  is  toward  a  degree  of  reserve  and 
moderation  in  expressions  of  endearing  terms  or  declarations 
of  attachment.  Be  not  too  lavish  of  adjectives,  nor  too  liberal  in 
the  use  of  superlative  qualifications,  descriptive  either  of  your  own 
capacity  for  affection  or  of  the  recipient  of  the  letter.  It  is  Avell, 
also,  to  remember  that  paper,  with  the  words  written  upon  it,  may 
be  preserved  long  after  the  sentiments  thereon  expressed  have 
changed  or  been  proven  false.    In  writing  a  letter  of  affection  strive 


COMPLETE   LETTEB   WBITEB. 


to  be  sensible,  straightforward,  truthful,  manly,  and  lean  rather 
toward  reserve  than  toward  a  silly  and  boyish  display  of  empty 
words.  The  following  examples  are  much  more  brief  than  will,  in 
general,  be  satisfactory: 

Point  Reef,  Dakota,  February  8, 1885. 
Dear  Frtemi,— 1  arrived  here  yesterday  on  my  overlund  journey,  siife  thus  far.  I  take  this 
opportunity  to  send  another  letter  assuring  you  of  my  unceasing  regitrd,  regrettintr  that  I  am 
absent  from  you  so  long.  I  look  forward  hopefully  to  the  receipt  of  a  letter  from  you  at 
Custer  City.  It  will  be  indeed  a  welcome  remin<ler  of  the  existence  of  one  ifor  whom  my 
esteem  is  too  earnest  to  be  expressed  except  in  your  presence,  to  which  may  Rood  fortune 
bring  me  soon.  Your  best  friend,  Michael  Uukk. 

Little  Rock,  Ark.,  January  15,  1885. 
Dear  Mother.— I  have  been  in  the  city  now  about  two  weeks,  and  intcndcHl  sooner  to  let 
you  know  of  my  safe  arrival.  I  ho|)e  that  you  will  not  be  anxious  on  my  account,  for  1  will 
come  home  again  soon.  In  my  absence  1  hourly  think  of  you  and  wonder  whether  you  are 
well  and  happy.  I  will  write  again  shortly  and  let  you  know  when  I  may  be  expected  at  home 
ae^n.  Your  affectionate  son.  Jambs  ORKuruia. 

Burr ALO,  N.  Y.,  January  30, 1885. 
Mrs.  James  McCarthy  : 

Mff  Dear  m/e,— Your  note  of  yesterday  Is  received,  informing  me  of  the  theft  of  your  new 
sealskni  sacque,  and  notifying  me  of  the  arrival  of  vour  sister  from  Dayton.    Please  give  my 
best  coinplitucnts  to  her,  and  let  the  police  kiM)w  of  the  theft.  Take  good  care  of  vouraelf  for 
my  Htike.    Please  write  again  soon.    You  know  ttiat  1  am  always  anjoous  oonoemmg  yourself  * 
and  the  children  when  I  am  absent  from  home. 

Your  true  and  lo}^!!  husband,  Jambb  MoCarthy. 

Burlington,  Iowa,  January  1, 1885. 
Miss  Victoria  Sbymoitr: 

Exteemed  Prieiui,— Allow  me  to  thank  you  gratefully  f(jr  the  permission  accorded  me  of 
addressing  .vou,  and  to  take  the  first  opportunity  of  doing  so,  hoping  that  you  will  condescend 
to  favor  uie  also  with  ti  few  linos.  I  must  tluink  you,  too,  for  the  courtesy  you  accorded  me 
during  my  too  brief  visit  at  the  house  of  our  mutual  friend,  when-  I  hud  the  good  fort luie  to 
meet  you,  and.  I  trust,  the  still  iK'tter  fortune  of  gaining  your  friendship.  Pardon  nie  If  I 
presume  upon  a  short  aojuaintance  and  extend  un  humble  and  respectful  invitation  to  a  seat 
at  the  opera  house  to-morrow  evening.  A  favorable  aiLSwer  returned  by  the  bearer  of  this 
would  grive  much  pleasure  to  your  sincere  friend,  Mauiuce  Mallory. 


N  advisory  letter  from  a  young  to  an  older  person  is  not  in 
good  form,  except  rarely,  when  he  has  had  experience  on 
some  special  subject,  on  which  he  has  been  asked  for  advice. 
Letters  of  counsel  from  older  to  younger  persons  should  be 
kind  and  gentle  in  tone ;  not  made  odious  by  an  assumption  of 
authority;  not  patronizing  nor  dictatorial ;  and  not  so  austere 
as  to  convey  the  impression  that  none  but  a  saint  could  follow  it.  It 
is  better  to  make  the  letter  appear  as  if  it  were  merely  conveying 
information  for  the  benefit  of  the  recipient.  Ko  advice,  either  by 
letter  or  speech,  will  be  heeded  unless  it  is  welcomed  and  valued. 

Indianapolis,  Ind.,  February  6, 1885. 
George  Harris,  Leadville,  Colo.: 

My  Dear  Son,— I  write  to  inform  you  of  my  continued  good  health,  and  to  ask  tiiat  you  will 
be  very  careful  of  yours,  for  my  sake.  Let  me  know  frequently  concerning  your  experience 
there,  and  notify  me  instantly  of  any  ill  fortune  that  may  occur.  I  have  recently  met  Mr. 
Martin,  who  hiis  just  returned  from  Leadville,  and  after  conversing  with  him  I  am  more  cer- 
tain that  you  will  get  on  well,  for  the  sober  and  well  behaved  men  seem  to  be  the  ones  who 
do  best  there,  as  indeed  they  do  everywhere.  He  tells  me  also  that  those  succeed  best  in  a 
new  country  who  begin  by  studying  thoroughly  its  resources,  considering  well  its  possibili- 
ties, informing  themselves  widely  on  the  scientific  principles  governing  its  minerals  and  geol- 
ogy, and  in  all  things  being  ruled  by  reason  rather  than  by  luck,  to  which  no  wise  man  will 
trust.    But  if  there  be  such  thing,  then  may  good  luck  attend  you. 

Your  affectionate  mother,  Mary  A.  Harris. 


COMPLETE   LETTER    WRITER. 


Savannah,  G  a.,  January  20, 1885. 
To  Johnny  and  Jimmy  IJrown  : 

My  Little  Neuhors,— You  may  be  surprised  to  receive  this  from  me,  yet  you  know  that  I 
like  you  too  well  not  to  wish  that  I  could  see  you.  But  since  1  cannot  see  you  at  present,  I 
must  be  contont  with  sending  you  a  letter.  I  wish  you  could  be  here  with  me  as  I  write,  to 
look  out  of  my  window  and  see  the  pretty  sight  which  1  see.  But  there  are  plenty  of  pretty 
sights,  no  doubt,  where  you  are.  Heaveti  and  earth  are  full  of  teauty,  if  we  will  only  look 
for  it.  The  most  beautiful  of  all  things,  however,  is  an  upright  and  spotless  character,  which 
only  the  young  mind  ran  lay  the  foundations  of  with  solid  lione  of  the  future.  Be  wise  to- 
day, my  dear  boys,  then  will  your  wisdom  count  for  much  protit  to  you  when  you  are  old,  be- 
sides keeping  you  happy  while  you  are  young.  Be  studious,  virtuous,  diligent,  shun  evil 
companions,  and  above  all  learn  to  control  and  command  self.  Write  often  to  your  loving 
uncle,  H.  K.  Stekl. 

Villa  Grove,  Colo.,  January  25, 1885. 
Miss  Ethel  Stein,— 1  am  sure  that  even  unsolicited  advice  from  so  old  and  proven  a  friend 
as  I  am  will  not  be  taken  as  an  offense.  Therefore  I  feel  free  to  tell  you,  solely  and  wholly 
for  your  own  good,  and  in  strict  confidence,  that  you  seem  to  Imj  extending  more  than  justin- 
able  favor  to  tne  person  with  whom  I  saw  you  riding  last  evening.  Not  that  he  is  known  to 
me  as  an  actual  criminal,  but  I  have  heard  such  allusions  made  to  him  and  such  incidents  re- 
lated as  con\ince  me  that  his  chai-acter  is  not  above  reproach,  and  his  conduct,  especially 
toward  young  ladies,  is  questionable,  to  say  the  least.  It  is  possible  that  I  am  mistaken,  but  I 
think  not,  and  deemed  best  to  warn  you. 

Very  respectfully,  your  friend,  Addie  Watehbury. 

Waukeoan,  III.,  Janftary  18, 1885. 
Dear  Brother  John, — I  consider  it  proper  to  let  you  knqwthat  the  party  witn  whom  you 
are  sharing  a  room  at  the  Swinton  boarding  house,  in  Milwaukee,  is  not  a  fit  person  to  be  asso- 
ciated Intimately  with  a  man  who,  like  you,  desires  to  remain  a  consistent  Christian  and  an 
honest  man.    He  is  said  to  be  a  confirmed  gambler,  and  I  know  personally  that  he  drinks. 

Your  brother,  Thomas  Jones. 


ETTERS  soliciting  favors  are  so  frequently  received  by  per- 
sons who  have  any  favors  to  grant,  that  the  appeals  of  the 
deserving  often  meet  a  fate  which  is  intended  only  for  the 
unworthy.  Letters  of  request  should,  therefore,  be  very 
carefully  written,  lest  they  include  such  terms  as  may  be  offen- 
sive to  the  reader.  Better  forego  the  desired  favor  than  forfeit 
a  valued  friendship.  But  having  decided  to  wTite  a  letter  of  request, 
so  frame  it  that,  even  if  it  be  not  granted,  the  matter  shall  not  serve 
to  destroy  that  friendship.  A  letter  of  request  should  by  all  means 
avoid  familiarity  or  presumption.  Neither,  on  the  other  hand, 
should  it  be  fawning  nor  flattering,  nor  full  of  self-humiliation. 

Bloomington,  III.,  December  28, 1884. 
Mr.  Potter,  C.  B.  &  Q.  Railway: 

Dear  Sir,— I  inclose  my  annual  pass  for  the  year  VSi,  and  in  view  of  the  large  amount  of 
business  which  I  am  enabled  to  divert  from  other  routes  to  your  company,  I  would  be  pleased 
if  you  could  renew  the  pass  for  the  year  lHa5.    Thanking  you  for  past  favors.  I  remain. 

Yours  truly,  Charles  Goodwin. 

Princeton,  Mo.,  January  14, 188.5. 
Hon.  Thomas  G.  Potter,  Member  of  Congress,  18th  District,  Washington,  D.  C: 

Dear  Sir,— I  am  Induced  to  present  herewith  a  brief  petition,  bearmg  the  names  of  thirty- 
eight  residents  of  Princeton  and  vicinity,  asking  your  influence  in  securing  my  appointment 
as  postmaster.  You  are  aware  that  I  never  before  troubled  you  with  a  petition  or  request, 
although  you  havehonorpd  me  with  your  friendship  so  long.  Being  feeble  from  rheumatism 
I  am  much  in  need  of  such  a  position  as  that  of  postmaster,  for  which  my  friends  assure  me 
I  have  every  necessary  qualification. 

Yours  respectfully,  Solomon  Sears. 

RocKViLLE,  III..  .Taniiary  1.3, 188.5. 
My  Dear  Friend,~l  leave  next  Monday  morning  for  Chicago,  where  I  will  arrive  at  the 
Rock  Island  depot  at  11:45.    If  you  would  meet  me  there  at  that  time  I  would  esteem  it  a  great 
favor.  J.  S.  Thompson. 


Smithvilub,  N.  Y.,  January  30, 1885. 
Messrs.  Jones  &  Gray  .- 

Gentlemen,— I  am  urgrently  in  need  of  a  copy  of  Third  New  York,  Vol.  111.  I  have  a  case 
pending:  in  Circuit  Court  in  which  it  would  assist  me  greatly.  If  you  will  send  me  yours  by 
the  evening  stage,  I  would  esteem  it  a  favor,  and  return  the  book  soon. 

Robert  Hounds. 


New  York  City,  N.  Y.,  Januarv  3, 1885. 
Dear  Sir,— Please  mail  us  at  once  a  copy  of  your  latest  quotations  in  wheat.    Also  be  kind 
enough  to  telegraph  us  Friday  your  rates  on  No.  2  red  winter.  It  would  be  an  accommo<lation 
for  wnicb  we  would  thank  you.  Miller  <!ic  Finn. 


lllBIIIIIIIIWIHIWHIIIIIiailHI!IHWI!t!!W"'!l!'llil'!!lllll 

LETTERS  OF  COMMISERATION 

liHWiHiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiim  %    .*.  ...m, 

n^N  a  friend  is  in  affliction  \ve  can  show  our  sympathy  for 
him  in  no  better  way  than  by  means  of  a  letter,  judiciously 
written,  sent  at  the  right  time ;  not  too  cold  and  business- 
like in  tone,  yet  not  exceeding  the  limits  of  simple  and  un- 
obtrusive sincerity.  Your  presence  at  a  funeral,  or  even  in 
a  grief-stricken  household,  may  not  be  noticed  by  a  mind  over- 
whelmed with  sorrow,  but  a  letter  will  reach  him  when  he  is  pre- 
pared to  read  it,  and  will  be  appreciated.  It  must  be  free  from  any 
kind  of  ostentation,  sparing  of  needless  comment,  not  lengthy — and 
would  better  not  be  sent  at  all  if  it  is  not  a  product  of  genuine 
kindness  and  real  sympathy. 

Shawnbetown,  February  8, 1885. 
Mr.  OoAjt.— Accept  this  small  token  of  my  sympathy  in  your  present  deep  affliction.    It 
was  not  until  yesterday  that  I  learned  of  the  death  of  your  son,  whose  merits  and  worth  so 
adorned  your  family  circle.  Having  myself  at  one  time  undergone  a  similar  bitter  experience, 
I  can  fully  feel  the  extent  of  your  great  loss. 

Sincerely,  your  friend,  Arthur  Powkbs. 

Boston,  Mass.,  March  2, 1886. 
Miss  Ettib  Rurke  : 

Dear  Priendy—\  am  sure  that  I  am  not  intruding  upon  your  sorrow  when  I  express  my 
sympathy  in  the  loss  of  your  dear  sister.  None  knew  better  than  I  her  virtues  and  womanly 
traite,  her  goodness  and  gentle  kindness  to  all.  Aware  that  her  health  was  not  what  it  could 
be  wished,  I  still  thought  and  hoped  until  very  recently  that  she  would  recover  from  her  ill- 
n'"8s  and  live  a  long  and  useful  life.  Our  hopes  are  not  lulttlled,  but  we  have  a  solace  in  know- 
ing that  God  is  as  loving  to  His  children  as  he  is  just,  and  that  He  has  merely  removed  our 
loved  one  to  a  happier  home,  where  sickness  never  comes,  but  where  we  may  one  day  see 
her.  Your  friend,  Mrs.  Lizzie  Clendenino. 

EvANSViLLE,  IND.,  Fcbrury  18, 1885. 
James  T.  Hobson  : 

Mu  Dear  Friend,— Jn  the  telegraphic  columns  of  the  newspapers  this  morning  I  learn  that 
by  the  heavy  fire  in  your  city  all  your  hard-earned  property,  including  your  home,  has  been 
destroyed.  Be  assured  of  the  heartfeltsjTnpathy  of  your  many  friends,  of  whom  I  more  than 
ever  wish  to  be  counted  as  one.  If  there  is  anything  I  can  do  to  help  you  in  your  difficulty, 
let  me  know  promptly.  '  Addison  Bennett. 

Syracuse.  N.  Y.,  February  9, 1885. 
Dear  Cousin,— To  my  deep  regret  I  learn  of  the  shockmg  accident  of  which  your  father 
was  the  victim,  last  Tuesday.    In  this  trouble  you  have  my  entire  sympathy.   Convey  to  your 
mother  my  deep  sense  of  her  loss  and  grief.  Your  cousin,  Henry  Buchanan. 


Detroit,  Mich..  January  35, 1885. 
Mu  Dear  Mrs.  Rnhinsnn,—Jt  is  with  pain  I  find  that  your  little  daughter  still  lingers  on  a 
bed  of  suffering.    I  had  been  sanguine  that  by  this  time  her  long  illne«s  would  give  place  to 
renewed  health.    Be  patient  and  resigned,  my  friend,  in  this  time  of  affliction,  knowing  you 
have  done  everything  possible.    If  there  is  any  ground  for  hope  please  inform  your  friend 

Jennie  Stillwbll, 


COMPLETE    LETTER   WRITER. 


FAMILY  LETTERS. 


I>^.^  v^^:^^^:^2^t?»s^^;^^:;^;:;^Si^:^^;^5»:^*^ 


^^t^ 


ETTERS  between  members  of  a  family  have  too  frequently 
a  tendency  to  enter  into  details  of  gossip  concerning  other 
families,  fault-finding  and  complaint,  morose  reflections, 
and,  in  short,  they  partake  too  much  of  the  nature  of  that  self- 
ish disposition  which  allows  itself  to  vex  the  family  circle  when 
it  would  strive  to  appear  at  its  best  among  strangers.  If  you 
love  your  relatives  do  not  wait  till  they  are  dead  and  then  rear  mar- 
ble shafts  over  them,  but  let  them  know  it  now.  It  is  not  a  mark 
of  weakness  to  express  your  affection  for  a  worthy  object,  and  surely 
you  can  find  no  more  worthy  object  than  the  members  of  the  family 
who  have  shared  your  joys  and  sorrows  around  the  same  fireside. 

Uniontown,  Ky.,  February  9, 1885. 
My  Dear  Son,— I  write  to  say  that  I  am  quite  well  satisfied  with  your  proj^ress  thus  far  in 
Cincinnati,  and  am  glad  that  you  seem  to  be  pleasing  your  employers.  But  remember,  my 
son,  that  the  city  is  full  of  temptations  which  will  be  new  and  attractive  to  you,  and  which 
you  should  guard  against  carefully.  Improve  your  mind  rather  than  debase  it,  wherever 
you  go.  Be  diligent  and  faithful  in  business,  and  know  that  I  have  every  confidence  in  you, 
believing  your  training  has  been  such  that  you  never  can  bring  dishonor  upon  the  home 
which  is  so  proud  of  you.  Write  regularly.  The  members  of  the  family  all  send  their  love, 
and  wish  you  the  utmost  success.    Your  affectionate  father,  John  Monroe. 


Cincinnati,  O.,  February  15, 1885. 
My  Dear  Father,—  Your  kind  letter  was  duly  received,  for  which  I  thank  you.  I  appre- 
ciate fully  your  parental  admonition  and  wise  advice.  It  is  such  as  I  have  always  needed  and 
often  received,  to  my  profit.  My  city  experience  thus  far  is,  as  you  seem  to  think,  even  more 
favorable  than  I  had  expected.  I  am  doing  the  best  I  am  able  for  my  employers,  and  learn- 
ing many  things  about  the  details  of  business  which  will  be  of  benefit  to  me  in  every  way. 
You  may  rely  upon  me  fully  to  pursue  an  honorable  career,  limited  in  success  only  by  ray 
ability.  Your  son,  Charles  G.  Monroe. 


Danville,  III.,  Januar}'  2. 188.5. 
My  Beloved  Daughter,— I  cannot  tell  you  how  much  you  are  missed  at  home.  Your  ab- 
sence, even  for  so  short  a  time,  causes  me  to  feel  the  more  keenly  how  much  I  love  you. 
Therefore  see  to  it  that  your  visit  is  made  a  pleasant  one,  and  enjoy  it  fully;  otherwise  it  will 
not  compensate  for  the  regret  I  feel  at  seeing  each  day  your  empty  chair.  Yet  I  want  you 
to  be  very  happy,  my  dear  daughter,  so  remain  as  long  as  you  think  best.  I  am  sure  it  will 
not  be  necessary  to  urge  or  even  to  remind  you  to  conduct  yourself  in  every  way  as  becomes 
a  daughter  of  mine,  and  be  always  a  true  lady.  Write  often  to  your  loving  and  anxious 
mother.  Sarah  Madden. 


Lafayette,  Ind.,  January  12, 1885. 
Mrs.  Sarah  Madden,  Danville: 

Dear  Mnther,—!  thank  you  for  your  letter,  which  was  most  welcome  Indeed.  I  am  glad 
to  know  how  much  you  love  me  and  think  of  me.  Be  assured,  dear  mother,  that  T  love  j'ou 
quite  as  much,  and  wish  you  could  be  here  with  me,  enjoying  the  pleasures  which  my  kind 
friends  are  providing  for  my  entertainment.  I  will  probably  remain  not  longer  than  two 
weeks,  and  meanwhile  will  do  my  best  to  please  the  friends  who  have  received  me  with  such 
hospitality.    I  shall  let  you  know  the  day  I  will  return.    Your  affectionate  daughter, 

Nelxie  Madden. 


COMPLETE    LETTEE   WHITER, 


INTRODUCTORY  LETTERS. 


T  is  customary  in  introducing  one  person  to  another  to  have 
very  little  to  say  beyond  the  formal  announcement  of  the 
names,  unless  the  person  who  is  being  introduced  is  a  well 
known  and  intimate  friend,  in  which  case  a  very  brief  recom- 
mendation is  admissible,  as,  "  Mr.  Jones,  this  is  my  friend,  Mr. 
Bro\vn."  In  a  letter  of  introduction  the  same  policy  should 
rule — that  of  being  non-committal  concerning  the  character  of  the 
person  you  are  introducing,  unless  you  are  so  well  and  favorably 
acquainted  as  to  be  ready  to  assume  the  partial  responsibility  in- 
volved in  any  introduction,  which  is  supposed  in  almost  all  cases  to 
carry  with  it  a  certain  degree  of  recommendation. 

Office  of  Osbiston  A  Crowxli.,  87  College  Street,  Toledo,  O., » 

March  8, 1886.  f 

Barbour  &  Brothers,  New  York : 

GcntUmen,—ThiB  will  Introduce  to  you  the  bearer,  Mr.  Robert  Uichardson,  who  is  one  of 
our  salesmen.  He  will  spend  a  short  vacation  in  the  metropolis.  Please  extend  to  him  any 
courtesies  necessary  during  his  stay  in  the  city.    Yours  very  truly, 

Stephens  U  Sicith,  Per  Smith. 


ViNCENNES.  Ind.,  January  8, 1885. 
Mr.  Jbhfwon,— Permit  me  to  introduce  to  you  my  friend,  Mrs.  Addie  Grifllth,  who  will  ar- 
rive there  to-morrow,  and  is  desirous  of  makmg  some  purchases  In  your  line.  Any  courtesies 
extended  to  her  will  be  appreciated  by 


Mrs.  Mary  Rose. 


HvDK  Pakk,  III.,  February  16. 1885. 
Miss  Eva  F.  Sander»in,— Allow  me  to  present  to  you  my  iic<iiiaintance,  Mr.  Shaw.    lam 
very  sure  that  you  will  find  hun  an  excellent  and  agreeable  gentleman. 

Respectfully,  Samuel  Christy. 

Whkeumo,  W.  Va.,  January  16, 1885. 
Mr.  Wilmam  SCAKiiOir,  Louisville : 

Dear  Sfr,— The  bearer,  Mr.  Harry  Severn,  will  meet  you  on  your  arrival  at  Frankfort,  and 
conduct  you  to  my  rraldence,  where  he  will  entertain  you  during  my  absence.  I  think  you 
will  be  pleased  to  form  bis  acquaintance.  David  Stanton. 

Minneapolis.  Minn.,  February  8, 1885. 
Mrs.  T.  C.  Scott,— This  letter  will  introduce  to  you  a  lady  whose  acquaintance  you  have 
expressed  a  wish  to  form.  Miss  Harriet  Hussoll.    You  will  find  her  all  that  I  have  described  to 
you,  and  I  am  sure  you  will  value  her  friendship. 

Your  friend,  Sallib  Murdock. 


T  is  often  necessary  to  decline  a  gift,  or  other  offering,  and 
it  will  usually  be  found  difficult  to  frame  the  letter  of  decli- 
nation in  such  manner  as  will  be  certain  not  to  give  offense. 
Most  people  feel  their  self-esteem  wounded  when  they  find  their 
gifts  or  their  sympathy  refused.     In  this  they  are,  perhaps, 
justifiable,  unless  very  good  reasons  are  shown  to  exist  for 
making  the  declination.    If  a  gift  is  declined,  an  explicit  showing  of 


COMPLETE   LETTEK   WKITEK. 


the  cause  for  it  should  be  made.  To  dedine  the  acceptance  of  ad- 
vice, however,  is  usually  done  tacitly,  for  many  people  are  over-pro- 
fuse in  giving  it.  When  a  lady  declines  the  attentions  of  a  gentle- 
man it  is  optional  with  her  whether  or  not  she  states  her  reasons, 
but  all  declinations  should  be  as  gently  made  as  possible.  If  a  reason 
must  be  given,  the  truth  is  always  better  than  a  false  excuse,  the 
detection  of  which  might  cause  embarrassment. 

Washington,  D.  C,  February  6, 1885. 
Mr.  R.  H.  Blake,  Superintendent  X.  &  Z.  Railway: 

Dear  Sir,— Inclosed  I  return  the  annual  pass  over  your  road,  so  kindly  sent  me  last  week. 
Toward  you,  personally,  you  cannot  doubt  thtit  I  entertain  only  the  proloundest  reg'ard.  In 
view,  however,  of  the  tact  that  a  land  grant  bill  involvinj?  the  interei-ts  of  your  company  is  to 
come  before  congress  at  this  session,  and  of  the  further  fact  that  I  am  expected  to  give  an 
unbiased  vote  thereon,  you  will  understand  my  motives  in  returning  the  pass,  and  will  still 
believe  me  your  friend,  Samuel  Bancroft,  M.  C. 


EvANSTON,  Ind.,  January  30, 1885. 
Jfr.  Howard  Hifin'ej/,— With  much  regret  I  am  obliged  to  decline  your  kind  invitation,  as 
circumstances  over  which  I  have  no  control  make  it  impossible  to  accept  it. 

Very  respectfully,  Annie  J.  Lemon. 


Office  of  De  Remer  &  Clement,  93  Spring  St.,  I 
New  Orleans,  La.,  January  18, 1885.  j 

Messrs.  Brooks  &  Fish  : 

Gentlemen,— Your  very  complimentary  note,  offering  a  desirable  position  in  your  service, 
is  at  hand.  Allow  me,  while  declining  vour  proposal,  which  is  made  necessary  by  my  present 
contract,  to  express  my  gratitude  for  this  unsolicited  mark  of  your  esteem.  On  some  future 
occasion  I  might  be  at  liberty  to  accept  your  very  favorable  offer.    I  am,  gentlemen. 

Your  obedient  servant,  John  T.  O'Connor. 


Cairo,  III.,  February  7, 1885. 
Aldermen  Rice,  Fillmore,  and  others : 

GenWemcji,— Your  favor  of  this  date  is  at  hand,  informing  me  of  your  intention  to  propose 
my  name  for  the  office  of  mayor  at  the  forthcoming  municipal  convention,  and  stating  your 
belief  that  you  can  accomplish  my  nomination  and  election.  I  must  decline  your  generous 
offer,  gentlemen,  for  the  reason  that  I  seek  no  office  in  the  gift  of  the  people,  though,  indeed, 
I  seek  the  good  will  of  all.  In  doing  so,  however,  I  must  confess  my  surprise  at  the  high  place 
I  seem  to  have  attained  in  your  regard,  and  express  my  deep  thanks  for  this  most  unmistak- 
able testimony  of  your  approbation. 

Most  respectfully  yours,  Hiram  Goodman. 


LETTERS  WITH  PRESENTS. 


iiiniiiiiiiiHiiiiiiii 


LETTER  accompanying  or  explaining  a  present  should  be 
short  and  concise.  It  is  not  necessary  to  dwell  at  length 
on  the  high  opinion  held  of  the  person  to  whom  the  present 
is  made.  The  gift  speaks  for  itself,  and  the  letter  need  not 
go  further  than  merely  to  explain  the  circumstances  of  the 
presentation  and  give  the  names  of  the  donors.  Its  object 
should  be  a  genuine  desire  to  confer  pleasure,  and  never  a  motive 
which  can  possibly  be  construed  as  a  desire  to  bias  or  bribe.  The 
person  receiving  the  gift  should  use  his  own  judgment  in  making 
his  reply  or  acknowledgment.    The  reply  should  be  returned  within 


a  reasonable  time,  but  neither  in  itself  nor  in  the  circumstances 
under  which  it  is  made,  should  it  imply  a  pecuniary  debt. 


D  Shops,  ) 
N,  III.,  V 
ry  8,  1885. ) 


L.  P.  &  W.  T.  liAiLROAD  Shops,  1 
Columbus  J  unction,  J 
February  1 
Henry  B.  Osborn,  Master  Mechanic: 

Dear  .Sir,— Unwllllinf  to  intrude  upon  your  privacy  in  the  sick  room  to  which  you  are  con- 
fined, and  from  which  wo  trust  you  may  soon  be  liberated,  we,  your  employes  in  the  L.  P.  & 
W.  T.  machine  shops,  herewith  send  you  by  bearer  a  watob  and  chain,  as  a  small  token  of  our 
esteem  for  you  as  a  man,  a  citizen  and  an  employer.  Thomas  L.  Seybold, 

Chief  Clerk, 
Bepreeentin?  L.  P.  &  W.  T.  employes. 


Sedalia,  Mo.,  Februar>-  5, 1885. 
Rev.  John  M.  Tatlok: 

Dear  i-Viend,— Considering  the  unusually  good  fortune  which  has  attended  my  business 
efforts  of  late,  I  beg  leave  to  remind  you,  my  old  friend  and  pastor,  of  my  continued  rcg^ord, 
and  request  that  for  the  sake  of  old  times  you  accept  the  check  accompanying  this  letter. 

Yours  very  truly,  J.  P.  Eldeu. 

Philadelphia,  Pa.,  March  1. 1885. 
Charles  8.  Adamh: 

Dair  Fyiend,—Vor  the  sake  of  old  times  when  we  were  boys  together,  and  for  the  sake  of 
your  estimable  wife,  I  entreat  you,  in  view  of  your  recent  deplorable  niisfortuues,  to  forget 
your  pride  and  accept  as  freely  as  it  is  loaned  (for  wo  will  regard  it  nierely  as  a  loan),  the  In- 
closed small  draft.    By  doing  so  you  will  greatly  please  your  anxious  friend. 

Theodore  Kramer. 


DbsMoinrb,  Iowa,  February  10, 1885, 
Mrs.  S.  E.  Moore: 

Dear  Teacher,— The  beautiful  clock  accompanying  this  is  a  present  from  your  pupils,  who 
desire  that  you  accept  it  as  a  testimonial  of  their  esteem. 

Nettie  Trelawney,    'oommittee 
Harry  G.  Thompson,  f  ^™™««e. 

Kai^mazoo,  Mich..  January  14, 188.5. 
Mi88  Jessie  Oraham,  (rarden  Street,— Thinking  vou  might  be  pleased  to  attend  the  roller 
skating  rink  this  evening,  as  there  are  to  be  unusual  attractions.  I  will,  if  agreeable,  call  for 
you  at  7:1)0  p.  ra.  Verj'  truly,  Jacob  Palmer. 


Beaver  Farm,  February  30, 1885. 
Master  Johnny  Sims: 

Dear  Nepheu\—\  am  told  that  on  your  recent  visit  at  my  farm  you  much  admired  the 
black  Shetland  pony.  Please  come  again  when  your  school  is  out,  and  ride  the  pony  home 
with  you  us  a  gift  from  your  uncle,  Louis  Haywobtu. 


•"I='''*^#>- 


USING  PROFANE  L^NGU^GL 


-'**^^*'#— <> 


'^mw- 


f 


HE  deplorable  prevalence  of  the  habit  of  using  profane 
language  in  American  society  is  unhappily  such  as  al- 
most to  make  it  a  national  characteristic,  and  is  a  source 
of  pain,  regret  and  mortification  to  every  one  whose 
patriotism  would  seek  to  invest  American  citizenship, 
which  is  the  highest  citizenship  of  the  world,  with  the 
highest  dignities  and  the  most  elevated  moral  attri- 
butes of  manhood,  in  its  most  exalted  sense.  It  is  often 
a  matter  of  speculation,  how  a  practice  which,  when  con- 
sidered by  itself,  even  by  those  who  resort  to  it,  is  uni- 
versally acknowledged  to  be  idle,  vicious  and  degrading, 
should  come  to  have  such  a  general  sway,  and  that  too  in  spite  of 
the  fact  that  the  statutes  of  every  state  of  the  Union  make  profane 
language  an  offense  against  the  laws — to  say  nothing  of  the  shock- 
ing recklessness  of  divine  injunction'  which  is  involved.  This  is 
probably  accounted  for  by  the  peculiarities  of  life  on  this  continent, 
which  so  early  take  the  youth  away  from  the  wholesome  influences 
of  home,  and  the  gentle  but  effectual  restraint  imposed  by  associa- 
tion with  mother  and  sisters,  and  with  general  female  society.  The 
youth  who  is  thro^vn  upon  his  own  resources,  in  a  strange  city,  if 
his  mental  fibre  be  not  vigorous  enough  to  enable  him  to  hold  fast 
those  moral  precepts  in  which  the  pious  training  of  the  mother- 
love  has  grounded  him — if  he  have  not  the  wisdom  to  seize  the 
golden  hours  of  youth  and  leisure  and  turn  them  to  his  own  higher 
pleasure,  advancement  and  profit ;  if  he  have  not  the  prudence  to 
take  advantage  of  his  idle  time,  for  his  own  improvement,  by  study- 
ing the  chart  of  the  royal  road  to  health,  happiness,  wealth,  pleasure 
and  prosperity,  which  the  labor  of  other  men  and  their  experience 
map  out  before  him,  in  such  a  book  as  this:  if  he  have  none  of 
these  defenses  against  vicious  habits,  he  will  surely  fall  into  com- 
pany where  oaths  fliow  as  naturally  from  the  mouths  of  the  hard- 
ened and  indifferent,  as  the  pestilent  and  mephitic  vapors  exhale 
from  the  poisonous  fermentations  of  decomposition;  and  where  the 
habit  is  acquired,  which,  against  the  better  judgment  and  the  sense 

189 


t 


of  decency  and  morality,  will  cling  to  him  through  life,  not  only 
lessening  his  self-respect,  but  the  esteem  of  others.  Even  those  who 
use  it  will  acknowledge  that  it  is  a  vile,  abominable,  immoral,  disgust- 
ing, senseless  and  depraved  habit,  neither  ornamental  to  the  con- 
versation nor  essential  to  the  understanding.  Every  youth  should 
early  comprehend  these  features  of  profanity,  and  in  life's  spring- 
time, cultivate  the  habit  of  so  guarding  his  tongue  that  noth- 
ing shall  ever  escape  his  mouth,  which  would  shock  the  prat- 
tling innocence  of  his  little  sister  or  give  pain  to  the  mother  by 
whose  knees  he  lisped  his  infantile  petitions  to  the  Throne  of  Grace. 
Keep  ever  before  the  eye  of  the  mind,  those  words :  "  Take  not  the 
name  of  the  Lord  thy  God  in  vain ;  f6r  the  Lord  will  not  hold  him 
guiltless  who  taketh  His  name  in  vain."  And  bear  in  mind,  too, 
when  tempted  to  perpetrate  or  to  exercise  this  impious  offense — 
an  offense  equally  against  the  laws  of  God,  morality  and  humanity 
— those  terribly  suggestive  words  of  Longfellow : 

"The  mills  of  GJod  grind  slowly, 
But  they  grind  exceedingly  small. 
With  patience,  stands  He  waiting, 
With  exactness  grinds  He  all." 

Let  the  young  man  bear  in  mind,  also,  that  if  the  heart  and  the 
mind  and  the  morals  be  clean  and  pure,  no  such  foul  utterances  can 
flow  from  those  well-springs  of  life.  Reflect,  then,  when  you  find 
yourself  giving  way  to  profanity,  that  there  is  a  taint  of  poison  in 
that  fountain  of  existence,  upon  which  the  health  of  your  morals, 
the  measure  of  your  self-respect  and  the  happiness  of  your  life  de- 
pend. Cleanse  your  thoughts  and  your  conversation  at  once  from 
this  foul  impurity,  and  by  exercise  of  the  habit  of  self-control,  and 
a  stern  determination  to  avoid  profanity,  in  deference  to  decency 
and  what  you  owe  to  yourself,  if  not  to  your  sense  of  morality, 
banish  from  your  lips  those  expressions  which  are  unworthy  the  dig- 
nity of  manhood,  degrading  to  intellectual  pride  and  offensive  to 
religion  and  morals. 

LUCKY  WEDDING  DAYS. 

Many  people  fear  to  violate  marriage  superstitions.  Certain  periods  and  dates  for 
marriage  ceremonies  are  believed  to  be  more  fortunate  than  others,  which  is  no  doubt 
occasioned  by  some  ancient  idea  of  astrology.  But  few  people  are  willing  to  admit 
they  are  superstitious,  not  only  in  the  matter  of  marriage,  but  in  every  other,  and 
when  speaking  on  the  subject,  not  only  treat  it  lightly,  but  laugh  at  the  very  idea, 
generally  terming  it  an  old  woman's  whim.  However,  there  al-e  undoubtedly  but  few 
of  any  race  or  religion  who  can  truthfully  say  they  are  entirely  free  from  it. 

Following  is  a  list  of  the  days  which  are  considered  the  most  fortunate: 
February  6,  7, 18;  March  1.  6,  8;  April  6, 11;  May  5,  6,  7;  June  7,  15;  July  7, 15;  August 
15,  19;  September  6,  7;  October  6;  November  16,  17,  and  December  15,  16,  17. 


Arkansas — Bear  state. 

Atlanta — Gate  city. 

Baltimore — Monumental  city,  from  the  grand  monuments. 

Boston — Athens  of  America.     The  Hub. 

Brooklyn — City  of  Churches. 

Buffalo — Queen  city  of  the  lakes. 

California — Golden  state. 

Canada — Canuck ;  a  Canadian  is  so  called.  Also  written  Can- 
nuck,  and  K'nuck,  a  French  Canadian. 

Chicago — Garden  city. 

Cincinnati — Queen  city  of  the  west.     Porkopolis. 

Cleveland — Forest  city. 

Colorado — Centennial  state. 

Columbia — Palmetto  city ;  the  capital  of  South  Carolina  is  so 
called  from  the  arms  of  the  state,  which  contain  a  palmetto. 

Connecticut — Blue  Law  state.  Nutmeg  or  Free  stone.  Land  of 
steady  habits. 

Delaware — Diamond  state.     Blue  Hen. 

Detroit — City  of  the  straits. 

Florida — Peninsula  state. 

Georgia — Empire  of  the  south.     Crackers. 

Gulf  states — Florida,  Alabama,  Mississippi,  Louisiana  and  Texas. 

Illinois — Prairie  or  Sucker  state.  Natives  called  suckers  from 
the  habit,  in  early  days,  of  sucking  water  from  crawfish  holes  with 
hollow  Aveeds.  Southeastern  portion  called  Egypt,  from  fertility  of 
the  soil,  and  alleged  mental  darkness. 

Indiana — Hoosier,  a  corruption  of  the  term  husher,  applied  to 
rough  men  from  Indiana  who  exhibited  a  disposition  to  hush  up 
their  opponents.  Applied  by  the  Kentuckians  to  neighbors  in  Indi- 
ana, who  respond  to  a  knock  on  the  door,  "  Who's  yere  ? " 

Indianapolis — Railroad  city. 

Iowa — Hawkeye  state,  from  old  Hawkeye,  an  Indian  chief. 

Jayhawker — A  cant  name  for  a  lawless  or  other  soldier  not 
enlisted. 

SCo  191 


Kansas — Jayhawker,  or  Garden  of  the  west. 

Kentucky — Blue  grass,  or  Dark  and  bloody  ground.  Corn- 
crackers. 

Keokuk  (Iowa) — Gate  city,  from  its  position  on  the  Mississippi 
river,  a  natural  center  of  navigation. 

Louisiana — Pelican  state.     Creole. 

Louisville — Falls  city. 

Lowell  (Mass.) — City  of  spindles. 

Maine — Pine  Tree  state. 

Massachusetts — Original  name,  Massachusetts  Bay.  Hence,  Bay 
state. 

Michigan — "Wolverine. 

Minnesota — Gopher,  or  North  Star  state. 

Mississippi — Bayou  state. 

Missouri — Bullion  state,  from  Senator  Benton,  who  was  partial 
to  coin  money.  He  was  called  Old  Bullion.  Natives  are  nicknamed 
Pukes. 

Montreal — City  of  the  Mountain  and  the  Eapids. 

Nashville — City  of  Bocks. 

Nevada — Silver. 

New  Brunswick — Blue  Noses. 

New  Hampshire — Granite  state. 
•  New  Haven  (Conn.) — City  of  Elms. 

New  Jersey — Jersey  Blues. 

New  Orleans — Crescent  city,  because  of  its  shape. 

New  York — Gotham,  so  called  from  the  alleged  odd  erudition 
displayed  by  its  inhabitants.  A  descendant  of  one  of  the  old  Dutch 
families  was  called  a  Knickerbocker.  (New  York  was  first  settled 
by  the  Low  Dutch,  in  1614.) 

New  York  (state) — Empire,  or  Excelsior.     Knickerbocker. 

North  Carolina — Old  North  state.     Turpentine.     Tar  Heels. 

Nutmeg  state — Connecticut,  on  account  of  the  story  that  wooden 
nutmegs  are  manufactured  there  for  exportation. 

Ohio — Buckeye  state,  from  the  buckeye  tree  which  grows  there. 

Oregon — Web-foot  state. 

Pennsylvania — Keystone  state,  from  its  central  position  as  regards 
the  other  original  states. 

Philadelphia — Quaker  city.    City  of  Brotherly  Love. 

Pittsburgh — Iron  city. 

Portland  (Maine) — Forest  city. 

Quebec — Gibraltar  of  America. 

Rhode  Island — Little  Rhody. 


STATE   NOMENCLATUEE. 


San  Francisco — City  of  the  Golden  Gate. 

Springfield  (III.) — Flower  city. 

South  Carolina — Palmetto  state. 

St.  Louis — Mound  city,  from  the  mounds  found  there  before  the 
city  was  built. 

Tennessee — Mudheads,  the  natives  of  that  state  are  so  caUed. 
Big  Bend  state. 

Texas — Lone  Star,  from  the  single  star  in  the  center  of  the  flag 
of  that  state.     Beetheads. 

Toronto — City  of  Colleges. 

Up-country — In  New  Hampshire,  used  on  the  coast. 

Utah — ^Mormon. 

Vermont — Green  Mountain  state. 

Virginia — Old  Dominion,  "When  a  colony,  the  king  called  it 
"  The  Colony  and  Dominion  of  Virginia."     Mother  of  States. 

"Washington — City  of  Magnificent  Distances. 

"West  Virginia — Panhandle  state. 

Wisconsin — Badger  state. 

(BxiQin  of  tftje  p:amjes  of  Miixtcs. 

Alabama  comes  from  a  Greek  work,  signifying  "The  land  of 
rest." 

Arkansas  is  derived  from  the  Indian  word  Kansas,  "  Smoky 
"Waters,"  with  the  French  prefix  of  ark,  "a  bow." 

California,  from  a  Spanish  romance,  in  which  is  described  "  the 
great  island  of  California  where  an  abundance  of  gold  and  precious 
stones  are  found." 

Colorado,  ruddy  or  blood-red,  from  the  color  of  the  water  of  Col- 
orado river. 

Connecticut  was  Monegan,  spelled  originally  Qoun-eh-ta-cut, 
signifying  "  a  long  river." 

Delaware  derives  its  name  from  Thomas  "West,  Lord  De  la  Ware, 
governor  of  Virginia. 

Florida  gets  its  name  from  Kasquas  de  Flores,  or  "  Feast  of  the 
Flowers." 

Illinois'  name  is  derived  from  the  Indian  word  "  lUini,"  men,  and 
the  French  affix  "  ois,"  making  "  Tribe  of  men." 

Indiana's  name  came  from  that  of  the  Indians. 

Iowa  signifies,  in  the  Indian  language,  "The  drowsy  ones." 

Kansas  is  an  Indian  word  for  smoky  water. 

Kentucky  also  is  an  Indian  name,  "  Kain-tuk-ae,"  signifying,  at 
the  head  of  the  river. 


Louisiana  was  so  named  in  honor  of  Louis  XIV. 

Maine  takes  its  name  from  the  province  of  Main,  in  France,  and 
was  so  called  in  compliment  to  the  queen  of  Charles  I.,  Henrietta, 
its  owner. 

Maryland  receives  its  name  from  the  queen  of  Charles  L,  Henri- 
etta Maria. 

Massachusetts,  from  the  Indian  language,  signifying  the  country 
about  the  great  hills. 

Michigan's  name  was  derived  from  the  lake,  the  Inchan  name  for 
fish-weir,  or  trap,  which  "the  shape  of  the  lake  suggested. 

Minnesota,  an  Indian  word  for  "  Cloudy  water." 

Mississippi  derived  its  name  from  that  of  the  great  river,  which 
is,  in  the  Natchez  tongue,  "The  Father  of  "Waters." 

Missouri  is  an  Indian  name  for  muddy,  having  reference  to  the 
muddiness  of  the  Missouri  river. 

New  Hampshire — first  called  Laconia — from  Hampshire,  Eng- 
land. 

New  Jersey  was  named  by  one  of  its  original  proprietors,  Sir 
George  Carter,  after  the  island  of  Jersey,  in  the  British  channel,  of 
which  he  was  governor. 

New  York  was  so  named  as  a  compliment  to  the  Duke  of  York, 
whose  brother,  Charles  II.,  granted  him  that  territory. 

The  Carolinas  were  named  in  honor  of  Charles  I.,  and  Georgia 
in  honor  of  Charles  II. 

Ohio  is  the  Shawnee  name  for  "  The  beautiful  river." 

Oregon,  from  its  river,  in  Indian  meaning  "  River  of  the  "West." 

Pennsylvania^  as  is  generally  known,  takes  its  name  from  "William 
Penn,  and  the  word  "  silvania,"  meaning  woods. 

Rhode  Island  gets  its  name  from  the  fancied  resemblance  of  the 
island  to  that  of  Rhodes  in  the  ancient  Levant. 

Tennessee  is  an  Indian  name,  meaning  "  The  river  with  the  big 
bend." 

Vermont,  from  the  Green  mountains.     (French,  verd  mont.) 

Virginia  gets  its  name  from  Queen  Elizabeth,  the  unmarried,  or 
Virgin  Queen. 

West  Virginia  is  simply  a  geographical  designation.     From  its 
shape,  the  northern  part  is  called  "  Panhandle  state." 

"Wisconsin's  name  is  said  to  be  the  Indian  name  for  a  wild  rush- 
ing channel. 


.  ^ — .040 — >.^ 


liiiiisici  f 


'i%^^^ — "^ 


^rONG  the  brightest  attractions  of  the  household  are  the 
singing  birds  which  pour  forth  their  cheerful  songs,  often 
seeming  as  if  trying  to  drive  away  care  and  banish  ill- 
feeling  from  the  family  circle.  Waking  at  the  first  ray 
of  sunlight,  and  apparently  never  conscious  that  they 
are  in  prison,  these  little  pets  cheer  us.  by  their  joy  and 
fill  the  air  with  melody.  "We,  therefore,  owe  them  a 
debt,  which  is  easily  paid  in  good  treatment  and  regular 
care.  But  little  trouble  or  work  is  required  each  day  in 
attending  to  their  wants,  and  no  creature  seems  to  derive 
so  much  happiness  from  such  simple  care. 

CANARIES. 

The  canary  bird  is  the  most  popular  and  common,  the  most  easily  provided  for 
and  the  most  lively  of  our  feathered  pets,  and  has  improved  in  captivity  much  beyond 
the  wild  bird  of  the  Canary  Islands.  In  their  native  home  the  birds  mate  late  in 
March,  building  the  nest  at  a  considerable  height  above  the  ground. 

The  German  Hartz  canary  looks  much  like  the  wild  bird.  The  Parisian  or  Dutch 
Belgian  is  longer  in  the  body  and  legs,  its  back  arched  and  breast  ruffled.  Of  the 
former  variety  there  are  the  bright  yellow,  the  straw  colored,  the  yellowish  white,  the 
green  or  gray,  and  the  cream  colored.  There  are  also  spotted  or  mottled  canaries,  and 
thoser  called  swallows.     The  cream  colored  is  also  known  as  the  filbert. 

Of  the  Belgian  canary  the  Parisian  is  quite  large,  the  Holland  is  smaller  and  with 
imperfect  ruffles,  and  the  Brussels  has  a  rather  flat  head.  The  German  birds  are  the 
best  singers,  and  the  best  colors  are  those  which  are  uniform  over  the  whole  body.  A 
bird  approaching  an  orange  color,  with  the  color  the  same  from  head  to  tail,  is  rare 
and  costly. 

The  canary  should  be  given  a  comfortably  large  cage,  and  the  fact  that  he  keeps 
his  health  in  a  very  small  one  is  no  argument  against  promoting  his  comfort.  If  the 
cage  is  painted,  no  mineral  should  be  in  the  paint,  and  a  green  arsenic  paint  is 
dangerous.  A  neat  wooden  cage,  simply  oiled  with  linseed  oil,  is  preferable,  and  a 
metal  cage  is  better  than  an  unoiled  wooden  one,  as  it  gives  no  harbor  for  insects. 
The  perches  may  be  of  different  sizes,  but  should  not  be  too  small.  In  cleaning  the 
cage  use  clear  cold  water,  and  rub  dry.  Scrape  the  perches  without  washing,  and 
renew  the  sand.  Give  the  bird  clean  water  to  drink  and  for  bathing  at  least  once  a 
day.  Canaries  thrive  best  on  a  mixture  of  what  is  called  canary  seed  and  rape  seed. 
See  that  you  are  not  swindled  by  buying  a  poor  quality  of  seed.  Give  hemp  seed 
sparingly.  Foung  birds  should  have  hard-boiled  egg  from  time  to  time  until  they  are 
six  months  old;  also  flax  seed  which  has  been  broken  for  them.  The  old  birds  will 
crack  the  flax  seeds  themselves.     Do  not  give  sugar  and  cake  regvdarly  nor  frequently 

195 


HOUSEHOLD   FAVOKITES. 


In  warm  weather  vary  the  diet  of  the  birds  with  lettuce,  sweet  apple  and  chick  weed. 
Cuttle-flsh  should  always  be  kept  iu  the  cage,  being  fastened  with  a  thin  wire.  Be 
careful  to  avoid  bread  containing  salt  or  soda,  and  other  such  things.  The  bathing 
dish  should  be  placed  on  the  floor  of  the  cage.  Everything  must  be  kept  very  clean. 
The  bath  may  be  given  by  removing  Ihe  floor  of  the  cage  and  placing  the  cage  over 
the  bath  alone  on  a  table.     The  sand  should  be  mixed  with  fine  gravel. 

The  breeding  time  is  from  February  to  April,  according  to  the  warmth  of  your 
room.  Fasten  a  suitable  box  in  the  cage,  and  place  on  the  floor  such  stuff  as  short-cut 
hemp,  manilla,  threads,  hair,  etc.,  allowing  the  birds  to  build  the  nest  themselves. 
When  the  birds  are  breeding  give  them  no  baths.  Place  egg  shells  in  the  cage.  When 
the  young  birds  have  been  hatched  supply  finely-chopped  yolk  of  eggs,  and  in  a  few 
days  rnir  it  with  crumbs  of  crackers  and  the  usual  seeds,  with  a  little  poppy -seed. 


During  the  moulting  time,  which  occurs  once  a  year,  about  September,  the  birds 
will  require  especial  care.  Keep  the  cage  in  a  sheltered  place,  obviating  all  chance  of 
cold.  Let  the  supply  of  sand  and  water  be  frequently  renewed.  Change  the  diet 
frequently,  and  put  a  rusty  nail  and  a  clove  in  the  drinking  water.  If  the  bird's  song 
become  husky  it  has  caught  cold.  Dissolve  a  small  quantity  of  licorice  in  the  water, 
and  mix  some  flax  seed  with  the  canary  and  rape  seed. 

THE  MOCKING  BIRD. 
This  is  one  of  the  finest  songsters  in  the  world;  but  he  is  a  southern  bird,  breeding 
but  little  farther  norlh  than  the  Ohio  river,  and  not  then  except  on  sandy  strips  of  open 
land,  and  taking  flight  at  the  first  sign  of  cold  weather.  It  is  therefore  more  difficult 
to  keep  mocking  birds  than  others,  in  cold  latitudes.  The  mocking  bird  lays  four 
eggs,  and  the  young  birds  are  exceedingly  voracious,  keeping  both  their  parents  hard 
at  work  to  supply  them.     The  mocking  bird  wants  no  dainties,  but  will  eat  almost 


.««r^- 


HOUSEHOLD   FAVORITES. 


anything,  including  all  kinds  of  insects  and  fruits.  The  young  birds  must  be  given 
plenty  of  spiders.  If  the  young  ones  can  be  kept  alive  till  after  their  first  moulting 
time  they  are  all  right,  and  may  live  many  years;  but  not  more  than  one  out  of  half  a 
dozen  can  be  so  reared,  except  with  the  best  of  attention.  Give  them  plenty  of  wat<  r, 
and  mix  oat  meal  with  their  wetted  corn  meal,  besides  mashed  potatoes  and  haid- 
boiled  eggs.  When  the  birds  are  older  give  them  the  usual  "mocking-bird  food '» 
obtained  of  dealers.    Mix  it  with  crushed  carrots.     Give  a  little  pepper  now  and  then. 

THE  RED  BIRD. 
The  treatment  of  the  red  bird  should  be  nearly  the  same  with  the  mocking  bird, 
which  is  another  very  fine  singer  when  he  chooses  to  sing  at  all.  The  southern  red 
bird  is  dark  and  dingy  in  color,  and  is  a  good  singer.  The  bright  red  northern  bird, 
though  so  handsome  in  appearance,  is  but  a  poor  songster.  Give  the  red  bird  plenty 
of  variety  in  diet,  and  a  large  cage.  He  can  be  charmed  and  killed  with  especial  ease 
by  cats.    The  red  bird  often  lives  to  a  remarkable  age. 

PIGEONS. 
With  a  good  pigeon-house,  well  sheltered,  and  clean  water  near  by,  with  small 
grains  and  other  such  food,  pigeons  will  take  care  of  themselves  with  very  little 
trouble.  Vermin  are  the  chief  pests  which  trouble  them;  and  they  will  do  better  if 
the  nests  and  boxes  are  lined  with  slate,  or  planed  smooth  and  oiled.  Cats  and  hawks 
are  their  perpetual  enemies.  By  obtaining  a  few  fancy  pigeons,  such  as  pouters,  car- 
riers and  fan-tails,  valuable  broods  can  soon  be  reared. 

PARROTS. 
The  gray  parrots  are  most  hardy,  but  are  sensitive  to  cold  draughts  and  dampness. 
Parrots  should  be  kept  out  of  doors  in  warm  weather,  and  in  winter  given  the  benefit 
of  sunshine  as  much  as  possible.  The  perches  should  never  be  of  metal,  but  of  wood, 
and  sticks  of  wood  should  be  placed  loose  in  the  cage  for  the  parrot  to  gnaw  upon. 
Give  the  bird  plenty  of  fruit,  also  partly  boiled  corn  which  has  afterward  cooled. 
Vary  the  diet  with  all  the  usual  seeds,  melons,  berries,  crackers,  nuts,  but  no  meat. 
Begin  the  parrot's  education  as  early  as  possible.  If  he  pulls  his  own  feathers  out  it 
shows  a  lack  of  cleanliness  in  his  treatment.     Give  plenty  of  water. 

OTHER  PETS. 

White  Mice. — These  little  albinos  are  very  easily  reared.  They  will  keep  them- 
selves wonderfully  clean,  if  they  are  assisted  in  this  by  their  cage  being  cleaned  for 
them.  Feed  them  bread  soaked  in  milk  and  then  squeezed  dry;  also  peas  and  beans, 
grain  of  various  kinds,  but  no  meat  or  cheese.  The  mice  may  easily  be  taught  many 
tricks. 

Raccoons. — Do  not  let  dogs  or  boys  annoy  the  raccoon,  as  he  becomes  irritable 
and  will  try  to  bite  at  every  opportunity.  Give  him  a  long  enough  chain,  and  plenty 
of  water.     He  is  one  of  the  cleanest  animals  in  the  world  if  he  has  a  chance  to  be. 

Squirrels. —  Squirrels  are  usually  so  neglected  in  their  quarters  that  they  suffer 
much  from  want  of  cleanliness,  and  lose  their  neat  appearance.  They  should  not  be 
over  fed,  and  should  have  plenty  of  exercise  and  varied  diet. 

The  Aquarium. — The  water  in  an  aquarium  must  be  carefully  changed  eveiy 
day,  by  means  of  a  siphon.  Once  a  month  carefully  place  the  fish  in  other  vessels  and 
scour  out  the  aquarium  thoroughly.  Always  keep  in  it  a  few  blades  of  freshly  plucked 
grass,  leaves,  or  other  live  plant.  Renew  the  sand  and  rocks  occasionally.  If  grow- 
ing plants  are  in  the  water  it  will  need  changing  less  frequently.  The  best  food  for 
the  fish  is  raw  beef  or  mutton  chopped  fine,  with  no  fat;  also  biscuit  crumbs  and 
earth-worms.     Feed  them  every  four  days. 


Common  English  Christian  Names,  with  their  Signification  and  Derivation. 


Names  of  Males. 
Albert.  (Ger.)     Illustrious. 
Alexander.  (Gk.)    Defeuder  of  men. 
Alfred.  (Ger.)    Good  counsellor. 
Algernon.  (Fr.)    With  whiskers. 
Alpbonso.  (Ger.)    Willing. 
Ambrose.  (Qk.)    Divine. 
Andrew.  (Gk.)    Strong,  Manly. 
Anthony.  (Lat.)    Priceless. 
Archibald.  (Ger.)    Holy  prince. 
Arthur.  (Celtic)    High,  noble. 
Aubrey.  (Ger.)    Ruler  of  spirits. 
Augustus.  (Lat.)    Exalted,  imperial. 
Bardolph.  (Ger.)    Helper. 
Bartholomew.  (Heb.)    Warlike  son. 
Basil.  (Gk.)    Kinglv,  royal. 
Benedict.  (Lat.)    Blessed. 
Benjamin.  (Heb.)    Son  of  the  right  hand. 
Bernard.  (Ger.)    Bold  as  a  bear. 
Berham.  (Ger.)    Bright  raven. 
Brian.  (Celtic)    Strong. 
Caleb.  (Heb.)    A  dog. 
Calvin.  (Lat.)    Bold. 
Cecil.  (Lat)    Dim-sighted. 
Charles.  (Ger.)    Strong,  manly. 
Christopher.  (Gk.)    Bearing  Christ. 
Clarence.  (Lat.)    Illustrious. 
Claude.  (Lat.)    Lame. 
Clement.  (Lat.)    Mild. 
Conrad.  (Ger.)    Bold  in  council. 
Cuthbert.  (Saxon)    Noted  for  splendor. 
Cyril.  (Ger.)    Lordly. 
Cyrus.  (Persian)    The  sun. 
Daniel.  (Heb.)    A  divine  judge. 
David.  (Heb.)    Beloved. 
Donald.  (Celt.)    Proud  chief. 
Duncan.  (Celt.)    Brown  chief. 
Edgar.  (Saxon)    Protector  of  property. 
Edmund.  (Saxon)    Defender  of  property. 
Edward.  (Saxon)    Guarder  of  property. 
Edwin.  (Saxon)    Gainer  of  property. 
Egbert.  (Ger.)     Sword's  brightness. 
Elijah.  (Heb.)     Jehovah  my  God. 
Emory.  (Saxon)    Powerful ;  rich. 
Ephraim.  (Heb.)    Very  fruitful. 
Erastus.  (Gk.)    Lovely  ;  amiable. 
Ethan  (Heb  )    Firmness. 
Eugene.  (Gk.)    Well-born. 
Eustace.  (Gk.)    Healthy. 
Ezra.  (Heb.)    Help. 
Felix.  (Lat)    Happy. 


Fenlinnnd.  (Geif)    Brave;  valiant. 
Francis.  (Fr.)    Free. 
Frederic.  (Ger.)    Peaceful  ruler. 
Gabriel.  (Heb.)    Man  of  God. 
Qeorec.  (Gk.)    Land-holder. 
Gerald.  (Ger.)    Strong  with  the  spear. 
Gideon.  (Heb.)    A  destroyer. 
Gilbert.  (Ger.)    Yellow-bright 
Godfrey.  (Ger.)    At  peace  with  God. 
Gregory.  (Qer.)    Watchful. 
Gustavus.  (Swedish)    A  warrior. 
Guy.  (Fr)    A  leader. 
Harold.  (Saxon.)    A  champion. 
Henry.  (Ger.)    Head  of  a  house. 
Herbert.  Saxon.)    Glory  of  the  army. 
Herman.  (Qer.)    A  warrior. 
Hilary.  (Lat)    Merry;  cheerful. 
Homer.  (Gk.)    A  pledge  ;  surety. 
Hobart  (Qer.)    Bright  in  spirit. 
Hugh.  (Dan.)    Mind  ;  spirit. 
Humphrey.  (Sax.)    Home-protector. 
Ignatius.  (Gk.)    Ardent ;  fiery. 
Ira.  (Heb.)    Watchful. 
Isaac.  (Heb.)    Laughter. 
Isaiah.  (Heb.)    Salvation  of  the  Lord. 
Jacob.  (Heb.)    A  supplanter. 
James.  (Heb.)    Same  as  Jacob. 
Jeremiah.  (Heb.)    Exalted  of  the  Lord. 
Jerome.  (Gk.)    Holy  name. 
John.     (Heb.)    Gracious  gift  of  God. 
Joseph.  (Heb.)    He  shall  aid. 
Julius.  (Gk.)    Soft  haired. 
Kenelm.  (Saxon.)    Defender  of  kindred 
Kenneth.  (Gaelic.)    A  leader. 
Launcelot.  (It.)    A  little  angel. 
Lawrence.  (Lat)    Crowned  with  laiirel 
Leander.  (Gk.)    Lion-man. 
Leonard.  (Ger.)    Lion-hearted. 
Leopold.  (Ger.)    Bold  for  the  people. 
Lewis.  (Ger.)    Bold  warrior. 
Lionel.  (Lat)    Young  lion. 
Llewellyn.  (Celt.)    Lightning, 
Louis.  (Fr.)     Same  as  Lewis. 
Lucian.  (Lat.)    Born  at  daybreak. 
Ludovico.  (Grer.)     Same  as  Lewis. 
Luther.  (Ger.)     Illustrious  warrior. 
Mark.  (Lat.)    A  hammer. 
Martin.  (Lat.)    Warlike. 
Matthew.  (Heb  )    Gift  of  Jehovah. 
Maurice.  (Lat.)     Dark-colored. 
Meredith.  (Celt)  Sea-protector. 


198 


NAMES    AND   THEIR   SIGNIFICANCE. 


Michael.  (Heb.)    Who  is  like  God. 
Miles.  (Lat.)    A  soldier. 
Moses.  (Heb.)    Drawn  from  the  water. 
Napoleon.  (Gk.)    Lion  of  the  forest  dell. 
Nathan.  (Heb.)    A  gift. 
Neal.  (Lat.)    Dark;  swarthy. 
Neil.  (Celt.)    A  chief. 
Nicholas.  (Gk.)    Victory  of  the  people. 
Obadiah.  (Heb.)    Servant  of  the  Lord. 
Oliver.  (Lat.)    An  olive  tree. 
Orestes.  (Gk.)    A  mountaineer. 
Orlando.  (Ger.)    Fame  of  the  land. 
Oscar.  (Celt.)    Bounding  warrior. 
Osmond.  (Ger.)    Proteciion  of  God. 
Oswald.  (Ger.)  Power  of  God. 
Owen.  (Celt.)    Young  warrior. 
Patrick.  (Lat.)    Noble. 
Paul.  (Lat.)    Little. 
Peregrine.  (Lat.)    A  stranger. 
Peter.  (Gk.)    A  rock. 
Philander.  (Gk.)    A  lover  of  men. 
Philemon.  (Gk.)    Loving;  amiable. 
Philip.  (Gk.)    A  lover  of  horses. 
Phineas.  (Heb.)    A  mouth  of  brass. 
Quintian.  (Lat.)    The  fifth. 
Ralph.  (Ger.)    Famous  hero. 
Randal.  (Saxon)    House-wolf. 
Raphael.  (Heb.)    The  healing  of  God. 
Raymond.  (Ger.)    Wise  protection. 
Reginald.  (Ger.)    Strong  Ruler. 
Richard.  (Ger.)    Rich-hearted. 
Robert.  (Ger.)    Bright  in  fame. 
Roderic.  (Ger.)    Rich  in  fame. 
Roger.  (Ger.)    Famous  with  the  spear. 
Roland.  (Ger.)    Same  as  Rudolph. 
Rudolph.  (Ger.)    Famous  hero. 
Rufus.  (Lat.)    Red;  red-haired. 
Samson.  (Heb.)    Splendid  sun. 
Samuel.  (Heb.)    Honored  of  God. 
Sebastian.  (Gk.)    Venerable;  reverend. 
Seth.  (Heb.)    Appointed. 
Sigismund.    (Ger.)    Conquering   protec- 
tion. 
Silas.  (Lat.)    Same  as  Silvanus. 
Silvanus.  (Lat.)    Living  in  a  wood. 
Simon.  (Heb.)    Hearing  with  acceptance. 
Solomon.  (Heb.)    Peaceable. 
Stephen.  (Gk.)    A  crown. 
Sylvester.  (Lat.)    Rustic. 
Thaddeus.  (Syr.)    The  wise. 
Theobald.  (Ger.)    Bold  for  the  people. 
Theodore.  (Gk.)    Gift  of  God. 
Theodoric.    (Saxon)     Powerful     among 

the  People. 
Timothy.  (Gk.)    Fearing  God 
Tristram.  (Lat.)    Grave,  sad. 
Tybalt.  (Ger.)    Same  as  Theobald. 
"A  hater. 

Of  the  town;  polished. 

Light  of  the  Lord. 

Same  as  Uriah. 
Valentine.  (Lat.)    Strong,  healthy. 
Victor.  (Lat.)    A  conqueror. 
Vincent.  (Lat.)    Conquering. 
Vivian.  (Lat.)    Lively. 
Walter.  (Ger.)    Ruler  of  the  host. 


Ulysses.  (Gk.) 
Urban.  (Lat.) 
Uriah.  (Heb.) 
Uriel.  (Heb.) 


William.  (Ger.)    Resolute  helmet. 
Winfred.  (Saxon)    Win-peace. 
Zabdiel.  (Heb.)    Gift  of  God. 
Zaccheus.  (Heb.)    Innocent;  pure. 
Zedekiah.  (Heb.)    Justice  of  the  Lord. 
Zelobes.  (Gk.)    A  helmet. 
Zemas.  (Gk.)    Gift  of  Jupiter. 
Zephaniah.  (Heb.)    Hidden  of  the  Lord. 

Names  of  Females. 

Abigial.  (Heb.)    My  father's  joy. 

Achsah.  (Heb.)    Anklet. 

Ada.  (Ger.)    Happiness. 

Adelaide.  (Ger.)    Same  as  Adeline. 

Adeline.  (Ger.)  Of  noble  birth;  a  prin- 
cess. 

Agatha.  (Gk.)    Good;  kind. 

Agnes.  (Gk.)    Chaste;  pure. 

Alberta.  (Ger.)    Feminine  of  Albert. 

Alethea.  (Gk.)    Truth. 

Alexandra.  (Gk.)  Feminine  of  Alexan- 
der. 

Alice.  (Ger.)    Same  as  Adeline. 

Amabel.  (Lat.)    Lovable. 

Amelia.  (Ger.)    Busy;  energetic. 

Amy.  (Lat.)    Beloved. 

Angelica.  (Gk.)    Lovely;  angelic. 

Angelina.    (Gk.)    Same  as  Angelica. 

Ann.    ) 

Anna.  wHeb.)    Grace. 

Anne.  ) 

Annette.  (Heb.)    A  variation  of  Anne. 

Antoinette.  (Lat.)    Inestimable. 

Arabella.  (Lat.)    A  fair  altar. 

Augusta.  (Lat.)    Feminine  of  Augustus. 

Barbara.  (Gk.)    Foreign;  strange. 

Beatrice.  (Lat.)    Making  happy. 

Benedicta.  (Lat.)    Feminine  of  Benedict. 

Bertha.  (Ger.)    Beautiful;  bright. 

~  A  corruption   of  Eliza- 


White. 
Strength. 

Attendant  at  a  sacrifice. 
Feminine  of  Charles. 


Betsey.  (Heb.) 

beth. 
Blanche.  (Ft.) 
Bridget.  (Celt.) 
Camilla.  (Lat.) 
Caroline.  (Lat.) 
Catharine.  (Gk.)    Pure. 
Cecilia.  (Lat.)    Dim-sighted. 
Celestine.  (Lat.)    Heavenly. 
Charlotte.  (Ger.)    Feminine  of   Charles. 
Chloe.  (Gk.)    A  green  herb;  blooming. 
Christina.     (Gk.)     Christian. 
Clara.  (Lat.)    Bright;  illustrious. 
Clarice.  (Lat.;    A  variation  of  Clara. 
Clementine.  (Lat.)    Mild;  gentle. 
Constance.  (Lat.)    Firm;  constant. 
Cora.  (Gk.)    Maiden. 
Cordelia.  (Lat.)    Warm-hearted. 
Cornelia.  (Lat.)    Feminine  of  Cornelius. 
Deborah.  (Heb.)    A  bee. 
Delia.  (Gk.)    Of  Delos. 
Diana.  (Lat.)    Gladness. 
Dinah    (Heb.)    Judged. 
Dora.  (Gk.)    A  gift. 
Dorcas.  (Gk.)    A  gazelle. 
Dorinda.  (Gk.)    The  same  as  Dorothea. 
Dorothea.  (Gk.)    Gift  of  God 


Edith.  (Ger.)    Happiness;  rich  gift. 

Edna.  (Heb.)    Pleasure. 

Eleanor.  (Gk.)    Light. 

Elizabeth.  (Heb.)     Worshiper  of  God. 

Ella.  (Gk.)     Diminutive  of  Eleanor. 

Elvira.  (Lat.)    White. 

Emily.  (Ger.)     Industrious;  energetic. 

Emma.  (Ger.)     The  same  as  Emfly. 

Esther.  (Per.)     A  star. 

Ethelinda.  (Teut.)    Noble  snake, 

Eugenie.  (Gk.)    Well  bom. 

Eunice.  (Gk.)    Happy  victory. 

Euphemia.  (Gk .)    A  good  report. 

Eva.  (Heb.)     Life. 

Evangeline.  (Gk.)    Bringing  gladness. 

Eveline.  (Heb.)    Diminutive  of  Eva. 

Fannv.  (Ger.)    A  diminutive  of  Frances. 

Felicia.  tLat.)    Happiness. 

Fidelia.  (Lat.)    Faithful. 

Flora.  (Lat.)     Flowers. 

Florence.  (Lat.)    Blooming;  flourishing. 

Frances.  (Ger.)    Feminine  of  Francis. 

Frederica.  (Ger.)    Feminine  of  Frederic. 

Georglana.  (Gk.)    Feminine  of  George. 

Geraldine.  (Ger.)    Feminine  of  (Jerald. 

Gertrude.  (Ger.)    Spear-maiden. 

Grace.  (Lat.)    Grace;  favor. 

Hannah.  (Heb.)    The  same  as  Ann. 

Harriet.  (Ger.)    Feminine  diminutive  of 

Henry. 
Helen.  (Gk.)    Light. 
Henrietta.  (Ger.)    Feminine    diminutive 

of  Henry. 
Hephzibah .  (Heb.)    My  delight  is  in  her 
Hester.  (Per.)    A  star. 
Honora.  (Lat.)    Honorable. 
Ida.  (Ger)    Godlike. 
Inez.  (Gk.)    The  same  as  Agnes. 
Irene.  (Gk.)    Peaceful. 
Isabella.  (Heb.)    The  same  as  Elizabeth . 
Jane.  (Heb  )    Feminine  of  John. 
Jaquelme.  (Fr.)    Feminine  of  James. 
Jeanette.  (Heb.)    The  same  as  Jane. 
Joanna.  (Heb.)    Feminine  of  John. 
Josephine.  (Heb.)    Feminine  of  Joseph. 
Julia.  (Lat.)    Feminine  of  Julius. 
Katharine.  (Gk.)   The  same  as  Catharine. 
Keziah.  (Heb.)    Cassia. 
Laura.  (Lat.)    A  laurel. 


Leonora.  (Gk.)    Lightness. 

Letitia.  (Lat.)    Happiness. 

Lilian.  (Lat.)    A  lily. 

Louisa.  (Qer.)     Feminine  of  Louis. 

Lucy.  (Lat.)     Light. 

Mabel.  (Lat.)    A  contraction  of  Amabel. 

Madeleine.  (Ileb  )    Same  as  Magdalen. 

Magdalen.  (Heb.)   Belonging  to Magdala. 

Margaret.  (Gk.)    A  pearl. 

Martha.  (Heb.)     Ruler  of  the  house. 

Marjr.  (Heb.)    Star  of  the  sea. 

Millicent.  (Lat.)    Sweet  singer. 

Mildred.  (Gk.)    Mild  threatener. 

Nancy.     A  familiar  form  of  Anne. 

Nora.     A    contraction    of    Honora    or 

Leonora. 
Olive.  (Lat.)    An  olive. 
Ophelia.  (Gk.)    A  serp)ent. 
Pauline.  (Lat.)    Feminine  diminutive  of 

Paul. 
Phoebe.  (Gk.)    Pure;  radiant. 
Penelope.  (Gk.)    A  weaver. 
Phyllis.  (Gk.)    A  green  bough. 
Ilachael.  (Heb.)    An  ewe. 
Kebecca.  (Heb.)     Of  enchanting  beauty. 
Ilhoda.  (Gk.)    A  rose. 
Rosa.  (Lat.)    A  ro.se. 
Rosalind.  (Lat.)    Beautiful  as  a  rose. 
Rosamond.  (Ger.)    House  protection. 
Roxana.  (Per. )    Dawn  of  day. 
Ruth.  (Heb)    Beauty. 
Salome.  (Heb.)    Peaceful. 
Sarah.  (Heb.)    A  princess. 
Selina.  (Gk.)    Moon. 
Stella.  (Lat.)    A  star. 
Susan.  (Heb.)    A  lily. 
Theodora.  (Gk.)    Feminine  of  Theodore. 
Thcodosia.  (Gk.)    Gift  of  God. 
Tryphena   (Gk  )    Delicate;  dainty. 
Tiyphesa.  (Gk.)    Dainty;  luxurious. 
Ulrica.  (Ger.)    Rich. 
Urania.  (Gk.)    Heavenly. 
Ursula.  (Lat.)    She-bear. 
Victoria.  (Lat.)    Victory. 
Viola.  (Lat.)    A  violet. 
Virj^nia.  (Lat.)    Virgin;  pure. 
Vivian.  (Lat.)    Lively. 
Wilhelmipa.  (Ger.)  Feminine  of  William. 
Winifred.  (Saxon)    Lover  of  peace. 


1^ 


•©B^; 


-4 »^ 


-or"- 


r'4'*»<t««'i 


'-a — 6H0ieE  gELECTieNS — '^ 


^'K.OI.C 


ifetrjJcrpJ  ^ufPjOPS.S^'''^^ 


I4i' 


201 


6EM8    OF   POETRY. 


ELEGY. 

WRITTEN   IN   A  COUNTRY  CHURCHYARD. 


The  curfew  tolls  the  knell  of  parting  day, 

The  lowing  herd  winds  slowly  o'er  the  lea,    • 
The  plowman  homeward  plods  his  weary  way, 

And  leaves  the  world  to  darkness  and  to  me. 

Now  fades  the  glimmering  landscape  on  the  sight, 

And  all  the  air  a  solemn  stillness  holds, 
Save  where  the  l)eetle  wheels  his  droning  flight. 

And  drowsy  (inklings  lull  the  distant  folds: 

Save  that  from  yonder  ivy -mantled  towei' 

The  moping  owl  does  to  the  moon  complain 
Of  such  as,  wandering  near  her  secret  bower, 

Molest  her  ancient,  solitary  reign. 

Beneath  those  rugged  elms,  that  yew  tree's  shade, 
Where  heaves  the  turf  in  many  a  mouldering  heap. 

Each  in  his  narrow  cell  forever  laid, 
The  rude  forefathers  of  the  hamlet  sleep. 

The  breezy  call  of  incense  breathing  mom, 
The  swallow  twittering  from  the  straw-built  shed. 

The  cock's  shrill  clarion,  or  the  echoing  horn. 
No  more  shall  rouse  them  from  their  lowly  bed. 

J     For  them  no  more  the  blazing  hearth  shall  bum, 
Or  busy  housewife  ply  her  evening  care; 
No  children  run  to  li-op  their  sire's  return. 
Or  climb  his  knees  the  envied  kiss  to  share. 

Oft  did  the  harvest  to  their  sickle  yield. 
Their  furrow  oft  the  siubborn  glebe  has  broke; 

How  jocund  did  they  drive  their  team  afield! 
How  bowed  the  woods  beneath  their  sturdy  stroke! 

Let  not  Ambition  mock  their  useful  toil. 
Their  homely  joys,  and  destinj'  obscure; 

Nor  Grandeur  hear  with  a  disdamful  smile 
The  short  and  simple  annals  of  the  poor. 

The  boast  of  heraldry,  the  pomp  of  power. 

And  all  that  beauty,  all  that  wealth  e'er  gave. 
Await  alike  th'  inevitable  hour: — 

The  paths  of  glorj'  lead  but  to  the  grave. 

Nor  you,  ye  proud,  impute  to  these  the  fault 

If  Memory  o'er  their  tomb  no  trophies  raise. 
Where  through  the  long-drawn  aisle  and  fretted  vault 

The  pealing  anthem  swells  the  note  of  praise. 

Can  storied  urn  or  animated  bust 

Back  to  its  mansion  call  the  fleeting  breath? 
Can  Honor's  voice  provoke  the  silent  dust, 

Or  Flattery  soothe  the  dull,  cold  ear  of  Death? 

Perhaps  in  this  neglected  spot  is  laid 

Some  heart  once  pregnant  with  celestial  fire; 
Hands  that  the  rod  of  empire  might  have  swayed. 

Or  waked  to  ecstacy  the  living  lyre. 


But  Knowledge  to  tlieir  eyes  her  ample  page, 
Rich  with  the  spoils  of  time,  did  ne'er  unroll; 

Chill  penury  repress'd  their  noble  rage, 
And  froze  the  genial  current  of  the  soul. 

Full  many  a  gem  of  purest  ray  serene 
The  dark  unfathom'd  caves  of  ocean  bear: 

Full  many  a  flower  is  born  to  blush  unseen. 
And  waste  its  sweetness  on  the  desert  air. 

Some  village  Hampden,  that  with  dauntless  breast 
The  little  tyrant  of  his  fields  withstood, 

Some  mute  inglorious  Milton  here  may  rest, 
Some  Cromwell,  guiltless  of  his  country's  blood. 

Th'  applause  of  list'ning  senates  to  command, 
The  threats  of  pain  and  ruin  to  despise. 

To  scatter  plenty  o'er  a  smiling  land, 
And  read  their  history  in  a  nation's  eyes, 

Their  lot  forbade;  nor  circumscribed  alone 
Their  growing  virtues,  but  their  crimes  confined; 

Forbade  to  wade  through  slaughter  to  a  throne, 
And  shut  the  gates  of  mercy  on  mankind; 

The  struggling  pangs  of  conscious  truth  to  hide. 
To  quench  the  blushes  of  ingenuous  shame, 

Or  heap  the  shrine  of  luxury  and  pride 
With  incense  kindled  at  the  muse's  flame. 

Far  from  the  madding  crowd's  ignoble  strife 
Their  sober  wishes  never  learn'd  to  stray; 

Along  the  cool  sequester'd  vale  of  life 
They  kept  the  noiseless  tenor  of  their  way. 

Yet  e'en  these  bones  from  insult  to  protect 

Some  frail  memorial  still  erected  nigh. 
With  uncouth  rhymes  and  shapeless  sculpture  deck'd, 

Implores  the  passing  tribute  of  a  sigh. 

Their  name,  their  years,  spelt  by  th'  unletter'd  muse. 

The  place  of  fame  and  elegy  supply; 
And  many  a  holy  text  around  she  strews 

That  teach  the  rustic  moralist  to  die. 

For  who,  to  dumb  forgetf ulness  a  prey, 
This  pleasing  anxious  being  e'er  resign'd. 

Left  the  warm  precinct'^  of  the  cheerful  day, 
Nor  cast  one  longing  lingering  look  behind? 

On  some  fond  breast  the  parting  soul  relies; 

Some  pious  drops  the  closing  eye  requires; 
E'en  from  the  tomb  the  voice  of  nature  cries; 

E'en  in  our  ashes  live  their  wonted  fires. 

For  thee,  who,  mindful  of  th'  unhonored  dead, 
Dost  in  these  lines  their  artless  tales  relate. 

If  chance,  by  lonely  contemplation  led. 
Some  kindred  spirit  shall  inquire  thy  fate — 

Haply  some  hoary -headed  swain  may  say, 
"Oft  have  we  seen  him  at  the  peep  of  dawn 
Brushing  with  hasty  steps  the  dews  away, 
To  meet  the  sun  upon  the  upland  lawn; 


"There  at  the  foot  of  yonder  nodding  beech 
That  wreathes  its  old  fantastic  roots  so  high, 
His  listless  length  at  noontide  would  he  stretch, 
And  pore  upon  the  brook  that  babbles  by. 

'Hard  by  yon  wood,  now  smiling  as  in  scorn, 
Muttering  his  wayward  fancies,  he  would  rove; 
Now  drooping,  woeful — wan,  like  one  forlorn. 
Or  crazed  with  care,  or  cross'd  in  hopeless  love. 

"  One  mom  I  miss'd  him  on  the  'customed  hill, 
Along  the  heath  and  near  his  favorite  tree; 
Another  came,  nor  yet  beside  the  rill, 

Nor  up  the  lawn,  nor  at  the  wood  was  he; 

' '  The  next  with  dirges  due  in  sad  array 

Slow  through  the  churchway  path  we  saw  him  borne; 
Approach  ana  read  (for  thou  canst  read)  the  lay 
Graved  on  the  stone  beneath  yon  aged  thorn." 

THE  EPITAPH. 

Here  rests,  his  head  upon  the  lap  of  earth, 

A  youth  to  fortune  and  to  fame  unknown; 
Fair  Science  frowned  not  on  his  humble  birth. 

And  Melancholy  marked  him  for  her  own. 

Large  was  his  bounty,  and  his  soul  sincere; 

Ileaven  did  a  recompense  as  largely  send: 
He  gave  to  Misery  all  he  had,— a  tear. 

Hti  gained  from  heaven — 'twas  all  he  wished — a  friend. 

No  farther  seek  his  merits  to  disclose. 

Or  draw  his  frailties  from  their  dread  abode 
(There  they  alike  in  trembling  hotx.'  repose), 

The  bosom  of  his  Father  and  his  God.  Thomas  Grat. 


A   HAPPY   LIFE. 

How  happy  is  he  bom  and  taught 

That  serveth  not  another's  will; 
Whose  armor  is  his  honest  thought. 

And  simple  truth  his  utmost  skill! 

"Whose  passions  not  his  master's  are; 

Whose  soul  is  still  prepared  for  death, 
Not  tied  unto  the  world  with  care 

Of  public  fame  or  private  breath; 

Who  envies  none  that  chance  doth  raise, 

Or  vice;  who  never  understood 
How  deepest  wounds  are  given  by  praise, 

Nor  rules  of  state,  but  rules  of  good; 

Who  hath  his  life  from  rumors  freed; 

Whose  conscience  is  his  strong  retreat: 
Whose  state  can  neither  flatterers  feed, 

Nor  ruin  make  accusers  great: 

Who  God  doth  late  and  early  pray 

More  of  His  grace  than  gifts  to  lend. 
And  entertains  the  harmless  d«y 

With  a  well-chosen  book  or  friend. 

This  man  is  freed  from  servile  bands. 

Of  hope  to  rise,  or  fear  to  fall; 
Lord  of  himself,  though  not  of  lands; 

And,  having  nothing,  yet  hath  all. 

Sm  Harry  Wotton 


LIFE'S    FLEETING   JOYS. 

"Oh  !  ever  thus,  from  childhood's  hour, 
I've  seen  my  fondest  hopes  decay; 
I  never  lov'd  a  tree  or  flow'r, 
But  'twas  the  first  to  fade  away. 

"I  never  nurs'd  a  dear  gazelle, 

To  glad  me  with  its  soft  black  eye, 
But  when  it  came  to  know  me  well, 
And  love  me,  it  was  sure  to  die  ! 

"Now  too — the  joy  most  like  divine 
Of  all  I  ever  dreamt  or  knew. 
To  see  thee,  hear  thee,  call  thee  mine — 
Oh  misery  !  must  I  lose  tliat  too  ? 

"  Yet  go — on  peril's  brink  we  meet; 

Tnose  frightful  rocks — that  treach'rous  sea — 
No,  never  come  again — though  sweet. 
Though  heav'n,  it  may  be  death  to  thee. 

"Farewell — and  blessings  on  thy  way. 
Where'er  thou  goest,  beloved  stranger  ' 
Better  to  sit  and  watch  that  ray. 
And  think  thee  safe,  though  far  away, 
Than  have  thee  near  me,  and  in  danger  ! " 


Tom  Moore 


OEMS    OF    POETKY. 


THE   LOVE-KNOT. 

Tying  her  bonnet  under  her  chin. 
She  tied  her  raven  rinj^lets  in; 
But  not  alone  in  it«  silken  snare 
Did  she  catch  her  lovely  floating  hair. 
For,  tying  her  bonnet  under  her  chin, 
She  tied  a  young  man's  heart  within. 

They  were  strolling  together  up  the  hill, 

Where  the  wind  comes  blowing  merry  and  chill; 

And  it  blew  the  curls  a  frolicsome  race 

All  over  the  happy  peach-color'd  face, 

Till,  scolding  and  laughing,  she  tied  them  in, 

Under  her  b^utiful  dimpled  chin. 

And  it  blew  a  color,  bright  as  the  bloom 
Of  the  pinke*t  fuchsia's  tossing  plume. 
All  over  the  cheeks  of  the  prettiest  girl 
That  ever  imprison'd  a  romping  curl, 
Or,  in  tying  her  bonnet  under  her  chin. 
Tied  a  young  man's  heart  within. 

Steeper  and  steeper  ^ew  the  hill — 
Madder,  merrier,  chillier  still 
The  western  wind  blew  down  and  play'd 
The  wildest  tricks  with  the  little  maid. 
As,  tying  her  bonnet  under  her  chin, 
She  tied  a  young  man's  heart  within. 

O  western  wind,  do  you  think  it  was  fair 

To  play  such  tricks  with  her  floating  hair  ? 

To  gladly,  gleefully  do  your  best 

To  blow  her  against  the  young  man's  breast  ? 

Where  he  as  gladly  folded  her  in; 

He  kiss'd  her  mouth  and  dimpled  chin. 

Oh,  Ellery  Vane,  you  little  thought. 

An  hour  ago  when  you  besought 

This  country  lass  to  walk  with  you. 

After  the  sun  had  dried  the  dew, 

What  perilous  danger  you'd  be  in, 

As  she  tied  her  bonnet  under  her  cliin.         Axtthor  Unknown. 


GATHER  THE   ROSEBUDS   "WHILE   YE   MAY. 

Gather  the  rosebuds  while  ye  may, 

Old  Time  is  still  a  flying; 
And  this  same  flower  that  smiles  to-day 

To-morrow  will  be  dying. 

The  glorious  lamp  of  heaven,  the  sun, 

TJie  higher  he's  a  getting. 
The  sooner  will  his  race  be  run. 

And  nearer  he's  to  setting. 

The  age  is  best  which  is  the  first. 

When  youth  and  blood  are  warmer; 
But  being  spent,  the  worse  and  worst 

Times  still  succeed  the  former. 

Then  be  not  coy,  but  use  your  time. 

And  while  ye  may,  go  marry; 
For  having  lost  but  once  your  prime, 

You  may  forever  tarry.  Robert  Hebrick 


OEMS   OF    POETRY. 


SHELLS  OF  OCEAN. 

One  summer  eve,  with  pensive  thought, 

I  wander'd  on  the  sea-beat  shore. 
Where  oft,  in  heedless  Infant  sport, 

I  gather'd  shells  in  days  before, 

I  gather'd  shells  in  days  before. 
The  splashing  waves  like  music  fell, 

Responsive  to  my  fancy  wild; 
A  dream  came  o'er  me  like  a  spell, 

I  thought  I. was  again  a  child; 
A  dream  came  o'er  me  like  a  spell 

I  thought  I  was  again,  again  a  chfld. 

I  stood  upon  the  pebbly  strand, 

To  cull  the  toys  that  round  me  lay; 
But  as  I  took  them  in  my  hand, 

I  threw  them  one  by  one  away, 

I  threw  them  one  by  one  away. 
Oh  thus,  I  said,  in  every  stage. 

By  toys  our  fancy  is  beguiled; 
We  gather  shells  from  youth  to  age. 

And  then  we  leave  them  like  a  child; 
We  gather  shells  from  youth  to  age, 

And  then  we  leave  them,  leave  them  like  a  child. 

Author  Unknown. 


TRUE  GROWTH. 

It  is  not  growing  like  a  tree 

In  bulk,  doth  make  a  man  better  be; 

Or  standing  long  an  oak,  three  himdred  year. 

To  fall  at  last,  dry,  bald,  and  sere: 
A  lily  of  a  day 
Is  fairer  in  May; 
Although  it  fall  and  die  that  night — 
It  was  the  plant  and  flower  of  Light. 

In  small  proportions  we  just  beauties  see; 

And  in  short  measures  life  may  perfect  be. 


Ben  Jonson 


208  GEMS   OF   POETEY. 


OH,  WHY  SHOULD  THE  SPIRIT  OF  MORTAL  BE  PROUD  ? 


Oh,  why  should  the  spirit  of  mortal  be  proud? 
Like  a  fast-tliiting  meteor,  a  fast-tlying  cloud, 
A  flash  of  the  lightning,  a  break  of  the  wave. 
He  passeth  from  life  to  liis  rest  in  the  grave. 

The  leaves  of  the  oak  end  the  willow  shall  fade. 
Be  scatter 'd  around  and  together  be  laid; 
And  the  young  and  the  old,  and  the  low  and  the  high, 
Shall  moulder  to  dust  and  together  shall  lie. 

The  child  that  a  mother  attended  and  loved, 
The  mother  that  infant's  affwiion  who  proved. 
The  husband  that  mother  and  infant  who  bless'd. 
Each,  all,  are  away  to  their  dwellings  of  rest. 

The  maid  on  whose  cheek,  on  whose  brow,  in  whose  eye. 
Shone  beauty  and  pleiusure— her  triumphs  are  by; 
And  the  memory  of  those  who  have  loved  her  and  praised. 
Are  alike  from  the  minds  of  the  living  erased. 

The  hand  of  the  king  that  the  sceptre  hath  borne, 
The  brow  of  the  priest  that  the  mitre  hath  worn, 
The  eye  of  the  sage,  and  the  heart  of  the  brave, 
Are  hidden  and  lost  in  the  depths  of  the  grave. 

The  peasant  whose  lot  was  to  sow  and  to  reap. 
The  herdsman  who  climbed  with  his  goats  to  the  steep, 
The  beggar  who  wander'd  in  search  of  his  bread. 
Have  faded  away  like  the  grass  that  we  tread. 

The  saint  who  enjoy'd  the  communion  of  heaven, 
The  sinner  who  dared  to  remain  unforgiven. 
The  wise  and  the  foolish,  the  guilty'  and  just, 
Have  quietly  mingled  their  bones  m  the  aust. 

So  the  multitude  goes,  like  the  flower  and  the  weed. 
That  wither  away  to  let  others  succeed; 
So  the  multitude  comes,  even  those  we  behold, 
To  repeat  every  tale  that  hath  often  been  told. 

For  we  are  the  same  things  our  fathers  have  been ; 
We  see  the  same  sights  that  our  fatliers  have  seen — 
We  drink  the  sjime  stream,  and  we  feel  the  same  sun, 
And  run  the  same  course  that  our  fathers  have  nm. 

The  thoughts  we  are  thinking  our  fathers  would  think; 
From  the  death  we  are  shrinking  from,  they  too  would  shrink; 
To  the  life  we  are  clinging  to,  they  too  would  cling; 
But  It  speeds  from  the  earth  like  a  bird  on  the  wing. 

They  loved,  but  their  story  we  cannot  imfold; 
They  scorn 'd,  but  the  heart  of  the  haughty  is  cold; 
They  grieved,  but  no  wail  from  their  slumbers  will  come; 
They  joy'd,  but  the  voice  of  their  gladness  is  dumb. 

They  died — aye!  they  died,  and  we  things  that  are  now. 
Who  walk  on  the  turf  that  lies  over  their  brow. 
Who  make  in  their  dwellings  a  transient  abode, 
Meet  the  changes  they  met  on  their  pilgrimage  road. 

Yea,  hope  and  despondence,  and  pleasure  and  pain. 
Are  mingled  together  in  sunshine  and  rain; 
And  the  smile  and  the  tear,  the  song  and  the  dirge. 
Still  follow  each  other  like  surge  upon  surge. 

'Tis  the  twink  of  an  eye,  'tis  the  draught  of  a  breath, 

From  the  blossom  of  health  to  the  paleness  of  death. 

From  the  gilded  saloon  to  the  bier  and  the  shroud — 

Oh,  why  should  the  spirit  of  mortal  be  proud?  William  Knox. 


GEMS   OF   POETET. 


ROCK  ME  TO  SLEEP. 

Backward,  turn  backward,  O  Time,  in  your  flight. 
Make  me  a  cMld  cgrin  just  for  to-night! 
Mother,  come  back  from  the  echoless  shore, 
Take  me  again  to  your  heart  as  of  yore. 
Kiss  from  my  forehead  the  furrows  of  care. 
Smooth  the  few  silver  threads  out  of  my  hair; 
Over  my  slimibcrs  your  loving  watch  keep; 
Rock  me  to  sleep,  mother, — rock  me  to  sleep! 

Backward,  flow  backward,  O  tide  of  the  years! 
I  am  so  weary  of  toil  and  of  tears, — 
Toil  without  recompense,  tears  all  in  vain, — 
Take  them,  and  give  me  my  childhood  again! 
I  have  grown  weary  of  dust  and  decay, — 
Weary  of  flinging  my  soul-wealth  away; 
Weary  of  sowing  for  others  to  reap; — 
Rock  me  to  sleep,  mother, — rock  me  to  sleep! 

Tired  of  the  hollow,  the  base,  the  untrue. 
Mother!  O  mother!  my  heart  calls  for  you! 
Many  a  summer  the  grass  has  grown  green, 
Blossomed,  and  faded  our  faces  between, 
Yet  with  strong  yearning  and  passionate  pain 
Long  I  to-night  for  your  presence  again. 
Come  from  the  silence  so  long  and  so  deep; — 
Rock  me  to  sleep,  mother, — ^rock  me  to  sleep! 


Over  my  heart  in  the  days  that  are  flown, 
No  love  like  mother-love  ever  has  shone; 
No  other  worship  abides  and  endures, — 
Faithful,  unselfish,  and  patient  like  yours: 
None  like  a  mother  can  charm  away  pain 
From  the  sick  soul  and  the  world-weary  brain. 
Slumber's  soft  calms  o'er  my  heavy  lids  creep; — 
Rock  me  to  sleep,  mother, — rock  me  to  sleep! 

Come,  let  your  brown  hair,  just  lighted  with  gold. 
Fall  on  your  shoulders  again  as  of  old; 
Let  it  drop  over  my  forehead  to-night. 
Shading  my  faint  eyes  awav  from  the  light; 
For  with  ita  sunny  edged  shadows  once  more 
Haply  will  throng  the  sweet  visions  of  yore; 
Lovingly,  softly,  it.s  bright  billows  sweep; — 
Rock  me  to  sleep,  mother, — rock  me  to  sleep! 

Mother,  dear  mother,  the  years  have  been  long 
Since  I  last  listen'd  your  lullaby  song: 
Sing,  then,  and  unto  my  soul  it  shall  seem 
Womanhood's  years  have  l>een  only  a  dream. 
Claspefl  to  your  heart  in  a  loving  embrace, 
With  your  light  lashes  just  sweeping  my  face. 
Never  hereafter  to  wake  or  to  weep; 
Rock  me  to  sleep,  mother, — rock  me  to  sleep. 


E.  A.  Allen. 


THE   LADY'S   DREAM. 


The  lady  lay  in  her  IkhI, 

Her  couch  so  warm  and  soft, 
But  her  sleep  was  restless  and  broken  still; 

For  turning  often  and  oft 
From  side  to  side,  she  mutter'd  ^nd  moan'd, 

And  toss'd  her  arms  aloft. 
At  last  she  started  up. 

And  gazed  on  the  vacant  air 
With  a  look  of  awe,  as  if  she  saw, 

Some  dreadful  phantom  there — 
And  then  in  the  pillow  she  buried  her  face 

From  visions  ill  to  bear. 
The  very  curtain  shook. 

Her  terror  was  so  extreme. 
And  the  light  that  fell  on  the  brolder'd  quilt 

Kept  a  tremulous  gleam; 
And  her  voice  was  hollow,  &n^  shook  as  she  cried: 

"Oh,  me!  that  awful  dream! 
That  weary,  weary  walk 

In  the  churchyard's  dismal  ground! 
And  those  horrible  things,  with  shady  wings. 

That  came  and  flitted  round — 
Death,  death,  and  nothing  but  death, 

In  every  sigh  and  sound ! 
And  oh!  those  maidens  young 

Who  wrought  in  that  dreary  room, 
With  figures  drooping  and  spectres  thin. 

And  cheeks  without  a  bloom — 
And  the  voice  that  cried,  '  For  the  pomp  of  pride 

We  haste  to  an  early  tomb ! 
For  the  pomp  and  pleasures  of  pride 

We  toil  like  the  African  slaves, 
And  only  to  earn  a  home  at  last 

Where  yonder  cypress  waves;' 
And  then  it  pointed — I  never  saw 

A  groimd  so  full  of  graves! 


And  still  the  coffins  came, 

With  their  sorrowful  trains  and  slow; 
Coffin  after  coffin  still, 

A  sad  and  sickening  show; 
From  grief  exempt,  i  never  had  dreamt  > 

Of  such  a  world  of  woe  I 
Of  the  hearts  that  daily  break. 

Of  the  tears  that  hourly  fall. 
Of  the  many,  many  troubles  of  life. 

That  grieves  this  earthly  ball — 
Disease  and  hunger,  pain  and  want. 

But  now  I  dream  of  them  all! 
For  the  blind  and  the  cripple  were  there, 

And  the  babe  that  pined  for  bread. 
And  the  houseless  man  and  the  widow  poor, 

Who  begg'd  to  bury  the  dead! 
The  naked,  alas!  that  I  might  have  clad. 

The  famished  I  might  have  fed! 
The  sorrow  I  miglit  have  soothed, 

And  the  unregarded  tears; 
For  many  a  thronging  shape  was  there, 

From  long  forgotten  years, 
Ay,  even  the  poor  rejected  Moor, 

Who  raised  my  childish  fears! 
Each  pleading  look,  that  long  ago 

.  I  scann'd  with  a  heedless  eye, 
Each  face  was  gazing  as  plainly  there, 

As  when  I  pass'd  it  by; 
Woe,  woe  for  me  if  the  past  should  be 

Thus  present  when  I  die, 
No  need  of  sulphurous  lake. 

No  need  of  fiery  coals. 
But  only  that  crowd  of  human  kind 

Who  wanted  pity  and  dole — 
In  everlasting  letrospect — 

Will  wring  my  sinful  soul ! 
Alas!  I  have  walk'd  through  life 

Too  heedless  where  I  trod; 
Nay,  helping  to  trample  my  fellow-wonn. 

And  fill  the  burial  sod — 
Forgetting  that  even  the  sparrow  falls 

Not  unmark'd  of  God ! 
I  drank  the  richest  draughts, 

And  ate  whatever  is  good — 
Fish,  and  flesh,  and  fowl,  and  fruit. 

Supplied  my  hungry  mood; 
But  I  never  remember'd  the  wretched  ones 

That  starve  for  want  of  food- 
I  dress'd  as  the  noble  dress. 

In  cloth  of  silver  and  gold, 
With  silk,  and  satin,  and  costly  furs. 

In  many  an  ample  fold; 
But  I  never  remember'd  the  naked  limbs, 

That  froze  with  winter's  cold. 
The  wounds  I  might  have  heal'd! 

The  human  sorrow  and  smart! 
And  yet  it  never  was  in  my  soul 

To  play^  so  ill  a  part: 
But  evil  IS  wrought  by  want  of  thought. 

As  well  as  want  of  heart !  " 
She  clasp'd  her  fervent  hands. 

And  the  tears  began  to  stream; 
Large,  and  bitter,  and  fast  they  fell. 

Remorse  was  so  extreme; 
And  yet,  oh  yet,  that  many  a  dame 

Would  dream  the  Lady's  Dream!  Thomas  Hood. 


GEMS   OF   POETKY. 


OFT,  IN  THE  STILLY  NIGHT. 

Oft  in  the  stilly  night. 

Ere  slumber  s  chain  has  bound  me, 
Fond  memory  brings  the  light 
Of  other  days  around  me; 
The  smiles,  the  tears. 
Of  boyhood's  years, 
The  words  of  love  then  spoken; 
The  eyes  that  shone, 
Now  dimm'd  and  gone, 
The  clx-erful  hearts  now  brokenl 
Thus,  in  the  stilly  night. 

Ere  slumber's  chain  has  bound  me. 
Sad  memory  brings  the  light 
Of  otlier  days  around  me. 


When  I  remember  all 

The  friends  so  linked  together, 
I've  seen  around  me  fall, 
Like  leaves  in  wintry  weather; 
I  feel  like  one, 
Who  treads  alone 
Some  banquet  hall  deserted, 
Whose  lights  ar«  fled, 
Whose  garlands  dead. 
And  all  but  he  departed  I 
Thus,  in  the  stilly  night, 

Ere  slumber's  chain  has  bound  me, 
Sad  memory  brings  the  light 
Of  other  days  around  me.  Thoicas  Moore. 


^'r 


THERE  ARE  GAINS  FOR  ALL  OUR  LOSSES. 

There  are  gains  for  all  our  losses — 
There  are  balms  for  all  our  pain 
But  when  youth,  the  dream,  departs. 
It  takes  something  from  our  hearts. 
And  it  never  comes  again. 

We  are  stronger  and  are  better. 
Under  manhood's  sterner  reign; 

Still  we  feel  that  something  sweet 

Followed  youth,  with  flying  feet. 
And  will  never  come  again. 

Something  beautiful  has  vanished. 

And  we  sigh  for  it  in  vain; 
We  behold  it  everywhere. 
On  the  earth  and  in  the  air. 

But  it  never  comes  again. 

Richard  Henry  Stoddard. 


THE   RAVEN. 

Once  upon  a  midnight  dreary,  while  I  pondered,  weak  and  weary, 
Over  many  a  quaint  and  curious  volume  of  forgotten  lore  ; 
While  I  nodded,  nearly  napping,  suddenly  there  come  a  tapping, 
As  of  some  one  gently  rapping,  rapping  at  my  chamber-door. 
'"Tis  some  visitor,"  I  muttered,  "tapping  at  my  chamber-door — 
Only  this,  and  nothing  more." 

Ah,  distinctly  I  remember  it  was  in  the  bleak  December, 
And  each  separate  dying  ember  wrought  its  ghost  upon  the  floor. 
Eagerly  I  wished  the  morrow — vainly  I  had  Iried  to  borrow 
From  my  books  surcease  of  sorrow — son"ow  for  the  lost  Lenore — 
For  the  rare  and  radiant  maiden  whom  the  angels  name  Lenore, 
Nameless  here  forevermore. 

And  the  silken,  sad^  uncertain  rustling  of  each  purple  curtain 
Thrilled  me — filled  me  with  fantastic  terrors  never  felt  before;     ^ 
So  that  now,  to  still  the  beating  of  my  heai  t,  I  stood  repeating, 
"  'Tis  some  visitor  entreating  entrance  at  my  chamber-door. 
Some  late  visitor  entreating  entrance  at  my  chamber-door; 
This  it  i^  and  nothing  more." 

Presently  my  soul  grew  stronger;  hesitating  then  no  longer, 
"  Sir,"  said  I,  "  or  Madame,  truly  your  forgiveness  I  implore; 
But  the  fact  is  I  was  napping,  and  so  gently  you  came  rapping. 
And  so  faintly  you  came  tapping,  tapping  at  my  chamber-door. 
That  I  scarce  was  sure  I  heard  you: "  here  I  opened  wide  the  door. 
Darkness  there  and  nothing  more. 

Deep  into  that  darkness  peering,  long  I  stood  there  wondering,  fearing, 
Doubting,  dreaming  dreams  no  mortal  ever  dared  to  dream  before; 
But  the  silence  was  unbroken,  and  the  stillness  gave  no  token. 
And  the  only  word  there  spoken  was  the  whispered  word,  "  Lenore! " 
Merely  this  and  nothing  more. 

Back  into  the  chamber  turning,  all  my  soul  within  me  burning. 
Soon  again  I  heard  a  tapping,  somewhat  louder  than  before. 
"  Siu-ely,"  said  I,  "surely  that  is  something  at  my  window-lattice; 
Let  me  see,  then,  what  thereat  is,  and  this  mystery  explore. 
Let  my  heart  be  still  a  moment,  and  this  mystery  explore; 
'Tis  the  wind  and  nothing  more!" 

Open  here  I  flung  the  shutter,  when,  with  many  a  flirt  and  flutter. 
In  there  stepped  a  stately  raven  of  the  saintly  days  of  yore. 
Not  the  least  obeisance  made  he;  not  an  instant  stopped  or  stayed  he; 
But  with  mien  of  lord  or  lady,  perched  above  my  chamber  door — 
Perched  upon  a  bust  of  Pallas,  just  above  my  chamber-door — 
Perched,  and  sat,  and  nothmg  more. 

Then  this  ebony  bird  beguiling  my  sad  fancy  into  smiling, 
By  the  grave  and  stern  decorum  of  the  countenance  it  wore, 
"Though  thy  crest  be  shorn  and  shaven,  thou,"  I  said,  "art  sure  no  craven, 
Ghastly,  grim,  and  ancient  raven,  wandering  from  the  Nightly  shore. 
Tell  me  what  thy  lordly  name  is  on  the  Night's  Plutonian  shore." 
Quoth  the  raven,  "  Nevermore." 

Much  I  marveled  this  ungainly  fowl  to  hear  discourse  so  plainly. 
Though  its  answer  little  meaning — little  relevancy  bore; 
For  we  cannot  help  agreeing  that  no  living  human  being 
Ever  yet  was  blessed  with  seeing  bird  above  his  chamber-door — 
Bird  or  beast  upon  the  sculptured  bust  above  his  chamber-door. 
With  such  name  as  "Nevermore." 


GEMS   OF    POETKY. 


But  the  raven,  sitting  lonely  on  the  placid  bu«tt,  spoke  only 
That  one  word,  as  ir  his  soul  in  that  one  -word  he  did  outpour. 
Nothing  further  then  he  muttered;  not  a  feather  then  he  fluttered — 
Till  I  scarcely  more  than  muttered,  "  Other  friends  have  flown  before; 
On  the  morrow  he  will  leave  me,  as  my  hopes  have  flown  before." 
Then  the  bird  said,  "Nevermore. 

Startled  at  the  stillness  broken  by  reply  so  aptly  spoken, 
"  Doubtless,"  said  I,  "what  it  utters  is  its  only  slock  and  store, 
Caught  from  some  unhappv  master  whom  immerciful  disaster 
Followed  fast  and  followed  faster  till  his  song  one  burden  bore — 
Till  the  dirges  of  his  hojje  that  melancholy  burden  bore — 
Of  "Never — Nevermore." 

But  the  raven,  still  beguiling  all  my  8a<l  soul  into  smiling, 
Straight  I  wheeled  a  cushioned  seat  in  front  of  bird,  and  bust,  and  door; 
Then,  upon  the  velvet  sinking,  I  betook  myself  to  linking 
Fancy  into  fancy,  thinking  what  this  ominous  bird  of  yore 
Meant  In  croaking  "  Nevermore." 

This  I  sat  engaged  in  guessing,  but  no  syllable  exprsssing 
To  the  fowl  whose  fiery  eyes  now  burned  intf)  my  bosom  s  core; 
This  and  more  I  sat  divining,  with  my  head  at  ease  reclining 
On  the  cushion's  velvet  lining  that  the  lamplight  gloated  o'er — 
She  shall  press,  ah,  nevermore! 

Then,  methought  the  air  grew  denser,  perfumed  from  an  imseen  censer, 
Swung  by  seraphim  whose  footfalls  tinkled  on  the  tufted  floor. 
"  Wretch,    I  cried,  "thy  God  hath  lent  thee — by  these  angels  he  hath  sent  thee 
Respite — respite  and  nepenthe  from  thy  memories- of  Leonore  ! 
Quaff,  oh  quaff  this  kind  nepenthe,  and  forget  this  lost  Leonore  I " 
Quoth  the  raven,  "  Nevermore." 

"Prophet !  "  said  I,  "thing  of  evil,  prophet  still,  if  bird  or  devil  I 
Whether  Tempter  sent,  or  whether  tempest  tossed  thee  here  ashore. 
Desolate,  yet  all  undaunted,  on  this  desert  land  enchanted — 
On  this  home  by  Horror  haunted — tell  me  truly,  I  implore — 
Is  there — is  there  balm  in  Gilead  ?    Tell  me,  tell  me,  I  implore  1 " 
Quoth  the  raven,  "  Nevermore." 

"  Prophet ! "  said  I,  "  thing  of  evil,  prophet  still,  If  bird  or  devil  f 
By  that  heaven  that  bends  above  us — bv  that  God  we  both  adore— 
Tell  this  soul  with  sorrow  laden  if,  within  the  distant  Aiden, 
It  shall  clasp  a  sainted  maiden  whom  the  angels  name  Leonore — 
Clasp  a  rare  and  radiant  maiden  whom  the  angels  name  Leonore?  " 
Quoth  the  raven,  "  Nevermore." 

"  Be  that  word  our  sign  of  parting,  bird  or  fiend  ! "  I  shrieked,  upstarting — 
"  Get  thee  back  into  the  tempest  and  the  Night's  Plutonian  shore  I 
Leave  no  black  plume  as  a  token  of  that  lie  thy  soul  hath  spoken  I 
Leave  my  loneliness  unbroken  !    Quit  the  bust  above  my  door  1 
Take  thy  beak  from  out  my  heart,  and  take  thy  form  from  off  my  door !" 
Quoth  the  raven,  "Nevermore." 


And  the  raven,  never  flitting,  still  is  sitting,  still  is  sitting 

On  the  pallid  bust  of  Pallas  just  above  my  chamber-door ; 

And  his  eyes  have  all  the  seeming  of  a  demon's  that  is  dreaming. 

And  the  lamplight  o'er  him  streaming  throws  his  shadow  on  the  floor, 

And  my  soul  from  out  that  shadow  that  lies  floating  on  the  floor. 

Shall  be  lifted,  nevermore  !  Edgar  AtJiAK  Pob. 


MAID  OF  ATHENS. 

Maid  of  Athens,  ere  we  part, 
Give,  oh,  give  me  back  my  heart  1 
Or,  since  that  has  left  mj'  breast, 
Keep  it  now,  and  take  the  rest  I 
Hear  my  vow  before  I  go. 
My  life,  I  love  you. 

By  those  tresses  unconflned, 
Wooed  by  each  Egean  wind; 
By  those  lids  whose  jetty  fringe 
KIss  thy  soft  cheeks'  blooming  tinge; 
By  those  wild  eyes  like  the  roe. 
My  life,  I  love  you. 

By  that  lip  I  lon^  to  taste, 
By  that  zone-encircled  waist; 
By  all  the  token-flowers  that  tell 
What  words  can  never  speak  so  well; 
By  love's  alternate  joy  and  woe, 
My  life,  I  love  you. 

Maid  of  Athens;  I  am  gone: 
Think  of  me,  sweet!  when  alone. — 
Though  I  fly  to  Istambol, 
Athens  holds  my  heart  and  soul: 
Can  I  cease  to  love  thee?    No! 
My  life,  I  love  you. 


Lord  Byron. 


THE   RAINY   DAY. 

The  day  is  cold,  and  dark  and  dreary; 
It  rains,  and  the  wind  is  never  weary; 
The  vine  still  clings  to  the  mouldering  wall, 
But  at  every  gust  the  dead  leaves  fall, 
And  the  day  is  dark  and  dreary. 

My  life  is  cold,  and  dark,  and  dreary. 

It  rains,  and  the  wind  is  never  weary; 

My  thoughts  still  cling  to  the  mouldering  past, 

But  the  hopes  of  youth  fall  thick  in  the  blast, 

And  the  days  are  dark  and  dreary. 

Be  still,  sad  heart!  and  cease  repining; 
Behind  the  clouds  is  the  sun  still  shining; 
Thy  fate  is  the  common  fate  of  all, 
Into  each  life  some  rain  must  fall. 
Some  days  must  be  dark  and  dreary. 

Henry  Wadsworth  Longfellow. 


KISSES. 

My  love  and  I  for  kisses  play'd: 

She  would  keep  stakes — I  was  content; 
But  when  I  won,  she  would  be  paid; 
This  made  me  ask  her  what  she  meant: 
"Pray,  since  I  see,"  quoth  she,  "your  wrangling  vein. 
Take  your  own  kisses;  give  me  mine  again." 

WiLLL/LM  Strode 


GEMS   OF   POETKY. 


THE   NEGLECTED  CALL. 

When  the  fields  were  white  with  harvest,  and  the  laborers  were  few, 
Heard  I  thas  a  voice  within  me,  "  litre  is  work  for  thee  to  do; 
Come  thou  np  and  lielp  llie  rea{x^r8,  I  will  show  tlu-e  now  the  way, 
Come  and  help  them  bear  tbe  burden,  and  the  toiling  of  the  dav. 
"For  a  more  conven'.ent  season,"  thus  I  answered,  "  will  I  wait; 
And  the  voice  reproving  murmured,  "  Hasten,  ere  it  be  too  Uite." 

Yet  I  heeded  not  the  utterance,  listening  to  lo!  here— lo!  there^ 

I  lost  sight  of  all  ihe  reapers  in  whose  work  I  would  not  share; 
Followed  after  strange  devices — bowed  my  heart  to  gods  of  stone, 
Till,  like  Ephniim,  joined  to  idols,  G(xl  well  nigh  left  me  alone; 
But  the  angel  r>f  His  patience  followed  on  my  erring  track. 
Setting  here  ami  there  a  landmark,  wherewithal  to  guide  me  back. 

Onward  yet  I  went,  and  onward,  till  there  met  me  on  the  way 
A  poor  prodigal  returning,  who,  like  me,  had  gone  astray, 
And  his  faith  waa  strong  and  earnest  that  a  father's  house  would  be 
Safest  shelter  from  temptation  for  such  sinful  ones  as  he. 
"  Read  the  lesson,"  said  the  angel,  "  tiike  the  warning  and  repent; " 
But  the  wily  tempter  queried,  "  Ere  thy  substance  be  uusi>ent, 

"  Hast  thou  need  of  toil  and  lal)or?  art  thou  fitted  for  the  work? 
Many  a  hidden  stone  to  bruise  thee  in  the  harvest-field  d(»th  lurk; 
There  are  others  called  Ijeside  thee,  and  i>erchance  the  voice  may  be 
But  thy  own  delusive  fancy,  which  thou  hearest  calling  Ihei, — 
There  is  time  enough  before  thee,  all  thy  footsteps  lo  retrace." 
Then  I  yielded  to  the  tempter,  and  the  angel  veiled  her  face. 

Pleasure  beckoned  in  the  distance,  and  her  siren  son^  was  sweet. 
"Througli  a  Ihornless  path  of  flowers  gently  I  will  guide  thy  feet. 
Youth  is  as  a  rapid  river,  gliding  noiselessly  away, 
Earth  is  but  a  pleasant  garden;  cull  its  roses  whilst  thou  may; 
Press  the  juice  from  purple  clusters,  fill  life's  chalice  with  the  wine; 
Taste  the  fairest  fruits  which  tempt  thee,  all  its  richest  fruits  are  thine." 

Ah!  the  path  was  smooth  and  easy,  but  a  snare  was  set  therein. 

And  the  feet  were  oft  entangled  in  the  fearful  mesh  of  sin; 

And  the  canker-worm  was  hidden  in  the  rose-leaf  folded  up, 

And  the  sparkling  wine  of  pleasure  was  a  fatal  Circean  cup; 

All  its  fruits  were  Dead  Sea  apples,  tempting  only  to  the  sight, 

Fair,  yet  filled  with  dust  and  ashes — beautiful,  but  touched  with  blight. 

"O  my  Father,"  cried  I,  inly,  "  Thou  hast  striven— I  have  willed. 
Now  the  mission  of  the  angel  of  thy  patience  is  fulfilled, 
I  have  tasted  earthly  pleasures,  yet  my  soul  is  craving  food; 
Let  the  summons  which  Thou  ha'st  given  to  Thy  servant.be  renewed; 
I  am  ready  now  to  labor — wilt  Thou  call  me  once  again? 
I  will  join  thy  willing  reapers  as  they  gamer  up  the  grain." 

But  the  still  small  voice  within  me,  earnest  in  its  truth,  and  deep. 
Answered  my  awakened  conscience,  "As  thou  sow  est  thou  shall  reap; 
God  is  just,  and  retributicm  follows  each  neglected  call. 
Thou  hadst  thy  appointed  duty  taught  thee  by  the  Lord  of  all; 
Thou  wert  chosen,  but  another  filled  the  place  assigned  thee; 
Henceforth  in  my  field  of  labor  thou  maysl  but  a  gleaner  be. 

"  But  a  work  is  still  l)efore  thee— see  thou  linger  not  again; 
Separate  the  chaff 'thou  gleanest,  beat  it  from  among  the  grain; 
Follow  after  these  my  reapers,  let  thine  eyes  be  on  the  field, 
Gather  up  the  precious  handfuls  their  abundant  wheat-sheaves  yield; 
Go  not  hence  to  glean,  but  tarry  from  the  morning  until  night; 
Be  thou  faithful,  thou  mayst  yet  find  favor  in  thy  Master's  sight." 

"Hannah  Lloyd  Nealb. 


MEETING  OF  THE   WATERS. 


There  is  not  in  the  wide  world  a 

valley  so  sweet 
As  that  vale  in  whose  bosom  the 

bright  waters  meet ; 
Oh,  the  last  rays  of  leeliiiar  and  life 

must  depart 
Ere  ttie  bloom  of  that  \  alley  shall 

fade  from  my  heart  1 


Yet  'twas  not  that  Nature  had  shed 
o'er  the  scene 

Her  purest  of  crystal  and  brightest 
of  green ; 

'Twas  not  the  soft  magic  of  stream- 
let or  hill  — 

Oh,  no !  It  was  something  more  ex- 
quisite still. 


Twas  that  friends,  the  beloved  of  my  bo- 
som, were  near. 

Who  made  every  dear  scene  of  enchant- 
ment more  dear. 

And  who  felt  how  the  best  charms  of  Nat- 
ure improve 

When  we  see  them  reflected  from  looks 
that  we  love. 


Sweet  vale  of  Avoca !  how  calm  could  1 

In  thy  bosom  of  shade,  with  the  friends 
I  love  best ; 

Where  the  storms  that  we  feel  in  this 
cold  world  should  cease, 

And  our  hearts  like  thy  waters  be  min- 
gled in  peace. 

Thomas  Moork. 


w 


OEMS   OF   POETRY. 


THE    VAGABONDS. 

We  are  two  travelers,  Roger  and  I. 

Roger's  my  dog. — Come  here,  you  scamp! 
Jump  for  the  gentleman — mind  your  eye! 

Over  the  table, — look  out  for  the  lamp! — 
The  rogue  is  growing  a  little  old; 

Five  years  we've  tramped  through  wind  and  weather, 
And  slept  out  doors  when  nights  were  cold, 

And  ate — and  drank — and  starved — together. 

We've  learned  what  comfort  is,  I  tell  youl 

A  bed  on  the  floor,  a  bit  of  rosin, 
A  bit  of  fire  to  thaw  our  thumbs  (poor  fellow! 

The  paw  he  holds  up  there's  been  frozen), 
Plentjr  of  catgut  for  my  fiddle 

(This  out-door  business  is  bad  for  strings). 
Then  a  few  nice  buckwheats,  hot  from  the  griddle. 

And  Roger  and  I  set  up  for  kings! 

No,  thank  ye,  sir, — I  never  drink; 

Roger  and  I  are  exceedingly  moral — 
Aren't  v^e,  Roger? — See  him 'wink! 

Well,  something  hot,  then;  wo  won't  quarrel, 
He's  thirsty,  too,  cc3  him  nod  his  head! 

What  a  pity,  sir,  'hat  dogs  can't  talk! 
He  understands  every  word  that's  said, — 

And  he  knows  good  milk  from  water-and-chalk. 

The  truth  is,  sir,  now  I  reflect, 

I've  been  so  sadly  given  to  grog, 
I  wonder  I've  not  lost  the  respect 

(Here's  to  you,  sir!)  even  of  my  dog; 
But  ho  sticks  by,  through  thick  and  thin; 

And  this  old  coat  v>'ith  its  empty  pockets 
And  rags   liat  smell  of  tobacco  and  gin, 

He'll  foiiow  while  he  has  eyes  in  Ms  sockets. 

There  isn't  another  creature  living 

Would  do  it,  and  prove  through  every  disaster. 
So  fond,  so  faithful,  and  so  forgiving, 

To  such  a  miserable),  thankless  master! 
No  sir! — see  him  wag  Ms  tail  and  grin! 

By  George !  it  makes  :  ly  old  eyes  water — 
That  is,  there's  something  in  this  gin 

That  chokes  a  fellow.    But  no  matter! 

We'll  have  some  music,  if  you're  willing. 

And  Roger  (hem!  what  a  plague  a  cough  is,  sir!) 
SL-all  march  a  little. — Start,  you  villain! 

Stand  straight!     'Botitface!     Salute  your  officer! 
Put  up  that  pawl     Dress!     Take  thai  rifle! 

(Some  dogs  liave  arms,  you  see!)    Now  hold  your 
Cap  while  the  gentleman  gives  a  trifle, 

'To  aid  a  poor  old  patriot  soldier! 

March!    Halt!    Now  show  how  the  rebel  shakes 

When  he  stands  up  to  hear  his  sentence. 
Now  tell  us  how  many  drams  it  takes 

To  honor  a  jolly  new  acquaintance. 
Five  yelps, — tidat  s  five;  he's  mighty  knowing! 

The  night's  before  us,  fill  the  gldsises! 
Quick,  sir!    I'm  ill, — mj"^  brain  is  going! — 

Some  brandy, — thank  you, — there,  it  passes. 


Why  not  reform?    That's  easily  said; 

But  I've  gone  through  such  wretched  treatment. 
Sometimes  forgetting  liie  taste  of  bread, 

And  scarce  reniemt)ering  what  meat  meant. 
That  my  poor  stomach's  past  reform; 

And  there  are  times  when,  mad  with  thinking, 
I'd  sell  out  heaven  for  something  warm, 

To  prop  a  horrible  inward  sinking. 

Is  there  a  way  to  forget  to  think? 

At  your  age,  sir,  home,  fortune,  friends, 
A  dear  girl's  love, — but  I  took  to  drink. 

The  same  old  story;  you  know  how  it  ends. 
If  you  could  have  seen  these  classic  features. 

You  needn't  laugh,  sir;  they  were  not  then 
Such  a  burning  libel  on  God's  creatures; 

I  was  one  of  your  handsome  men: 

If  you  had  seen  iter,  so  fair  and  young, 

Whose  head  was  happy  on  this  breast; 
If  you  could  have  hciird  the  song  I  sung 

When  the  wine  went  round,  you  would'nt  have  guessed 
That  even  I,  sir,  should  be  straying 

From  door  to  door,  with  fiddle  and  dog, 
Ragged  and  penniless,  and  playing 

To  you  to- night  for  a  glass  of  grog! 

She's  married  since; — a  parson's  wife: 

'Twas  better  for  her  that  we  should  part, 
Better  the  soberest,  prosiest  life 

Than  a  blasted  home  and  a  broken  heart. 
Have  I  seen  her?    Once:  I  was  weak  and  spent 

On  a  dusty  road:  a  carriage  stopped: 
But  little  she  dreamed  as  on  she  went, 

Who  kissed  the  coin  that  her  fingers  dropped! 

You've  set  me  talking,  sir;  I'm  sorry; 

It  makes  me  wild  to  think  of  the  change! 
What  do  you  care  for  a  be<'gar's  story  ? 

Is  it  amusing?    You  find  it  strange? 
I  had  a  mother  so  proud  of  me! 

'Twas  well  she  died  before.     Do  you  know. 
If  the  happy  spirits  in  heaven  can  see 

The  ruin  and  wretchedness  here  below? 

Another  glass,  and  strong,  to  deaden 

This  pain;  then  Roger  and  I  will  start. 
I  wonder,  has  he  such  a  lumpish,  leaden, 

Aching  thing,  in  place  of  a  heart? 
He  is  sad  sometimes,  and  would  weep  if  he  could. 

No  doubt  remembering  things  that  were, — 
A  virtuous  kennel,  with  plenty  of  food. 

And  himself  a  respectable  cur. 


I'm  better  now;  that  glass  was  warming. 

You  rascal!  limber  your  lazy  feet! 
We  must  be  fiddling  and  performing 

For  supi>er  and  ted,  or  starve  in  the  street 
Not  a  very  gay  life  to  lead,  you  think? 

But  soon  we  shall  go  where  lodgings  are  free, 
And  the  sleepers  need  neither  victuals  nor  drink; 

The  sooner  the  better  for  Roger  and  me! 

J.  T.  Trowbridge 


GEMS   OF   POETRY. 


BREAK,   BREAK,   BREAK. 

Break,  break,  break. 

On  thy  cold,  gray  stones,  O  sea! 
And  I  would  that  my  tongue  could  utter 

The  thoughts  that  arise  in  me. 


Oh,  well  for  the  fisherman's  boy 
That  he  shouts  with  his  sister  at  play\ 

Oh,  well  for  the  sailor  lad 
That  he  sings  in  his  boat  on  the  bay! 


And  the  stately  ships  go  on 

To  the  haven  under  the  hill; 
But  oh;  for  the  touch  of  a  vanished  hand. 

And  the  sound  of  a  voice  that  is  still ! 


k-?^ 


Break,  break,  break, 

At  the  foot  of  thy  crags,  O  sea; 
But  the  tender  grace  of  a  day  that  is  dead 

Will  never  come  back  to  me. 


Alfred  Tknktson, 


OEMS    OF    I'OETEY. 


WOODMAN,  SPARE   THAT  TREE. 

Woodman,  spare  that  tree! 

Touch  not  a  single  bough! 
In  youth  it  shelter  d  me. 

And  I'll  protect  it  now. 
'Twas  my  forefather's  hand 

That  placed  it  near  its  col; 
There,  woodman,  let  it  stand, 

Thy  axe  shall  harm  It  not! 


That  old  familiar  tree, 

Whose  glory  and  renowp 
Are  spread  o'er  land  and  sea — 

And  wouldst  thou  hew  it  down? 
Woodman,  forbear  thy  stroke. 

Cut  not  its  earth  bound  ties; 
( )h,  spare  that  aged  oak, 

Now  towering  to  the  skiesl 

When  but  an  idle  boy, 

I  souglit  its  grateful  shade; 
In  all  their  gushing  joy 

Here,  to<j,  my  sisters  play'd. 
.My  mother  kiss'd  me  here; 

My  father  press'd  my  hand 
Forgive  this  foblish  tear. 

But  let  that  old  oak  stand! 


My  heart-strings  round  thee  cling, 

Close  as  thy  bark,  old  friend! 
Here  shall  the  wild  bird  sing. 

And  still  thj'  branches  Ixjnd. 
Old  tree!  the  storm  still  brave! 

And,  woodman,  leave  the  spot; 
Wliile  I've  a  hand  to  save. 

Thy  axe  shall  harm  it  not!         Qborob  P.  Morris. 


CRABBED  AGE   AND  YOUTH. 

Crabbed  age  and  youth 

Cannot  five  together; 
Youth  is  full  of  pleasance, 

Age  is  full  of  care ; 
Youth  like  summer  mom. 

Age  like  winter  weather;  \ 

Youth  like  summer  brave. 

Age  like  winter  bare. 
Youth  is  full  of  sport. 
Age's  breath  is  short; 

Youth  is  nimble,  age  is  lame; 
Youth  is  hot  and  bold, 
A»e  is  weak  and  cold; 

Youth  is  wild,  and  age  is  tame. 
Age,  I  do  abhor  thee; 
Youth,  I  do  adore  thee; 

Oh.  my  love,  my  love  is  young! 
Age,  I  do  defy  thee; 
O  sweet  shepherd!  hie  thee. 

For  methinks  thou  stay'st  too  long. 

William  Shakspkark 


GBMS   OF   POETRY. 


LEGEND   OF  THE   HORSESHOE. 

A  farmer,  traveling  with  his  load, 
Picked  up  a  horseshoe  in  the  road. 
And  nailed  it  fast  to  his  barndoor. 
That  luck  might  down  upon  him  pour ; 
That  every  blessing  known  in  life 
Might  come  to  his  homestead  and  wife. 
And  never  any  kind  of  harm 
Descend  upon  his  growing  farm. 

But  dire  ill-fortune  soon  began 
To  visit  the  astounded  man. 
His  hens  declined  to  lay  their  eggs  ; 
His  bacon  tumbled  from  the  pegs, 
And  rats  devoured  the  fallen  legs  ; 
His  corn,  that  never  failed  before, 
Mildewed  and  rotted  on  the  floor ; 
His  grass  refused  to  end  in  hay  ; 
His  cattle  died  or  went  astray ; 
In  short,  all  moved  the  crooked  way. 

Next  spring  a  great  drought  baked  the  sod. 

And  roasted  every  pea  in  pod  ; 

The  beans  declared  they  could  not  grow 

So  long  as  nature  acted  so  ; 

Redundant  insects  reared  their  brood 

To  starve  for  lack  of  juicy  food  ; 

The  staves  from  bairel  sides  went  off 

As  if  they  had  the  hooping-cough. 

And  nothing  of  the  useful  kind 

To  hold  together  felt  inclined  ; 

In  short,  it  was  no  use  to  try 

While  all  the  land  was  in  a  fry. 

One  mom,  demoralized  with  grief, 
The  farmer  clamored  for  relief ; 
And  prayed  right  hard  to  imderstand 
"What  witchcraft  now  possessed  his  land ; 
Why  house  and  farm  in  misery  grew 
Since  he  nailed  up  that  "lucky  shoe." 

While  thus  dismayed  o'er  matters  wrong 
An  old  man  chanced  to  trudge  along. 
To  whom  he  told,  with  wormwood  tears. 
How  his  affairs  were  in  arrears, 
And  what  a  desperate  state  of  things 
A  picked- up  horseshoe  sometimes  brings. 

The  stranger  asked  to  see  the  shoe, 
The  farmer  brought  it  into  view  ; 
But  wheu  the  old  man  raised  his  head. 
He  laughed  outright,  and  quickly  said : 
"  No  wonder  skies  upon  you  frown — 
You've  nailed  the  horseshoe  upside  down  I 
Just  turn  it  round,  and  soon  you'll  see 
How  you  and  fortune  will  agree." 

The  farmer  txxrned  the  horseshoe  roimd, 
And  showers  began  to  swell  the  ground  ; 
The  sunshine  laughed  among  his  grain, 
And  heaps  on  heaps  piled  up  the  wain ; 
The  loft  his  hay  could  barely  hold. 
His  cattle  did  as  they  were  told ; 


222 


GEMS   OF    POETEY. 


Folks  say  never  such  ears  of  com 
As  in  his  smiling  hills  were  born  ; 

His  barn  was  full  of  busting  bins — 
His  wife  presented  him  with  twins  ! 

His  fruit  trees  needed  sturdy  props 
To  hold  the  gathering  apple  crops ; 

His  turnip  and  potato  iielcis 
Astounded  all  men  by  their  yields. 

His  neighbors  marveled  more  and  more 
To  see  tlie  increase  in  his  store. 

And  now  the  merry  farmer  sings  : 

"  There  are  two  ways  of  doing  things ; 

And  when  for  good  luck  j'ou  would  pray, 
Nail  up  your  horseshoe  the  right  way." 


LOVE   NOT. 


Love  not,  love  not!  ye  hapless  sons  of  clay! 

Hope's  gayest  wreaths  are  made  of  earthly  flowers — 
Things  are  not  made  to  fade  and  fall  away 

Ere  they  have  blossomed  for  a  few  short  hours. 
Love  not! 


Love  not;  the  thing  ye  love  may  change! 

The  rosy  lip  may  cease  to  smile  on  you; 
The  kindly-beaming  eye  grow  cold  and  strange, 

The  heart  still  warmly  oeat,  yet  not  be  true. 
Love  not! 


Love  not;  the  thing  you  love  mav  die — 
May  perish  froni  the  gay  and  gladsome  earth; 

The  silent  stars,  the  blue  and  smiling  sky, 
Beam  o'er  Ita  grave,  as  once  upon  its  birth. 
Love  not! 


Love  not!  oh,  warning  vainly  said, 

In  present  hours  as  m  the  years  gone  by; 
Love  flings  a  hallow  round  the  dear  one's  head. 

Faultless,  immortal,  till  they  change  or  die. 

Love  not !  Caroline  Norton. 


WHERE  ARE  YOU  GOING,  MY  PRETTY  MAID? 

"  Where  are  you  going,  my  pretty  maid  ?  " 

"  I  am  going  a-mUking,  sir,"  she  said. 

"  May  I  go  with  you,  my  pretty  maid  ?" 

"  You're  kindly  welcome,  sir,"  she  said. 

"What  is  your  fortune,  my  pretty  maid  ? " 

"  My  face  is  my  fortime,  sir,"  she  said. 

"  Then  I  won't  marry  you,  my  pretty  maid  ?  " 

"  Nobody  asked  you,  sir,"  she  said.  Author  Unknown. 


LAST  ROSK  OF  SUUMBU. 


GEMS   OF   POETKY. 


'TIS  THE   LAST   ROSE   OF  SUMMER. 

'Tis  the  last  rose  of  summer, 

Left  blooming  alone; 
All  her  lovely  companions 

Are  faded  and  gone; 
No  flower  of  her  Kindred, 

No  rosebud,  is  nigh 
To  reflect  back  her  blushes. 

Or  give  sigh  for  sigh, 

I'll  not  leave  thee,  thou  lone  one! 

To  pine  on  the  stem; 
Since  the  lovely  are  sleeping, 

Go  sleep  thou  with  them. 
Thus  kindly  I  scatter 

Thy  leaves  o'er  the  bed  • 

Where  thy  mates  of  the  garden 

Lie  scentless  and  dead. 

So  soon  may  I  follow, 

When  friendships  decay. 
And  from  love's  shining  circle 

The  gems  drop  away. 
When  true  hearts  lie  wither'd, 

And  fond  ones  are  flown. 
Oh,  who  would  inhabit 

This  bleak  world  alone?  Thomas  Moore. 


A  WITHERED  ROSE. 

A  yellow  page!  a  faded  line! 

A  withered  rose,  long  laid  away; 
A  withered  rose,  its  fragrance  gone, 

Reminder  of  a  brighter  day. 

Once  on  my  breast  I  wore  it,  red; 

Strong  at  my  side  the  giver  stood; 
Ah !  life  was  young,  and  hope  was  sweet, 

And  ev'ry  sound  but  murmured  good. 

The  rose  is  faded,  so  am  I; 

The  bloom  of  youth  is  long  since  fled; 
The  ydlow  leaf,  the  dim  old  words, 

Are  ghosts  of  happiness  now  dead. 

There  is  a  mouldy  smell  that  clings 

Around  old  papers  that  have  lain; 
And  love,  me  thinks,  becomes  the  same, 

When  trust  in  love  is  ruthless  slain. 

Sometimes  I  deem  that  looking  o'er 

The  happy  days  is  far  more  sad 
Than  bearing  heavy  burdens  now, 

Without  one  song  to  make  us  glad. 

Then  why  should  I  the  past  recall? 

Thou'rt  ashes  now,  poor  withered  rose; 
I'll  let  thee  fly  like  dust,  away, 

Thou'lt  fall  perchance  where  new  love  grows. 

AxjTHOB  Unknown, 


GEMS   OF   POETKT. 


OLD  GRIMES'S   HEN. 

At  last  that  speckle  hen  has  gone, 

That  hen  of  hens  the  best. 
She  died,  without  a  sight  or  groan, 

While  in  her  downy  nest. 

Through  summer's  heat  and  winter's  snow. 

For  ten  long  years  she  lay, 
At  morn  and  eve,  old  Grimes  an  egg, 

But  none  the  Sabbath  day. 

She  had  a  nest  behind  ihe  door, 

All  neatly  lined  with  hay; 
Her  back  was  brown  and  speckled  o'er 

With  spots  inclined  to  gray. 

When  e'er  the  rain  came  pelting  down. 

Or  thunder's  dreadful  roar, 
She  hid  herself  in  Grimes's  hat 

Until  the  storm  was  o'er. 

Tho'  fourteen  years  of  age  almost. 
She  fitill  looked  young  and  hale. 

And  like  Job's  turkey,  she  could  boast 
One  feather  in  her  tail. 

She  never  deigned  the  barnyard  beau 

His  face  to  look  upon — 
But  loved  that  one  whose  long,  shrill  crow 

Was  heard  at  early  dawn; — 

An  aged  cock,  who  oft  had  told 

His  descent  with  a  sigh. 
From  one  that  crowed  when  Peter  bold 

His  Master  did  deny. 

When  poor  old  speckle  closed  her  eye. 
He  jumped  the  fence  and  cried. 

And  bade  the  poultry  all  good-bye. 
And  then  lay  down  and  died. 


J.  M.  Babbow, 


DAWN. 

Juliet. — Wilt  thou  be  gone?    It  is  not  yet  near  day, 
It  was  the  nightingale,  and  not  the  lark, 
That  pierced  the  fearful  hollow  of  thine  ear: 
Nightly  she  sings  on  yon  p)omegranate  tree: 
Believe  me,  love,  it  was  the  nightingale. 


Romeo. — It  was  the  lark,  the  herald  of  the  mom; 

No  nightingale.     Look,  love,  what  envious  streaks 
Do  lace  the  severing  clouds  in  yonder  east: 
Night's  candles  are  burnt  out,  and  jocund  day 
Stands  tiptoe  on  the  misty  mountain-tops; 
I  must  be  gone  and  live,  or  stay  and  die. 

William  Shakspeare 


OEMS   OF   POETKY. 


FLOW  GENTLY,  SWEET  AFTON. 

Flow  gently,  sweet  Afton,  among  thy  green  braes, 
Flow  gently,  I'll  sing  thee  a  song  in  thy  praise; 
My  Mary's  asleep  by  thy  murmuring  stream, 
Flow  gently,  sweet  Afton,  disturb  not  her  dream. 


Thou  stock-dove  whose  echo  resounds 
through  the  glen. 

Ye  wild  whistling  blackbirds  in  your 
thorny  den, 

Thou  green- crested  lapwing,  thy  scream- 
ing forbear, 

I  charge  you  disturb  not  my  slumbering 
fair. 


How  lofty,  sweet  Afton,  thy  neighbor- 
ing hills, 

Far  mark'd  with  the  courses  of  clear 
winding  rills; 

There  daily  I  wander  as  noon  rises  high. 

My  flocks  and  my  Mary's  sweet  cot  in 
my  eye. 

How  pleasant  thy  banks  and  green  val- 
leys below. 

Where  wild  in  the  woodlands  the  prim- 
roses blow; 

There,  oft  as  mild  evening  weeps  over 
the  lea, 

The  sweet-scented  birk  shades  my  Mary 
and  me. 


Thy  crystal  stream,  Afton,  how  lovely 

it  glides, 
And  winds  by  the  cot  where  my  Mary 

resides; 
How  wanton  thy  waters  her  snowy  feet 

lave. 
As,  gathering  sweet  flow'rets,  she  stems 

thy  clear  wave! 


Flow  gently,  sweet  Afton,  among  thy  green  braes, 
Flow  gently,  sweet  river,  the  theme  of  my  lays; 
My  Mary's  asleep  by  thy  murmuring  stream, 
Flow  gently,  sweet  Afton,  disturb  not  her  dream. 

Robert  Burns. 


HOPE, 

The  wretch  condemned  with  life  to  part, 

Still,  still  on  hope  relies; 
And  every  pang  that  rends  the  heart 

Bids  expectation  rise. 

Hope,  like  the  gleaming  taper's  light. 

Adorns  and  cheers  the  way; 
And  still,  as  darker  grows  the  light. 


Emits  a  brighter  ray. 


Oliver  Goldsmith 


FARE   THEE  WELL. 

Fare  thee  well !  and  if  forever, 

Still  forever,  fare  thee  well  1 
Even  though  unforgiving,  never 

'Gainst  thee  shall  ray  heart  rebel. 

Would  that  breast  were  bared  before  thee 
Where  thy  head  so  oft  hatli  lain. 

While  that  placid  sleep  came  o'er  thee 
Which  thou  ne'er  canst  know  again: 

Would  that  breast,  by  thee  glanced  over 
Every  inmost  thought  could  showl 

Then  thou  wouldst  at  last  discover 
'Twas  not  well  to  spurn  it  so. 

Though  the  world  for  this  commend  thee — 
Though  it  smile  upon  the  blow, 

£'ea  its  praises  must  offend  thee. 
Founded  on  another's  woe — 

Though  my  many  faults  defend  me. 

Could  no  other  arm  be  found 
Than  the  one  which  embraced  me, 

To  inflict  a  cureless  wound? 

Yet,  oh  yet,  thyself  deceive  not, 

Love  may  sink  by  slow  decay. 
But  by  sudden  wrench,  believe  not 

Hearts  can  thus  be  torn  away; 

Still  thine  own  its  life  retaineth — 
Still  must  mine,  though  bleeding,  beat; 

And  the  undying  thought  which  paineth 
Is — that  we  no  more  may  meet. 

These  are  words  of  deeper  sorrow 

Than  the  wail  above  the  dead; 
Both  shall  live,  but  every  morrow 

Wakest  from  a  widow 'd  bed. 

And  when  thou  wouldst  solace  gather, 
When  our  child's  first  accents  flow, 

Wilt  thou  teach  her  to  say  "  Father!" 
Though  his  care  she  must  forego? 

When  her  little  hands  shall  press  thee. 
When  her  lip  to  thine  is  pressed. 

Think  of  him  whose  prayers  shall  bless  thee. 
Think  of  him  thy  love  had  bless'd. 

Should  her  lineaments  resemble 
Those  thou  never  more  may'st  see, 

Then  thy  heart  will  softly  tremble 
With  a  pulse  yet  true  to  me. 

All  my  faults  perchance  thou  knowest. 
All  my  madness  none  can  know; 

All  my  hopes  where'er  thou  goest. 
Whither — ^yet  with  thee  they  go. 

Everjr  feeling  hath  been  shaken; 

Pnde,  which  not  a  world  could  bow, 
Bows  to  thee — by  thee  forsaken. 

Even  my  soul  forsakes  me  now. 


■ilFi'ROM  -placid  lake 
^illrf     As  smooth  as 
glass, 
Without  a  sound 
The.  waters  pass 
Beneath  a  bridge 
Moss    growr  and 
brown. 
And  neath  huge  palms    | 
They  wander  down 


3o  drowsily, 

h  almost  seems 
That  this  jnust  be 

The      laai     of 
dreams. 


GEMS    OF    I'OETKY, 


But  'tis  done — all  words  are  Idle — 
Words  from  me  are  vainer  still; 

But  the  thoughts  we  cannot  bridle, 
Force  their  way  without  the  will. 

Fare  thee  well — thus  disunited. 
Torn  from  every  meaner  tie, 

Sear'ci  in  heart,  and  love,  and  blighted- 
More  than  this,  I  scarce  can  die. 


Btbon. 


A  LITTLE  DOUBTFUL. 

When  a  pair  of  red  lips  are  upturned  to  your  own, 

"With  no  one  to  gossip  about  it, 
Doyou  pray  for  endurance  to  let  them  alone? 

Well,  may  be  you  do — but  I  doubt  it. 

When  a  sly  little  hand  you're  permitted  to  seize, 

With  a  velvety  softness  about  it, 
Doyou  think  you  can  drop  it  with  never  a  squeeze? 

Well,  may  be  you  can — but  I  doubt  it. 

When  a  tapering  waist  is  in  reach  of  your  arm. 

With  a  wonderful  plumpness  about  it, 
Do  you  argue  the  point  'twixt  the  good  and  the  harm? 

Well,  may  be  you  do — but  I  doubt  it. 

And  if  by  these  tricks  you  should  capture  a  heart, 

With  a  womanly  sweetness  about  it. 
Will  you  guard  it  and  keep  it,  and  act  the  good  part? 

Well,  may  be  you  will — but  I  doubt  it. 

■*  Author  Unknown. 


THE  COSMIC  EGG. 

Upon  a  rock  yet  uncreate. 
Amid  a  chaos  inchoate. 
An  uncreated  being  sate; 
Beneath  him,  rock. 

Above  him,  cloud. 
And  the  cloud  was  rock. 

And  the  rock  was  cloud. 
The  rock  then  growing  soft  and  warm 
The  cloud  began  to  take  a  form, 
A  form  chaotic,  vast  and  vague. 
Which  issued  in  the  cosmic  egg. 
Then  the  being  uncreate 
On  the  egg  did  incubate, 

And  thus  became  the  incubator; 
And  of  the  egg  did  allegate, 

And  thus  became  the  alligator; 
And  the  incubator  was  potentate. 

But  the  alligator  was  potentater. 


Anonymous. 


THE   MAY  QUEEN. 

You  must  wake  and  call  me  early,  call  me  early,  mother  dear; 
To-morrow  'ill  be  the  happiest  time  of  all  the  glad  new  year; 
Of  all  the  glad  new  year,  mother,  the  maddest,  merriest,  day; 
For  I'm  to  be  Queen  o'  the  May,  moiher, 
I'm  to  be  Queen  o'  the  May. 

There's  many  a  black,  black  eye,  they  say,  but  none  so  bright  as  mine; 
There's  Margaret  and  Mary,  there  s  Kate  and  Caroline; 
But  none  so  fair  as  little  Alice  in  all  the  land,  they  say, 
So  I'm  to  be  Queen  o'  the  May,  mother, 
I'm  to  be  Queen  o'  the  May. 

I  sleep  so  sound  all  night,  mother,  that  I  shall  never  wake, 
If  you  do  nut  call  me  loud  when  the  day  begins  to  break; 
But  I  must  gath'jr  knots  of  flowers,  and  buds  and  garlands  gay. 
For  I'm  to  be  Queen  o'  the  3Iav,  motlier, 
I'm  to  be  Queen  o'  the  J^ay. 

As  I  came  up  the  valley,  whom  think  ye  I  should  see. 
But  Ilobin  leaning  on  the  bridge  beneath  the  hazil  tree? 
He  thought  of  that  shirp  look,  mother,  I  gave  him  yesterday — 
But  I'm  to  be  Queen  o'  the  May,  moiher, 
I'm  to  be  Queen  o'  the  May. 

He  thought  I  was  a  glio.st,  mother,  for  I  was  all  in  white  ; 
And  I  ran  by  him  without  speaking,  like  a  flash  of  light. 
They  call  me  cruel  hearted,  but  1  care  not  what  they  say. 
For  I'm  to  be  Queen  o'  the  May,  mother, 
I'm  to  be  Queen  o'  the  May. 

They  say  he's  djing  all  for  love,  but  that  can  never  be  : 
They  say  his  heart  is  breaking,  mother  —  what  is  that  to  me  ? 
There's  many  a  bolder  lad  '11  woo  me  any  summer  day. 
And  I'm  to  be  Queen  o'  the  May,  moiher, 
I'm  to  be  Queen  o'  the  May. 

Little  Eflle  ^hall  go  with  me  to-morrow  to  the  green, 
And  you  'U  be  there  too,  mother,  to  see  me  made  the  queen  ; 
For  the  shepherd  huls  on  every  side  '11  come  from  far  away. 
And  I'm  to  be  Queen  o'  the  May,  mother, 
I'm  to  be  Queen  o'  tlie  May. 

The  honeysuckle  round  the  porch  has  wov'n  its  wavj'  bowers, 
And  by  the  meadow-trenches  blow  the  faint  sweet  cuckoo-flowers ; 
And  the  wild  marsh-marigold  shines  like  fire  in  swamps  and  hollows  gray, 
And  I'm  to  be  Queen  o'  the  May,  mother, 
I'm  to  be  Queen  o'  the  May. 

The  night  winds  come  and  go,  mother,  upon  the  meadow  grass, 
And  the  happy  stars  above  them  seem  to  brighten  as  they  pass ; 
There  will  not  be  a  drop  of  rain  the  whole  of  the  livelong  day. 
And  I'm  to  be  Queen  o'  the  May,  mother, 
I'm  to  be  Queen  o'  the  Alay. 

All  the  valley,  mother,  will  be  fresh  and  green  and  still. 
And  the  cowslip  and  the  crowfoot  are  over  all  the  hill. 
And  the  rivulet  in  the  flowery  dale  'ill  merrily  glance  and  play. 
For  I'm  to  be  Queen  o'  the  May,  mother, 
I'm  to  be  Queen  o'  the  May. 

So  you  must  wake  and  call  me  earlj',  call  me  early,  mother  dear. 
To-morrow  'ill  be  the  happiest  time  of  all  the  glad  new  year  : 
To-morrow  'ill  be  of  all  the  year  the  maddest,  merriest  day, 
For  I'm  to  be  Queen  o'  the  May,  mother, 

I'm  to  be  Queen  o'  the  May.  Tennyson, 


GEMS   OF  POETRY. 


THE   LAKE   OF  THE   DISMAL   SWAMP. 

"  They  made  her  a  grave  too  cold  and  damp 

For  a  soul  so  warm  and  true; 
And  she's  gone  to  the  Lake  of  the  Dismal  Swamp, 
Where  all  night  long,  by  a  firefly  lamp. 

She  paddles  her  while  canoe 

"And  her  firefly  kmp  I  soon  shall  see, 
And  her  paddle  1  soon  shall  hear; 
Long  and  loving  our  life  shall  be, 
And  I'll  hide  the  maid  in  a  cypresn  tree, 
When  the  footsiep  of  dtatii  ib  near." 


Away  to  tlie  Dismal  Swamp  he  speeds — 

His  p  ith  was  rugged  and  sore. 
Through  tangled  juniper,  beds  of  reeds. 
Through  many  a  fen  where  the  serpent  feeds, 

And  man  never  trod  before. 

And  when  on  the  earth  he  sank  to  sleep. 

If  slumber  his  eyelids  knew, 
He  lay  where  the  deadly  vine  doth  weep 
Its  venomous  tears,  and  nightly  steep 

The  flesh  with  blistering  dew ! 

And  near  him  the  she-wolf  stirr'd  the  brake, 
And  the  copper-snake  breathed  in  hiy  ear. 

Till  he  starting  cried,  from  his  dream  awake, 
"  Oh  when  shall  I  see  the  dusky  lake. 
And  the  white  canoe  of  my  dear?  " 


He  saw  the  lake,  and  a  meteor  bright 
Quick  over  ite  surface  play'd — 
"Welcome,"  he  said,  "my  dear  one's  light!" 
And  the  dim  shore  echo'd  for  many  a  night 
The  name  of  the  deatb-cold  maid. 

Till  he  hollow'd  a  boat  of  the  birchen  bark. 

Which  carried  him  off  from  shore; 
Far,  far  he  follow 'd  the  meteor  spark. 
The  wind  was  high  and  the  clouds  were  dark, 
And  the  boat  returned  no  more. 


But  oft,  from  tHe  Indian  hunter's  camp, 

This  lover  and  maid  so  true 
Are  seen  at  the  hour  of  midnight  damp 
To  cross  the  lake  by  a  firefly  lamp. 

And  paddle  their  white  canoe! 


Thomas  Moore. 


FROM  "LADY   OF   LYONS." 

Pattline. — I  cannot  forego  pride  when  I  look  on  thee,  and  think  that  thou  lovest 
me.  Sweet  Prince,  tell  me  again  of  thy  palace  by  the  lake  of  Como;  it  is  so  pleasant 
to  hear  of  thy  splendors  since  thou  didst  swear  to  me  that  they  would  be  desolate  with- 
out Pauline;  and  when  thou  describcst  them,  it  is  with  a  mocking  lip  and  a  noble 
scorn,  as  if  custom  had  made  thee  disdain  greatness. 

Claude  Melnotte. — Nay,  dearest,  nay,  if  thou  wouldst  have  me  paint 
The  home  to  which,  could  love  fulfill  its  prayers. 
This  hand  would  lead  thee,  listen!    A  deep  vale 
Shut  out  by  Aldine  hills  from  the  rude  world; 
Near  a  clear  lake,  margined  by  fruits  of  gold 
And  whispering  myrlles;  glassing  softest  skies, 
As  cloiidU'SS,  save  with  rare  and  roseate  shadows, 
As  I  would  have  thy  fate! 

PATJiiiKE. — My  own  dear  love! 

Claude  Melnotte. — A  palace  lifting  to  eternal  summer 

Its  marble  walls  from  out  a  glossy  bower 

Of  coolest  foliage,  musical  with  birds. 

Whose  songs  sliould  syllable  tby  name!    At  noon 

We'd  sit  beneath  the  arching  vines,  and  wonder 

Why  Earth  could  be  unhappy,  while  the  heavens 

Still  left  us  youth  and  love!     We'd  have  no  friends 

That  were  not  lovers;  no  ambition,  save 

To  excel  them  hU  in  love;  we'd  read  no  books 

That  were  not  tales  of  love — that  we  might  smile 

To  think  how  poorly  eloquence  of  words 

Translates  the  poetry  of  hearts  like  ours! 

And  when  night  came,  nmidst  the  breathless  heavens, 

We'd  guess  what  star  should  be  our  home  when  love 

Becomes  immortal;  while  the  perfumed  light 

Stole  through  the  mist  of  alabaster  lands, 

And  every  air  was  heavy  with  the  sighs 

Of  orange  groves  and  music  from  sweet  lutes, 

And  murmurs  of  low  fountains  that  gush  forth 

I'  the  midst  of  roses!    Dost  thou  like  the  picture? 

Pauline. — Oh,  as  the  bee  upon  the  flower,  I  hang 
Upon  the  honey  of  thy  eloquent  tongue! 
Am  I  not  blest?    And  if  I  love  too  wildly. 
Who  would  not  love  thee  like  Pauline? 


LADY  OF  LYONS. 


Claude  Mbmiotte.— A  palace  lifting  to  eternal  summer 

Its  marble  walls  from  out  a  glossy  bower 
Of  coolest  folingo,  musical  with  birds. 
Whose  songs  should  syllable  thy  name ! 


GEMS   OF    POETRY. 


231    1 


THE   CHANGED   CROSS. 

It  was  a  time  of  sadness,  and  my  heart, 
Although  it  knew  and  loved  the  better  part, 
Felt  weary  with  the  conflict  and  the  strife. 
And  all  the  needful  discipline  of  life. 

And  while  I  thought  on  these  as  given  to  me, 
My  trial-tests  of  faith  and  love  to  be, 
It  seemed  as  if  I  never  could  be  sure 
That  faithful  to  the  end  I  should  endure. 

And  thus,  no  longer  trusting  to  His  might, 
Who  says,  "  We  walk  by  faith  and  not  by  sight," 
Doubting  and  almost  yielding  to  despair, 
The  thought  arose,  "  My  cross  I  cannot  bear. 

"  Far  heavier  its  weight  must  surely  be 
Than  those  of  others  which  I  daily  see; 
Oh!  if  I  might  another  burden  choose, 
Metliinks  I  should  not  fear  my  crown  to  lose." 

A  solemn  silence  reigned  on  all  around; 
E'en  Nature's  voices  uttered  not  a  sound; 
The  evening  shadows  seemed  of  peace  to  tell, 
And  sleep  upon  my  weary  spirit  fell. 

A  moment's  pause, — and  then  a  heavenly  light 
Beamed  full  upon  my  wondering,  raptured  sight; 
Angels  on  silvery  wings  seemed  everywhere. 
And  angels'  music  thrilled  the  balmy  air. 

Then  One,  more  fair  than  all  the  rest  to  see. 
One  to  whom  all  others  bowed  the  knee. 
Came  gently  to  me,  as  I  trembling  lay. 
And,  "  Follow  me,"  He  said;  "I  am  the  way." 

Then,  speaking  thus.  He  led  me  far  above. 
And  there  beneath  a  canopy  of  love. 
Crosses  of  divers  shape  and  size  were  seen. 
Larger  and  smaller  than  my  own  had  been. 

And  one  there  was  most  beauteous  to  behold, — 
A  little  one,  with  jewels  set  in  gold. 
Ah!  this,  methought,  I  can  with  comfort  wear. 
For  it  will  be  an  easy  one  to  bear. 

And  so  the  little  cross  I  quickly  took. 
But  all  at  once  my  frame  beneath  it  shook; 
The  sparkling  jewels,  fair  were  they  to  see. 
But  far  too  heavy  was  their  weight  to  me. 

"This  may  not  be,"  I  cried,  and  looked  again. 
To  see  if  there  were  any  here  could  ease  my  pain; 
But  one  by  one  I  passed  them  slowly  by, 
Till  on  a  lovely  one  I  cast  my  eye. 

Fair  flowers  around  its  sculptured  form  entwined, 
And  grace  and  beauty  seemed  in  it  combined. 
Wondering  I  gazed, — and  still  I  wondered  more, 
To  think  so  many  should  have  passed  it  o'er. 


But,  oh!  that  form  so  beautiful  to  see, 
Soon  made  its  hidden  sorrows  known  to  me; 
Thorns  lay  beneath  tho^e  tlcjwers  and  colors  fair; 
Borrowing  1  said,  "  This  cross  1  may  not  bear." 

And  so  it  was  with  each  and  all  around, 

Not  one  to  suit  my  need  could  there  be  found ; 

Weeping  I  laid  each  heavy  t)urden  down, 

As  my  guide  gently  said,  "  No  cross, — no  crown." 

At  length  to  Iliin  I  raised  my  saddened  heart; 
He  knew  ita  sorrows,  bade  its  doubts  depart; 
"Be  not  afraid,"  He  said,  "  but  trust  in  Me; 
My  perfect  love  shall  now  be  shown  to  thee." 

And  then,  with  lightened  eyes  and  willing  feet. 
Again  I  turned,  my  earthly  cross  to  meet; 
With  forward  footsteps,  turning  not  aKide, 
For  fear  some  hidden  evil  might  betide; 

And  there, — in  the  prepared,  appointed  way. 
Listening  to  hear,  and  ready  to  obey, — 
A  cross  I  quickly  found  of  plainest  form, 
With  only  words  of  love  inscribed  thereon. 

With  thankfulnes-s  I  raised  it  from  the  rest, 
And  joyfully  acknowledgetl  it  the  best, — 
The  only  one,  of  all  the  many  there, 
That  I  could  feel  was  good  for  me  to  bear. 

And  while  I  thus  my  chosen  one  confessr 
I  saw  a  heavenly  brightness  on  it  rest; 
And  as  I  bent,  my  burden  to  sustain, 
I  recognized  my  own  old  cross  again. 

But,  oh!  how  different  did  it  seem  to  be. 
Now  1  had  learned  its  preciousness  to  see, 
No  longer  could  I  unl)elieving  say, 
"  Perhaps  another  is  a  better  way. 

Ah,  no!  henceforth  my  one  desire  shall  be. 
That  He,  who  knows  me  best  should  choose  for  me; 
And  so,  whate'er  His  love  sees  good  to  send, 
I'll  trust  it's  best, — because  he  knows  the  end. 

Author  Unknown. 


NAUGHTY,    BUT   SWEET. 

Somebody's  lips  were  close  to  mine. 
Thus  tempted,  I  couldn't  resist. 

Roguish  and  rosy,  a  sweet  little  mouth 
Was  suddenly  softly  kissed. 

Somebody's  eyes  looked  up  and  frowned 
With  such  a  reproving  glance, 
"  If  kisses  were  wicked  ?  "  1  asked  my  pet, 
'Then  the  eyes  began  to  dance. 

And  smiling  the  little  maid  answered. 
As  I  knelt  there  at  her  feet, 
"They  must  be  a  little  bit  naughty, 
Or  they  never  would  be  so  sweet." 


AuTHOB  Unknown 


OEMS    OF    I'OETKY. 


THE   IVY  GREEN. 

Oh!  a  dainty  plant  is  the  ivy  green, 

Tliat  creepeth  o'er  ruins  old! 
Of  right  choice  food  are  his  meals  I  ween, 

lu  his  cell  so  lone  and  cold. 
The  walls  must  be  crumpled,  the  stones  decayed, 

To  pleasure  his  dainty  whim; 
And  the  mouldering  dust  that  years  have  made 

Is  a  merry  meal  for  him. 
Creeping  where  no  life  is  seen, 
A  rare  (3d  plant  is  the  ivy  green. 

Fast  he  stealeth  on,  though  he  wears  no  wings. 

And  a  staunch  old  heart  has  he; 
How  closely  he  twineth,  how  tight  he  clings 

To  his  friend,  the  huge  oak  tree! 
And  slyly  he  traileth  along  the  ground, 

And  his  leaves  he  gently  waves, 
And  he  joyously  twines  and  hugs  around 

The  rich  mould  of  dead  men's  graves. 
Creeping  where  no  life  is  seen, 
A  rare  old  plant  is  the  ivy  green. 

Whole  ages  have  fled,  and  their  works  decayed, 

And  nations  scattered  been ; 
But  the  stout  old  ivy  shall  never  fade 

From  its  hale  and  hearty  green. 
The  brave  old  plant  in  its  lonely  days 

Shall  fatten  upon  the  past; 
For  the  stateliest  building  man  can  raise 

Is  the  ivy's  food  at  last. 
Creeping  where  no  life  is  seen, 
A  rare  old  plant  is  the  ivy  green.  Charles  Dickens. 


VIRTUE. 

The  triumphs  that  on  vice  attend 
Shall  ever  in  confusion  end ; 
The  good  man  suffers  but  to  gain. 
And  every  virtue  springs  from  pain. 

As  aromatic  plants  bestow 
No  spicy  fragrance  while  they  grow, 
But  crushed  or  trodden  to  the  ground, 
Diffuse  their  balmy  sweets  around. 

Oliver  Goldsmith. 


JENNY   KISSED   ME. 


Jenny  ki^s'd  me  when  we  met. 

Jumping  from  the  chair  she  sat  in  ; 
Time,  you  thief  !  who  love  to  get 

Sweets  into  your  list,  put  that  in. 
Say  I'm  weary,  say  I'm  sad  ; 

Say  that  health  and  wealth  have  miss'd  me ; 
Say  I'm  growing  old,  but  add — 

Jenny  kiss'd  me  !  LWTGH  Hunt 


^J^JHlSPFff3 


jjTi  K  fltt  foaming  when  lite  shaflowt 

'llf        Lengthen  o'er  the  vxrdant  lea, 

**'^    Oft.  L  wander  thro'  the  mcadoirs, 

And  my  thoughts  are  all  of  thee  ; 

Sweet  words  then,  so  long  jince  spoken^ 

Breezes  seem  once  more  to  frames 
^nd  the  twilight  calm  is  brokca 
Uy  thc'ccho  of  thy  name. 

O,  'tis  sweet  alone  to  wandeC 
'  *£Ieath  the  peeping  et'oing  star; 
For,  tirhilst  on  the  pasr  1  ponder, 
Wlibpers  reaidi  me  from.  ilaz. 

J%  0  one  afar  Is  ^peakkig 

Of  (he  lonely  heart  at  home, 
And  his  tnrdei  -words  are  seeking* 
Ears  that  list  across  the  foam  ? 
es ;  and  ere  the  flowers  are  dyings 
He  rail  haste  again  to  me  : 
XVhen  1  hear  the  breezes  sighing, 
Ijove.'T  know  they  come  fcom  thee» 
0,-'tis  sweet  alone^o  wandec,  • 

.f Neath  thf  peeping  ev'ning>«tar » 
For,  whilst  on  the  past  I  ponder, 
Whispers  reacii  me  fitim  ahi. 


Detecting  Counterfeit  ^om 


HE  desire  to  accumulate  property  is  one  of 
the  noblest  that  nature  has  implanted  in  man, 
and  it  is  through  the  successful  results  of  this 
desire  we  are  enabled  to  point  with  unerring 
certainty  to  the  disembarking  line,  which  so 
surely  distinguishes  the  advanced,  educated, 
refined   and    civilized   man   from   the    wild 
savage,  whose   highest   desire   is  to   slay   and  rob 
his  fellow  men,  and  proudly  exhibit  their  scalps,  or 
the  plunder  he  has  acquired,  as  evidence  of  his  cun- 
ning or  courage. 

It  is  through  this  inborn  desire  to  accumulate 
that  man  is  willing  to  labor,  toil,  suffer  and  forego 
present  gratifications  for  the  hope  of  future  greater 
satisfactions ;  that  has  resulted  in  the  building  and 
equipping  the  mighty  ships  of  commerce,  whose 
white,  spreading  canvas  dots  every  sea  wher^  com- 
merce may  be  known,  or  where  the  interests  of  God's  creatures  may 
best  be  served.  It  is  through  this  desire,  coupled  with  unremitting 
toil,  that  we  owe  everything  of  permanent  enjoyment,  of  enlight- 
enment and  of  prosperity. 

The  millions  of  dollars  of  paper  money  which  is  handled  every 
day  as  the  natural  fruit  of  toil  and  saving  through  the  many  and 
diversified  transactions  in  the  vast,  illimitable  and  ever  rapidly  de- 
veloping field  of  commerce,  is  but  the  representative  of  ownership 
of  property. 

If  this  representative  is  what  it  purports  on  its  face  to  be,  each 
and  every  one  who  receives  it  in  exchange  for  services  or  commodi- 
ties owns  not  merely  a  piece  of  paper,  with  designs,  words  and 
promises  printed  or  engraved  thereon,  but  an  interest  or  an  undi- 
vided whole  in  a  farm,  a  block  of  buildings  or  a  store  well  stocked 
with  merchandise,  which,  in  his  estimation,  at  least,  is  more  desira- 
ble to  him  than  the  labor  or  commodity  for  which  he  has  volun- 

285 


tarily  made  the  exchange ;  but  if,  on  the  contrary,  it  is  other  than 
what  it  purports  on  its  face  to  be,  he  finds  that  he  is  the  owner  of  a 
piece  of  paper  whose  value  is  nil. 

There  is,  at  the  present  writing  [1885],  nearly  eight  hundred 
million  dollars  of  paper  currency  in  the  United  States,  consisting  of 
greenbacks  and  national  currency,  a  great  portion  of  which  is  in 
actual  circulation,  and  it  has  been  estimated  by  eminent  authorities 
who  occupy  positions  of  trust  in  the  various  departments  through 
which  the  financial  machinery  of  this  vast  sea  of  paper  money  is 
daily  circulated,  that  there  is  in  circulation  nearly  one-fifth  of  this 
amount  in  counterfeit  money,  or  about  one  hurtdred  and  sixty  mill- 
ion dollars ;  and  not  one  dollar  of  this  counterfeit  money  owes  its 
circulation  to  any  excellence  of  the  work  in  its  manufacture,  but 
wholly  to  the  general  ignorance  of  those  who  handle  it,  as  to  what 
is  required  to  constitute  a  genuine  bill.  The  time  will  come  when 
the  United  States  will  redeem  all  of  its  issue  of  paper  money,  when 
those  who  are  holding  any  of  this  counterfeit  money  will  have  to 
stand  tiie  loss  to  the  extent  of  the  sum  in  their  possession. 

To  all  of  those  Avho  are  willing  to  take  a  small  portion  of  their 
time  each  day  for  a  few  weeks  in  learning  just  what  it  takes  to  con- 
stitute a  genuine  bill,  there  need  be  no  necessity  of  ever  losing 
anything  by  counterfeiters,  as  it  is  impossible  for  them  to  make 
bills  which  will  in  any  way  approach  the  beauty  and  exactness  of 
the  genuine  ones.  There  is  not  at  the  present  time,  nor  has  there 
ever  been  in  the  past,  nor  will  there  ever  be  in  the  future,  a  coun- 
terfeit bill  made  that  cannot  be  detected  at  sight ;  and  the  positive 
knowledge  of  how  to  know  at  all  times  when  a  bill  is  genuine  and 
when  not  is  within  the  reach  of  all  those  who  may  have  the  priv- 
ilege of  reading  the  following  information  or  infallible  rules  with  a 
genuine  desire  to  be  benefited  thereby  : 

Devices  and  Frauds. — Various  devices  are  resorted  to  by  a 
numerous  gang  or  body  of  persons,  to  get  on  in  the  world  without 
turning  their  attention  to  legitimate  and  useful  employments. 

This  class  includes  many  that  are  not  engaged  in  the  practice  of 
counterfeiting  and  putting  forth  bad  money,  but  who  make  them- 
selves felt  in  various  ways  through  vain  tricks  and  schemes,  which 
are,  to  all  intents  and  purposes,  frauds. 

Business  men  are  generally  apt  at  detecting  and  turning  off 
petty  schemes,  but  they  find  it  best  to  have  the  means  with  which 
they  may  deal  successfully  as  against  regular  swindlers,  forgers  and 
counterfeiters. 

Counterfeit  and  Genuine  Work. — As  indicated  above,  coun 


terfeit  notes  are  issued  and  put  into  tlie  channels  of  circulation  in 
abundance  every  year,  by  those  engaged  in  the  practice  of  counter- 
feiting. These  notes  are  often  such  good  imitations  of  the  genuine 
that  it  is  quite  difficult  to  discern  the  difference. 

That  he  may  protect  himself,  each  business  man  should  have 
some  definite  knowledge  of  a  genuine  bank  note. 

The  engraving  of  a  genuine  note,  in  most  all  of  its  parts,  is  done 
by  machinery,  and  it  is  more  exact  and  perfect.  On  the  contrary, 
most  all  parts  of  counterfeit  notes  are  done  by  hand. 

Counterfeiters  cannot  afford  to  purchase  machinery,  such  as  is 
used  for  the  production  of  genuine  notes.  The  cost  of  such  ma- 
chinery is  between  $100,000  and  $150,000,  and  if  it  were  in  wrong 
hands  it  would  be  always  liable  to  seizure  and  confiscation. 


DETECTING  COUNTERFEIT  MONEY. 


In  order  to  prevent  the  forgery  of  bank  notes,  a  great  deal  of 
ingenuity  and  art  has  been  expended  on  their  production.  The 
principal  features  of  the  manufacture  are  described  as  a  peculiar 
kind  of  paper  and  water  mark ;  an  elaborate  design,  printed  with  a 
peculiar  kind  of  ink,  and  certain  private  marks,  known  only  by  the 
bank  officials. 

The  work  of  counterfeiters  can  never  equal  that  of  the  makers 
of  genuine  notes,  whose  skill  and  facilities  for  producing  the  highest 
grade  *of  work  known  to  the  art,  are  the  best  tliat  the  world  affords. 

Unless  one  is  somewhat  learned  as  to  the  quality  of  engraving, 
that  he  may  be  able  to  distinguish  a  fine  specimen  of  the  art  when 
he  sees  it,  he  is  likely  to  become  a  victiirT  of  the  counterfeiter's 
operations. 

Lathe  "Work, — When  the  genuineness  of  a  bank  note  is  doubt 
ed,  the  Lathe  Work  on  the  note  should  first  be  closely  scrutinized 


The  several  letters  of  denomination,  circles,  ovals  and  shadings 
between  and  around  the  letters  in  the  words,  etc.,  are  composed  of 
numberless  extremely  line  lines — inclusive  of  lines  straight,  curved 
and  net-work.  These  are  aU  regular  and  unbroken,  never  running 
into  each  other,  and  may  be  traced  throughout  with  a  magnifying 
glass. 

Without  the  skill  or  machinery  by  which  the  genuine  is  pro- 
duced, the  same  quality  of  work  cannot  be  done.  Therefore,  in  a 
counterfeit,  the  lines  are  imperfect,  giving  the  paper  a  dull  or  hazy 
aspect,  that  may  be  aU  the  better  appreciated  by  comparing  it  with 
the  genuine.  The  lines  in  the  counterfeit  will  be  found  now  and 
then  irregular  in  size,  and  broken ;  not  uniform  in  course,  some- 
times heav}',  sometimes  light ;  no  two  stamps  or  dies  on  the  same 
note  being  exactly  alike. 

The  tine,  uniform  shade  lines,  ^vith  which  the  letters  on  the  gen- 
uine are  embellished,  are  wrought  by  a  machine  that  cannot  be 
reproduced  by  counterfeiters,  nor  used  for  other  than  legitimate 
purposes,  by  authority. 

Ruling:  Engine  Work  — In  Ruling  Engine  "Work,  as  it  is 
called,  the  fine  line  is  present,  also.  The  engraving  is  produced  and 
transferred  in  the  same  way  as  the  geometrical  lathe  work.  In  this 
they  are  parallel  and  not  in  circles.  Those  which  constitute  the 
shading  of  letters  are  so  fine  that  they  form  a  perfectly  even  gray 
shade.  They  may  be  printed  30  that  the  shading  will  appear 
darker,  but  the  aspect  will  be  uniform.  The  spaces  between  lines 
are  exact,  whether  the  lines  be  horizontal  or  diagonal.  The  lines 
are  also  made  crooked  or  wave-like,  not  absolutely  parallel.  RuUng 
engine  work  is  generally  used  for  shading  names  of  banks,  and  also 
for  the  names  of  town,  state,  etc. 

Geometrical  Lathe.  —The  fine  Une  is  the  characteristic  of  the 
various  and  beautiful  figures  seen  on  a  genuine  note.  This  line  is 
produced  by  what  is  called  the  Geometrical  Lathe.  The  patterns 
made  by  the  geometrical  lathe  are  of  every  variety  of  form.  They 
are  not  engraven  directly  upon  the  bank-note  plate,  but  on  pieces 
of  soft  steel  plate,  which  are  afterward  hardened.  The  impressions 
are  then  transferred  to  a  soft  steel  roller,  which,  in  its  turn,  is  also 
hardened,  and  the  impressions  remain  there  in  rehef.  This  roller  is 
then  capable  of  transferring  the  same  designs  to  the  bank-note 
plate,  by  means  of  the  transfer  press. 

In  counterfeit  engraving,  the  design  is  made  directly  upon  the 
plate,  and  not  by  transfer,  as  in  the  production  of  plates  for  genu- 
notes.     The  essential  difference   between  the  two  methods  of 


production  is,  the  counterfeit  is  made  by  hand,  and  is  inexact  and 
imperfect,  while  the  genuine  is  made  on  geometrical  principles,  and 
is  therefore  exact,  artistic  and  beautiful. 

In  all  the  government  issues  the  geometric  lathe  work  is  liberally- 
used.  This  should  be  studied  carefully,  as  it  constitutes  the  chief 
test  of  genuineness. 

Fine  lines,  of  unerring  exactness,  never  broken,  are  seen  on  the 
genuine  medallion  heads  or  shields,  upon  which  the  designation 
of  the  note  is  sometimes 
stamped.  This  nicety  can- 
not be  given  by  hand,  or 
with  the  use  of  imperfect 
machinery.  By  close  scru- 
tiny the  lines  will  be  found 
to  break  off  in  the  pattern, 
or  appear  forked,  irregular  in  size,  and  not  well  defined  throughout. 
On  most  counterfeits  the  vignettes  are  not  well  engraved,  and 
the  portraits  have  a  dull  appearance ;  the  letters  are  usually  wanting 
in  clearness ;  the  printing  is  sometimes  faulty,  by  which  some  feat- 
ures of  the  note  are  obscured. 

Vignettes. — While  lathe  work  and  that  of  the  ruling  engine 
are  invariably  machine  work,  and  therefore  cannot  be  successfully 
reproduced  by  counterfeiters,  the  Yignettes  are  chiefly  the  work  of 
the  hands.  In  all  genuine  work  they  are  made  by  first-class  artists, 
who  are  well  paid  for  their  services,  and  who  therefore  have  no 
incentive  to  exercise  their  skill  for  illegitimate  purposes. 

Sometimes  water  and  sky  are  done  with  the  ruling  engine, 
and  when  they  are,  no  counterfeiter  can  successfully  imitate  them. 
Fine  vignettes  are  seldom  seen  on  counterfeit  notes.  If  only  the  lathe 
and  ruling  engine  work  be  genuine,  an  ordinary  vignette  cannot 
make  a  note  counterfeit,  and  if  that  be  counterfeit,  no  vignette  can 
make  the  note  genuine. 

The  vignettes  on  genuine  notes  are  executed  by  men  at  the  head 
of  their  vocation,  and  are  very  life-like  and  beautiful.  Counterfeit 
vignettes  usually  have  a  sunken  and  lifeless  appearance.  Genuine 
vignettes,  as  seen  upon  government  issues,  consist  of  out-door 
scenes,  portraits,  historical  pictures,  and  allegorical  figures.  They 
are  all  exceedingly  beautiful,  and  it  is  not  likely  that  such  work 
will  ever  be  successfully  imitated. 

Solid  Print. — The  lettering,  or  solid  print,  in  genuine  work  is 
done  by  a  first-class  artist,  who  makes  that  kind  of  work  his  exclu- 
sive concern.     The  name  of  the  engraving  company  is  always  en- 


DETECTING    COUNTEEFEIT   MONEY. 


graved  with  great  pains  and  is  very  accurate.  It  will  be  seen  on 
the  upper  and  lower  margin  of  the  note.  This,  in  counterfeits,  is 
not  quite  uniform  or  even.  The  vvords  "  one  dollar,"  as  on  the  one 
dollar  greenbacks,  are  to  be  considered  as  a  sample  of  solid  print. 

Bank-Note  Paper. — Bank  notes  are  printed  upon  paper  com- 
posed of  linen,  the  quality  of  which  is  not  always  the  same,  and  it 
varies  in  thickness.  Therefore  the  paper  is  not  always  a  sure  test, 
but  it  is  impoi-tant.  The  manufacture  of  this  paper  is  a  profound 
secret,  as  carefully  kept  as  the  combinations  to  the  great  vaults 
where  the  government's  millions  lie  awaiting  further  river  and 
harbor  bills.  It  is  made  only  at  the  Dalton  mill,  which  dates  back 
almost  to  colonial  days.  Wliat  its  combinations  are  nobody  knows 
except  those  intimately  connected  with  its  manufacture.  The 
secret  of  the  pa])cr  making  is  jealously  guarded,  as  is  also  the  paper 
itself.  From  the  moment  it  is  made  until  it  gets  into  the  treasury 
vaults  it  is  carefully  guarded.  It  goes  there  in  small  iron  safes,  the 
sheets  carefully  counted,  and  all  precautions  against  its  loss  being 
taken  both  by  the  government  officials  and  by  the  express  com- 
panies wiiich  carry  it. 

Counterfeit  Signatures. — Sometimes  genuine  notes  are  stolen 
before  they  are  signed;  then  the  only  tiling  about  them  made 
counterfeit  is  the  signatures.  Those  who  are  familiar  with  the  sig- 
natures of  officers  of  the  bank  where  notes  are  purloined,  may  not 
be  led  into  error,  as  such  signatures  usually  appear  more  or  less 
cramped  or  unsteady ;  but  there  is  no  sure  protection  against  a 
counterfeit  of  this  kind  for  those  who  do  not  have  special  knowl- 
edge of  the  signatures. 

Altered  Bank  Notes. — Bank  notes  are  altered  in  two  ways, 
namely :  raising  the  denomination,  and  changing  the  name  of  a 
broken  to  that  of  a  responsible  bank. 

First,  in  altering  a  note,  it  is  scraped  until  it  is  thin ;  then  figures 
of  larger  denomination  are  pasted  over.  A  pasted  note  may  be  de- 
tected by  holding  it  up  to  the  light,  when  the  pasted  parts  will 
appear  darker,  as  they  are  thicker. 

Second,  the  denomination  of  a  note  is  raised  by  taking  out  a  low 
one  with  an  acid,  and  printing  in  a  higher  one  with  a  counterfeit 
stamp.  The  ink  used  in  genuine  bank-note  printing  is  a  peculiar 
kind,  and  not  easily  to  be  obtained  by  counterfeiters ;  therefore, 
their  printing  will  not  appear  as  clear  and  bright  as  that  of  the 
government,  which  is  done  with  ink  of  the  finest  quality.  If  the 
ink  is  black,  it  gives  a  clear  and  glossy  impression,  without  any  of 
that  smutty  appearance,  as  is  sometimes  seen  in  counterfeit  bank 


DETECTING   COUNTERFEIT   MONEY. 


notes.  It  is  almost  impossible  to  imitate  the  green  ink  that  is  used 
by  the  government,  and  it  is  nearly  as  difficult  to  imitate  the  red  and 
other  colors.  Counterfeit  inks  look  dull  and  muddy,  while  genuine 
inks  have  a  glossy  appearance. 

In  the  case  of  a  note  altered  by  the  use  of  acid,  it  may  be 
noticed  that  the  acid,  by  spreading  more  than  was  intended  by  the 
counterfeiter,  has  injured  parts  of  other  letters,  and  the  paper  will 
appear  more  or  less  stained  by  the  acid. 

Comparing  and  Examining  Notes.— A  counterfeit  should 
be  compared  with  one  that  is  genuine,  in  order  to  familiarize  one's 
self  with  the  distinguishing  features  which  have  already  been 
indicated. 

It  is  best  to  acquire  the  habit  of  giving  each  note  as  received  a 
searching  glance,  turning  it  over  to  see  the  back,  and  if  there  be 
any  defect,  it  will  probably  catch  the  eye.  If  there  be  the  least 
suspicion,  a  critical  examination  of  all  its  parts  should  be  made. 

In  case  of  doubt,  the  lathe  work  should  be  carefully  examined, 
and  it  may  be  compared  with  a  perfectly  good  bill ;  then  examine 
the  shading  around  the  letters,  and  search  for  any  sign  of  alteration 
in  the  title  or  denomination  of  the  note.  If  there  are  any  medall- 
ion heads  or  shields,  notice  the  lines;  if  there  is  any  red  letter 
work,  designed  to  appear  on  both  sides,  look  at  the  character  of  the 
work  on  the  face,  then  turn  the  note  and  examine  the  back.  If  the 
printing  is  not  exactly  alike  on  both  sides,  but  varies  in  any  part, 
the  note  is  counterfeit.  Then  observe  the  vignettes  and  portraits, 
to  see  whether  their  style  and  perfection  compare  well  with  the 
work  on  genuine  notes.  Then  examine  the  solid  print  and  engrav- 
ers' names,  as  well  as  the  printing,  ink  and  paper.  By  such  thor- 
ough examination,  one  can  hardly  be  at  a  loss  to  determine  the 
status  of  tiie  note. 

Good  magnifying  glasses  are  necessary,  in  most  instances,  to 
bring  out  the  fine  lines  on  bank  notes.  Sometimes  a  microscope  of 
great  power  is  required  to  discern  the  genuine  line. 

Piecing,  etc. — Counterfeiters  sometimes  make  ten  bills  of  nine 
by  what  is  termed  piecing.  Thus,  a  counterfeit  note  is  cut  into  ten 
pieces  by  the  counterfeiter,  and  these  pieces  are  used  in  piecing  nine 
genuine  bills  from  each  of  which  a  piece  has  been  cut.  The  nine 
genuine  pieces,  thus  obtained,  are  then  pasted  together,  and  with 
the  tenth  counterfeit  piece  added,  make  a  tenth  bill,  which  is  the 
gain. 

Piecing  bank  bills  is  not  a  very  successful  practice.  One  who 
possesses  such  information  as  here  given,  can  readily  detect  the  dif 


DETECTINO    COUNTERFEIT    MONEY. 


ference  between  the  counterfeit  and  the  genuine.  This  difference  is, 
however,  made  less  apparent  by  the  counterfeiter,  who  defaces  the 
counterfeit  part,  so  as  to  give  the  note  a  w^orn  appearance. 

Counterfeiting  is  rendered  very  diflBcult  in  consequence  of  the 
remarkable  excellence  of  the  work  on  the  government  and  national 
currency,  as  also  from  the  difficulty  of  imitating  the  green.  But 
this  currency,  if  successfully  imitated  by  counterfeiters,  will  repay 
large  outlay  and  care,  as  the  greenbacks  pass  anywhere  in  the  na- 
tion, and  a  counterfeit  may  be  carried  to  other  states  or  sections  as 
it  becomes  known  in  any  particular  locality.  National  bank  cur- 
rency may  be  counterfeited  by  preparing  a  plate,  and  then  with 
simple  change  in  the  name  of  the  bank,  the  counterfeit  can  be 
adapted  to  the  various  towns  where  banks  are  located.  This  much 
is  written,  not  to  lessen  the  value  of  or  confidence  in  the  issues  of 
the  government,  but  to  admonish  the  pubhc  against  the  dangers  of 
a  false  security. 


-«=• 


Jl^ 


THE   HORSE. 

WHAT  CONSTITUTES  A  GOOD  HORSE. 


HE  horse  is  at  once  the  noblest,  the  most  intelligent  and 
the  most  useful  of  all  created  animals,  and  stands  the 
nearest  in  its  relation  to  man  of  those  whose  strength  and 
instinct  have  been  subjected  to  the  power  of  reason  and 
the  force  of  will  which  place  the  human  animal  on  the 
throne  of  the  animal  kingdom.  Its  noble  qualities  have 
in  all  ages  won  the  praise  of  poets,  the  pride  of  warriors, 
and  the  affection  of  men.  It  combines  in  its  character 
and  attributes,  in  an  extraordinary  degree,  strength  and 
docility,  power  and  patience,  courage  and  gentleness,  the  most 
acute  instinct  and  the  readiest  obedience,  fleetness  of  motion  and 
unfailing  dependence,  the  greatest  capacity  of  endurance  and  a 
fidelity  which  rarely  fails.  It  is  the  almost  indispensable  coadjutor  of 
man  in  every  sphere  of  labor,  and  is  essential  to  all  his  undertakings 
of  peace  or  war.  Whether  in  the  tilhng  of  the  soil,  the  gathering 
of  the  harvest,  the  marketing  of  produce,  in  going  to  and  fro 
either  for  profit  or  pastime,  the  horse  is  man's  most  useful  and 
familiar  friend,  and  the  appearance  of  the  horse  is  generally  looked 
upon  as  an  infallible  criterion  of  the  character  of  his  owner  for 
prudence  and  liberality. 

Horses  are  of  many  families,  and  have  their  geographical  homes, 
with  their  pertaining  distinctive  peculiarities,  much  as  the  various 
races  of  men.  The  Arabian,  for  instance,  is  a  true  native  of  Arabia, 
and  wherever  acclimatized  in  other  parts  of  the  world  preserves  its 
distinguishing  characteristics.  So.  too,  with  the  horses  of  Kormandy, 
which  have  given  the  people  of  America  the  valuable  class  of 
roadsters  known  as  the  Norman-Percheron.  The  English  racer,  the 
stock  of  Andalusia,  the  heavy  Scotch  Clydesdales  and  the  full-blooded 
flyers  of  Kentucky  are  all  distinct  types,  and  as  easily  distinguished 
by  the  horseman  as  the  Chinese  and  the  negro. 

Of  late  years  general  attention  has  been  paid  in  aU  advanced 
communities  to  the  improvement  of  the  native  stock  by  cross- 
breeding, and  re-crossing,  till  the  average  standard  of  American 
horseflesh  has  reached  a  very  high  period  of  excellence,  and  every 
year  is  thus  adding  to  the  improvement,  which  affects  not  only  the 

243 


THE    HORSE. 


grade  of  the  stock,  but  its  value  and  its  capacity  for  purposes  of 
practical  utility,  and  every  person  who  is  interested  in  the  possession 
or  raising  of  horses,  will  find  it  the  best  kind  of  economy  in  pur- 
chasing for  use  or  propagation,  and  in  breeding,  to  secure  the  purest 
blood  that  can  be  obtained  in  the  various  classes  from  which  choice 
is  made.  For  general  purposes,  the  horse  kingdom  may  be  divided 
into  four  classes :  (1)  Running  horses,  (2)  trotting  horses,  (3)  road- 
sters, (4)  draught  horses. 


PRINCIPAL  POINTS  IN  A  HORSE. 


1-Eve. 
2— Muzzle. 

7-Neck. 

13- Back. 

18-  Fetlock 

8— Withers. 

14— Reach. 

1»— Breast. 

3— Jaw. 

9— Shoulders. 

15 — Croup. 

30-Girth. 

4— Throat. 

10— Forearm. 

1&— Stifle. 

21- Barrel. 

6— Nape. 

11— Foreleg. 

17— Point  of  Hougrh. 

2a-Flank. 

6— Crest. 

IS— Knee. 

18— Pasterns. 

33- Dock. 

Points  of  Excellence. — The  points  of  excellence  in  a  horse, 
which  have  general  apphcation  to  all  classes,  are  those  of  health  and 
symmetry.  The  former  is  indicated  especially  by  a  bright,  clear 
eye,  a  clean  muzzle,  and  general  ease  and  freedom  in  action.  The 
signs  of  weakness  and  coarse  breeding  in  a  horse  are  a  clumsy 
muzzle,  large  ears,  thick  neck,  narrow  chest,  long  and  hollow  back, 
sunken  flanks,  narrow  crupper,  large  joints,  and  long  fetlock,  de 
dining  backward  from  the  hoof. 


THE   HORSE. 


Running  and  Trotting  Stock. — Stock  which  is  adapted  for 
fleetness  must  possess  the  distinguishing  mark  of  fine  blood — fine 
and  mobile  muzzle,  large  and  intelligent  eye,  small  ears,  slender  neck, 
high  withers,  clean  and  shapely  shoulders,  breadth  of  chest,  with 
the  fore-legs  well  apart,  indicating  lung  power,  short  in  the  back 
and  long  in  the  belly,  giving  "  reach,"  well  rounded  and  firm,  but 
not  too  broad  in  the  crupper ;  legs  clean,  and  fine  in  the  bone,  well 
set  up  over  the  hoof;  strong  and  muscular  in  the  fore-legs  and  stifle, 
and  clean  and  smooth  about  the  "heels,"  fetlocks,  houghs  and 
pastern. 

Roadsters. — Roadsters  should  possess  many  of  these  leading 
characteristics,  but  require  also  indications  of  strength  of  a  more 
rugged  and  enduring  character,  which,  while  detracting  from  their 
highest  speed,  give  them  staying  powers  suited  for  their  purpose. 
The  roadster  should  be  wider  in  the  muzzle  than  the  racing  horse, 
stronger  in  the  neck,  "vvider  in  the  withers  and  shoulders,  heavier 
across  the  crupper,  and  in  the  limbs ;  in  height  not  under  fifteen 
hands,  round  body,  muscular  flank,  and  oblique-set  hind  quarters. 

Draught  Horses. — The  draught  horse  is  altogether  distin- 
guished by  the  characteristics  of  strength  without  regard  to  speed. 
Size  and  weight  are  of  course  essential.  The  neck  should  be  sym- 
metrical, but  high  in  the  crest  and  thick,  developing  into  high  broad 
withers,  expansive  shoulders,  well  set  out  to  receive  the  burden  of 
weight  which  falls  on  the  collar,  back  round  and  broad,  body  pro- 
portionately heavy  but  round  and  well  shaped,  crupper  very  broad 
and  arching  over  from  the  back  bone,  dock  strong  and  set  firm  to 
the  crupper,  legs  thick,  large  in  bone,  and  well  developed  in  the 
muscles  of  the  forelegs  and  stifle,  mane,  tail  and  hair  of  medium 
fineness,  short  shanks,  broad  knees,  strong  hough  and  pastern,  fet- 
locks of  two  inches,  strong  and  thick,  well  set  up  upon  a  round  large 
hoof  well  open  at  the  heels. 

HOW  TO   ESTIMATE   THE    HORSE'S  AGE. 

It  is  an  old  saying  that  politics  and  horse  trading  are  "  mighty 
onsartin."  At  all  events,  it  is  well  to  be  able  to  have  an  approxi- 
mately correct  idea  of  the  age  of  the  horse  by  the  proper  marks,  as 
the  value  of  the  horse  is  largely  governed  by  his  age.  A  horse 
should  never  be  put  to  hard  work  or  fast  driving  before  the  age  of 
four  years.  Well  cared  for,  he  is  in  his  prime  from  that  to  ten  years 
of  age,  when  he  begins  to  deteriorate.  But  with  good  care,  a  horse 
will  be  serviceable  for  all  ordinary  purposes  up  to  fifteen  and  even 


to  twenty  years.     Twenty-eight  to  thirty  years  is  the  limit  of  the 
horse's  age. 

The  age  of  the  horse  is  estimated  by  an  examination  of  the  sharp 
teeth  or  cutters,  but  these  at  ten  years  old  are  lost,  and  another  cri- 
terion is  adopted  which  is  explained  further  on. 

A  colt  sees  daylight  with  the  first  and  second  molar  and  grinding 
teeth  apparent.  When  eight  days  old,  tlie  two  central  cutters  come 
out,  and  in  the  next  five  or  six  weeks,  the  two  next  sharp  teeth  are 
supplied.  In  three  months  these  teeth  are  all  uniform,  and  a  third 
grinder  appears ;  after  his  eightii  month,  the  third  cutter  above  and 
below,  on  each  side,  will  appear,  and  the  colt  then  has  his  full  set  of 
front  teeth.  These  teeth  have  an  elevated  cutting  edge  of  enamel 
that  is  bent  inward  and  over  the  tooth,  so  as  to  form  a  sort  of  cavity 
or  depression  behind  it,  that  constitutes  the  mark ;  it  is  gradually 
worn  down  by  nipping  the  food,  and  is  at  length  altogether  worn 
away.  Ordinarily  the  animal  is  young  or  old  in  the  degree  of  wear 
that  is  observed  on  this  enamel.  The  teeth  that  are  shed  are  lost  in 
the  order  of  their  coming,  the  two  middle  cutters  of  both  the  upper 
and  lower  jaws  being  displaced  between  the  second  and  third  years. 
A  three-years-ol  I  colt  has  the  permanent  middle  cutters  above  the 
gum,  but  not  even  with  the  transient  or  adjoining  deciduous  cutters ; 
these  have  too  a  large  deep  groove  containing  a  black  substance 
crossing  the  working  edge  of  the  comer  of  the  tooth,  and  the  sixth 
grinder  is  also  coming  in  view,  and  at  four  years  it  is  even  with  the 
others ;  the  third  transient  grinder  is  last,  and  the  mark  is  not  so 
plain.  At  six  years  the  groove  on  the  middle  cutters  is  worn  away, 
but  there  is  left  some  discoloration  ;  at  seven  years  the  mark  is  worn 
from  the  four  middle  cutters  in  each  jaw,  and  at  eight  years  the 
mark  is  found  gone  from  all  the  lower  cutters.  In  a  stall-fed  horse, 
that  eats  more  of  hard  substances,  as  corn  and  oats,  the  marks  are 
sooner  worn  away. 

At  ten  years,  the  age  of  a  horse  is  to  be  known  by  a  wrinkle  that 
comes  on  the  upper  corner  of  the  lower  eyelid,  and  for  each  suc- 
ceeding year  a  wrinkle  is  added,  by  counting  which,  and  adding  the 
number  of  them  to  nine,  the  age  of  the  animal  may  be  accurately 
told. 

HINTS  ON   HORSE  TRAINING. 

A  few  suggestions,  founded  on  the  rules  laid  down  by  the  cele- 
brated horse  trainer  Rary,  are  given  in  regard  to  training  horses. 
Alwa3''s  remember  the  natural  laws  by  which  the  conduct  of  the 
horse  is  guided.  It  is  the  nature  of  the  horse  to  kick  if  badly 
frightened,  or  to  shy   if  brought   suddenly  upon  something  that 


THE    HORSE. 


offends  his  eyes,  liis  ears  or  his  touch.  Accustom  the  animal  to  be 
gently  brought  into  contact  with  things  strange  to  him.  Lead  him 
gradually  up  to  every  object  at  which  he  becomes  frightened,  and 
he  Avill  soon  learn  that  there  is  nothing  to  fear  and  will  acquire  the 
confidence  in  his  master  which  will  lead  him  to  go  anywhere  without 
question.  Whipping  and  spurring  are  both  cruel  and  useless  for  any 
purpose.  To  gain  the  good  will  of  a  young  or  strange  horse  more 
easily,  approach  him  with  the  scent  of  honey,  cinnamon  or  some 
pleasant  smelling  oil  upon  the  hands.  Never  use  drugs  to  tame  a 
horse,  as  the  lesson  is  only  thrown  away.  Accustom  him  to  uniform 
kindness  and  gentleness,  which  he  will  repay  in  kind.  Be  careful  in 
handling  his  lips  when  breaking,  as  the  mouth  of  the  colt  is  very 
tender,  and  rough  usage  makes  him  disinclined  to  accept  the  bit  as  a 
habit.  Colts  should  be  broken  without  the  use  of  blind  bridles. 
Never  hitch  a  colt  to  anything  till  it  is  thoroughly  broken.  When, 
by  kind  usage,  the  horse  has  been  taught  to  follow  you,  put  on  a 
backhand  with  the  lines  through  shaft  straps,  and  by  gentle  means 
accustom  him  to  the  use  of  the  reins  for  guidance.  If  the  colt  is 
difficult  to  get  under  control,  throw  him,  by  passing  a  rope  twelve 
feet  long  around  his  body  in  a  running  noose,  passing  it  down  to  the 
right  forefoot  through  a  ring  in  a  spancel.  Buckle  up  the  rear  fore- 
foot. Take  a  firm  hold  of  the  rope  and  lead  him  round  till  he  is 
tired  of  three  leg-s  then  draw  up  the  foot  by  the  rope,  giving  him  a 
shove  with  the  shoulder,  when  he  will  lie  down.  If  he  struggle,  let 
him,  as  he  will  the  sooner  find  out  that  he  is  mastered,  and  you  will 
have  no  more  trouble.  If  the  young  horse  develops  the  kicking 
habit,  fasten  a  rope  round  his  jaw,  passing  It  through  the  belly  band 
and  attach  to  the  hind  foot.  One  kick,  the  weight  of  which  falls  on 
the  jaw,  will  cure  him.  If  the  horse  prove  stubborn,  throw  him,  and 
let  him  remain  till  thoroughly  subdued  and  exhausted. 

PACES  OF  THE  HORSE. 

In  horsemanship,  the  natural  paces  of  the  horse  in  their  proper 
order  are  :  the  walk,  the  trot.  The  canter  may  be  added,  as  it  is  a 
pace  that  belongs  to  the  horse  as  to  other  saltatory  animals. 

The  swift  pacer  will  be  characterized  by  great  freedom  in  the 
angles  of  the  limbs,  but  particularly  so  in  the  elevation  of  the  fore 
parts,  and  obhquity  of  the  shoulders ;  a  corresponding  length  and 
angularity  in  the  hind  legs  is  also  an  indication  of  excellence  for  the 
purposes  of  the  pace.  The  walk,  as  a  pace,  should  be  performed 
harmoniously,  and  whether  it  be  quick  or  slow,  each  foot  is  to  be 
dropped  flat  on  the  ground.     It  is  a  serious  defect  when,  as  is  too 


THE    liOKSE. 


often  the  case,  the  toe  lights  first  and  then  the  heel.  The  training 
of  a  horse  will  have  much  influence  on  his  method  of  walking  ;  the 
angles  of  liis  limbs  as  a  natural  fact  will  have  much  more ;  while  not 
a  little  will  depend  on  the  hand  of  the  rider.  The  maximum  speed 
in  the  true  walk  of  the  horse  is  six  miles  an  hour ;  as  few  animals 
are  able  to  accomplish  this,  however,  five  miles  is  considered  a  good 
rate  of  speed  for  a  fast  walker. 

After  the  walk  is  the  trot,  a  pace  that  is  performed  diagonally, 
the  legs  being  differently  employed,  in  accord  with  the  rate  of 
motion  onward,  whether  fast  or  slow.  There  are  three  varieties  of 
the  trot,  namely,  the  moderate,  the  extended,  and  the  running. 

As  to  the  gallop,  it  may  be  divided  into  three  varieties  which  are 
effected  by  a  propulsive  effort  of  the  hind  quarters.  Gallops  are 
called  racing  or  gallop  at  full  speed,  the  slow  or  hand  gallop,  and 
the  canter,  which  last,  though  treated  as  a  separate  pace  of  the 
horse,  is  in  fact  but  a  slow  gallop.  Of  the  varieties,  the  first  or 
racing  gallop  is,  strictly  speaking,  a  succession  of  leaps,  and  after 
the  essential  points,  described  elsewhere,  the  adaptation  of  the  ani- 
mal for  this  pjice  depends  on  his  power  of  endurance  and  freedom 
and  capacity  of  lungs.  This  gallop  cannot  be  commenced  without 
the  intervention  of  the  slower  gallop,  in  which  one  of  the  hinder 
legs  IS  first  advanced  to  establish  a  new  center,  for  it  would  require 
too  great  an  effort  to  raise  the  fore  parts  at  once  from  a  state  of  rest 
by  means  of  the  loins,  and  to  throw  them  forward  at  first  to  a  con- 
siderable distance  by  means  of  the  haunches  and  thighs ;  and  hence 
the  gallop  at  full  speed  is  simply  a  repetition  of  leaps. 

A  pace  between  the  jftnble  and  racing  gallop  is  the  hand  gjdlop, 
and  the  latter  differs  from  both  in  that  it  is  not  perfonned  diago- 
nally, and  from  the  legs  not  being  thrown  out  and  contracted  equally, 
one  generally  taking  the  lead,  as  it  were,  of  the  other  and  being 
projected  further  forward,  while  the  other  is  more  thrown  back 
making  a  curve  from  the  shoulder  and  knee.  The  canter  differs 
from  the  gallop  in  consequence  of  the  movements  of  the  legs,  instead 
of  being  simultaneous,  being  directly  the  reverse.  One  of  the  feet 
is  always  touching  the  ground,  and  the  animal  is  not  wholly  in  the 
air  at  any  time,  from  which  the  peculiar  effect  of  the  pace  is  derived. 

USEFUL  RECIPES  FOR  ORDINARY  AILMENTS  OF  HORSES. 

The  following  will  be  found  useful  recipes  for  the  cure  of  the 
most  common  ailments  of  horses.  For  more  serious  ailments,  to 
call  in  the  veterinary  surgeon  is  the  cheapest  and  best  economy: 


^^^ 


THE    HORSE. 


VALUABLE    RECIPES   FOR    HORSES. 

BEST  REMEDY  FOR  HEAVES— Balsam  of  flr  and  balsam  of  copaiba,  4  oz.  each,  and  mix 
with  calcined  magnesia  sufficiently  thick  to  make  It  iuto  balls,  and  give  a  middling-sized  ball 
night  and  morning,  seven  to  ten  days. 

CURE  FOR  COLIC— Bleed  freely  at  the  horse's  mouth ;  then  take  }4  lb.  raw  cotton,  wrap 
it  around  a  coal  of  Are  so  as  to  exclude  air,  and,  when  it  begins  to  smoks,  hold  it  under  his 
nose  till  he  becomes  easy.  For  obstinate  case.— Spirits  of  turpentine,  3  oz ;  laudanum,  1  oz. ; 
mix,  and  administer  in  one  dose. 

CURE  FOR  BOTS.— First  give  the  horse  two  quarts  new  milk  and  one  quart  molasses. 
Fifteen  minutes  later,  administer  two  quarts  very  strong  sage  tea ;  thirty  minutes  after  the 
tea,  enough  currier's  oil  (about  three  pints)  to  act  as  a  physic.  The  first  application  causes 
the  bots  to  release  their  hold  ;  the  second  puckers  them  up,  and  the  third  carries  them  away. 

COUGH.— See  if  the  hay  is  not  musty,  and  feed  roots  and  laxative  food.  Cut  cedar  boughs 
fine  and  mix  with  his  grain ;  or  boil  a  small  quantity  of  flax-seed  and  mix  it  In  a  mash  of 
scalded  bran,  sweetening  slightly  with  honey  or  sugar.  Heaves.— If  the  cough  develop 
indications  of  heaves,  put  a  spoonful  of  ground  ginger  once  a  day  in  his  provender,  and 
allow  him  to  drink  freely  of  lime-water. 

DISTEMPER.— Take  1^  gallons  of  blood  from  the  neck  vein ;  then  administer  1 J^  oz.  of  sas- 
safras oil.    Cure  speedy  and  certain. 

FOUNDER.— A  horse  may  be  worked  the  next  day  after  being  foundered,  and  perma- 
nently cured  in  twenty-four  hours,  by  prompt  use  of  the  following  remedy :  Boil  or  steam 
stout  oat-straw  for  half  an  hour ;  then  wrap  around  the  horse's  leg  quite  hot,  and  keep  steam 
in  by  binding  with  woolen  cloths.  After  six  hours  renew  the  application  and  take  1  gallon  of 
blood  from  the  neck  vein,  and  he  is  cured. 

GREASE  HEEL.— Boil  white-oak  bark  in  wood-ash  ley  and  bark-ooze  till  quite  strong. 
When  cool,  is  ready  for  use.  Wash  leg  with  castile  soap.  Apply  the  ley  by  a  swab  on  the  end 
of  a  stick  lest  the  horse  kick  from  the  smart.  This  is  a  sure  cure,  but  brings  off  the  hair. 
To  restore  the  hair,  make  a  salve  by  stewing  elder  bark  with  old  bacon  and  mixing  with 
sufficient  resin  to  make  it  of  proper  consistency  for  application. 

LOOSENESS  OR  SCOURING.— For  one  horse,  1  to  1]4  oz.  tormentil  root  powdered  and 
administered  in  1  pint  of  milk ;  or  steep  in  1^  pints  of  milk  and  administer  every  four  hours 
till  cured. 

LOTION.— For  cure  of  the  mange,  boil  2  oz.  tobacco  in  1  qt.  water ;  strain ;  add  sulphur 
and  soft  soap,  2  oz.  each,  and  apply.  ' 

STAGGERS.— Twice  a  week  give  the  following  mess :  Bran,  1  gallon ;  sulphur,  1  table- 
spoonful  ;  saltpetre,  1  spoonful ;  boiling  sassafras  tea,  1  quart ;  assafcetida,  1]4  oz.  Keep  the 
horse  from  cold  water  for  half  a  day  after  administering. 

SPAVIN.— To  cure  spavin,  make  an  ointment  as  follows :  Venice  turpentine  and  Spanish 
flies  (cantharides)  each  2  oz.;  euphorbium  and  aqua-ammonia  each  1  oz.;  red  precipitate  }4  oz.; 
corrosive  sublimate  )4  oz.;  lard  ]J^  lbs.  Pulverize  all  the  other  ingredients  and  put  into  the 
lard ;  simmer  slowly  over  coals,  taking  care  not  to  scorch  or  burn,  and  pour  off  free  of  sedi- 
ment. Cut  off  the  hair  and  rub  well  into  the  lumps  once  in  24  hours  for  three  mornings. 
Previous  to  each  application  wash  well  with  castile  soap,  and  with  a  smooth  stick  squeeze  out 
the  thick  yellow  matter  reduced  from  the  spavin. 

SCRATPHES.— Cut  the  hair  off  close  and  wash  with  strong  soap  suds  or  warm  vinegar,  in 
which  is  a  strong  dissolution  of  salt.    Afterwards  dress  over  with  hog  lard. 

SADDLE  AND  HARNESS  GALLS.— Apply  with  a  brush  a  mixture  made  of  white  lead 
and  linseed  oil,  which  relieves  pain,  and  forming  a  hard  coating  enables  the  wound  to  heal. 

STOPPAGE  OF  URINE.— Indicated  by  frequent  attempts  to  urinate,  looking  around  at 
his  side,  lying  down,  rolling  and  stretching.  To  cure,  take  ^  lb.  of  hops,  3  drachms  oil  of 
camphor ;  gr'nd  and  mix.  Make  into  three  pills  and  give  one  every  day  with  a  drench  made 
of  a  small  spoonful  of  saltpetre  and  3  oz.  water. 


THE   HORSE. 


j;"^       TRIUMPHS  OF  THE  TURF.       ^l 

NOTED  TROTTERS  AND  PHENOMENAL  RECORDS. 

GREAT  advance  has  been  made  in  American  racing  stock 
within  the  last  twenty  years.  The  fathers  of  the  present 
generation  looked  upon  Flora  Temple  as  a  prodigy  of  speed, 
and  regarded  her  2:19^  gait  as  a  marvelous  achievement.  But 
since  the  days  of  that  mare  (of  happy  memory)  a  change  has 
"come  o'er  the  spirit  of  the  dreams"  of  horse-men,  and  the 
racing  world  is  looking  forward  with  strained  eyes  for  the  advent  of 
the  trotter  whose  time  shall  eclipse  the  2:09J  of  Maud  S.  Our  Eng- 
lish cousins,  who  used  to  curl  their  aristocratic  noses  in  undisguised 
contempt  for  everything  pertaining  to  the  American  turf,  or 
American  horsemanship,  have  learned  a  lesson  which  cost  them 
dear,  both  in  pride  and  in  pocket,  when  Pierre  T^rillard's  American 
horse,  Iroquois,  defeated  the  best  specimens  of  English  blooded 
stock,  again  and  again,  on  their  own  race  courses. 

As  the  interest  in  racing  has  heightened,  a  noticeaole  change  has 
come  over  the  surroundings  of  the  race-track  itself.  On  the  course 
may  now  be  seen  the  flower  of  the  very  best  society,  with  here  and 
there  a  sprinkling  of  the  clergy  themselves,  and  on  the  "grand 
stand,"  bright  with  the  gay  colors  that  adorn  feminine  beauty,  gather 
men  eminent  in  the  learned  professions,  as  well  as  those  of  the 
highest  station  in  the  world  of  business.  In  a  word,  horse-racing 
has  become  a  national  pastime,  equally  with  the  American  game  of 
base-ball.  This  interest  inevitably  results  in  a  constant  effort  to  im- 
prove the  racing-stock,  and  the  success  which  has  attended  the  effort 
hitherto  is  best  seen  by  examination  of  the  table  on  the  following 
page : 

Table  of  the  Best  Time  on  B«cord,  at  All  Distances  and  All  Ways  of  Going, 

to  December  20,  1884. 


TROTTING  IN  HARNESS. 
One  mile— Maud  S.,  Lexington,  Ky.,  November  11,  1884,  2:09t. 
Best  by  gelding— Jay  Eye  See,  Providence,  R  I.,  July  31,  1884,  2:10. 
Best  by  slallion— Maxy  Cobb,  Providence,  R.  I.,  September  30,  1884,  2:18^-. 
One  mile,  by  a  yearling  filly — Hinda  Rose,  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  November  14,  1881, 

2:36*. 
One  mile,  by  a  yearling  stallion — Nutbreaker,  Lexington,  Ky.,  October  14,  1884, 

2:42ir. 
One  mile,  by  a  two-year-old  filly — Wildflower,  San  Francisco,  October  22,  1881,  2:21 


THE   HORSE. 


One  mile,  by  a  two-year-old  stallion — Fred  Crocker,  San  Francisco,  November  20, 

1880,  2:25i-. 
One  mile,  by  a  three-year-old  filly — Hinda  Rose,  Lexington,  Ky.,  October  10,  1883, 

2:19i. 
One  mile,  by  a  three-year-old  stallion — Steinway,  Lexington,  Ky.,  August  28,  1879, 

2:25i. 
One  mile,  by  a  four-year-old  filly — Sallie  Benton,  San  Francisco,  December  13,  1884, 

2:17f. 
One  mile,  by  a  four-year-old  stallion — Albert  W.,  Oakland,  Cal.,  September  5,  1882, 

2:22.* 
One  mile,  by  a  four-year-old  gelding — Jay  Eye  See,  Chicago,  September  23,  1882, 

2:19. 
One  mile,  by  a  five-year-old  filly— Trinket,  Dover,  Del.,  September  30,  1880,  2:19^. 
One  mile,  by  a  five-year-old  stallion — Santa  Claus,  Sacramento,  Cal.,  September  11, 

1879,  2:18. 
One  mile,  by  a  five-year-old  gelding — Jay  Eye  See,  Providence,  R.  I. ,  September  13, 

1883,  2:10f. 
One  mile,  over  a  half-mile  track— Rams,  Toledo,  O.,  July  20,  1878,  2:16. 


Two  miles — Monroe  Chief,  Lexington,  Ky.,  October  21,  1882,  4:46. 

Three  miles — Huntress,  Prospect  Park,  L.  I.,  September  21,  1872,  7:31^. 

Four  miles— Trustee,  Union  Course,  L.  I.,  June  13,  1840,  11:06. 

Five  miles — Lady  Mack,  San  Francisco,  April  2,  1874,  13:00. 

Ten  miles— Controller,  San  Francisco,  November  23,  1878,  27:23J. 

Twenty  miles — Captain  McGowan,  Boston,  Mass. ,  October  31,  1865,  58:25. 

Fifty  miles— Ariel,  Albany,  N.  Y.,  May  5,  1846,  3:55:40i. 

One  hundred  miles — Conqueror,  Centreville,  L.  I.,  November  12,  1853,  8:55:53. 

One  hundred  and  one  miles — Fanny  Jenks,  Albany,  N.  Y.,  May  5,  1845,  9:42:57. 

TROTTING  TO  WAGON. 
One  mile— Hopeful,  Chicago,  October  12,  1878,  2:16i 
One  mile,  drawing  2,000  lbs. — Mountain  Maid,  Long  Island,  1865,  3:42i. 
Two  miles— General  Butler,  Fashion  Course,  L.  I. ,  June  18,  1863,  4:56J,  and  Dexter, 

Fashion  Course,  L.  I.,  October  27,  1865,  4:56i-. 
Three  miles— Prince,  Union  Course,  L.  I.,  September  15,  1857,  7:53^. 
Five  miles— Little  Mac,  Fashion  Course,  L.  I. ,  October  29, 1863,  13:48^-. 
Ten  miles— John  Stewart,  Boston,  Mass.,  June  30,  1868,  28:02^-. 
Twenty  miles— Controller,  San  Francisco,  April  20,  1878,  58:57. 
Fifty  miles— Spangle,  Union  Course,  L.  I.,  October  15,  1855,  3:59:04. 

TROTTING  UNDER  SADDLE. 
One  mile— Great  Eastern,  Fleetwood  Park,  N.  Y.,  September  23,  1877,  2:15f. 
Two  miles— George  M.  Patchen,  Fashion  Course,  L.  I.,  July  1,  1863,  4:56. 


Three  miles — Dutchman,  Beacon  Course,  N.  J.,  August  1, 1839,  7:32i. 
Four  miles — Dutchman,  Centreville  Course,  L.  I.,  May,  1836,  10:51. 

TROTTING,  DOUBLE  TEAM. 
One  mile — Maxy  Cobb  and  Neta  Medium,  New  York,  November  13, 1884,  3:15 
One  hundred  miles— Ma»ter  Burke  and  Robin,  1834,  10:17:22. 
TUOTTEH  WITH  RUNNING  MATE. 
One  mile— H.  B.  Winthrop  and  Qabe  Case,  Providence,  R.  I.,  August  1,  1884,   2:06 
Three  miles — Ethan  Allen  and  running  mate.  1861,  7:03J. 

THE    PACING    RECORD. 
PACING  IN  HARNESS. 
One  mile— Johnston  (gelding),  Chicago,  October  8,  1884,  2:06^. 
One  mile— Buffalo  Girl,  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  July  27,  1883,  2:12i. 
One  mile— Cohannet  (stallion),  Providence,  R.  I.,  September  9,  1884,  2:18f. 
Two  miles — Defiance  and  Longfellow,  Sacramento,  Cal.,  September  26, 1872,  4:471 
Three  miles— James  K.  Polk,  Centreville,  L.  I.,  September  13,  1847,  7:44. 
Four  miles— Longfellow,  San  Francisco,  December  31,  1869,  10:34^. 
Five  miles — Onward,  San  Francisco,  December  11,  1874,  12:54j. 

PACING  UNDER  SADDLE. 
One  mile— Billy  Boice,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  August  1, 1868,  2:14t. 
Two  miles— James  K.  Polk,  Philadelphia,  June  20,  1850,  4:57^. 
Three  miles— Oneida  Chief,  Beacon  Course,  N.  J.,  August  14, 1843,  7:44 

PACING  TO  WAGON. 
One  mile— Sweetzer,  Chico,  Cal.,  November  21,  1878,  2:17^. 

One  mile — Pocahontas,  Union  Course,  L.  I.,  June  21,  1855,  drawing  265  lbs.,  2:17i. 
Two  miles— Hero,  Centreville,  L.  I.,  October  17,  1856,  4:59. 

THE  RUNNING  TURF 


Fastest  Time  f     .  ^     ,    i85. 

The  following  is  the  official  record  of  the  fastest  time  made  on 
the  running  turf  up  to  January  1  of  the  present  year: 

One-half-mile— Olitipa,  two  years,  97  pounds,  Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  July  25,  1874,  47f. 

Five-sixths  mile — Neyelia  two  years,  87  pounds,  Salem,  Oregon,  September  18,  1882, 
l:00i,  and  Jim  Renwick,  five  years,  115  pounds,  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  November 
3,  1883,  1:00^. 

Three-fourths  mile — Force,  five  years,  121  pounds,  straight  track,  Louisville,  Ky.,  Sep- 
tember 24,  1883,  1:13,  and  Matinee,  two  years,  102  pounds  straight  track,  Louis- 
ville Ky.,  September  24,  1883,  l:13f. 

Seven-eighth-mile — Sweetbriar,  two  years,  107  pounds,  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  Novem- 
ber 3,  1883,  1:28;  Joe  Murray,  five  years,  117  pounds,  Chicago,  III.,  July  17, 
1884,  1:28*,  and  Miss  Woodford,  four  years,  115  pounds,  Sheepshead  Bay,  L.  I., 
September  6,  1884,  128f . 


THE    HORSE. 


One  mile — Ten  Broeck,  Ave  years,  110  pounds,  against  lime,  Louisville,  Ky  ,  May 
24  1877.  1  89|,  and  Boardman,  four  years,  94  pounds,  against  horses,  Sbeepshead 
Bay.  L  I.  September  21.  1880.  1  401 

One  and  one-eighth  miles — Roselle,  four  years,  catch-weight,  Brighton  Beach,  Coney 
Island,  August  13.  1881.  1:53^.  and  Revoke.  5  years.  145  pounds,  Chicago,  111., 
August  15,  1884.  1:58J. 

One  and  three-sixteenths-miles — King  Eamest-Mimi,  colt,  three  years,  95  pounds,  Long 
Branch,  N.  J.,  July  22,  1884,  2;04i. 

One  and  one  half  miles — Luke  Blackburn,  three  years,  102  pounds,  Monmouth  Park, 
N  J  ,  August  17,  1880.  2.34,  and  Hindoo,  three  years,  118  pounds,  Saratoga, 
N.  Y    August  4.  1881,  236 

Two  miles — Ten  Broeck  five  years,  110  pounds,  against  time,  Louisville,  Ky.,  May 
29  1877,  3  27^-  Wildmoor,  six  years  best  in  race  between  horses,  Kansas  City, 
Mo  September  29,  1882,  3:28  and  Malua,  five  years,  136  pounds,  best  at  the 
weight,  Melbourne.  Aus  .  November  4  1884.  3.31t. 

Two  and  one  fourth  miles — Preakness,  aged,  114  pounds,  and  Springbok,  5  years,  114 
pounds  dead  heat  Saratoga,  N  Y    July  29.  1875,  3:56i-. 

Two  and  one-half  miles — Aristides  four  years.  104  pounds,  Lexington,  Ky.,  May  13, 
1875,  4.27^. 

Two  and  three-fourths  miles — Hubbard,  four  years,  108  pounds,  Saratoga,  N.  Y., 
August  9  1873,  4.581 

Three  miles — Drake  Carter,  four  years,  115  pounds,  Sheepshead  Bay,  L.  I.,  Septem- 
ber 6,  1884,  5  24,  and  Eole,  four  years,  120  pounds,  Sheepshead  Bay,  L.  I.,  Sep- 
tember 9;  1882,  5  26i. 

Four  miles — Ten  Broeck,  four  years,  104  pounds,  against  time,  Louisville,  Ky.,  Sep- 
tember 27  1876,  7:151 

Ten  miles — Mr  Brown  six  years.  160  pounds  ridden  by  H.  C.  Peel,  match  for  $1,000 
with  L  L.  aged  160  pounds,  ridden  by  A.  Belmont  Purdy,  Rancocas,  N.  J., 
March  2,  1880,  26  18. 

HEAT  KACING. 

One-fourth  mile— Suspender,  Los  Angeles,  Cal  ,  April  10.  1883,  23i,  22^. 

One  half  mile — Nora  M.,  four  years  113  pounds,  Chicago,  111.,  August  15, 1884,  49:49; 
three  heats  in  five,  Bluebird  aged,  113  pounds,  won  first  and  third  heats,  and 
Verner.  four  years  115  pounds,  the  second,  Chicago,  111.,  August  9,  1884,  49^, 
49i  49f 

Five-eighths  mile — Sudie  McNairy,  three  years,  98  pounds,  Chicago,  111.,  July  2,  1883, 
l:02i.  1  03i- 

Three-fourths  mile — Lizzie  S  five  years.  118  pounds,  Louisville,  Ky.,  September  28, 
1883.  1  13i.  l-13f,  Callao  aged.  108  pounds.  Louisville,  Ky.,  October  10,  1883, 
1  13  1  16 

One  mile — First  heat  won  by  Ada  Glenn,  four  years,  106  pounds,  others  by  Dan 
Sparling,  four  years,  106  pounds,  Sheepshead  Bay,  L.  I.,  September  21,  1880, 
1.41i,  1  42.  1  44|^;  Kadi,  six  years,  about  90  pounds,  fastest  second  heat,  Hartford, 
Ct..  September  2.  1875.  1:41;J.  Bounce,  four  .years,  90  pounds,  Sheepshead  Bay, 
L.  I.  September  7,  1881.  1:42,  1:41^;  Gabriel,  five  years,  115  pounds,  best  at 
weight,  St.  Louis,  Mo..  June  13,  1881,  l:42i,  1.41i;  Thornhill  won  first  two  heats 
and  Thad  Stevens,  aged,  110  pounds,  the  others,  Sacramento,  Cal.,  July  8,  1873, 
1:43.  1:43,  1:43^,  l:46i,  1:45;  John  Sullivan,  five  years,  90  pounds,  equaling  best 
third  heat,  Chicago,  111.,  August  12,  1884,  1:43^. 

Two  miles — Bradamante,  three  years,  87  pounds,  Jackson,  Miss.,  November  17,  1877, 
3:32i.  3:29:  Miss  "Woodford,  four  years,  107^  pounds,  Sheepshead  Bay,  L.  I., 
September  20,  1884,  3:33,3:31^. 


^f,L  OF  THE  miTBO  gjyj^ 


^^1^ 


fl- 


^EALS  OF  THE  STATES  OF  THE 


r^^ 


— O'lO- . 

- :  en  0-  ro  :  - 


i:" 


LVD 


political  Hi^toiiilof  thellqited  p^.^ 

*•  •  •  •• 


VOCABULARY    OF    PAETY  NAMES,  MEASURES,  TERMS  AND  MAXIMS. 


LL  TALK  AKD  NO  CIDER.— An  expression 
used    by   disgusted    members   of  the  body- 
politic  in  Bucks  county,  Pennsylvania,  where 
a  company  met  to  test  a  barrel  of  cider,  pre- 
sumably during  the  hard-cider  and  log-cabin 
campaign.     Political  topics   were  discussed 
with  so  much  enthusiasm  that  the  barrel  of 
fluid  was  forgotten  until  several  persons  got 
up  to  retire  from  the  meeting,  saying  at  the  same  time 
that  the  concern  of  the  speakers  was  "  all  talk  and  no 
cider." 

AMERICAN  WHIGS.— First  American  political 
party.  From  1763  to  1775,  the  tories  favored  passive 
obedience  to  the  crown,  but  the  whigs  made  manifest 
their  spirit  of  independence.  King  George  II.  declared 
his  American  subjects  out  of  their  allegiance,  when  the  latter  declared 
their  independence  of  him.  The  name  whig  then  became  synony- 
mous with  patriot,  and  those  who  supported  the  crown  were  called 
tories. 

AMNESTY. — An  act  of  oblivion,  by  which  crimes  and  offenses 
against  the  government  up  to  a  certain  time  are  so  obliterated  that 
they  cannot  again  be  brought  against  the  guilty  parties.  President 
Johnson  issued  a  proclamation  of  amnesty,  by  which  the  mass  of 
southern  citizens  could  receive  pardon,  29th  May,  1865. 
ANTI-FEDERALISTS.— See  Federalists. 
ANTI-MASONRY. — The  society  of  Free  Masons  was  organized 
in  the  United  States  during  the  last  century.  WiUiam  Morgan,  of 
Batavia,  New  York,  having  in  1826,  written  a  book  against  masonry 
— exposing  the  secrets  of  the  order — he  was  seized  and  taken  to 
Niagara,  in  September,  and  nothing  further  was  ever  heard  of  him 
The  anti-masons,  in  September,  1831,  nominated  WiUiam  Wirt,  of 

261 


POLITICAL   HISTORY    OF   THE    UNITED   STATES. 


Maryland,  and  Amos  EUmaker,  of  Penns^'lvania,  for  president  and 
vice-president  respectively.  These  candidates  received  the  electoral 
vote  of  Vermont.     See  Morgan. 

ASSASSINATION  OF  PRESIDENTS.— Abraham  Lincoln  was 
shot  through  the  head  by  John  Wilkes  Booth,  at  Ford's  theatre,  in 
Washington,  after  10  o'clock  on  the  14th  of  April,  1865,  and  expired 
at  twenty-two  minutes  past  seven  o'clock  the  next  morning.  An 
attempt  upon  the  life  of  Secretary  William  II.  Seward  was  made  at 
the  same  time,  while  he  was  confined  to  his  bed  from  the  effects  of 
a  fall  from  a  carriage ;  this  assiissin,  Lewis  Payne  Powell,  inflicted 
severe  wounds  by  striking  at  the  throat  of  his  victim  three  times, 
then  rushed  off  to  save  his  own  life.  James  A.  Garfield  wiis  sliot  in 
the  upper  part  of  the  arm  and  in  the  side  or  back,  near  the  backbone, 
by  Charles  Guiteau,  at  the  Baltimore  and  Potomac  depot,  in  Wasii- 
ington,  at  9:20  a.m.,  on  the  2d  July,  1881,  and  after  a  painful  illness 
of  nearly  three  months,  suddenly  expired  at  10:35  p.m.,  Monday, 
September  19,  1881.     See  Execution  of  Assassins. 

AUTOCRACY. — That  form  of  government  in  which  the  sover- 
eign exercises  uncontrolled  power,  unitiilg  in  himself  the  legislative 
and  executive  powers  of  the  state.  Almost  all  Eastern  nations  have 
this  form  of  government. 

BANK  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.— An  institution  that  was 
incorporated  in  1791,  but  did  not  go  into  operation  till  1794.  It  was 
the  first  one  of  the  kind  in  the  country,  and  estabhshed  at  the  sugges- 
tion of  Alexander  Hamilton,  secretary  of  the  treasury.  Its  charter 
was  to  run  twenty  years ;  headquarters  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia. 
The  capital  of  the  bank  was  $10,000,000.  Its  charter  expired  by 
limitation  in  1811,  and  the  effort  to  recharter  was  defeated  by  one 
vote  in  the  house,  and  by  the  vote  of  the  vice-president  in  the  senate. 
The  second  United  States  bank  was  cliartered  in  1816,  for  the  same 
term,  with  a  capit^d  of  $35,000,000.  An  act  of  congress  in  1832  for 
extending  it  was  vetoed  by  President  Jackson,  who  ordered  the 
funds  kept  in  the  bank  to  be  withdra\\Ti  from  it  in  September,  1833. 
This  act  produced  much  excitement  throughout  the  union.  The 
senate  passed  a  resolution  of  censure  in  March,  1834,  which  was 
expunged  by  order  of  the  senate  in  January,  1837. 

BLACK  REPUBLICANS.— An  epithet  used  by  members  of  the 
democratic  party  in  Illinois  and  elsewhere  to  distinguish  a  radical 
republican.     The  abolitionists  were  often  called  black  abolitionists. 

BLOODY  SHIRT. — Applied  to  the  politician  who  is  disposed  to 
parade  acts  of  violence  and  murder  committed  under  carpet-bag 
government. 


BLUE  LAWS. — An  epithet  applied  to  certain  supposititious  regu- 
lations which  were  imposed  upon  the  inhabitants  of  the  states  of 
Massachusetts  and  Connecticut  in  the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth 
centuries ;  any  law  of  the  puritans,  who  were  so-called  from  their 
professing  extraordinary  purity  in  worship  and  conduct. 

BORDER  RUFFIANS.— Citizens  of  the  border  counties  of  Mis- 
souri who  invaded  the  territory  of  Kansas  in  the  interest  of  slavery 
were  so  called.  Frequent  raids  were  made  by  slave  state  settlers  in 
1856,  and  Lawrence  and  Ossawottomie  were  nearly  destroyed.  John 
Brown,  with  thirty  men,  was  successful  in  opposing  five  hundred 
men  who  attacked  Ossawottomie.  He  was  afterward  called  "  Ossa- 
wottomie Brown."     See  Kansas  and  Nebraska. 

BROTHER  JONATHAN.— Governor  Jonathan  TrumbuU,  the 
elder,  of  Connecticut,  was  the  executive  of  the  state  named  at  the 
time  General  "Washington  was  in  command  of  the  revolutionary 
army.  The  general  placed  much  confidence  in  the  wisdom  and 
sympathy  of  the  old  governor,  who  was  in  a  position  to  aid  him  in 
supplying  the  wants  of  the  army.  So  the  term  originated  from  a 
remark  of  Washington,  that  he  must  consult  "  Brother  Jonathan." 
The  army  was  confronting  the  British  before  Boston,  and  Brother 
Jonathan,  on  being  consulted  by  the  commander,  came  forward  with 
such  aid  as  rendered  the  army  more  effective.  When  difficulties 
afterward  arose  in  the  army,  it  became  a  by- word,  "  We  must  consult 
Brother  Jonathan."  This  term  has  now  become  characteristic  of 
the  whole  country,  as  John  Bull  has  for  England. 

BUCKTAILS. — A  term  applied  to  the  political  opponents  of 
De  Witt  Clinton,  a  pubhcly  active  citizen  of  New  York,  who  filled 
the  office  of  mayor  in  1815.  The  bucktails  wore  in  their  hats,  on 
certain  occasions,  a  portion  of  the  tail  of  the  deer.     Hence  the  name. 

BUGBEAR. — A  notion  or  fancy  that  is  retailed  from  the  stump 
or  through  a  newspaper  by  a  political  sensationalist,  to  scare  the 
unsophisticated  people  into  the  support  of  a  measure  or  party ;  a 
scarecrow ;  a  man  of  straw ;  a  political  sensation. 

BULLDOZE. — To  intimidate.  The  term  originated  in  Louisiana, 
where  it  was  used  after  the  war  of  1861-5,  in  connection  with  the 
alleged  intimidation  of  negro  voters  in  that  state. 

BUNCOMBE. — Speech-making  for  purposes  of  political  intrigue ; 
mere  talk. 

CARPET-BAGGER. — One  of  those  unprincipled  adventurers 
who  sought  to  profit  by  plundering  the  defenseless  people  in  some 
parts  of  the  south  after  the  war  of  1861-5.  The  term  was  used  with 
effect  during  the  neriod  of  reconstruction. 


"  Tl^reis  another  influence  equally  injurious  with  theirs  (ku-klux), 
and  a  great  deal  more  detrimental  to  the  fame  and  character  of  the 
repul)lican  party.  I  allude  to  what  are  known  as  the  'thieving 
carpet-baggers.'  " — Horace  Greeley,  New  York,  June  12,  1871. 

CAUCUS. — A  meeting  of  the  leaders  of  a  jwlitical  party,  to  con- 
sider and  agree  upon  a  plan  of  action  for  the  campaign. 

CHARTER  OAK. — A  tree  in  which  the  colonial  charter  was 
secreted,  at  Hartford,  Conn.,  in  1688.     Blown  down  in  1856. 

CIVIL  RIGHTS  BILL. — A  measure,  having  passed  the  senate 
April  2,  was  adopted  by  the  house  contrary  to  the  president's  veto 
by  a  vote  of  122  to  41.  This  was  for  the  protection  of  the  freedmen, 
but  did  not  give  them  the  right  to  vote.  For  this  latter  purpose  the 
fifteenth  amendment  to  the  national  constitution  was  atiopted  by 
congress  26th  February,  1869,  and  having  been  ratified  by  three- 
fourths  of  the  states,  was  declared  effective  30th  March,  1870. 

CIVIL  SERVICE  REFORM.— In  accordance  with  an  act  of 
congress,  passed  3d  March,  1871,  a  board  of  seven  commissioners 
was  appointed  by  President  Gmnt  to  inquire  into  the  matter  of 
reforming  the  civil  service.  During  President  Hayes'  administration 
an  order  wtis  issued  to  the  following  effect :  "  No  officer  should  be 
required  or  permitted  to  take  part  in  the  management  of  political 
organizations,  caucuses,  conventions,  or  election  campaigns.  Their 
right  to  vote  and  to  express  their  views  on  public  questions,  either 
orally  or  through  the  press,  is  not  denied,  provided  it  does  not  inter- 
fere with  the  discharge  of  their  official  duties.  No  assessment  for 
political  purposes  on  officers  or  subordinates  should  be  allowed." 
The  credit  for  starting  the  movement  in  favor  of  this  object  belongs 
to  President  Grant,  who  recommended  it  in  his  second  annual  mes- 
sage, 5th  December,  1870. 

COLORED  SOLDIERS.— Persons  of  African  descent  were  re- 
ceived into  service  of  government  by  authority  of  congress,  17th  July, 
1862.  In  1864,  they  were  unconditionally  accepted  as  troops,  and 
as  many  as  186,017  were  in  the  United  States'  service  during  the 
war. 

COMMONER. — Henry  Clay  was  so  called,  as  also  was  Thomas 
Corwin,  by  admirers.  Clay  was  also  called  the  great  pacificator, 
from  his  conciliatory  disposition — he,  on  two  occasions,  in  1820  and 
and  in  1850,  having  succeeded  in  effecting  a  compromise  between  the 
slave  states  and  the  abolitionists. 

CONFEDERATE  STATES.— A  separate  government  formed 
by  the  seven  southern  states  which  were  the  first  to  secede  from  the 
national  union  in  1861.     Congress  of  delegates  met  February  4,  at 


POLITICAL    HISTORY   OF   THE   UNITED   STATES. 


Mpntgomery,  Ala.,  where,  by  joint  action  of  South  Carolina,  Georgia, 
Alabama,  Louisiana,  Florida  and  Mississippi  (Texas  delegates  not 
being  appointed  till  later),  a  provisional  constitution  was  adopted, 
and  on  February  9,  Jefiferson  Davis,  of  Mississippi,  was  elected  as 
president,  and  Alexander  II.  Stephens,  of  Georgia,  as  vice-president. 
On  May  6  the  confederate  congress  passed  an  act  recognizing  a  state 
of  war  with  the  United  States.  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  Tennes- 
see and  Arkansas,  May  6,  1861,  passed  ordinances  of  secession. 
Davis  and  Stephens  were  elected  to  their  offices  under  the  permanent 
constitution,  November  6,  1861. 

CONFEDERATION,  ARTICLES  OF.— The  articles  as  adopted, 
15th  November,  1777,  by  the  second  continental  congress,  and  which 
formed  the  basis  of  the  federal  union  in  America.  This  confedera- 
tion was  ratified  on  the  1st  of  March,  1781,  when  the  last  one  of  the 
original  states  signed  the  compact. 

CONGRESS,  COLONIAL.— The  first  congress  held  in  America. 
It  was  composed  of  -delegates  from  nine  of  the  colonies,  who  met  in 
New  York,  October  7,  1765,  and  published  a  declaration  of  their 
rights  and  grievances,  insisting  particularly  on  the  right  of  exclu- 
sively taxing  themselves,  and  complaining  loudly  of  the  stamp  act, 
which  see.     See  also  Continental  Congresses. 

CONSTITUTION.— The  established  form  of  government  in  any 
country,  state  or  community,  whether  that  be  a  body  of  written  laws, 
or  be  founded  on  prescriptive  usage.  In  regard  to  political  princi- 
ples, constitutions  are  (1)  democratic,  as  in  the  United  States,  where 
the  sovereign  power  is  vested  in  the  people ;  (2)  aristocratic,  when 
the  government  is  chiefly  or  entirely  in  the  hands  of  certain  privi- 
leged classes ;  (3)  monarchical,  Avhen  in  the  hands  of  one  person ;  (4) 
of  a  mixed  character,  as  in  Britain,  where  the  sovereign  power  is 
distributed  over  the  king,  lords  and  commons. 

CONSTITUTIONAL  UNION  PARTY.— A  name  adopted  in 
1860  by  the  remaining  elements  of  the  whig  party.  May  9,  1860,  a 
convention  met  and  nominated  John  Bell,  of  Tennessee,  for  president, 
and  Edward  Everett,  for  vice-president.  The  Bell-Everett  ticket 
carried  Kentucky,  Tennessee  and  Virginia,  but  received  a  very 
light  vote  in  the  north.  This  was  the  last  vestige  of  the  whig 
party. 

CONTINENTAL. — A  term  that  was  used  before  the  American 
declaration.  It  had  special  application  to  the  colonies  as  a  whole. 
In  colonial  times  a  meeting  of  delegates  from  the  various  colonies 
formed  a  continental  congress.  When  Ethan  Allen  was  asked  by 
what  authority  he  demanded  the  surrender  of  Ticonderoga,  he 


replied :  "  In  the  name  of  the  great  Jehovah  and  of  the  continental 
congress ! " 

CONTINENTAL  CONGRESSES.— The  first  continental  con- 
gress,  consisting  of  fifty-five  delegates,  from  all  the  colonies  except 
Georgia,  met  at  Philadelphia  on  the  5th  September,  1774.  This 
body,  on  behalf  of  the  people,  as  subjects  of  the  British  power, 
framed  a  declaration  of  rights  and  drew  up  an  address  to  the  king, 
another  to  the  people  of  Great  Britain,  and  a  third  to  the  colonies. 
The  colonists  dem^nded  their  rights,  particularly  in  relation  to  a 
just  share  in  the  regulation  of  their  own  domestic  aflfaii*s,  and  in 
imposing  their  own  taxes;  the  right  of  a  speedy  trial  by  jury  in  the 
locality  in  which  the  offense  should  be  committed,  and  the  right  to 
hold  public  meetings  and  petition  as  against  arbitrary  rule.  The 
second  continental  congress  met  at  Philadelphia,  10th  May,  1775,  and 
adopted  the  appellation  of  the  United  Colonies.  A  petition  was  pre- 
pared and  sent  to  England  asking  for  a  redress  of  grievances.  The 
thirteen  colonies  were,  therefore,  organized  into  a  federal  union,  and 
congress  deliberately  assumed  the  general  direction  of  affairs.  A 
declaration  was  drawn  up  justifying  the  course  of  resistance  to  British 
oppression  ;  a  loan  of  money  was  authorized ;  the  troops  were  formed 
into  a  continental  army,  and  George  Washington,  a  member  of  the 
congress  from  Virginia,  was  placed  in  command.  The  Americans 
had  hitherto  been  contending,  not  for  independence,  but  for  consti- 
tutional liberty.     See  Declaration  of  Independence. 

CONTRABAND.— In  1861,  While  General  B.  F.  Butler  was  in 
command  of  Fortress  Monroe,  a  number  ot  slaves  having  escaped 
from  their  master,  were  brought  before  him.  Each  was  examined 
and  then  set  at  work  for  the  benefit  of  the  government.  When 
they  were  applied  for  by  confederate  officers  on  behalf  of  the  owner 
(Colonel  Mallory),  the  general  repUed  that  he  should  detain  the 
negroes  as  contraband  of  Avar. 

CONVENTION  OF  1787.— The  body  of  delegates  from  the 
original  states,  which  met  at  Philadelphia,  25th  May,  1787,  to  revise 
and  perfect  the  fundamental  laws  of  the  confederacy.  At  that  time 
the  necessity  of  a  more  efficient  general  government  was  extensively 
felt,  and  after  a  session  of  about  four  months  the  convention  agreed 
on  the  federal  constitution.  That  instrument  was  transmitted  by 
congress  to  the  several  states,  in  nearly  its  present  form,  and  was,  in  , 
1788,  ratified  by  eleven  of  them  (afterward  by  the  other  two),  and 
became  the  constitution  of  the  United  States.    See  Ordinance  of  1787- 

COON. — The  popular  emblem  of  the  whigs  m  the  campaign  of 
1844,  when  Henry  Clay  and  Theodore  Frelinghuysen  were  candi- 


POLITICAL   HISTORY   OF   THE   UNITED   STATES. 


dates  for  president  and  vice-president.  '  Mr.  Van  Luren  had  been 
called  "  the  sly  fox  of  Kinderhook."  In  consequence  of  his  previous 
candidacies,  Mr.  Clay  had  been  spoken  of  as  "  that  same  old  coon." 
The  whigs  were  charged  with  hunting  after  "that  same  old  coon." 
Hence  the  raccoon  as  an  emblem.  "A  gone  coon,"  said  of  one 
whose  case  is  hopeless. 

COPPERHEAD. — Northern  sympathizers  with  the  confederates 
were  so-called  during  the  civil  w^ar  of  1861-5. 

CORPOEAL'S  GUARD.— The  men  in  congress  who  supported 
President  Tyler  after  he  had  been  renounced  by  the  whigs  in  1841. 

CRADLE  OF  LIBERT Y.—Faneuil  hall,  in  Boston.  The  orators 
of  the  revolution  raised  their  voices  there  against  British  oppression, 

CREDIT  MOBILIER. — In  France,  a  general  society  established 
in  1852,  upon  the  principle  of  limited  liability,  under  the  sanction 
of  the  government.  The  capital  was  fixed  at  60,000,000  francs, 
divided  into  shares  of  500  francs  each.  Objects  of  the  society :  To 
aid  the  progress  of  public  works,  and  promote  the  development  of 
national  industry,  making  railways,  managing  gas  companies,  and, 
in  fact,  becoming  a  kind  of  universal  trading  association,  for  the 
buying  up  of  the  shares  and  bonds  of  existing  trading  societies  and 
companies,  for  the  purpose  of  consolidating  them  into  one  common 
stock,  and  for  the  transaction  of  general  banking  and  brokerage 
operations.  The  funds  for  the  carrying  out  of  these  diverse  opera- 
tions are,  (1)  the  capital  of  the  company,  and  (2)  the  deposits 
received  from  the  society  by  the  public.  In  the  United  States,  con- 
gress passed  an  act  chartering  the  Union  Pacific  railway,  in  1862. 
In  a  speech,  delivered  in  September,  1872,  at  Indianapohs,  Mr. 
Greeley,  as  a  presidential  candidate,  made  statements  substantially 
as  follows :  Congress  resolved  to  aid  the  enterprise  generously,  and 
granted  the  right  of  way  through  the  public  lands,  with  the  right 
to  take  materials  from  any  part  ol  the  public  domain.  Then  a 
large  grant  was  made  in  aid  of  the  road,  and  bonds  of  the  govern- 
ment calling  for  $25,000  a  mile  were  loaned  to  the  company,  and 
the  first  mortgage  on  the  railroad  taken  therefor ;  thus  the  building 
of  the  road  was  provided  for  with  public  funds.  In  a  few  years, 
this  enterprise  having  passed  into  the  hands  of  scheming  men,  some 
being  members  of  congress,  another  step  was  taken,  and  congress 
was  prevailed  upon  to  authorize  a  new  loan  of  $25,000  a  mile.  A 
second  mortgage  of  equal  amount  was  taken  on  the  road,  and  so  the 
security  of  the  first  mortgage  was  destroyed.  In  a  little  while  a 
private  company  was  somewhere  chartered,  entitled  the  Credit 
Mobilier  of  America,  and  that  private  company,  or  ring,  was  com- 


posed  of  a  number  of  active  members  of  the  Union  Pacific  raih-oad 
company,  some  of  them  members  of  congress.  No  list  of  this 
Credit  Mobilier  was  ever  published,  nor  can  be  obtained.  But  these 
gentlemen  proceeded  to  make  contracts  virtually  with  themselves, 
i.  e,,  the  same  men  as  oflBcers  of  the  Union  Pacific  railroad  con- 
tracted with  themselves  as  officers  of  the  Credit  Mobilier  of  America 
to  construct  the  road  at  enormous  prices,  which  absorbed  both  the 
bonds  loaned  by  the  government  and  the  private  loan  of  the  com- 
pany ;  this  contractmg  Avith  themselves  to  pay  themselves  twice  the 
fair  cost  of  entirely  building  and  equij)ping  the  road,  and  after 
building  the  road  with  the  proceeds  of  the  money  loaned  by  the 
government,  they  proceeded  to  divide  among  themselves  the  other 
bonds,  equal  to  the  amount  which  congress  had  made  mortgage  on 
the  entire  road.  By  these  means  twenty  or  thirty  millions  of  dollars 
were  divided  among  the  parties,  and  after  all  that  money  was  so 
divided  and  they  were  called  upon  to  pay,  they  divided  the  bonds 
and  built  the  road  with  the  government  bonds,  which  were  a  second 
mortgage  on  that  company.  "Now,  you  see,"  said  Mr.  Greeley, 
continuing,  "  tiiese  gentlemen  who  engineered  through  congress  this 
project  of  making  the  road  cost  double  what  it  should  cost,  and 
making  lialf  the  cost  a  dividend  appropriated  among  themselves, 
these  gentlemen  now  appear  before  congress  for  additional  advan- 
tages." In  February,  1873,  the  committee  appointed  by  congress  to 
investigate  the  corrupt  Credit  Mobilier  matter,  made  a  reix)rt  which 
amazed  the  people  at  large,  and  a  long  investigation  grew  out  of 
this.  As  a  consequence,  Oakes  Ames  and  James  Brooks  of  the 
house  were  censured,  and  the  reputations  of  several  prominent  poli- 
ticians were  somewhat  damaged. 

COVODE  INVESTIGATION.— A  committee  authorized  by 
the  house  of  representatives  to  inquire  into  the  chicanery  of  the 
Buchanan  administration,  in  attempting  to  foist  the  Lecompton 
constitution  upon  the  people  of  Kansas.  An  examination,  after  the 
appointment  of  the  committee,  5th  March,  1860,  resulted  in  devel- 
oping the  truth  of  the  charges  of  corruption.  See  Lecompton  Con- 
stitution, 

DARK  HORSE. — No  doubt  that  this  phrase  originated  from 
the  coloring  of  horses  by  jockeys  in  order  to  bring  them  into  a  race 
under  different  names  and  win  the  prizes.  In  politics,  the  success- 
ful nominee  of  a  party  who  is  little  thought  of  as  the  nominee. 
Hayes  and  Garfield  were  "  dark  horses."  (See  Surprise  Candidate.) 
"  From  whence  is  to  come  the  '  dark  horse '  ?  Some  say  it  will  be 
Drummond,  some  say  Hyde,  some  say  Spring,  and  others  Blaine 


The  man  whom  the  ring  has  determined  upon  to  lead  the  repubh- 
can  party  is  now  engaged  in  the  honest  and  peaceful  occupation  of 
a  fisherman,  and  his  name  is  William  P,  Frye." — Boston  Post, 
Maine  politics,  1882. 

DEMOCRATIC  PARTY.— The  tlieory  of  the  old  democratic- 
republican  party  was,  popular  government,  with  limitation  of  the 
powers  of  the  general  or  federal  government,  in  order  not  to 
restrict  the  rights  of  states  in  the  management  of  local  interests. 
In  the  last  decade  of  tlie  past  century,  the  party  assumed  the  name 
of  republican,  by  which  it  was  popularly  known  until  about  1830, 
when  the  more  radical  portion  separated  from  the  conservative  ele- 
ment, and  assumed  the  name  of  national  republican.  The  conserva- 
tives were  called  democrats,  but  that  term  being  regarded  as  equiv- 
alent to  republicans,  they  were  known  as  republicans  till  about  1830. 
These  parties,  until  after  the  election  of  Jackson,  in  1828,  claimed 
the  name  of  republican.  The  friends  of  Adams  were  styled  the 
administration  wing,  and  those  of  Jackson,  the  opposition.  The 
Jackson  men  afterward  fixed  upon  the  title  of  democrat,  and  there 
has  been  no  further  variation  of  the  name  of  the  party  since.  The 
democrats  were  successful  in  successive  presidential  elections  until 
that  of  1840,  when  the  whigs,  with  General  Harrison,  came 
into  power.  President  Harrison  died  in  just  one  month  after  his 
inauguration,  and  the  administration  under  John  Tyler  became 
democratic.  The  administration  of  James  K.  Polk  was  next  in 
order,  and  then  the  whigs  again  succeeded  in  1848,  when  General 
Taylor  was  elected.  The  democrats  followed  with  the  election  of 
Franklin  Pierce,  in  1852,  and  James  Buchanan  in  1856.  The  attempt 
to  force  a  pro-slavery  constitution  upon  the  territory  of  Kansas,  was 
followed  by  a  split  in  the  democratic  party.  The  popular  Illinois 
senator,  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  assumed  the  leadership  of  the  northern 
wing,  while  the  pro-slavery  men  that  formed  the  southern  wing  were 
led  by  the  administration.  In  1860  the  democratic  convention, 
which  met  at  Charleston,  April  23,  failed  to  agree  upon  resolutions 
and  candidates.  There  were  fifty-seven  ineffectual  ballots,  Mr. 
Douglas,  for  president,  always  leading.  Many  of  the  delegates  with- 
drew from  this  convention  and  met  in  another  hall,  adopted  resolu- 
tions, and  adjourned  to  meet  in  Richmond,  on  the  second  Monday  in 
June.  The  regular  convention  adjourned,  May  3,  to  meet  at  Balti- 
more, June  18.  In  the  Baltimore  convention  there  arose  a  disaofree- 
ment  on  account  of  the  admission  of  delegates  from  the  state  which 
had  withdrawn  from  the  Charleston  convention.  The  result  of  it 
Avas  the  withdrawal  of  a  considerable  number  of  delegates,  mclud 


POLITICAL    HISTORY   OF   THE    UNITED    STATES. 


the  chairman  of  the  convention,  Caleb  Gushing,  and  Benjamin  F. 
Butler.  Stephen  A.  Douglas  was  then  nominated  for  president,  and 
Herschel  V  Johnson,  of  Georgia,  was  afterward  selected  by  the 
executive  committee  as  candidate  for  vice-president.  The  delegates 
who  withdrew  from  the  convention  at  Baltimore,  being  joined  by 
delegations  which  had  been  refused  admission,  assembled  at  Maryland 
institute,  June  28,  and  put  in  nomination,  for  president,  John  C. 
Breckinridge,  of  Kentucky,  and  Joseph  I^ne,  of  Oregon,  for  vice- 
president.  Those  who  had  withdrawn  from  the  Charleston  conven- 
tion met  at  Richmond,  June  11,  and  adjourned  from  time  to  time 
until  the  seceders'  convention  at  Baltimore  had  nominated  Breckin- 
ridge and  Lane,  when  those  nominations  were  indorsed.  The  dem- 
ocratic party,  thus  divided,  while  the  republican  party  had  become  a 
unit  against  slavery  extension  and  for  the  union,  went  before  tlie 
country  with  small  chances  of  success.  Mr.  Douglas  took  the  stump, 
and  in  a  series  of  speeches  in  different  sections  of  the  country, 
ex])ounded  his  views  to  great  crowds  of  his  countrymen.  He  was 
all  but  idolized  by  the  free-soil  democrats,  who  rallied  to  his  stand- 
ard with  enthusiasm.  At  the  election,  the  popular  vote  for  Mr. 
Douglas  was  very  great,  but  his  electoral  vote  was  small.  The 
defeat  of  Mr.  Doughis  and  the  democratic  party  by  the  republicans, 
with  Mr.  Lincoln  as  the  successful  candidate,  proved  a  death-dealing 
disappointment  to  Mr.  Douglas,  whose  ambition  to  rise  to  the  presi- 
dency was  earnest,  and  seconded  by  the  ballots  of  upward  of  one 
million  three  hundred  and  seventy-five  thousand  of  his  friends.  In 
his  dying  days  he  made  very  explicit  expressions  of  loyalty  to  the 
federal  union  and  the  government  of  the  United  States.  He  died 
on  the  3d  of  June,  1861,  in  the  forty-ninth  year  of  his  age.  Since 
the  3d  of  March,  1861,  to  the  present  time  (1885),  the  republicans 
have  been  in  possession  of  the  presidential  office.  As  the  result  of 
the  election  of  November  4,  1884,  the  Democrats  return  to  power 
with  Grover  Cleveland,  of  New  York,  as  President,  and  Thomas  A. 
Hendricks,  of  Indiana,  as  Vice-President,  on  March  4th  of  this  year 
(1885).     See  Eepublican  Party. 

DON'T  GIVE  UP  THE  SHIP.— Said  by  Captain  La^vrence, 
commander  of  the  United  States  Chesapeake,  after  he  was  mortally 
wounded,  and  was  being  taken  below.  His  vessel  was  captured  by 
the  British  ship  Shannon,  after  an  action  thirty  miles  from  Boston 
light,  1st  June,  1813. 

DOUGH-FACE. — An  epithet  applied  to  the  northern  apologist 
for  slavery  in  the  south. 

DEED  SCOTT  DECISION.— A  decision  given  by  the  United 


POLITICAL    HISTORY   OF   THE   UNITED   STATES. 


States  supreme  court,  March  6,  1857,  whereby  Dred  Scott,  who  had 
been  claimed  as  a  shive  in  a  free  state,  was  remanded  to  slavery.  Of 
the  seven  judges,  two  declared  for  his  freedom.  By  this  decision 
the  Missouri  compromise  of  1820  was  declared  unconstitutional,  and 
thereupon  arose  the  popular  phrase,  "  Negroes  have  no  rights  that 
white  men  are  bound  to  respect." 

EXECUTIVE.— Th^  head  of  the  executive  department  of  the 
government ;  as,  the  governor  of  a  state,  or  president  of  the  United 
States.     Otherwise,  the  chief  magistrate,  or  the  king. 

EXECUTION  OF  ASSASSINS.— David  E.  Harold,  George  A. 
Atzerott,  Lewis  Payne  Powell,  and  Mrs.  E.  Surratt,  accomplices  of 
Booth  in  the  assassination  of  President  Lincoln,  were  hung,  7th 
July,  1865.  Others  were  sent  up  to  Dry  Tortugas  for  life.  Henry 
Wirz,  for  cruelty  to  union  prisoners  at  Andersonville,  was  hung  in 
Washington,  10th  November,  1865.  Charles  Guiteau,  for  murder 
of  President  Garfield,  was  hung  30th  June,  1882.  See  Assassination 
of  Presidents. 

FATHER  OF  HIS  COUNTEY.— George  Washington,  patriot 
and  first  president  of  the  United  States,  was  so  called.  He  was 
commander-in-chief  of  the  American  armies — a  man  of  the  happiest 
union  of  good  qualities.  Born  on  his  father's  estate,  in  Westmore- 
land county,  Va.,  22d  February,  1732,  and  after  a  life  of  unsullied 
glory,  he  died,  14th  December,  1799. 

FEDERALIST. — The  name  of  a  political  party  in  the  United 
States,  formed  in  1788,  the  members  of  which  claimed  to  be  the 
peculiar  friends  of  the  constitution  and  federal  government.  The 
most  distinguished  leaders  of  the  federal  party  were  Washington, 
Adams,  Hamilton,  and  Jay,  and  the  leading  federal  states  were 
Massachusetts  and  Connecticut,  supported  generally  by  the  other 
New  England  states.  Opposed  to  this  party,  were  Jefferson,  Madi- 
son, Monroe,  Burr,  and  Gallatin  (republican),  who  were  called  anti- 
federahsts,  and  charged  with  being  indifferent  cr  hostile  to  the  con- 
stitution and  government.  During  the  contests  of  the  French  revo- 
lution the  federalists  leaned  to  the  side  of  England,  the  republicans 
to  that  of  France.  The  dissolution  of  the  federal  party  was 
hastened  by  reason  of  its  opposition  to  the  second  war  (1812)  for 
independence.  This  war  came  to  pass  principally  from  the  unjust 
claims  of  Great  Britain  to  the  right  of  searching  American  vessels 
for  deserters  and  British  seamen.  As  a  remedy  for  the  evils  which 
the  federahsts  charged  over  against  the  government  on  account  of 
the  war,  a  convention  was  held  (commencing  IStli  December,  1814) 
at  Hartford,  Conn.     This  body  recommended  certain  measures  to 


^^^ 

272  POLITICAL    HISTORY    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


the  legislatures  of  the  eastern  states,  looking  to  a  limitation  of  the 
power  of  the  federal  government  over  the  militia  of  the  states.  It 
also  proposed  several  amendments  to  the  constitution.  But  the 
labors  of  the  convention  were  brought  to  a  close  by  the  news  of  the 
treaty  of  peace  between  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain,  signed 
on  the  24th,  the  ninth  day  after  the  assembling  of  that  body.  The 
moral  and  visible  effect  of  this  convention  was  felt  a  little  later 
when  in  1820,  the  federal  party  was  completely  disbanded. 

FIFTY-FOUR  FORTY  OR  FIGHT.— An  expression  used  during 
the  northwestern  boundary  dispute  that  arose  soon  after  President 
Polk's  inauguration.  The  Oregon  question,  as  it  is  called,  was  first 
noticed  in  a  public  manner  by  President  Tyler  in  his  message  to  con- 
gress, 5th  December,  1842.  The  territory  of  the  nation  known  as 
the  Oregon  territory,  lying  on  the  Pacific  ocean,  north  of  the  forty- 
second  degree  of  latitude,  was  claimed  in  part  by  Great  Britain. 
In  1843,  a  bill  was  carried  through  the  senate  by  a  majority  of  one, 
for  taking  possession  of  the  whole  of  the  disputed  territory,  but  the 
house  refused  to  concur  in  this  measure.  In  his  message  of  1843, 
the  president  (Tyler)  asserted  the  claim  on  behalf  of  the  United 
States,  in  regard  to  that  territory,  to  the  parallel  of  54  deg.  40  min. 
north  latitude,  and  James  K.  Polk  was  elected,  in  1844,  as  one  dis- 
posed to  insist  upon  the  54  deg.  40  min.  parallel  as  the  boundary  of 
Oregon.  It  was  understood  that  the  United  States  were  to  absorb 
the  whole  of  the  territory — the  whole  or  none,  "  54-40  or  fight." 
However,  the  new  president  felt  that  it  was  best  to  act  in  the  light 
of  previous  efforts  at  compromise,  in  consequence  of  which  the 
forty-ninth  parallel  was  to  be  the  northern  boundary  of  the  terri- 
tory of  the  nation.  Finally  (18th  June,  1846),  all  previous  efforts 
having  failed,  an  adjustment  of  the  northwestern  boundary  dispute 
was  reached  by  means  of  a  convention,  proposed  by  the  British 
minister,  which  decided  upon  the  forty-ninth  degree  of  north  lati- 
tude. From  the  standpoint  of  those  opposed  to  compromise,  this 
Avas  "the  back-down  from  54—40." 

FILIBUSTER. — A  corruption  of  the  English  f  ree-booter  or  buc- 
caneer. "Filibustering,"  a  cant  term  much  used  of  late  years  in 
the  legislative  assemblies  of  the  United  States  to  designate  the 
employment  of  parliamentary  tactics  to  defeat  a  measure,  by  raising 
frivolous  questions  of  order,  calls  to  the  house,  motions  to  atljourn, 
etc.,  in  order  to  weary  out  the  opposite  party  and  to  gain  time. 
"Filibusters,"  the  name  given  to  certain  adventurers;  the  most 
noted  filibuster  was  William  Walker,  who  led  an  expedition  against 
Nicaragua,  in  1855,  and  succeeded  in  maintaining  himself  in  that 


POLITICAL   HISTOKY    OF   THE    UNITED   STATES. 


country  for  nearly  tAvo  years,  but  was  at  length  expelled  by  the 
union  against  him  of  the  other  Central  American  states.  AValker 
Avas  subsequently  taken  and  shot  at  Truxillo,  in  Central  America,  in 
1860,  Avhen  engaged  on  another  filibustering  expedition. 

FINANCIAL  PANICS.— The  financial  history  of  the  country 
was  marked  by  distress  in  1814,  when  United  States  treasury  notes 
were  seventeen  per  cent  below  par.  The  situation  was  aggravated 
by  the  peace  party,  whose  leaders  persuaded  the  Boston  banks  to 
require  that  the  notes  on  southern  banks,  then  in  their  possession,  be 
redeemed.  In  1819,  the  financial  difficulties  were  very  serious ; 
paper  money  had  run  down  to  fifty-nine  per  cent,  there  had  been 
excess  of  importation,  American  staples  had  declined  in  foreign 
countries,  cotton  and  breadstuffs  were  down  fifty  per  cent,  and  there 
was  general  business  depression.  In  1821,  the  distress  was  great 
Avest  of  the  Alleghanies,  farmers  were  unable  to  pay  their  debts  due 
to  government  at  western  land  offices.  ^  Congress  granted  relief  by 
permitting  portions  of  land  to  be  surrendered,  and  the  money  paid 
over  to  be  applied  on  the  remainder  to  secure  it.  In  1837,  a  crash 
came  on  the  heels  of  a  suspension  of  the  New  York  banks ;  many 
other  banks  went  down,  corporations  shut  up  their  works,  business 
houses  failed,  the  products  of  the  farm  decUned,  and  credit  gave  way 
for  want  of  confidence.  This  crisis  was  due  to  excessive  specula- 
tion, large  importations,  and  business  depression  for  want  of  capital. 
California  felt  the  strain  of  depression  in  February,  1855.  August 
24,  1857,  the  Ohio  Life  Insurance  and  Trust  company  failed,  many 
banks  soon  suspended  payments,  all  owing  to  land  and  "  railroad  " 
speculation.  September  19,  1873,  the  firm  of  Jay  Cook  &  Co.,  of 
Philadelphia,  failed,  from  which  a  general  financial  panic  came  to 
pass,  destroying  confidence,  throwing  working  people  out  of  employ- 
ment, producing  stagnation  and  misery.  The  causes  assigned  in  this 
case  were  various,  including  recldess  speculation  and  increasing 
extravagance  of  the  people,  too  liberal  importations,  careless  con- 
tracts, etc.  Many  people  lost  all  their  earthly  possessions,  and 
joined  the  army  of  tramps,  and  the  dull  tread  of  that  army,  little 
reduced  in  numbers,  is  still  heard  in  the  land. 

FEEE  SOIL  PARTY. — A  political  party  which,  as  an  imme- 
diate result  of  the  agitation  of  the  "Wilmot  proviso,  was  formed  in 
1848.  The  party  nominated  Martin  Yan  Buren  for  president  and 
Charles  Francis  Adams  for  vice-president.  These  candidates  re- 
ceived the  support  of  nearly  300,000  f  ree-soilers ;  but  the  whig  party, 
composed  of  those  who  were  dissatisfied  with  the  conduct  of  affairs 
under  the  so-called  democratic  party,  carried  the  election  for  Taylor 


and  Fillmore.  In  1852,  the  free-soil  party  named  John  P.  Hale,  of 
New  Hampshire,  for  president,  and  George  W.  Julian,  of  Indiana, 
for  vice-president.  These  candidates  received  155,825  votes.  The 
whigs  and  free-soilers — the  latter  having  nominated  Scott  and 
Graham — were  defeated  by  the  straiglit-out  democrats,  and  General 
Franklin  Pierce,  of  New  Hampshire,  and  William  R.  King,  of  Ala- 
bama, were  elected  to  the  offices  of  president  and  vice-president 
respectively. 

"  And  then  the  question  of  free  soil,  what  shall  be  the  fate  of 
that  ?  I  presume  there  are  here  some  free-soil  men  [Yes  !  yes !  all 
free-soil] — I  mean  those  to  whom  the  question  of  extending  or 
restricting  slavery  outweighs  all  other  considerations." — Horace 
Greeley,  New  York,  Sept.  27,  1848. 

FUGITIVE  SLAVE  LAW.— A  law  enacted  in  1850  as  a  part 
of  the  compromise  measures  of  that  period.  It  provided  for  the 
return  of  any  slaves  who  might  have  escaped.  This  law  was  odious 
in  the  eyes  of  every  anti-slavery  man  and  woman  of  the  north. 

GERRYMANDER. — To  fix  the  ])olitical  divisions  of  a  state  in 
such  manner  that  one  party  may  obtain  an  advantage  for  itself,  as 
against  its  opponents. 

" .  .  .  Denounces  the  action  of  the  legislature  in  redistricting 
(gerrymandering)  the  state  solely  in  the  interest  of  the  democratic 
party  as  an  attempt  to  disfranchise  190,000  voters,  and  as  a  crime 
against  suffrage  which  should  be  rebuked  at  the  polls  at  the  next 
election." — Ext.  Report  Greenback  Convention,  Moberly,  Mo.,  May 
30,  1882. 

GREENBACK. — A  form  of  paper  money,  issued  by  the  federal 
government.  The  act  authorizing  the  issue  of  greenbacks  says  that 
they  "  shall  also  be  la\vful  money  and  legal  tender."  The  honor  of 
the  addition  of  the  term  greenback  to  our  vocabulary  is  justly 
attributable  to  Salmon  P.  Chase,  secretary  of  the  treasury,  1861-4 
It  was  chiefly  his  policy  that  carried  the  nation  through  the  war  of 
that  period.  "  Greenbacker,"  an  advocate  of  greenback  or  paper 
money. 

"  HAIL  COLUMBIA."— National  ode  of  America ;  written  by 
Joseph  Hopkinson,  in  the  summer  of  1798,  for  a  young  actor,  named 
Fox,  to  render  on  his  benefit  night. 

HALF  BREEDS. — An  epithet  used  to  distinguish  those  of  the 
republican  party  who  were  friends  of  Garfield  and  his  administra- 
tion ;  followers  of  Blaine,  and  other  prominent  men  belonging  to  the 
Garfield  faction.  Opposed  to  Stalwarts,  which  see.  (See  extract 
under  the  head  of  Independents.) 


POLITICAL   HISTORY   OF   THE   UNITED    STATES. 


"  The  election  to-day  is  properly  to  be  regarded  as  a  pitched  bat- 
tle between  the  stalwart  and  the  half-breed  wings  of  the  republican 
party."— New  York  Herald,  Nov.  7,  1882. 

HAED  CIDER  AND  LOG  CABIN  CAMPAIGN.— The  cam- 
paign of  1840,  which  resulted  in  the  election  of  William  Henry  Har- 
rison for  president,  and  John  Tyler  for  vice-president,  was  one  of  the 
most  exciting,  jolly,  and  interesting  of  any  in  the  history  of  the 
United  States.  The  democrats  nominated  Mr.  Van  Buren  for  re- 
election, and  the  abolitionists  named  James  G.  Birney  as  their  can- 
didate for  president.  The  orators  and  journals  of  the  democratic 
party  ridiculed  the  whig  candidate  for  president  (Harrison),  and 
called  him  an  old  granny.  One  of  the  editorial  fraternity  unwit- 
tingly wrote :  "  Give  him  a  log  cabin  and  a  barrel  of  hard  cider, 
and  he  will  be  content  on  his  farm  in  Ohio,  whose  affairs  only  is  he 
capable  of  managing."  Thereupon  the  whigs  took  up  the  cry  of 
hard  cider  and  log  cabin,  and  the  latter  became  most  appropriate 
and  effectual  means  in  joining  the  issue  in  favor  of  the  whigs.  Log 
cabins  were  raised  and  hard  cider  was  drunk  at  the  various  meetings ; 
a  paper  with  the  title  of  Log  Cabin  was  published  by  Horace  Gree- 
ley, and  the  music  of  Harrison  glee-clubs  was  echoed  and  re-echoed 
from  hill  to  dale.  At  the  larger  meetings  or  barbecues,  the  people 
were  fed  during  the  day  Avithout  charge,  on  which  occasions  animals 
were  roasted  bodily,  log  cabins  and  barrels  of  hard  cider  were 
mounted  on  wheels  and  drawn  by  oxen  or  horses  in  the  processions. 
It  was  during  this  campaign  that  the  expression  "  Tippecanoe  and 
Tyler  too  "  was  sounded  in  song,  a  stanza  of  which  is  here  given. 

**  What  has  caused  this  great  commotion-motion,  motion, 
Our  country  through? 
It  is  the  ball  a-rolling  on 
For  Tippecanoe  and  Tyler  too ; 
For  Tippecanoe  and  Tyler  too ; 
And  with  him  we'll  beat  little  Van ; 

Van,  Van,  Van  is  a  used-up  man. 
And  with  them  we'll  beat  little  Van." 

To  this  song  was  added  those  other  well-known  lines,  which  are 
commemorative  of  the  whig  victory  in  the  state  of  Maine — 

"O,  have  you  heard  how  Maine  went,  went,  went? 
It  went  h— 1  bent 
For  Governor  Kent, 
For  Tippecanoe  and  Tyler  too,"  etc. 

INDEPENDENTS.— Those  who  take  a  stand  regardless  of 
party,  and  who  are  not  subject  to  bias  or  partisan  influence.  The 
term  is  often  applied  to  those  who  break  away  now  and  then  but  do 
not  entirely  abandon  their  party. 

"  As  in  all  civil  wars,  a  good  many  people  who  heartily  say,  'A 


POLITICAL   HISTORY    OF   THE    UNITED   STATES. 


plague  on  both  your  houses,'  are  yet  forced  to  take  sides,  and  thus 
we  see  some  ludicrous  spectacles,  such  as  the  independents  and  civil 
service  reformers  voting  with  the  half-breed  machine,  and  marching 
in  effect  under  the  banner  of  Mr.  Blaine,  who  has  assumed  the  lead- 
ership of  the  half-breed  army. 

"  The  independents  who  unwillingly  vote  with  the  Blaine  mar 
chine  to  defeat  the  Arthur  or  Cameron  machine  still  give  no  signs 
that  they  are  ready  to  abandon  the  republican  party." — New  York 
Herald,  Nov.  7,  1882. 

KNOW-NOTHINGS.— The  name  of  a  secret  political  party 
which  originated  in  1853.  The  party,  or  rather  society,  Jis  stated  by 
the  New  York  Times,  was  first  formed  by  a  person  of  some  noto- 
riety, who  called  himself  Ned  Buntline — the  writer  of  sea  stories. 
Ned  was  once  a  midshipman  in  the  United  States  navy,  but  left  the 
service  and  commenced  the  business  of  founding  a  secret  order,  of  so 
exclusive  a  cliaracter  that  none  were  to  be  admitted  as  memliers 
whose  grandfathers  were  not  natives  of  the  United  States.  Ned 
gave  instructions  to  his  followers  to  reply  to  all  questions  in  respect 
to  the  movements  of  the  new  party, "  I  don't  know."  So  they  were 
at  first  called  don't-knows,  and  then  know-nothings,  by  outsiders. 
The  Crusader,  a  party  organ,  printed  the  principles  of  the  society  as 
follows :  Repeal  of  all  naturalization  laws  ;  none  but  native  Ameri- 
cans for  office ;  a  pure  American  common  school  system ;  war  to 
the  hilt  on  Romanism.  In  the  year  1855-6  the  slavery  question  had 
assumed  paramount  importance,  and  the  civil  war  between  the  free 
state  men  and  the  pro-slaveryites  in  the  territory  of  Kansas,  so  over- 
shadowed the  public  mind,  that  foreign  citizenship  was  forgotten, 
and  the  know-nothings  as  a  body  disappeared.  The  nearest  ap- 
proach to  know-nothingism  or  Americanism,  in  1856  (as  indicated  by 
the  name),  was  the  American  party,  whose  nominees  for  president 
and  vice-president  were  Millard  Fillmore,  and  Andrew  J.  Donelson 
of  Tennessee.  In  that  year  there  was  a  general  excitement,  and 
crush  of  political  elements,  which  resulted  in  the  complete  annihila- 
tion of  the  American  and  whig  parties.  Thereupon  rose  the  Repub- 
lican party,  which  see. 

KU-KLUX  KLAN. — A  secret  political  organization  that  arose 
from  the  prejudices  of  unreconciled  persons  in  some  portions  of  the 
south.  It  originated  in  the  state  of  Tennessee,  presumably,  early 
in  the  year  1868,  and  soon  afterward  extended  its  membership  and 
mischievous  influence  over  various  sections.  The  alleged  object  of 
the  klan  was  to  redeem  the  south.  After  its  fashion  it  opposed  the 
enforcement  of  the  reconstruction  acts,  and  endeavored  to  maintain 


POLITICAL   HISTORY    OF   THE    UNITED    STATES. 


the  dominion  of  the  white  race  as  against  the  colored  race,  the  male 
portion  of  which  latter  were  enfranchised  by  effect  of  the  fifteenth 
amendment,  30th  March,  1870.  Within  a  few  months  of  its  inception 
the  numbers  of  the  various  divisions  of  the  klan  were  increased  to  a 
total  of  500,000  persons.  Later  on,  the  political  aspirations  of  the 
klan  were  given  up,  and  members  of  the  order  abandoned  them- 
selves to  schemes  of  outrage  and  murder.  May  31,  1870,  a  congres- 
sional act  was  passed,  which  provided  for  the  protection  of  the  lately 
enfranchised  colored  men,  as  against  the  "  bulldozing "  propensities 
of  the  ku-klux.  In  February  following  a  stringent  act  was  passed 
for  a  similar  purpose,  and  on  the  third  day  of  May,  1871,  a  procla- 
mation against  the  klan  was  issued  by  President  Grant.  During  the 
next  year  (1872)  efforts  were  made  to  expose  the  klan.  A  committee 
was  appointed  by  congress  to  make  an  investigation  of  the  ku-klux 
mystery.  Many  witnesses  were  examined  by  this  committee,  and 
the  facts  were  revealed  as  pertaining  to  the  existence  of  the  ku-klux 
bands  and  their  horrible  doings. 

LECOMPTON  CONSTITUTION.— An  instrument  that  was 
framed  in  convention  at  Lecompton  for  the  state  of  Kansas,  in  Sep- 
tember, 1857.  It  provided  for  the  introduction  of  slavery,  and  at  an 
election  in  December  about  6,500  votes  (inclusive  of  many  fraudu- 
lent ones)  were  cast  for  it.  The  free  state  men  refrained  from  vot- 
ing, until  the  election,  4th  January,  1858,  when  the  Lecompton  con- 
stitution was  voted  down  by  10,000  majority.  In  July  a  free  con- 
stitution was  adopted  at  Wyandot. 

LITTLE  GIANT. — Stephen  A.  Douglas,  who  was  of  small  stature, 
but  a  great  orator.    See  Kansas  and  Nebraska,  and  Democratic  party. 

LOBBY.-— The  dndividuals  who  frequent  the  space  in  a  hall  of 
legislation  not  used  by  regular  members.     (See  Logrolling.) 

"  Indeed,  the  lobbyists  and  logrollers  around  and  in  congress  are 
accustomed  to  reckon  upon  the  thermometer  in  the  middle  of  June 
every  other  summer,  much  as  they  reckon  on  twelve  o'clock,  March 
4,  in  the  alternate  years."-^New  York  Sun,  1882. 

LOCOFOCO. — A  term  applied  to  the  ultra  democracy  or  tory 
party  in  the  United  States.  Lucifer  matches  were  termed  locofocos, 
and  the  application  of  the  word  to  this  particular  political  party 
arose  thus  :  In  1834,  a  certain  number  of  the  extreme  democracy  met 
at  Tammany  hall.  New  York,  and  there  happening  a  great  diversity 
of  opinion,  the  chairman, left  his  seat,  and  the  lights  were  ex- 
tinguished, with  a  view  to  dissolve  the  meeting ;  but  those  in  favor 
of  extreme  measures  produced  locofoco  matches,  rekindled  the  lights, 
continued  the  meeting,  and  accomplished  their  object. 


"  I  ask  these  (free-soilers)  what  hope  they  have  of  keeping 
slavery  out  of  Cahfornia  and  New  Mexico  with  General  Cass  presi- 
dent and  a  locof oco  congress  ? " — Horace  Greeley,  New  York,  Sept. 
27,  1848. 

LOGROLLING. — A  custom  peculiar  to  lumber  regions.  In  the 
logging  camps  of  Maine,  the  several  parties  help  each  other  at  log- 
rolling. In  politics,  the  term  denotes  an  exchange  of  votes  between 
parties,  in  order  to  carry  through  extravagant  measures  in  which 
they  are  interested. 

"  With  all  his  extravagant  notions,  General  Grant  smothered  a 
bill  of  this  kind  (river  and  harbor),  when  only  one-third  of  the  pres- 
ent amount  was  appropriated;  and  the  respectable  press,  without 
distinction  of  party,  has  been  more  decided  in  condemnation  of  this 
logrolling  jobbery,  by  means  of  which  millions  are  annually  squan- 
dered and  stolen,  than  of  any  other  measure  before  congress." — New 
York  Sun,  May  20,  1882. 

MAINE  LAW. — A  law  enacted  in  1846  and  amended  in  1851  in 
the  state  of  Maine,  being  the  first  to  prohibit  the  sale  of  intoxicating 
liquors,  and  becoming  celebrated  for  her  legislation  on  this  subject 
through  the  active  efforts  of  General  Neal  Dow.  The  Maine  law 
was  adopted  by  other  states,  notably  Kansas.  Out  of  842  cities  and 
towns  in  Illinois,  645  were  no-license  places  in  1880. 

MASON  AND  DIXON'S  LINE.— A  line  39  degrees,  43  min- 
utes and  26.8  seconds  north  latitude,  established  in  1764-7,  by  Charles 
Mason  and  Jeremiah  Dixon,  two  English  mathematicians  and 
astronomers,  in  order  to  decide  the  disputed  question  of  boundary 
between  Pennsylvania  and  Maryland. 

MISSOURI  COMPROMISE.— So  caUed  from  an  act  of  congress 
passed  in  1820,  and  approved  by  President  Monroe,  6th  March  of 
that  year,  by  which  Missouri  was  permitted  to  enter  the  union  as  a 
slave-holding  state,  with  the  agreement  that  slavery  should  be  for- 
ever prohibited  in  the  territories  of  the  nation  lying  north  of  latitude 
36  degrees,  30  minutes. 

MONROE  DOCTRINE.— In  1822,  during  the  presidency  of 
James  Monroe,  the  Spanish- American  colonies  having  fought  their 
way  to  independence  as  against  Spain,  they  were  recognized  as  an 
independent  power  by  the  United  States.  In  his  annual  message  to 
congress  in  1823,  the  president  proclaimed  the  celebrated  doctrine 
of  non-interference  as  follows :  "  Tliat  as  a  principle,  the  American 
continents,  by  the  free  and  independent  position  which  they  have 
assumed  and  maintained,  are  henceforth  not  to  be  considered  as 
subjects  of  future  colonization   by  any  European  power."     This 


POLITICAL   HISTORY    OF   THE   UNITED   STATES. 


doctrine  is  attributed  to  Adams,  who  was  secretary  of  state  under 
Monroe. 

MUGWUMPS. — The  word  Mugwumps  is  of  Indian  origin, 
and  means  "chief."  It  was  used  by  the  New  England  tribes  as  a 
term  of  derision,  and  by  them  applied  to  a  man  who  stood  higher 
in  his  own  esteem  than  in  that  of  his  tribe,  a  sort  of  "Big-Injun." 
In  a  sense  somewhat  similar  to  this,  the  word  has  been  more  or  less 
in  use  in  New  England  for  many  years.  It  was  first  employed  as  a 
political  sobriquet  in  the  presidential  campaign  of  1884,  when  it  was 
applied  by  the  Eepublican  leaders  and  press  to  those  "independents" 
who  affiliated  and  voted  with  the  Democracy.  Like  many  other 
political  nicknames,  it  was  at  once  accepted  and  adopted  by  those 
on  whom  it  was  bestowed. 

NATUEALIZATION.— The  act  of  conferring  upon  an  alien 
the  rights  and  privileges  of  a  native  inhabitant  or  citizen.  Aliens 
may  become  citizens  of  the  United  States  after  residing  in  the  nation 
for  five  years.  First  naturalization  act  in  the  colonies  was  that 
passed  by  the  assembly  of  Maryland.  A  law  of  this  kind  was  passed 
by  congress,  24th  March,  1790. 

NULLIFICATION.— Diverse  interests  which  involved  the 
northern  and  southern  sections  of  the  United  States  in  frequent  and 
exciting  disputatiotis  and  contentions,  were  clearly  indicated  in  the 
single  instance  of  the  "nullification  movement."  During  the  first 
term  of  President  Andrew  Jackson,  the  tariff  question  assumed 
quite  formidable  proportions.  The  south  had  no  manufactures  to 
foster,  and  possessed  a  staple  article  which  it  desired  to  seU,  there- 
fore it  was  opposed  to  a  protective  tariff.  On  the  21st  to  25th 
January,  1830,  Eobert  Y.  Ilayne,  coadjutor  of  John  C.  Calhoun,  and 
senator  from  South  Carolina,  delivered  his  great  speech  in  favor  of 
nullification,  and  the  celebrated  reply  of  Daniel  "Webster  was  made 
on  the  26th.  President  Jackson,  at  a  banquet,  13th  April,  offered 
the  famous  toast :  "  Our  federal  union :  It  must  be  preserved." 
In  1832,  having  reached  the  point  of  extreme  opposition  to  the  tariff, 
or  the  increased  rate  of  duties,  which  congress  had  laid,  the  state  of 
South  Carolina,  in  convention,  November  19,  resolved  that  the  tariff 
acts  were  unconstitutional  and  void.  That  state  at  once  prepared  to 
resist  the  national  authority  by  force  of  arms.  President  Jackson 
having  been  re-elected  in  1832,  was  in  office,  and  determined  to 
execute  the  laws,  which  he  did  by  proclamation,  issued  December 
10,  and  an  order  for  General  Scott  to  proceed  to  Charleston  with  all 
the  national  troops  under  his  command.  He  also  sent  a  vessel  of 
war  to  that  port,  and  had  the  leaders  of  the  movement  informed  of 


his  intention  to  seize  and  hang  them  as  soon  as  they  should  fire  the 
first  gun  against  the  national  authority.  The  danger  of  disunion 
was,  for  the  time,  averted.  Henry  Clay  proposed  a  compromise 
measure  in  the  form  of  a  tariff  bill,  which  provided  for  a  gradual 
reduction  of  duties  during  the  following  decade.  The  measure  be- 
came a  law,  March  2,  1833.     See  State  Rights. 

OLD  ABE. — Abraham  Lincoln  was  so  called.  During  the  war 
of  1861-5  colored  people  of  the  south  called  him  Massa  Linkum. 

OLD  HICKORY. — General  Jackson,  president  of  the  United 
States.  So  called  from  his  tough  nature,  and  his  intelligent  firm- 
ness.    Parson  Brownlow  was  called  the  hickory  unionist. 

POPULAR  SOVEREIGNTY.— The  right  of  the  whole  people 
to  participate  in  forming  the  constitution,  and  enacting  the  laws 
under  which  they  are  to  live  and  by  which  they  are  to  be  governed. 
"  Squatter  sovereignty,"  the  right  of  squatters  in  a  tei:ritory  of  the 
United  States  to  form  and  regulate  their  own  domestic  relations  in 
their  own  way ;  the  squatter  sovereigns  of  California  voted  against 
slavery,  and  entered  the  union  as  a  free  state.  See  Kansas  and 
Nebraska. 

PRE-EMPTION  RIGHT.— The  right  given  to  settlers  of  public 
lands  to  purchase  them  in  preference  to  others.  In  order  to  main- 
tain this  right,  the  pre-emptor  must  have  erected  a  house  or  entered 
upon  the  work  of  improving  the  land  of  which  he  has  takon  ])osses- 
sion. 

RAG  BABY. — The  idea  of  making  greenbacks  the  legal,  if  not 
the  only,  money  of  the  nation.  Opposed  to  national-bank  money. 
The  greenbackei'S  regard  the  precious  metals  as  cumbrous  and  expen- 
sive articles  for  currency.     See  National  Greenbackers. 

REPUBLICAN  PARTY.— The  anti-slavery  party  that  rose  into 
vigorous  life  during  the  political  upheaval  of  1856.  The  name  has 
been  used  several  times  in  the  history  of  American  politics.  (See 
Democratic  Party.)  The  democrats  were  the  political  friends  of  the 
south,  or  of  slavery.  The  republicans  were  their  political  oppo- 
nents. Previous  to  its  organization  in  1856,  the  elements  of  the 
republican  party  opposed  the  extension  of  slavery,  and  generally, 
were  m  favor  of  abolition.  The  first  national  convention  met  at 
Philadelphia,  June  17,  of  the  year  named,  and  nominated  Colonel 
John  C.  Fremont,  of  California,  for  president.  "WUliam  L.  Dayton, 
of  New  Jersey,  was  chosen  for  vice-president.  The  nominations 
were  made  unanimous.  The  democrats  had  previously  designated 
their  candidates,  James  Buchanan,  of  Pennsylvania,  for  president, 
and  John  C.  Breckinridge,  of  Kentucky,  for  vice-president.     The 


campaign  foUoAving  these  and  other  nominations,  was  one  of  great 
excitement,  which  the  war  in  Ivansas  tended  to  inflame.  At  the 
election  the  repuhlicans  polled  a  very  large  popular  vote,  and  firmly 
established  themselves  as  the  most  formidable  party  in  opposition  to 
the  national  democracy.  The  democratic  administration  that  fol- 
lowed Avas  marked  by  the  Dred  Scott  decision — odious  to  the  repub- 
licans— the  approval  of  the  Lecompton  constitution  by  President 
Buchanan,  which  was  as  odious,  and  the  execution  of  John  Brown, 
which  aroused  the  feelings  of  the  abolitionists.  Mr.  Lincoln,  at 
Springfield,  ITth  June,  1858,  announced  that  the  government  could 
not  permanently  endure  half  slave  and  half  free ;  and  later,  October 
25,  in  a  speech  at  Rochester,  Mr.  Seward  declared,  as  between 
slavery  and  freedom,  there  existed  an  irrepressible  conflict.  These 
phrases  were  often  repeated  by  the  republicans,  and  the  southern 
democrats  took  notice  of  them  as  declarations  utterly  hostile  to  the 
institution  of  slavery.  In  the  early  part  of  the  year,  Senator 
Douglas,  of  Illinois,  the  great  northern  ally  of  the  southern  democ- 
racy, took  issue  with  the  administration  on  account  of  the  iittempt 
of  the  ultra  democrats  to  force  a  pro-slavery  constitution  upon  the 
people  of  Kansas.  Mr.  Buchanan  had  indorsed  the  Lecompton 
scheme,  as  indicated,  and  the  opposition  of  Mr.  Douglas  had  the 
effect  to  weaken  the  democratic  party  in  the  north.  In  the  elec- 
tions immediately  following  this  remarkable  contest,  when  most 
members  of  the  thirty-sixth  congress  were  chosen,  the  republicans 
showed  increased  strength,  and  the  democratic  majority  of  the 
house  was  again  overthrown.  During  the  year  1859,  the  breach 
Avidened  betAveen  the  north  and  south,  and  in  1860,  the  republican 
party,  all  solidified  and  strong,  entered  the  presidential  campaign 
AAith  rencAved  vigor.  The  republican  national  convention  met  in 
Chicago,  May  16,  and  on  the  18th  the  nomination  of  Abraham  Lin- 
coln, of  Illinois,  for  president,  and  Hannibal  Hamlin,  of  Maine,  for 
vice-president,  Avas  made  unanimous.  Opposed  to  Lincoln  and  Ham- 
lin, were  Douglas  and  Johnson  (Douglas  democracy),  Breckinridge 
and  Lane  (Breckinridge  democracy),  and  Bell  and  Everett  (Constitu- 
tional union).  In  the  election  folio AAang  all  these  nominations,  the 
free  states  Avere  carried  by  the  republicans,  and  Mr.  Lincoln  received 
a  larger  popular  vote  than  that  cast  for  James  Buchanan,  four  years 
before.  When  the  result  Avas  determined,  scA^eral  federal  officers  in 
South  Carolina  resigned  their  positions,  and  the  people  of  that  state 
prepared  to  secede  from  the  union.  President  Buchanan,  by '  his 
message,  December  4,  A^rtually  recognized  the  right  of  secession, 
and  one  after  another  various  southern  states  seceded  from  the  union, 


POLITICAL    HI8T0KY    OF   THE   UNITED   STATES. 


beginning  witli  South  Carolina,  December  20,  1860,  and  ending  with 
the  secession  of  Tennessee,  which  was  effected  June  8,  1861.  Mr. 
Lincoln  was  inaugurated  as  president  4th  March,  1861,  when  the 
war  for  the  union  was  commenced  and  pushed  to  a  successful  termi- 
nation. From  the  year  1861  to  the  time  of  this  writing  (1885)  the 
national  repubhcan  party  has  been  in  constant  possession  of  the 
presidential  office.  They  were,  however,  defeated  in  the  general 
elections  of  November  4,  1884,  and  retire  from  office  on  March  4th 
of  this  year  (1885),  the  republican  candidates  James  G.  Blaine,  of 
Maine,  and  Gen.  John  A.  Ix)gan,  of  lUinois,  having  been  defeated  by 
the  democrats  whose  candidates  were  Gov.  Grover  Cleveland,  of 
New  York,  and  ex-Gov.  Thomas  A.  Hendricks,  of  Indiana.  See 
Democratic  Party,  and  Wide-awakes. 

ROOSTER,  DEMOCRATIC— Bird  B.  Chapman,  a  politician 
of  repute  in  Indiana,  about  1844,  pubhshed  a  democratic  paper, 
and  on  the  occasion  of  a  victory  at  some  local  election,  was  fehci- 
tated  by  an  active  democrat,  who  wrote,  "  Crow,  Chapman,  crow." 
These  words  were  used  as  a  headline  in  his  next  day's  edition,  and 
so  the  democratic  rooster  was  first  introduced  as  the  harbinger  of 
victory. 

SALT  RIVER. — An  imaginary  river,  up  which  defeated  poUt- 
ical  candidates  are  supposed  to  be  sent.  The  phrase  "  to  row  up 
salt  river "  had  its  origin  from  Salt  river,  or  Salt  creek,  a  small, 
winding  stream  in  the  state  of  Kentucky.  Owing  to  the  many  bars 
and  shallows  by  which  it  is  characterized,  it  is  difficult  to  row  up 
the  stream.     The  defeated  individual  is  rowed  up  Salt  river. 

SLAVERY  WAR,  OR  REBELLION.— The  war  on  account  of 
slavery  in  the  United  States,  was  begun  by  the  confederates,  under 
Beauregard,  who  opened  with  thirty  heavy  guns  and  mortars  on 
Fort  Sumter,  in  the  harbor  of  Charleston,  S.  C,  12th  April,  1861. 
During  four  years,  the  losses  were  :  killed  in  battle,  61,362 ;  died  of 
wounds,  34,T27  ;  died  of  disease,  183,287 ;  total  died,  279,376  ;  total 
deserted,  199,105.  Confederate  soldiers  who  died  of  wounds  or 
disease,  133,821 ;  deserted,  104,428 — partial  figures.  Total*  confed- 
erate and  union  dead,  413,197.  Estimated  cost  of  the  war,  $3,000,- 
000,000.  Expenditures  arising  from  the  war  were,  on  June  10, 
1880,  as  reported  by  Secretary  Sherman,  $6,189,929,908.58.  Con- 
federate forces  under  General  Lee  surrendered  to  General  Grant, 
April  9,  1865.  President  Lincoln  was  assassinated  at  Washington, 
April  14.  General  Johnston's  confederate  army  surrendered  to 
General  Sherman  on  the  26th,  and  early  in  May,  1865,  the  war 
ended. 


PRESIDENTS  ^ND  THEIR  Ci^BINETS. 

^voiix  "SxHashiiXQtow  to  O^ljctrjcliiixtt. 


,-^^^s^.--^ ^^ 


jtC)<'* ^-^^^-^^--^ 


'HE  following  is  a  complete  list  of  the  Presidential  Cabinets 
of  the  United  States,  from  the  first  organization  of  the 
government  of  the  country  under  "Washington  to  the  elec- 
tion of  President-elect  Cleveland,  and  will  be  found  a  useful 
book  of  reference  for  the  student  of  history.  The  list  gives  the 
names  of  the  occupants  of  each  cabinet  office  in  the  administra- 
tion, the  state  from  which  appointed,  and  the  date  upon  which  he 
took  the  oath  of  office.  It  includes  nearly  all  the  great  figures  of 
American  .political  history,  many  of  the  cabinet  officers  having  been 
party  leaders  and  unsuccessful  candidates  for  the  Presidency. 

Secretary  of  the  Treasury. — Oliver  Wol- 
cott,  continued;  Samuel  Dexter,  Massa- 
chusetts, January  1,  1801. 

Secretary  of  War. — James  McHenry, 
continued;  Samuel  Dexter,  Massachu- 
setts. May  13,  1800;  Roger  Griswold,  Con- 
necticut, February  3,  1801. 

Secretary  of  the  Navy. — George  Cabot, 
Massachusetts,  May  8,  1798;  Benjamin 
Stoddert,  Maryland,  May  21,  1798. 

Attor  my -General.  —  Charles  Lee,  con- 
tinued; Theophilus  Parsons,  Massachu- 
setts, February  20,  1801. 

Postmaster-Oeneral.  —  Joseph  Haber- 
sham, continued. 

[NOTE.- 


FiRST  AND  Second  Terms. 

President.— GrQOTge  Washington,  1789 
to  1797. 

Secretary  of  State. — Thomas  Jefferson, 
Virginia.  September  26,  1789;  Edmund 
Randolph,  Virginia,  January  2,  1794; 
Timothy  Pickering,  Pennsylvania,  De- 
cember 10,  1795. 

Secretary  of  the  Treasury. — Alexander 
Hamilton,  New  York,  September  11, 1789; 
Oliver  Wolcott,  Connecticut,  February  2, 
1795. 

Secretary  of  War. — Henry  Knox,  Mas- 
sachussetts,  September  12, 1789  ;  Timothy 
Pickering,  Pennsylvania,  January  2, 
1795;  James  McHenry,  Maryland,  Jan- 
uary 27,  1796. 

Attorney-Oeneral.  — Edmund  Randolph, 
Virginia,  September  26. 1789  Wm.  Brad- 
ford, Pennsylvania,  January  27,  1794; 
Charles  Lee,  Virginia,  December  10, 
1795. 

Postmaster- General.  —  Samuel  Osgood, 
Massachussetts,  September  26,  1789; 
Timothy  Pickering,  Pennsylvania,  Au- 
gust 13, 1791 ;  Joseph  Habersham,  Georgia, 
February  25,  1795. 

[Note.— The  position  of  postmaster-gen- 
eral was  a  subordinate  oflBce  under  the  Treas- 
ury department  until  1829,  when  the  post>- 
master-general  was  made  a  cabinet  officer.] 


Third  Term. 
—  John    Adams, 


1797    to 


President. 
1801. 

Secretary  of  State. — Timothy  Pickering, 
Pennsylvania,  continued;  John  Marshall, 
Virginia,  May  13,  1800. 


-The  navy  department  was  created 
by  congress,  April  30,  1798.  The  navy  was 
previously  under  the  department  of  war.] 

Fourth  and  Fifth  Terms. 

President. — Thomas  Jefferson,  1801  to 
1809. 

Seer etai-y  of  State. — James  Madison,  Vir- 
ginia, March  5,  1801. 

Secretai^of  the  Treasury. — Samuel  Dex- 
ter, continiied;  Albert  Gallatin,  Pennsyl- 
vania, May  14,  1801. 

Secretary  of  War. — Henry  Dearborn, 
Massachusetts,  March  5,  1801. 

Secreta/ry  of  the  Navy. — Benjamin  Stod- 
dert, continued;  Robert  Smith,  Maryland, 
July  15,  1801;  Jacob  Crowninshield, 
Massachusetts,  IVIay  3,  1805. 

Attorney-GcTieral — Levi  Lincoln.  Mas- 
sachusetts, March  5,  1801;  Robert  Smith, 
Maryland,  March  3.  1805;  John  Breckin- 
ridge, Kentucky,  August  7,  1805;  Caesar 
A.  Rodney,  Pennsylvania,  January  20, 1807. 


Postmaster-General.  —  Joseph  Haber- 
sham, continued;  Gideon  Granger,  Con- 
necticut, November  28, 1801. 

Sixth  and  Seventh  Terms. 

President. — James  Madison,  1809  to 
1817. 

Secretary  of  Stnte. — Robert  Smith,  Mary- 
land, March  6,  1809;  James  Monroe, 
Virginia,  April  2,  1811. 

l^cretary  of  ilie  Treasury. — Albert  Gal- 
latin, continued;  George  W.  Campbell, 
Tennessee,  February  9,  1814;  A.  J. 
Dallas,  Pennsylvania.  October  6,  1814; 
Wm.  R.  Crawford,  Georgia,  October  22, 
1816. 

Secretary  of  IFar.— William  Eustis, 
Massachusetts,  March  7, 1809;  John  Arm- 
strong, New  York,  January  13.  1813; 
James  Monroe,  Virginia,  September  27, 
1814;  William  H.  Crawford,  Georgia, 
August  1,  1815. 

^cretary  of  the  Navy. — Paul  Hamilton. 
South  Carolina.  March  7.  1809;  William 
Jones,  Pennsylvania.  January  12,  1818; 
B.  W.  Crowninshield,  Massachusetts, 
December  19.  1814. 

Attorney -He  I  tend.  —  C.  A.  Rodnev, 
Pennsylvania,  continued;  William  PincK- 
ney,  Maryland,  December  11.  1811; 
Richard  Rush,  Pennsylvania,  February 
10,  1814. 

Postmaster-  General. — Gideon  Granger, 
continued;  Return  J.  Meigs,  Ohio,  March 
17,  1814. 

Eighth  and  Ninth  Terms. 

President. — James  Monroe,  1817  to  1825. 

Secretary  of  State. — John  Quincy 
Adams.  Massachusetts,  March  5.  1817. 

Secretaiy  of  the  Treasury. — William  H. 
Crawford,  Georgia,  continued. 

Secretary  of  War. — George  Graham, 
Virginia.  April  7.  1817;  John  C.  Cal- 
houn, South  Carolina,  October  8.  1817. 

Scretary  of  t/ie  JS'ary. — B.  W.  Crownin- 
shield, Massachusetts,  continued;  Smith 
Thompson,  New  York,  November  9, 
1818;  John  Rogers,  Massachusetts,  Sep- 
tember 1, 1823;  Samuel  L.  Southard,  New 
Jersey.  September  16.  1823. 

Attorney-General. —'Rich&rd  Rush,Penn- 
gylvania,  continued;  William  Wirt,  Vir- 
ginia, November  13, 1817. 

Postmaster-General.— B..  J.  Meigs,  Ohio, 
continued;  John  McLean,  Obio,  June  26, 
1823. 

Tenth  Term. 

Preside7it. — John  Quincy  Adams,  1825 
to  1829. 

Secretai'y  of  State — Henry  Clay,  Ken- 
tucky. March  7,  1825. 

Secretary  of  tlie  Treasury  — Richard 
Rush,  Pennsylvania,  March  7,  1825. 


Secretary  of  War. — James  Barbour, 
Virginia,  March  7,  1825;  Peter  B.  Porter, 
New  York.  May  26,  1828. 

Secretary  of  the  Navy. — S.  L.  Southard, 
New  Jersey,  continued. 

Attorney-General. — William  Wirt,  Vir- 
ginia, continued. 

PostmaJtter-General.  —  John  McLean, 
Ohio,  continued. 

Eleventh  and  Twelfth  Terms. 

President. — Andrew  Jackson,  1829  to 
1837. 

Secretary  of  State. — Martin  Van  Buren, 
New  York,  March  6.  1829;  Edward 
Livingston.  Louisiana,  Mav  24,  1831; 
Louis  McLane,  Delaware.  May  29.  1888, 
John  Forsyth.  Georgia,  June  27,  1834. 

Secretary  of  tlie  Treasury. — Samuel  D. 
Ingham.  Pennsylvania,  Jlarch  6.  1829; 
Louis  McLane,  Delaware,  August  8,1831; 
William  J.  Duane.  Pennsylvania,  May  29, 
1833;  Roger  B.  Taney,  Maryland,  Sep- 
tember 23,  1833;  Levi  Woodbury,  New 
Hampshire,  June  27,  1884. 

Secretary  of  War. — John  H.  Eaton, 
Tennessee,  Alarch  9,  1829;  Lewis  Cass, 
Michigan,  August  1,  1831;  Benjamin  F. 
Butler,  New  York,  March  3.  1837. 

Secretary  of  tfie  Nary. — John  Branch, 
North  Carolina,  March  9.  1829;  Levi 
Woodbury.  New  Hampshire,  May  28, 
1831;  Mahlon  Dickerson,  New  Jersey, 
June  30,  1884. 

Attorney-Oenerdl. — John  M.  Berrien, 
Greorgia,  March  9.  1829;  Roger  B.  Taney, 
Maryland.  July  20,  1831;  Benjamin  F. 
Butler,  New  York,  November  15.  1833. 

Postmaster-General.— \N'\\\\aim  T.  Barry, 
Kentucky,  March  9,  1829;  Amos  Ken- 
dall, Kentucky,  May  1,  1835. 

Thirteenth  Term. 

President. — Martin  VanBuren,  1837  to 
1841. 

Secretary  of  State.  — John  Forsyth, 
Georgia,  contmued. 

Secretary  of  the  Treasury. — Levi  Wood- 
bury, New  Hampshire,  continued. 

Secretai^  of  War. — Joel  R.  Poinsett, 
South  Carolina.  March  7,  1837. 

Secretary  of  the  Navy. — Mahlon  Dicker- 
son,  New  Jersey,  continued;  James  K. 
Paulding,  New  York,  June  25,  1838. 

Attorney -General  — Benjamin  F.  But- 
ler, New  York,  continued;  Felix  Grundy, 
Tennessee,  July  5,  1838;  Henry  D.  Gil- 
pin, Pennsylvania,  January  11.  1840. 

Postmaster-General. — Amos  Kendall, 
Kentucky,  continued ;  John  M.  Niles, 
Connecticut,  May  19,  1840. 

Fourteenth  Term. 
President. — William    Henrv  Harrison. 
March  4.  to  April  4,  1841;  John  Tyler, 
1841  to  1815. 


PBE8IDENTS   AND   THEIR   CABINETS. 


Secretary  of  State. — Daniel  Webster, 
Massachusetts,  March  5,  1841;  Hugh  L. 
Legare.  South  Carolina,  May  9,  1843;  A. 
P.  Upshur,  Virginia,  July  M,  1843;  John 
C.  Calhoun,  South  Carolina,  March  6, 
1844. 

Secretai-y  of  tJie  Trcasw'p. — Thomas  Ew- 
ing,  Ohio,  March  5,  1841 ;  Walter  For- 
ward, Pennsylvania,  September  13,  1841; 
John  C.  Spencer,  New  York,  March  3, 
1843;  George  M.  Bibb,  Kentucky,  June 
15,  1844. 

Secretary  of  War. — John  Bell,  Tennes- 
see, March  5,  1841;  John  McLean,  Ohio, 
September  13,  1841,  John  C.  Spencer, 
New  York,  October  12,  1841;  James  M. 
Porter,  Pennsylvania,  March  8,  1843  ; 
William  Wilkins,  Pennsylvania,  February 
15,  1844. 

Secretary  of  tJie  Navy. — G.  E.  Badger, 
North  Carolina,  March  5.  1841;  A.  P. 
Upshur,  Virginia,  September  13,  1841; 
David  Henshaw,  Massachusetts,  July  24, 
1843;  T.  W.  Gilmer,  Virginia,  February 
15,  1844 ;  John  Y.  Mason,  Virginia, 
March  14.  1844. 

Attorney- Oeneral. — John  J.  Crittenden, 
Kentucky.  March  5,  1841;  Hugh  S.  Le- 

fare,  South  Carolina,  September  13, 1841; 
ohn  Nelson,  Maryland.  July  1,  1843. 
Postmaster-  Oeneral.  — Francis  Granger, 
New  York,  March  6,  1841;  Charles  A. 
Wickliffe.  Kentucky,  September  13, 1841. 

Fifteenth  Term. 

President. — James  K.  Polk,  1845  to 
1849. 

Secretary  of  State. — James  Buchanan, 
Pennsylvania,  March  6,  1845. 

Secretary  of  tJie  Treasury. — Robert  J. 
Walker,  Mississippi,  March  6,  1845. 

Secretary  of  War. — William  L.  Marcy, 
New  York,  March  6,  1845. 

Secretary  of  the  Navy. — George  Ban- 
croft, Massachusetts,  March  10,  1845; 
John  Y.  Mason,  Virginia,  September  9, 
1846. 

Attorney-General.  —  John  Y.  Mason, 
Virginia,  March  5. 1845;  Nathan  Clifford, 
Maine,  October  17,  1846. 

Postmaster- Oeneral. — Cave  Johnson, 
Tennessee,  March  6,  1845. 

Sixteenth  Term. 

President.  —  Zachary  Taylor,  1849  to 
1850;  Millard  Fillmore,  1850  to  1853. 

Secretary  of  State. — John  M.  Clayton, 
Delaware,  March  7,  1840;  Daniel  Web- 
ster, Massachusetts,  July  22,  1850;  Ed- 
ward Everett,  Massachusetts,  December 
6,  1852. 

Secretary  of  the  Treasury. — W.  M 
Meredith.  Pennsylvania,  March  8,  1849 
Thomas  Corwin,  Ohio,  July  23,  1850. 


Secretary  of  War. — George  W.  Craw- 
ford, Georgia,  March  8,  1849;  Winfleld 
Scott  {ad  intenm),  July  28,  1850;  Charles 
M.  Conrad,  Louisiana,  August  15,  1850. 

Secretary  of  the  Nary. — William  B. 
Preston,  Virginia,  March  8. 1849;  William 
A.  Graham,  North  Carolina,  July  22, 
1850;  J.  P.  Kennedy,  Maryland,  July  22, 
1852. 

Secretary  of  the  Interior. — Thomas  H. 
Ewing,  Ohio,  March  8,  1849;  A.  H.  H. 
Stuart,  Virginia,  September  12,  1850. 

Attorney-General.  —  Reverdy  Johnson, 
Maryland,  March  8,  1849  ;  John  J.  Crit- 
tenden, Kentucky,  July  22,  1850. 

Postmaster-Oeneral.  — Jacob  CoUamer, 
Vermont,  March  8, 1849 ;  Nathan  K.  Hall, 
New  York,  July  23,  1850;  S.  D.  Hub- 
bard, Connecticut,  August  81,  1852. 

Seventeenth  Term. 

President.  —  Franklin  Pierce,  1853  to 
1857. 

Secretary  of  State. — William  L.  Marcy, 
New  York,  March  7,  1853. 

Secretary  of  the  Treasury. — James  Guth- 
rie. Kentucky,  March  7,  1853. 

Secretary  of  War.  —  Jefferson  Davis, 
Mississippi,  March  7,  1853. 

Secretary  of  the  Navy. — James  C.  Dob- 
bin, North  Carolina,  March  7,  1853. 

Secretary  of  the  Interior. — Robert  Mc- 
Clelland, Michigan,  March  7,  1853  ;  Ja- 
cob Thompson,  Mississippi,  March  6, 
1856. 

Attorney  General. -Cs\eb Cu8hing,Mass- 
achusetts.  March  7,  1853. 

Postmaster-Oeneral. —  James  Campbell, 
Pennsylvania,  March  7,  185S. 

Eighteenth  Term. 

President. — James  Buchanan,  1857  to 
1861. 

Secretary  of  State. — Lewis  Cass,  Mich- 
igan, March  6,  1857 ;  J.  S.  Black,  Penn- 
sylvania, December  17,  1860. 

Secretary  of  tlie  Treasury.  —  Howell 
Cobb,  Georgia,  March  6,  1857  ;  Philip  F. 
Thomas,  Maryland,  December  12,  1860  ; 
John  A.  Dix,  New  York,  January  11, 
1861. 

Secretary  of  Wa/r. — John  B.  Floyd, 
Virginia,  March  6,  1857 ;  Joseph  Holt, 
Kentucky,  January  18,  1861. 

Secretary  of  tJie  Navy. — Isaac  Toucey, 
Connecticut,  March  6,  1857. 

Secretary  of  the  Interior.—J&coh  Thomp- 
son, Mississippi,  continued. 

Attorney- Oeneral. — J.  S.  Black,  Penn- 
sylvania, March  6,  1857;  Edwin  M.  Stan- 
ten,  Pennsylvania,  December  20,  1860. 

Postmastsr  Oeneral. — Aaron  V.  Brown, 
Tennessee,  March  6,  1857 ;  Joseph  Holt, 
Kentucky,  March  14, 1859  ;  Horatio  King, 
Maine,  February  12,  1861. 


PRESIDENTS   AND   THEIE   CABINETS. 


Nineteenth  and  Twentieth  Terms. 

Prestdent.—Ahmham  Lincoln,  1861  to 
1865  ;  Andrew  Johnson,  1865  to  1869. 

Secretary  of  -S^a^e.— William  H.  Sew- 
ard, New  York,  March  5,  1861. 

SecreUii-y  of  the  Trimury.  —  Solon  P 
Chase,  Ohio,  March  5,  1861 ;  W.  P.  Fes- 
senden.  Maine,  July  1,  1864;  Hugh  Mc- 
Culloch,  Indiana,  March  7,  1865. 

Secretary  of  War.— ^xmon  Cameron, 
Pennsylvania,  March  5,  1861  ;  Edwin  M. 
Stanton,  Pennsylvania,  January  15, 1862; 
U.  S.  Grant  (ad  interim),  August  12, 
1867 ;  Edwin  M.  Stanton  (reinstated)' 
January  14, 1868  ;  J.  M.  Schofleld,  Illinois. 
May  28,  1868. 

SecreUu-y  of  the  iVrtry.— Gideon  Welles, 
Connecticut,  March  5,  1861. 

Secretary  of  the  Interurr.  —  Caleb  P. 
Smith,  March  5,  1861 ;  John  P.  Usher, 
Indiana,  January  8.  1868  ;  James  Harlan, 
Iowa,  May  15.  J 865:  O.  H.  Brownine. 
Illinois,  July  27, 1866. 

Attorney ■Oeneral.—l£AviBxA'R»Xe6,  Mis- 
souri, March  5,  1831 ;  Titian  J.  Coffee, 
June  22,  1863  ;  James  Speeti,  Kentucky, 
December  2,  1864  ;  Henry  St«nl)erv,  Ohio. 
July  23.  1866  ;  William  M.  Evark  New 
York,  July  15.  1868. 

Po»tm<isterOeneral.-}lloiiieomcry^\aXr 
Maryland,  March  5,  1861  ;  William  Den- 
nison,  Ohio,  September  S4,  1864 ;  Alex- 
ander W.  Randall,  Wisconsin,  July,  25. 
1866.  ' 

Twenty-first  and  Twenty-second. 

President— \]\ysae&  S.  Grant,  1869  to 
1877.  . 

Secretary  of  State— K  B.  Washbume, 
Illinois,  March  5,  1869;  Hamilton  Fish 
New  York,  March  11,  1869. 

Secretary  of  the  Treasury— Qteorge  S. 
Boutwell,  Massachusetts,  March  11, 1869; 
William  A.  Richardson,  Ma-ssachusetts, 
March  17,  1873;  Benjamin  H.  Bristow, 
Kentucky,  June  2,  1874;  Lot  M.  Morrill, 
Maine,  June  21,  1876. 

Secretary  of  War— John  A.  Rawlins, 
Illinois,  March  11,  1869;  William  T. 
Sherman,  Ohio,  September  9,  1869;  Will- 
iam W.  Belknap.  Iowa,  October  25, 
1869;  Alphonso  Taft,  Ohio,  March  8, 
1876;  J.  D.  Cameron,  Pennsylvania.  May 
22,  1876. 

Secretary  of  the  iVary— Adolph  E.  Borie. 
Pennsylvania,  March  5,  1869;  George  M. 
Robeson,  New  Jersey,  June  25,  1869. 

Secretary  of  the  Interior— 3 fLCohD.  Cox, 
Ohio,  March  5,  1869;  Columbus  Delano, 
Ohio,  November  1,  1870;  Zachariah 
Chandler,  Michigan,  October  19,  1875. 

Attorney -General— E.  R.  Hoar.  Massa- 
chusetts, March  5,  1869;  Amos  T.  Aker- 
man,  Georgia,  June  23,  1870;  George  H. 
Williams,    Oregon,   December  14,  1871; 


Edwards  Pierrepont,  New  York,  April 
26,  1875;  Alphonso  Taft,  Ohio,  May  22 
1876.  '      ' 

Postmaftter- General— .J.  A.  J.  Creswell 
Maryland,  March  5.  1869;  Marshall  Jew- 
ell, Connecticut,  August  24,  1874;  James 
M.  Tyner,  Indiana,  July  12,  1876. 

Twenty-third  Term. 

President— Rutherford  B.  Hayes.  1877 
to  1881.  ^ 

Secretary  of  State— 'W imam  M.  Evarts, 
New  York,  March  12,  1877. 

Secretary  of  Hie  Treamry—Zo\m  Sher- 
man, Ohio,  March  8,  1877. 

Secretary  of  Tr«r— George  W.  McCrary, 
Iowa,  March  12.  1877;  Alexander  Ram- 
sey, Minnesota,  December  12,  1879. 

Sendury  of  tlie  iVari^— Richard  W. 
Thompson,  Indiana,  March  12,  1877; 
Nathan  Goff,  Jr.,  West  Virginia.  January 
6,  1881.  ^ 

Secretary  of  the  interior— Cax\  Schurz, 
Missouri,  March  12.  1877. 

Attorney  ■  General  —  Charles  Devens, 
Massachusetts.  March  12.  1877. 

Postmaster  General  —  David  M.  Key 
Tennessee,  March  12,  1877;  Horace  May- 
nard,  Tennessee,  August  25,  1880. 

Twenty-fourth  Term. 
President— James  A.  Garfield,  part  of 
•  1881;  Chester  A.  Arthur,  1881  to  1885. 
Secretary  of  iStote— James  G.    Blaine, 
Maine.  March  5.  1881;  Frederick  T.  Fre- 
linghuysen.  New  Jersey,  December  12. 
1881. 

StciYtary  of  Oie  TVftwwry— William  H, 
Windom,  Minnesota,  March  5,  1881; 
Charles  J.  Folger,  New  York.  October 
27,  1881;  Waller  Q.  Gresham.  Indiana, 
September  24,  1884;  Hugh  McCuUoch, 
Indiana.  October  31,  1884. 

Secretary  of  TTar— Robert  T.  Lincoln, 
Illinois.  March  5.  1881. 

Secretary  of  the  JVavy—W.  H.  Hunt, 
Louisiana,  March  5,  1881;  William  E. 
Chandler,  New  Hampshire,  April  1,  1882. 
Secretary  of  tlie  Interior—^.  J.  Kirk 
wood,  Iowa,  March  5,  1881;  Henry  M. 
Teller,  Colorado,  April  6,  1882. 

Attorney-General— W&yne  MacVeagh, 
Pennsylvania,  IMarch  5,  1881;  Benjamin 
H.  Brewster,  Pennsylvania,  December 
16,  1881. 

Postmaster  General — Thomas  L.  James, 
New  York,  March  5.  1881;  Timothy  O. 
Howe,  Wisconsin,  December  20,  1881; 
Walter  Q.  Gresham,  Indiana,  April  3, 
1883;  Frank  Hatton,  Iowa,  October  14, 
1884. 

Twenty-fifth  Term. 
President— ^iei^Yien  Grover  Cleveland, 
elected  November,  1884;  to  be  inaugu- 
rated   March    4.    Cabinet    not   yet  an 
nounced. 


COMPENSATI 


OFFICIALS. 


The    following  shows  the  present  rate  of   salaries  paid  by  the  United  States 
government  to  its  principal  officials: 

EXECUTIVE. 


President $50,000 

Vice  President 8,000 

Private  Secretary 3,250 

Assistant  Secretary 2,250 

Executive  clerks,  two,  each 2,000 

Stenographer 1,800 

Clerks,  three,  $1,800,  $1,400.  and 1,200 


Steward 1,800 

Usher    1,400 

Messengers,  five 1,200 

Doorkeepers,  four  1,200 

"Watchman .' 900 

Furnace-keeper 864 


HEADS  OF  DEPARTMENTS. 
Secretary  of  state,  secretary  of  the  treasury,  secretary  of  war,  secretary  of  the 
navy,  secretary  of  the  interior,  postmaster-general,  and  attorney-general,  each,  $8,000. 

JUDICIARY. 

U.  S.  SUPREME  COURT. 

Chief  justice $10,500       Marshal 3,000 

Associate  justices,  nine,  each 10,000       Reporter 2,500 

Clerk  of  the  court,  and  deputy,  each. .     2,000 

U.  S.  CIRCUIT  COURTS. 
Salaries  of  nine  judges,  each $6,000 

U.  S.  COURT  OF  CLAIMS. 

Chief  justice $4,500       Assistant  clerk 2,000 

Three  associates,  each 4,500       Baihff 1,200 

Chief  clerk 3,000       Messenger 1,200 

DISTRICT  JUDGES. 
Fifty-three  judges,  salaries  from  $3,500  to  $5,000. 

LEGISLATIVE. 

Speaker  of  the  house  of  representatives,  $8,000  per  annum  and  mileage  (20  cents 
per  mile). 

Senators,  76  in  number,  each  $5,000  and  mileage.  Representatives  and  territorial 
delegates  in  congress,  300  in  number,  each  $5,000  and  mileage. 

MINISTERS  AND  DIPLOMATIC  AGENTS 

Ministers  to  Great  Britain,  Russia,  France  and  Germany,  each  $17,500. 

Ministers  to  Spain,  Austria,  Italy,  China,  Mexico,  Brazil  and  Japan,  each  $12,000. 

Ministers  to  Chili,  Peru  and  Central  America,  each  $10,000. 

Minister  Residents  in  Belgium,  Portugal,  Netherlands,  Denmark,  Sweden  and 
Norway,  Switzerland,  Turkey,  Venezuela,  Ecuador,  Argentine  Confederation,  Ha- 
waiian Islands,  Greece,  Colombia  and  Bolivia,  each  $7,500. 

Consuls  and  commercial  agents,  $1,000  to  $5,000. 

LIBRARIAN. 

Librarian  of  Congress $4,000 

Assistants,  two  in  number,  each 2,500 

Fifteen  clerks,  salaries  from  $1,200  to 1,400 

THE  WAR  DEPARTMENT 
Secretary  of  war,  $8,000  per  annum. 
Lieutenant-general  of  the  army,  $916.67  per  month. 

Adjutant-general,  $5,500  per  annum;  assistant,  $3,500;  second,  third  and  fourth 
assistants,  each  $3,000;  chief  clerk,  $2,000. 

287 


COMPENSATION   OF   OFFICIALS. 


Major-general,  $625  per  month. 

Brigadier- general,  $458.33  per  month. 

Inspector-general,  $3,500  per  annum. 

Judge-advocate  general,  $5,500;  assistant,  $3,500. 

Quartermaster-general,  $5,500;  deputy,  $3,000;  asslBtant,  $8,500;  chief  clerk, 
$2,000. 

Chief  of  engineer's  bureau,  $5,500;  chief  clerk,  $2,000. 

Surgeon-general,  $5,500;  assistant,  $3,500;  chief  clerk,  $2,000. 

Chief  of  ordnance,  $5,500;  chief  clerk,  $2,000. 

Paymaster-general,  $3,500;  deputy,  $3,000;  assistant,  $3,500;  chief  clerk,  $2,000. 

Chief  signal  officer,  $5,500. 

Commissary-general  of  subsistance,  $5,500;  assistant,  $3,500;  chief  clerk,  $2,000. 

Chief  of  ordnance,  $485.33  per  month. 

Colonel,  $291.67  per  month;  lieutenant  colonel,  $250;  major,  $208.33;  captain, 
$150;  first  lieutenant,  $125,  second  lieutenant,  $116.67;  first  sergeant,  $22;  sergeant, 
$17;  private,  engineers  and  ordnance,  $20;  private,  artillery,  cavalry  and  infantry, 
$18. 

THE  NAVY  DEPARTMENT. 

Admiral  of  the  navy,  $13,000  per  year  on  sea. 

Vice  admiral,  $9,000  on  sea,  $8,000  on  shore,  $6,000  on  orders. 

Rear  admirals,  $6,000  on  sea,  $5,000  on  shore,  $4,000  on  orders. 

Commodores,  $5,000  on  sea,  $4,000  on  shores  $3,000  on  orders. 

Captains,  $4,500,  $3,500,  and  $2,800. 

Commanders,  $3,500,  $3,000,  and  $2,300. 

Lieutenant  commanders,  $2,800,  $2,400,  and  $2,000;  after  first  four  years,  $3,000, 
$2,600,  $2,200. 

Lieutenants,  after  five  years,  $2,600,  $2,200,  $1,800. 

Masters,  after  five  years,  $1,800,  $1,500,  $1,200. 

Ensigns,  after  five  years,  $1,400,  $1,200,  $1,000. 

Midshipmen,  $1,000,  $800,  $600. 

Seamen,  per  mouth,  $21.50;  ordinary,  $17.50;  landsmen,  $ltS.50. 

DEPARTMENTAL   OFFICERS. 

Three  assistant  secretaries  of  state,  $3,500;  chief  clerk,  $2,500;  examiner  of  claims, 
$3,500;  chief  of  consular  bureau,  $2,100;  chief  of  indexes  and  archives,  $2,200;  chief 
of  bureau  of  accounts,  $2,100;  librarian,  $1,800. 

Two  assistant  secretaries  of  the  treasury,  $4,500;  chief  clerk,  $2,700;  first  and 
second  comptrollers,  $5,000;  commissioner  of  customs,  $4,000;  six  auditors,  $3,600; 
treasurer,  $6,000;  assistant  treasurer,  $3,600;  register  of  the  treasury,  $4,000;  commis- 
sioner of  internal  revenue,  $6,000;  solicitor  of  internal  revenue,  $6,000;  solicitor  of 
the  treasury,  $4,500;  director  of  the  mint,  $4,500;  chief  of  bureau  of  engraving  and 
printing,  $4,500;  chief  of  bureau  of  statistics.  $2,400;  supervising  architect,  $4,500; 
superintendent  of  coast  survey,  $6,000;  his  assistant,  $4,200;  supervising  surgeon- 
general,  $4,000;  superintendent  of  life-saving  service,  $4,000;  supervising  inspector- 
general  of  steamboats,  $3,500;  chief  of  appointment  division,  $2,500;  chief  of  warrant 
division,  $2,750;  chief  of  public  moneys  division,  $2,500;  chief  of  customs  division, 
$2,750;  chief  of  internal  revenue  and  navigation,  $2,500;  chief  of  loan  and  currency 
division,  $2,500;  chief  of  revenue  marine,  $2,500;  chief  of  stationery  and  printing, 
$2,500. 

Assistant  secretary  of  the  interior,  $3,500;  chief  clerk  and  superintendent,  $2,700; 
assistant  attorney-general.  $5,000;  commissioner  land  office,  $4,000;  his  chief  clerk, 
$2,000;  commissioner  pension  office.  $3,000;  his  deputy,  $2,400;  his  chief  clerk,  $2,000, 


commissioner  of  patent  office,  $4,500;  his  assistant,  $3,000;  his  chief  clerk,  $2,350;  ex- 
aminers and  superintendents  of  departments  in  patent  office,  27  in  number,  $2,250  to 
$3,000;  commissioner  of  Indian  office,  $3,000;  his  chief  clerk,  $2,000;  commissioner 
of  education,  $3,000;  chief  clerk,  $1,800;  superintendent  of  census  bureau,  $5,000; 
auditor  of  railroad  accounts,  $5,000;  director  of  geological  survey,  $6,000;  superin- 
tendent of  government  hospital  for  the  insane,  $2,500;  president  Columbia  institution 
for  the  deaf  and  dumb,  $4,000;  architect  of  U.  8.  capitol  extension,  $4,500. 

Three  assistant  postmasters-general,  $8,500;  chief  clerk,  $2,200;  buperintendent  of 
foreign  mails,  $3,000;  assistant  attorney -general  for  postofflce  department,  $4,000; 
superintendent  of  money  order  system,  $3,000. 

Subordinates  in  navy  department,  24  in  number,  $2,400  to  $5,000. 

Subordinates  in  department  of  justice,  5  in  number,  $2,200  to  $7,000. 

Commissioner  of  agriculture,  $3,000;  chief  clerk,  $1,900. 

Collectors  of  internal  revenue,  125  in  number,  graduated  by  collections,  $2,125  to 
$4,500;  collectors,  95  in  number,  paid  by  fees  and  commissions,  $250  to  $12,000. 

Surveyors  of  customs,  26  in  number,  $395  to  $5,000. 

United  States  naval  officers,  6  in  number,  $5,000  to  $8,000. 

Subordinates  at  the  mints,  9  in  number,  $2,500  to  $4,500. 

Ten  assistant  treasurers  of  the  United  States,  $4,500  to  $8,000. 


COUNTIES  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
The  following  table  shows  the  number  of  counties  in  each  state 
of  the  Union,  as  given  in  the  census  of  1880.  Since  the  taking  of 
that  census,  however,  a  number  of  new  counties  have  been  organ- 
ized, particularly  in  those  states  and  territories  where  the  settle- 
ment of  the  country  is  proceeding  most  rapidly,  as  in  Dakota, 
Kansas,  Nebraska  and  Texas.  At  the  present  time  there  are  about 
2,730  counties  in  the  United  States. 


STATES.  NO.  OF  COUNTIES. 

Alabama 66 

Arkansas 75 

California 53 

Colorado 32 

Connecticut 8 

Delaware 3 

Florida 45 

Georgia 137 

Illinois 102 

Indiana 92 

Iowa 99 

Kansas ♦. 113 

Kentucky 117 

Louisiana 59 

Maine 16 

Maryland 24 

Massachusetts 14 

Michigan 82 

Minnesota 86 

Mississippi 75 

Missouri 117 

Nebraska 80 

Nevada 17 

New  Hampshire 10 

New  Jersey 21 

New  York 60 


STATES.  NO.  OP  COUNTIES. 

North  Carolina 94 

Ohio 88 

Oregon 26 

Pennsylvania 67 

Rhode  Island 5 

South  Carolina 33 

Tennessee 94 

Texas 232 

Vermont 14 

Virginia 99 

West  Virginia 54 

Wisconsin 63 


Total 2,472 

TERRITGRIES. 

Arizona 7 

Dakota 94 

Idaho 13 

Montana 11 

New  Mexico 14 

Utah 27 

Washington 25 

Wyoming 7 

District  of  Columbia 1 


Total. 


NATIONAL    ELECTIONS. 


OUB  XATIOXAIi  ELECTIONS. 

In  the  following  Table  is  srlven  a  Summary  of  the  Popular  and  Electoral  Votes  in  Presi- 
dential Elections  in  the  United  States. 


Year 

No.  of 
States. 

11 

p 

Party. 

Candidates. 

States. 

Popular 
Vote. 

4 

a 

1789 

10 

73 

Georgre  Washington 

69 

John  Adams 

34 

John  Jay 

9 

U.  K.  Harrison 

6 

John  Hutledge 

6 

John  1  lancocK 

4 

Georjre  Clinton 

3 

Samuel  Huntington 

3 

John  Milton  . . ." 

2 

Beiijiiiniti  Lincoln 

1 

James  Ai  inst  rong 

Edward  I'ellair 

1 

1 

Vacancies     

2 

1792 

16 

135 

Federalist 

Federalist 

Uepublican 

Dem-ltepub 

Uepublican 

George  Washington 

187 

John  Adams 

70 

George  Clinton 

64 

Thomas  Jefferson 

4 

Aaron  Burr 

1 

Vacancies  

8 

1706 

16 

188 

Federalist 

Dem-Repub 

Federalist 

.Republican 

John  Adams 

71 

Thomas  Jefferson 

. 

68 

Thomas  Pinckney 

GO 

Aaron  Burr 

no 

Samuel  Adams  

IK 

Oliver  Ellsworth 

11 

George  Clinton 

7 

John  Jay 

5 

James  Iredell 

3 

George  Washington 

2 

John^henry 

2 

S.  .Tnhnnnn _ 

2 

Charles  CI.  Pincknev 

1 

1800 

16 

188 

Dem-Repub 

Republioan 

Feaerallst 

Federalist 

Federalint 

73 

73 

M 

Charles  C.  Pinckney 

64 

J  ohn  Jay '. 

1 

O 

Is 

Party. 

For  President.         g 

1 

Popular 
Vote. 

4 

1 

For  Vice  President. 

1 

18(V1 

21 
17 

176 

176 

Dem-Repub  . 
Federalist  . . . 
Republican . . 
Republican . . 
Federalist . . . 

Thomas  Jefferson . . . 
Chas.  C.  Pinckney... 

James  Madison  

George  Clinton 

15 
3 

12 

las 

14 

122 

6 

47 

George  Clinton 

RufusKing    

163 

14 

1808 

George  Clinton 

James  Madison 

Ruf us  King  

113 
3 

Chas.  C.  Pinckney. . . 

5 

47 

John  Langdon 

James  Monroe 

Elbridge  G^er^Jr 

Jared  Ingersoll  — 

9 

3 

Vacancy 

1 
128 
89 
1 
183 
34 

1 

1812 

18 

218 

Republican . . 
Federalist  . . 

James  Madison 

De  Wittainton 

Vacancy 

James  Monroe 

RufusKlng 

11 

7 

16 
3 

131 

86 

1 

1816 

19 

221 

Republican.. 
Feaerallst  . . . 

D.  D.  Tompkins 

John  E.  Howard  — 

James  Ross 

John  Marshall 

Robt.  G.  Harper  .... 

183 

22 

5 

4 

3 

4 

231 

1 

4 

Iff'O 

24 

235 

Republican . . 

James  Monroe 

John  Q.  Adams 

24 

D.  D.  Tompkins 

Richard  Stockton. . . 

Daniel  Rodney 

Robt.  G.  Harper  .... 
Richard  Rush 

John  C.  Calhoun — 

218 

8 

4 

1 

1 

Vacancies 

3 
99 

3 

1821 

24 

361 

i)em-Repub . 

Andrew  Jackson — 

10 

855,872 

182 

NATIONAL   ELECTIONS. 


Our  National  Elections — Continued. 


=m5 

occ 

d 
2 

II 

Party. 

For  President. 

1 
CO 

Popular 
Vote. 

2° 

u 

01 

For  Vice  President. 

1 

Republican . . 
Republican . . 
Republican . . 

John  Q.  Adams  .... 
Wm.  H.Crawford... 
Henry  Clay 

8 
3 
3 

105,321 

44,283 
46,687 

84 
41 
37 

Nathan  Sanf ord 

Nathaniel  Macon 

Andrew  Jackson  — 
Martin  Van  Buren  . . 
Henry  Clay 

30 

24 

13 

ft 

?, 

Vacancy 

1 

1838 
i833 

24 
24 

261 

268 

Democratic . . 
Nat.  Ropub.. 

Democratic . . 
Nat.  Repub.. 
Anti-Mason.. 

Andrew  Jackson .... 
John  Q.  Adams 

Andrew  Jackson — 
Henry  Clay 

15 

9 

ih' 

7 
1 
1 

647,231 
509,097 

687,503 
530,189 
33,108 

178 
83 

2i9' 

49 

7 

11 

John  C.  Calhoun  . . . 

Richard  Rush 

William  Smith 

Martin  Van  Buren . . 

John  Sorseant 

Amos  EUmaker 

Henry  Lee 

William  Wilkins  . . . 

171 

83 

7 

189 

49 

William  VVirt    

John  Floyd.' 

7 

11 

30 

Vacancies 

2 

170 
73 
2d 
14 
11 

234 
60 

?, 

1836 

26 

294 

Democratic. . 
Whig 

Martin  Van  Buren., 
Wm.  H.  Harrison  — 

HughL.  White 

Daniel  Webster 

W.  P.  Mangum 

Wm.  H.  Harrison. . . 
Martin  Van  Buren.. 
James  G.  Birney — 

15 

7 
2 
1 
1 
19 
7 

761,549 

1-    736,656 

J 

1,375,017 

1.128,702 

7,059 

R.  M.  Johnson 

Francis  Granger 

John  Tyler 

147 

77 
47 

William  Smith 

John  Tyler    !..!..  . 
R.  M.  Johnson 

23 

1840 

26 

294 

Whig   

Democratic. 
Liberty 

234 

48 

F.  W.  Tazewell 

James  K.  Polk    

George  M.  Dallas — 
T.  Frelinghuysen  . . . 

11 

1 

1844 

36 

375 

Democratic. 

Whig 

Liberty 

Whig 

Democratic. 
Free  Soil    . . . 
Democratic . 

Whig 

FreeDem.... 
Democratic . . 
Republican.. 

American 

Republican . . 

Democratic. 

Democratic. 

Const.  Union. 

Republican.. 

Democratic. 

James  K.  Polk    

Henry  Clay 

15 
U 

is 

15 

27 
4 

1,337,243 

1,299,068 

62,300 

1,360,101 

1,220,644 

291,263 
1,001,474 
1,386,578 

156,149 
1,836,169 
1,341,364 

874,534 
I,8(i6,a53 

845,763 
1,37.),157 

589,581 
2,216,067 
1,808,725 

170 
105 

170 
105 

James  G.  Birney 

Zachary  Taylor 

Lewis  Cass 

1848 

30 

290 

163 
127 

254' 

42 

i74" 

114 
8 

180 
72 
13 
39 

313 
21 
81 

214 
80 
23 

286 

42 

18 
2 

1 

Millard  Fillmore  .... 
William  O.  Butler... 
Charles  F.  Adams... 
William  R.  King  . . 
William  A.  Graham. 
George  W.  Julian. . 
J.  C.  Breckinridge  .. 
William  L.  Dayton. 

A.  J.  Donelson 

Hannibal  Hamlin  . . . 

Joseph  Lane 

H.V.  Johnson 

Edward  Everett 

Andrew  Johnson. . . 
Geo.  H.Pendleton.. 

Schuyler  Colfax 

F.  P.  Blair,  Jr 

163 
1?7 

i8.52 

31 

296 

Martin  Van  Buren. . 

Franklin  Pierce 

Winfleld  Scott 

John  P.  Hale 

254 

4f^ 

1856 

iseo 

31 

33" 

296 

m 

James  Buchanan 

John  C.  Fremont 

Millard  Fillmore   . . . 
Abraham  Lincoln. . . 
J.  C.  Breckinridge  .. 

S.  A.  Douglas 

John  Bell  

Abraham  Lincoln. . . 
Geo.  B.  McClellan... 

19 

11 

1 

17 
11 
2 
3 

ii 

26 
8 
3 

31 
6 

174 

114 

8 
180 

7^ 

.... 

12 

3P 

1864 

36 

314 

212 
21 
81 

1868 

37 

317 

Republican. . 
Democratic. 

Ulysses  S.  Grant  . . . 
Horatio  Seymour  . . . 

Vacancies    

Ulysses  S.  Grant 

Horace  Greeley 

Charles  O'Connor.. 

3,015,071 
2,709,613 

3,597,070 

2,834,079 

29,408 

5,608 

214 

80 

?3 

1872 

37 

366 

Republican.. 
Dem..  Lib.  R. 
Democratic. 
Temperance . 

Henry  Wilson 

B.  Gratz  Brown 

John  Q.  Adams  .... 

286 
47 

A.  H.  CoJquite 

John  M.  Palmer  — 
George  W.  Julian . . . 

T.  F.  Bramlette 

W.  S.  Groesbeck  .... 
Willis  P.  Machen.... 
N.  P.Banks 

5 

T.  A.  Hendricks 

8 

B.  Gi'atz  Brown  . 

5 

Chas.  J.  Jenkins 

David  Davis 

3 

1 

1 

1 

Not  counted 

R.  B.  Hayes 

17 
185 

184 

2i4' 
155 

14 

1876 

38 
38 

369 
369 

Republican . . 
Democratic. 
Greenback  .. 
Prohibition.. 
Republican . . 
Democratic . . 
Greenback  .. 

21 
17 

4,033,950 

4,284,885 

84,740 

9,522 

4,442,9.50 

4,442.035 

12,576 

4,914,058 

4,844,252 

150,134 

134,028 

5 

William  A.  Wheeler. 

T.  A.  Hendricks 

S.  F.  Cary 

185 

S.J.  Tilden 

184 

Peter  Cooper 

G.  C.  Smith  

R.  T.  Stewart 

1880 

James  A.  Garfield. . . 

W.  S.  Hancock   

James  B.  Weaver. . . 

19 
19 

Chester  A.  Arthur .. 
William  H.English.. 
B.  J.  Chambers 

214 

155 

.... 

1884 

402 

Democratic  . 
Republican . . 
Prohibition.. 
Independent. 
Woman  Suf.. 

G rover  Cleveland.. 
•Tiiines  G.  Blaine 

219 
183 

T.  A.  Hendricks.  ... 

John  A.  Logan 

—Daniel 

—West 

219 
183 

John  P.  St.  John  ... 
Benj.  F.  Butler    

Belva  A.  Lockwood 

GENERALS  OF  THE  ARMY. 


HE  following  list  shows  the  generals  who  have  commanded 
the  army  since  the  year  1775,  with  the  dates  of  their 
command,  so  far  as  can  be  found  from  the  official  rec- 
ords : 

Major-General  George  Washington,  June  15,  1775,  to 
December  23,  1783. 

Major-General  Henry  Knox,  December  23,  1783,  to 
June  20,  1784. 

Lieutenant-Colonel  Josiah  Harmer,  general-in-chief  by  brevet, 
September,  1788,  to  March,  1791. 

Major-General  Arthur  St.  Clair,  March  4, 1791,  to  March,  1792. 
Major-Genenil  Anthony  Wayne,  April  11, 1792,  to  December  15, 
1796. 

Major-General  James  Wilkinson,  December  15, 1796,'to  July,  1798. 
Lieutenant-General   George  Washington,   July  3,  1798,  to  his 
death,  December  14,  1799. 

Major-General  James  Wilkinson,  June,  1800,  to  January,  1812. 
Major-General  Henry  Dearborn,  January  27, 1812,  to  June,  1815. 
Major-General  Jacob  Brown,  June,  1815,  to  February  21, 1828. 
Major-General  Alexander  Macomb,  May  24,  1828,  to  June,  1841. 
Major-General  Winfield  H.Scott  (brevet  Ueutenant-general),  June, 
1841,  to  November  1,  1861. 

Major-General  George  B.  McClellan,  November  1, 1861,  to  March 
11,  1862. 

Major-General  Henry  W.  Halleck,  July  11,  1862,  to  March  12, 
1864. 

Lieutenant-General  Ulysses  S.  Grant,  March  12, 1864,  to  July  25, 
1866,  and  as  General  to  March  4, 1869. 

General  William  T.  Sherman,  March  4,  1869. 
Lieutenant-General  Philip  Sheridan,  1884. 

Note.— There  was  a  period  immediately  after  the  Revolution  when  the  entire  army,  as 
organized,  consisted  of  a  small  corps  of  artillery,  commanded  by  a  captain. 

292 


MILITARY   KECOED. 


THE  GREAT  CIVIL  WAR. 

THE   ENROLLMENT   IN   THE   UNITED  STATES  ARMY. 

The  following  table  shows  the  total  number  of  men  furnished  by 
each  of  the  several  states  for  the  United  States  army  during  the 
civil  war  of  1861-1865.  The  first  column  of  figures  shows  the 
number  furnished  under  the  call  of  President  Lincoln  for  T5,000 
troops,  issued  April  15,  1861.  The  second  column  shows  the  aggre- 
gate number  of  white  men  furnished  under  all  the  calls  : 


STATES. 


Maine 

New  Hampshire . . . 

Vermont 

!Massachusetts 

Khode  Island 

Connecticut 

New  York 

New  Jersey 

Pennsylvania 

Delaware 

Maryland 

West  Virginia 

District  Columbia. 

Ohio 

Indiana 

Illinois 

Michigan 

Wisconsin 


First 
Call. 

All  Calls. 

771 

71,746 

779 

34,605 

782 

35,246 

3,736 

151,785 

3,147 

23,711 

2,403 

57,270 

13,906 

464,156 

3,123 

79,511 

20,175 

366,326 

775 

13,651 

49,731 

900 

32,003 

4,720 

16,872 

12,357 

317,133 

4,686 

195,147 

4,820 

781 

258,217 
90,119 

817 

96,118 

Minnesota 

Iowa 

Missouri 

Kentucky 

Kansas  

Tennessee 

Arkansas 

North  Carolina. 

California 

Nevada 

Oregon 

Washington 

Nebraska 

Colorado 

Dakota 

New  Mexico 


Total. 


cLT   ^U  Calls. 


930 

968 

10,501 

'650 


1,510 


93.326 


25,034 
75,860 
108,773 
78,540 
20,097 
12,077 


7,451 
216 
617 
895 

1,279 

1,762 
181 

2,395 


2,688,523 


The  following  exhibit  gives  the  number  of  colored  and  drafted 
troops  furnished  to  the  Union  army  by  the  different  states,  includ- 
ing the  states  which  were  in  rebeUion ;  besides  which  92,576  colored 
troops  were  included  (with  the  white  soldiers)  in  the  quotas  of  the 
several  states.  Many  who  enlisted  from  the  South  were  credited 
to  Northern  States : 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


Connecticut . 

Maine 

Massachusetts . . . 
New  Hampshire. 
Rhode  Island. . . . 
Vermont 


New  Enqi^and  States. 


Total 


New  Jersey... 

New  York 

Pennsylvania. 

Total  . 


Middle  States. 


Western  States  and  Territories. 

Colorado  Territory 

Illinois 

Indiana .\...\V... [...... [[\\.\.. [..[[. 

Iowa .'...'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'  ".'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'...'.".' 

Kansas 

Michigan .'.'.'.".'.".'.'.".'.'..'. .'.'.'.'..' .'.'.'..'.'.'.'.'. 

Minnesota 

Ohio '. .'.'.... .'. '.'..'.".'.'.'.'...'. 

Wisconsin 


Total. 


Colored 
Troops, 
1861-5. 


1,764 
104 

3,966 
125 

1,837 
120 


7,916 

1,185 
4,125 
8,612 


13,922 


95 
1,811 
1,537 

440 
2,080 
1,387 

104 
5,092 

165 

12,711 


Number 
Drafted. 


12,031 
27,324 
41,582 
10,806 
4.321 
7,743 


103,807 


32,325 
151,488 

178,873 


362,686 


32,085 
41,1.'!8 

7,548 
1,420 
22,022 
J0,796 
.50,400 
38,395 

203,924 


Bounties  Paid 
by  States. 


$  6,887,554 

7,837,644 

22,965,550 

9,636,313 

820,769 

4,528,775 


52,676,605 

23,868,967 
86,629,228 
43,154,987 


153,653,182 


17,296,205 
9,182,354 
1,615,171 
57,407 
9,664,855 
2,000,464 

23.557,373 
5,855,a56 


MILITAKY   KECOKD. 


Colored  and  Drafted  Troops- Continued. 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


Delaware 

District  of  Ck>iumbia 

Kentucky 

Maryland 

Missouri 

West  Virginia 


B0HI>I-'I(    StATKS. 


Total. 


Alabama 

Arkanstts 

Florida 

Georjria 

Louisiana 

Missis-sippi 

North  (JaroUna. 
Soutli  Carolina. 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Virginia 


Southern  States. 


Total.. 


Grand  Total. 


At  large 

Not  accounted  for. 
Officers.. 


Total 


Colored 
Troops, 
1801-5. 


954 

3,200 

23,703 

8,718 

8,344 

196 


45,184 

4,969 
6,526 
L,044 

3^486 

17,869 

5.085 

5,462 

20,133 

47 


63,571 

173,079 

733 
5,083 
7,122 

186,017 


Number 
Drafted. 


8,635 
14,838 
29^ 
29,319 
21,519 

3,180 


106,412 


778,829 


Bounties  Paid 
by  States. 


1,138,599 

134,010 

092,577 

6,271,992 

1,282,149 

864,737 


10,382,064 


285,941,030 


The  various  calls  for  men  by  the  President  were  as  follows,  not 
including  the  militia  brought  into  service  during  the  different  inva- 
sions of  Lee's  armies  into  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania : 


1861 
1861 

1802 

180:.' 

I8ti4 
1804 
1804 
1804 


Call  for  three-months'  men 75,000 

Call  for  three  years 500,000 

(^all  for  three  years 300,000 

(all  tor  nine  months 300,000 

<  111  1  lor  three  yejirs,  February 500,000 

(^all  lor  three  years,  March 200,000 

Call  for  three  years,  July .%0,000 

Call  for  three  years,  December 300,000 


Total 2,675,000 


The  Provost-Marshal  General  in  1866  reported  the  following  as 
the  number  of  casualties  in  the  volunteer  and  regular  armies  of  the 
United  States  during  the  war : 

Killed  in  battle,  61,362  ;  died  of  wounds,  34,T27 ;  died  of  disease, 
183,287 ;  total  died,  279,376 ;  total  deserted,  199,105. 

Number  of  soldiers  in  the  Confederate  service  who  died  of 
wounds  or  dise^ise  (partial  statement),  133,821 ;  deserted  (partial 
statement),  104,428. 

Number  of  United  States  troops  captured  during  the  war,  212,- 
608  ;  Confederate  troops  captured,  476,169. 

Number  of  United  States  troops  paroled  on  the  field,  16,431 ; 
Confederate  troops  paroled  on  the  field,  248,599. 

Number  of  United  States  troops  who  died  while  prisoners, 
29,725  ;  Confederate  troops  who  died  while  prisoners,  26,774. 


x^t\^^ 


^•j\\Ci 


LpS  OF  PUBLIC  DISCUSSION, 


N  every  community  occasions  arise  from  time 
to  time  in  which  the  citizens  find  it  necessary 
or  desirable  to  hold  a  general  consultation  or 
meeting,  to  consider  some  subject  which  it  is 
beyond  the  province  of  private  individuals  to 
decide.  Such  assembhes  include  indignation 
meetings,  political  meetings  and  caucuses, 
meetino-s  to  draft  petitions  or  remonstrances,  meetings 
to  pass  resolutions  of  all  sorts,  and,  indeed,  for  a  thou- 
sand purposes  in  which  united  action  is  needed.  In 
most  cases  such  gatherings  are  practically  spontaneous, 
and  no  programme  has  been  made  or  thought  of,  so  far, 
at  least,  as  concerns  the  method  of  carrying  on  the 
business  to  be  transacted.  Yet  there  is  a  method,  and 
without  it  the  management  of  a  large  assembly  of  men 
would  be  difficult,  cumbrous  and  tedious.  It  is  called 
"  parliamentary  "  practice  or  rules,  being  substantially - 
modeled  after  the  manner  of  proceedings  in  the  English  parliament, 
now  in  use  all  over  the  civilized  world.  This  plan  is  the  one  which 
has  been  universally  adopted  after  centuries  of  experiment  and 
practice.  Its  fundamental  principle  is  the  will  of  the  majority,  and 
it  is  with  a  view  to  the  most  perfect  authority  of  that  will  that 
every  parliamentary  rule  has  been  adopted.  Yery  minutely  detailed 
directions  have  been  laid  down  for  the  conduct  of  public  bodies,  and 
a  ready  familiarity  with  these  rules  is  absolutely  necessary  in  the 
training  of  any  public  man.  A  full  explanation  of  these  rules,  with 
the  decisions  proper  to  be  made  in  each  of  the  many  complicated 
cases  requiring  nice  adjustment,  would  be  too  prohx  for  the  scope 
of  this  work.  It  is  expected,  however,  that  every  man  who  takes 
an  interest  in  the  affairs  of  the  world  should  be  sufficiently  posted 
on  the  laws  of  parliamentary  usage  to  understand  the  leading  requi- 
sites in  the  management  of  a  public  meeting.  Then  he  need  not  be 
made  ridiculous  by  an  unexpected  election  as  chairman  of  some 
simple  meeting,  in  which  position  he  might  otherwise  find  himself 
quite  helpless. 

295 


LAWS    OF    PUBLIC   DISCUSSION. 


CALLING  THE  MEETING. 
"When  a  question  arises  requiring  public  action,  the  duty  of  calling  a  meeting 
devolves  upon  the  older  and  leading  citizens,  a  few  of  whom,  after  satisfying  them- 
selves of  the  general  wish,  give  public  notice  of  a  meeting,  stating  a  time,  place,  and 
the  object.  Such  notice  may  be  given  by  advertisement,  either  on  posters,  dodgers, 
or  in  the  local  newspapers.  It  should  be  concise,  definite,  and  wholly  non-partisan  as 
regards  any  subject  likely  to  cause  difference  of  opinion  in  the  meeting.  The  follow- 
ing may  be  taken  as  examples: 

PUBLIC  MEETING. 

To  the  Editor  of  Uie  Gcutette:  Please  announce  that  there  will  be  a  public  meeting  at  Jones* 
Hall,  on  Water  street,  Thursday  evening.  May  JO,  at  7:45  p.  m.,  for  the  purpose  of  taking 
action  concerning  the  proper  observance  of  the  Fourth  of  J  uly  in  this  city. 

Jambs  Rice, 

liOBERT  CONNOB. 

NOTICE. 
The  public  is  invited  to  attend  a  meeting  at  the  east  gate  of  Forest  Park,  Monday  af  temoo», 
April  25,  at  '6  o'clock,  to  consider  the  recent  action  of  the  city  council  in  allowing  the  con- 
struction of  a  railroad  through  said  park.  Charles  Monbob, 
Byre<iue8tof  many  citizens.  E.  H.  Maktin. 

It  is  the  duty  of  the  persons  calling  the  meeting  to  take  upon  themselves  the  re- 
sponsibility of  lighting  and  warming  the  hall,  if  necessary,  trusting  to  the  meeting  to 
repay  them;  but  if  they  order  a  brass  band  or  other  luxuries  they  must  be  prepared 
to  assume  the  responsibility  themselves. 

TEMPORARY   ORGANIZATION. 

At  the  appointed  hour,  if  a  sufficient  number  are  present,  the  persons  who  called 
the  meeting  agree  upon  one  of  their  number  to  "call  the  meeting  to  order."  This  he 
does  by  rising  in  a  prominent  place,  attracting  attention  by  rapping,  if  necessary,  and 
announcing:  "The  meeting  will  please  come  to  order.  Who  will  you  choose  as 
temporary  chairman  ?  " 

The  person  who  called  the  meeting  to  order  should  be  nominated  as  temporary 
chairman,  and  no  one  else;  in  which  case  he  will  remain  silent,  and  let  the  person  who 
nominated  him  "put"  the  question  to  the  house. 

Nominations  are  made  simply  in  these  words:  "I  nominate  Mr.  Richard  Burk  as 
temporary  chairman."  If  but  one  name  is  proposed,  the  one  who  called  the  meeting 
to  order  will  say:  "Mr.  Richard  Burk  has  been  nominated  as  temporary  chairman  of 
this  meeting.  All  in  favor  of  Mr.  Burk  as  temporary  chairman  will  please  say  '  Aye.' 
[A  pause.]  Contrary,  'No.'"  This  is  called  a  nm  wc«  vote,  or  vote  by  the  ^mn^ 
voice. 

If  more  than  one  nomination  have  been  made,  the  person  presiding  will  say: 
"Messrs.  Richard  Burk  and  John  Locke  have  been  nominated  to  preside  as  tempo- 
rary chairman.  Those  in  favor  of  Mr.  Burk,  please  rise.  [A  pause.]  They  will  be 
seated.  [A  pause.]  Those  hi  favor  of  Mr.  Locke,  please  rise."  This  is  called  a 
standing  vote. 

If  any  one  move  that  the  election  be  made  by  ballot,  the  person  presiding  will  pro- 
pose the  motion,  and  if  it  be  carried  he  will  appoint  two  tellers,  who  will  collect  the 
ballots,  count  them,  and  announce  the  decision.  The  person  elected  as  temporary 
chairman  will  come  forward  and  take  the  stand.  He  may  make  a  few  remarks,  if  he 
deem  it  appropriate,  and  will  then  declare  the  election  of  a  temporary  secretary  to  be 
in  order. 

"CUT  AND  DRIED"  ELECTIONS. 
If  it  be  a  meeting  to  consider  some  important  question  involving  personal  interests, 
or  if  it  be  a  political  meeting,  it  is  likely  that  a  preliminary  agreement  has  been  made 
among  a  number  of  those  present,  by  which  they  are  to  \mite  for  the  election  of  such 


LAWS    OF    PUBLIC   DISCUSSION. 


persons  as  will  be  In  favor  of  their  interest.  The  existence  of  a  clique  o!f  this  character 
is  sure  to  show  itself  to  any  person  of  experience  in  such  matters.  A  novice  should 
be  careful  as  to  the  part  he  takes  in  the  organization  of  the  meeting,  as  he  may  find, 
too  late,  that  he  has  been  assisting  partisans  opposed  to  him,  or  hindering  those  with 
whom  he  is  in  sympathy.  A  plot  of  this  kind  will  be  best  known  by  the  fact  that 
a  large  number  of  ballots  are  in  favor  of  a  few  chosen  men,  which  could  not  be  the 
case  in  a  fair  informal  ballot. 

PRELIMINARY  BUSINESS. 
The  temporary  chairman  will  now  state  the  object  of  the  meeting,  if  it  have  not 
already  been  done.  In  his  remarks  and  rulings  he  should  take  no  stand  for  or  against 
any  proposition  likely  to  come  before  the  meeting,  and  in  eveiything  he  should  be  im- 
partial. He  will  declare  out  of  order  any  motions  or  remarks  relating  to  the  object  of 
the  meeting,  until  the  permanent  organization  is  completed,  and  will  consider  only 
such  motions  as  have  regard  to  the  preliminary  organization,  the  arrangement  of  the 
hall,  etc.  He  will  accept  and  put  to  vote  any  motions  for  the  appointment  of  the  fol- 
lowing committees :  On  Credentials,  Order  of  Business,  siad.  Permanent  Organization. 
These  motions  should  be  proposed  by  members  of  the  audience,  and  if  they  be  agreed 
to,  the  temporary  chairman  will  appoint  the  committees  accordingly.  The  committees 
will  retire,  if  necessary,  for  consultation.  During  their  absence  the  temporary  chair- 
man will  continue  to  refuse  any  business  having  reference  to  the  main  object  of  the 
meeting,  and  if  nothing  else  be  proposed  a  recess  may  be  taken  to  await  the  reports  of 
the  committees. 

THE  COMMITTEES. 

The,  person  first  named  for  membership  on  any  committee  will  be  the  chairman 
of  that  committee,  will  preside  over  its  session  in  the  committee-room,  and  on  its  return 
will  report  its  action  to  the  chairman  of  the  meeting. 

The  report  of  the  committee  on  Permanent  Organization  may  be  in  this  form: 

"  Mr.  Chairman  —Your  committee  on  permanent  organization  would  respectfully  recom- 
mend that  the  present  organization  be  made  permanent." 

Or  this 

"Mr.  Chairman —Your  committee  on  permanent  organization  recommend  the  election, 
by  ballot,  of  a  chairman,  secretary,  assistant  secretary,  and  sergeant-at-arms." 

Or,  the  committee  may  recommend  the  appointment  of  a  committee  on  nomina- 
tions for  effecting  the  permanent  organization. 

The  committee  on  credentials  will  report  the  name  of  each  person  entitled  to  a  vote 
in  the  meeting.     Or,  if  this  is  necessary,  may  report  thus: 

"Mr.  Chairman— Your  committee  on  credentials  would  recommend  that  all  residents  of 
the  Fifth  and  Ninth  Wards  be  entitled  to  seats  in  this  convention." 

The  committee  on  order  of  business  will  report  in  this  manner: 

"  Mr.  Chairman  —Your  committee  on  order  of  business  recommend  the  following  as  the 
order  of  business  for  this  meeting:  Permanent  organization,  report  of  committee  on  creden- 
tials, appointment  of  committees  on  resolutions  and  finance,  reception  of  visitors,  reading 
of  papers,  addresses,  organization  of  a  permanent  society." 

In  small  assemblies  there  is  usually  no  need  of  committees;  but  in  large  bodies 
they  are  of  very  great  importance,  and  their  action  often  decides  that  of  the  meeting. 

The  meeting  having  been  re-called  to  order  by  the  temporary  chairman,  the  re- 
ports of  the  three  committees  will  be  received,  and  either  adopted,  amended  or  rejected. 
If  adopted,  the  meeting  will  be  conducted  in  accordance  with  the  reports  of  the  com 
mittees.  The  fi^rst  thing  to  be  considered  is  that  of  the  committee  on  "  order  of  busi 
ness."    Its  report  having  been  disposed  of  and  adopted,  with  or  without  amendment. 


the  meeting  at  once  has  a  programme  to  be  followed.  The  first  thing  on  this  pro- 
gramme should  be  the  effecting  of  a 

PERMANENT  ORGANIZATION. 

by  the  election  of  permanent  officers.  This  will  be  done  in  one  of  the  three  ways 
above  indicated.  The  quickest  way  is  to  "  make  the  temporary  organization  perma- 
nent," which  means  to  retain  the  temporary  officers.  The  election  of  officers  by  means 
of  a  "committee  on  nominations  "  is  often  done,  but  the  use  of  that  plan  nearly  always 
indicates  some  hidden  moUve,  as,  for  instance,  the  election  of  officers  without  allow- 
ing the  interference  of  some  unfavorable  element  present  in  the  meeting.  Unless  ob- 
jection be  made,  the  permanent  officers  may  be  elected  by  a  rica  voce  vote;  but  the 
temporary  chairman  may,  in.  his  discretion,  order  a  standing  vote,  and  if  it  be  the  wish 
of  the  majority  (ascertained  by  viva  voce  vote)  the  election  shall  be  made  by  ballot. 

The  election  of  the  f)ermanent  chairman  having  been  effected,  the  temporary 
chairman  will  introduce  him  to  the  meeting  as  sucb,  and  will  retire. 

The  permanent  chairman  will  now  make  any  address  he  deems  advisable,  and 
may  be  allowed  some  latitude  in  the  expression  of  opinion,  since  this  will  probably  be 
the  only  chance  he  will  have  to  do  so,  unless  in  a  case  of  a  tie  vote.  The  temporary 
chairman,  on  the  other  hand,  upon  whom  wc  have  imposed  strict  impartiality  while 
in  the  chair,  becomes  merely  a  member  of  the  assembly,  like- the  others,  as  soon  as  he 
retires  from  the  chair,  and  thenceforth  has  the  same  liberty  of  expression  that  other 
members  have.  The  permanent  president  may  at  any  time  appoint  any  other  person 
to  the  chair,  while  he  himself  makes  an  address  on  the  subject  under  discussion;  but 
this  privilege  is  not  tisually  so  often  resorted  to  as  to  give  the  chairman  the  same  facil- 
ity of  argument  and  reply  as  the  others. 

OTHER   OFFICERS. 

Even  the  smallest  meeting  must  have  a  chairman.  It  is  always  advisable  also  to 
elect  a  secretary,  for  he  may  be  of  use.  Beyond  thi'se  two  officers,  small  meetings  do 
not  usually  need  any  others.  The  necessity  of  many  or  few  officers  depends  upon  the 
duration  of  the'organization.  That  is,  if  it  is  but  a  temporary  meeting,  whose  labors 
will  be  concluded  while  it  is  in  one  session,  few  officers  need  be  chosen.  But  if  it  be 
expected  to  be  a  permanent  body,  such  as  a  society,  lodge,  board  of  trade,  commercial 
association,  fire  company,  or  advisory  board,  other  officers  are  necessary.  In  a  meet- 
ing of  a  single  session,  the  chairman  of  the  finance  committee  may  be  intrusted  to  act 
as  treasurer;  but  in  a  permanent  society  a  treasurer  should  be  chosen.  If  there  be 
much  writing  to  be  done,  both  a  recording  and  a  corresponding  secretary  may  be 
elected;  but  in  most  cases  it  is  better  to  choose  simply  a  secretary,  and  let  him  appoint 
an  assistant.  Other  officers  that  may  or  may  not  be  needed  are  a  financial  secretary, 
marshal  or  sergeant-at-arms,  door-keeper,  chaplain,  etc.  There  should  be  at  least  one 
vice-president  if  more  than  one  session  is  to  be  held.  If  the  convention  be  an  impor- 
tant one,  consisting  of  delegates  or  representatives  from  different  cities,  counties  or  dis- 
tricts, it  is  the  custom  to  appoint  one  vice-president  for  each  of  these,  as  a  matter  of 
compliment  and  a  recognition  of  the  constituents  which  the  meeting  represents.  If 
any  officer  need  an  assistant  it  is  a  favor  to  him  to  let  him  make  the  choice,  and  this 
should  always  be  done  when  such  appointment  is  immaterial  to  other  interests. 

RECORDS  AND    DOCUMENTS. 
If  the  association  is  to  be  a  permanent  body,  a  constitution  is  needed,  setting  forth 
the  objects  of  the  union  and  its  limitations,  purposes  and  designs.    By-laws  must  also 
be  prepared,  giving  detailed  rules  for.  the  conduct  of  affairs.      Both  these  tasks  are 


1^!^^- 

w 


LAWS    OF    PUBLIC   DISCUSSION. 


assigned  to  a  committee  on  organization  and  by-laws,  which  should  be  appointed  as  soon 
as  practicable.  Rules  of  order  and  standing  rules  may  be  added.  All  these  must  be 
left  open  to  amendment. 

The  secretary  has  charge  of  all  records  and  documents,  except  those  of  the 
treasurer.  The  secretary  of  every  body  must  keep  a  record  of  its  proceedings  in 
public  sessions.  This  record  is  called  the  minutes.  The  minutes  should  include  a 
description  of  everything  actually  done,  but  should  Twt  describe  debates  or  arguments, 
motions  not  put  to  vote,  resolutions  ruled  out  of  order,  or  other  matters  on  whiclj  no 
action  is  taken.  The  minutes  should  include  all  motions  put  to  vote,  all  resolutions 
received,  whether  they  be  or  be  not  adopted. 

THE   TREASURER. 

This  officer  should  make  reports  at  frequent  intervals,  and  his  records  should 
always  be  kept  in  the  regular  book-keeping  style.  His  transactions  should  be  business- 
like, and  his  reports  clear  and  satisfactory. 

REPORTS. 
All  officers  of  permanent  bodies  should  be  required  to  make  annual  reports.    Semi- 
annual, quarterly  or  monthly  reports  may  be  provided  for  in  the  by-laws. 

RULINGS   OF  THE   CHAIR. 

The  president,  or  chairman,  sits  as  an  impartial  judge,  deciding  between  man  and 
man,  not  according  to  his  own  bias  of  opinion,  but  so  as  to  conform  to  the  principle 
already  laid  down — the  will  of  the  majmity.  This  can  be  done  only  by  an  adherence  to 
parliamentary  rules,  as  established  by  universal  usage.  The  president  has  great  power, 
in  the  appointment  of  committees,  and  in  various  other  ways,  and  for  him  to  supple- 
ment this  power  by  arbitrary  rulings  is  intolerable.  Originality  is  not  wanted  here, 
and  'precedent  must  govern  in  every  possible  decision. 

MOTIONS   AND    RESOLUTIONS. 

The  difference  between  a  motion  and  a  resolution  can  be  better  learned  in  practice 
than  by  description.  The  chief  difference  is  in  their  degree  of  importance.  A  motion 
is  orally  expressed,  unless  it  be  of  such  length  or  of  such  peculiar  verbiage  as  to  make 
necessary  its  reduction  to  writing.  A  resolution  should  always  be  presented  in 
writing.  The  peculiarity  of  a  resolution  lies  in  its  being  a  declaration  of  the  "sense 
of  the  meeting,"  or  the  opinion  of  the  body,  on  some  general  topic.  To  illustrate,  an 
order  limiting  speeches  to  five  minutes,  or  an  order  adjourning  the  meeting,  would  be 
passed  by  a  motion;  while  an  order  censuring  or  commending  an  officer,  expressing 
thanks,  or  making  a  request,  would  be  done  by  resolution. 

AMENDMENTS  AND  SUBSTITUTES. 
Both  motions  and  resolutions,  while  under  consideration  and  before  adoption,  are 
open  to  amendment.  This  may  consist  of  a  mere  insertion  or  alteration  of  a  word,  or 
a  more  extended  change.  It  must  be  remembered  that  even  a  small  amendment  may 
go  a  long  way  in  changing  the  sense  of  the  original  motion.  Thus,  supposing  the 
resolution  before  the  house  should  be  the  following: 

"  Resolved,  That  Mr.  Henry  Dawson  be  authorized  to  represent  this  society  in  the  meeting 
of  the  National  Association,  and  present  the  claim  of  the  members  in  this  state  to  a  more 
extended  charter." 

Then  suppose  an  amendment  be  offered  as  follows: 

"  Mr.  Chairman,  I  move  that  the  resolution  be  so  amended  as  to  substitute  the  words 
'  Hiram  Robinson '  in  place  of  the  words  '  Henry  Dawson.' " 


LAWS    OF   PUBLIC   DISCUSSION. 


The  word  "amendment"  properly  includes  both  additions  and  substitutions. 

An  amendment  is  also  open  to  amendment,  but  the  chairman  must  not  consider 
an  "amendment  to  the  amendment  to  the  amendment."  It  is  too  complicated  and  con- 
fusing. The  present  amendment  must  be  first  disposed  of,  and  any  other  alterations 
to  the  original  resolution  may  then  come  in  as  amendments  treated  separately. 

In  all  cases  the  amendment  to  an  amendment  has  precedence  of  consideration,  and 
must  first  be  put  to  vote;  next,  the  original  amendment,  and  lastly,  the  resolution 
itself. 

COMMITTEE    OF   THE   WHOLE. 

In  committee  of  the  whole  the  only  motions  in  order  are  to  amend  or  adopt,  and 
that  the  committee  "rise  and  report,"  since  it  can  not  adjourn.  Neither  can  it  order 
the  ayes  and  noes.  Debate,  in  committee  of  the  whole,  can  be  limited  only  by  previ- 
ous agreement. 

DEFINITE   ANALYSIS. 

The  important  requisite  of  simplicity,  in  a  deliberative  body,  is  to  adopt  the 
motto,  "  One  thing  at  a  time,"  and  to  remember  that  nuthing  but  the  creative  power  can 
annihilate. 

Thus,  suppose  a  petition  be  offered.  On  a  motion  it  is  received.  It  is  then 
"before  the  house,"  and  nothing  else  must  be  allowed  to  overcrowd  it  until  it  Is  either 
laid  over,  laid  upon  the  table,  granted,  refused,  jjostponed  to  a  fixed  time,  indefinitely 
postponed,  or  otherwise  disposed  of,  which  must  be  done  by  motion.  Until  such  mo- 
tion is  adopted  nothing  else  can  be  heard,  with  the  exception  of  a  motion  to  adjourn, 
which  is  not  debatable. 

To  interrupt  the  consideration  of  one  thing,  in  order  to  take  up  something  else, 
sets  a  precedent  for  the  introduction  of  still  other  subjects.  Thus  the  questions  at 
issue  become  so  mixed  that  only  the  most  able  chairman,  and  certainly  not  a  partisan 
working  in  the  interest  of  a  single  proposition,  can  separate  them.  An  assembly  of 
men,  like  a  horse,  can  "  think  of  only  one  thing  at  a  time." 

MODES   OF   OPPOSITION. 

Negative  action,  or  opposition  to  any  action  proposed,  may  be  conducted  by  one 
of  the  following  motions : 

To  suppress  the  question — by  (1)  objection  to  its  consideration;  (2)  a  motion  to  lay 
it  upon  the  table. 

To  suppress  debate — by  (1)  moving  the  previous  question;  (2)  a  motion  limiting  or 
closing  debate. 

To  defer  action — by  (1)  postponing  to  a  fixed  time;  (2)  postponing  indefinitely;  (8) 
laying  it  upon  the  table. 

To  modify— by  (1)  a  motion  to  amend;  (2)  a  motion  to  commit  or  refer. 

The  tactics  of  opposition  recently  known  as  "filibustering"  consists  in  a  resort  to 
legitimate  methods,  to  accomplish  illegitimate  results.  By  illegitimate  results,  we 
mean  the  success  of  a  minority.  Thus,  a  minority  on  any  question  at  issue  in  con- 
gress, finding  they  cannot  out-vote  the  majority,  will  offer  amendments  or  other  minor 
issues,  upon  which  debate  may  be  prolonged  for  months,  and  legislation  be  so  ob- 
structed as  to  amount  to  a  failure  in  accomplishing  the  will  of  the  majority. 

THE    PREVIOUS   QUESTION. 

The  object  of  a  motion  for  the  "previous  question"  is  to  precipitate  a  vote  upon  the 

question  before  the  house,  without  further  debate.     There  have  been  many  changes 

in  the  form  of  using  this  motion,  which  have  given  rise  to  misconceptions.     Originally 

its  form  was,  "  Shall  the  main  question  be  put?"    It's  form  now  is,  "  Shall  the  main 


question  be  noio  put?"  Its  use  in  this  country  is  different  from  that  in  England. 
There,  the  one  who  moves  the  previous  question  votes  against  it;  while  here,  he  votes 
in  favor  of  it.  In  America*  the  motion  for  the  previous  question  is  not  debatable,  and 
the  discussion  is  to  be  resumed  if  the  motion  be  negatived,  the  same  as  if  it  had  not 
been  made.  The  previous  question  takes  precedence  of  every  debatable  one,  and  can 
not  be  amended,  committed  or  postponed.  It  requires  a  two-thirds  vote  for  its  adop- 
tion. It  yields  to  a  motion  to  lay  upon  the  table,  and  to  questions  of  privilege.  When 
a  member  moves  the  previous  question  the  chairman  must  immediately  put  it  to  vote, 
if  it  have  been  seconded. 

LAYING  UPON  THE  TABLE. 
The  passage  of  a  motion  to  lay  any  question  upon  the  table  does  not  necessarily 
mean  its  defeat,  for  the  majority  may  at  any  time  subsequently  take  it  from  the  table. 
Debate  on  a  motion  to  postpone  to  a  certain  time  must  be  limited  to  the  propriety  of 
postponing  it  to  that  time.  A  motion  to  take  it  from  the  table  is  not  debatable.  In 
some  societies  a  question  is  prohibited  from  being  taken  from  the  table  except  by  a 
two-thirds  vote. 

ORDER   OF    PRECEDENCE. 

1.  A  motion  to  Jix  the  time  to  which  the  assembly  shall  adjourn  takes  precedence 
of  every  other. 

2.  A  tnotion  to  adjourn  takes  precedence  of  all  except  No.  1,  if  it  be  not  qualified. 
If  any  qualification  is  attached,  it  becomes  simply  a  principal  motion. 

3.  A  question  of  privilege  takes  precedence  over  any  other  matter,  and  if  allowed 
in  order  by  the  chair,  is  disposed  of  forthwith,  the  other  business  being  then  proceeded 
with  as  if  it  had  not  been  interrupted, 

4.  A  call  for  the  ordej'  of  the  day  takes  precedence  of  every  other  question  except 
Nos.  1,  3  and  3,  and  also  excepting  a  motion  to  reconsider. 

5.  An  appeal  from  the  decision  of  the  chair  takes  precedence  of  the  question  out 
of  which  it  grows,  and  yields  only  to  Nos.  1,  2.  3  and  4. 

6.  An  otjection  to  the  consideration  of  a  question  is  in  order  only  when  it  is  first 
introduced. 

7.  A  motion  to  suspend  the  rules  must  yield  only  to  Nos.  1,  2,  3  and  4. 

8.  A  request  for  leave  to  withdraw  a  motion  must  yield  only  to  Nos.  1,  2,  3  and  4. 

9.  A  motion  to  lay  upon  the  table  any  question  takes  precedence  of  10,  11,  12,  13 
and  14,  but  must  yield  to  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7  and  8. 

10.  A  motion  for  the  previous  qu£stion  takes  precedence  of  all  debatable  questions, 
but  must  yield  to  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8  and  9. 

11.  A  motion  to  postpone  to  a  certain  time  takes  precedence  only  of  12,  13  and  14. 

12.  A  motion  to  commit  takes  precedence  only  of  13  and  14. 

13.  A  motion  to  am£nd  takes  precedence  of  nothing  except  the  question  which  it 
is  proposed  to  amend. 

14.  A  motion  to  postpone  indefinitely  takes  precedence  of  nothing  except  the  ques- 
tion which  it  i^  proposed  to  indefinitely  postpone. 

15.  A  motion  to  reconsider  a  vote  on  9,  10,  11,  12, 13  or  14  takes  precedence  of  the 
main  question.    It  must  yield  to  1,  2,  3,  5,  6,  7  and  8. 

MISCELLANEOUS   RULES  AND    HINTS. 
In  ordinary  societies  no  motion  limiting  or  cutting  off  debate  should  be  adopted 
by  less  than  a  two-thirds  vote. 

*In  the  United  States  senate  it  is  not  allowed.    This  is  sometimes  known  as  the  "firag  law, 
In  the  house  of  representatives  it  can  be  adopted  by  a  majority. 


No  one  may  move  to  reconsider  a  motion  which  has  been  negatived,  except  a 
member  who  voted  against  it. 

No  member  has  a  right  to  have  any  paper  read,  without  the  permission  of  the 
assembly.     The  question  of  granting  such  permission  cannot  be  debated  or  amended. 

No  member  can  address  the  house  until  lie  has  been  recognized  by  the  chair. 

A  question  of  privilege  is  a  privileged  question,  but  a  privileged  question  may  be 
either  Nos.  1,  2,  3,  or  4,  in  the  above  list. 

A  motion  to  defer  action  may  be  debated  only  with  reference  to  the  postpone- 
ment, and  not  on  the  merits  of  the  question  which  it  is  proposed  to  defer. 

A  motion  to  reconsider  may  be  made  when  any  other  question  is  before  the  meet- 
ing, but  action  upon  it  must  be  deferred  until  the  present  question  is  disposed  of. 

In  this  country,  disputes  concerning  parliamentary  rules  are  decided  by  a  refer- 
ence to  the  rules  of  the  house  of  representatives  of  the  United  States. 

In  the  election  of  an  officer  from  rival  candidates,  it  is  not  necessary  to  put  the 
question  in  such  a  manner  as  to  compel  any  member  to  vote  directly  agaimt  any  can- 
didate. In  a  standing  vote,  or  a  vote  by  ballot,  each  may  express  his  preference  for 
one  of  the  nominees,  without  expressly  voting  against  others,  as  would  be  the  case  in 
a  viva  voce  vote. 

When  a  committee  is  ready  to  disperse,  it  rum.  When  the  meeting  is  ready  to 
disperse,  it  adjourns. 

All  remarks  must  be  addressed  to  the  chairman,  must  be  confined  to  the  question 
before  the  house,  and  must  avoid  reflections  upon  the  motives  of  other  members. 

In  putting  a  motion  to  the  house  to  be  voted  upon,  the  chairman  should  state  it 
fully.     If  he  cjmnot  do  so  he  may  require  the  person  who  made  the  motion  to  write  it. 

If  there  be  no  objection,  a  p>ersou  who  has  made  a  motion  may  offer  an  amend- 
ment to  it,  with  the  consent  of  the  person  who  seconded  it ;  and  it  stands  in  place  of 
the  original  motion,  without  the  necessity  of  a  vote  upon  it.  No  motion  can  be  with- 
drawn without  the  consent  of  the  person  who  seconded  it. 


'lt|-^-T't«f£IZ:|<»' 


P    filif ilffiji,  (ilSIf Ilri   W 


JU 

.s 


AND 

^— ^^^--^^ 

RULES   FOR    PUNCTUATION. 


HERE  are  two  views  of  the  function  performed  by  punctua- 
tion, the  rhetorical  and  the  grammatical.  The  former 
holds  that  it  is  the  business  of  punctuation  to  divide  wi'itten 
language  into  such  portions  as  a  correct  speaker  would  divide 
it ;  the  latter  holds  that  punctuation  should  attend  only  to  the 
grammatical  structure  of  a  sentence,  and  not  separate  the  sub- 
j  ect  from  the  predicate  or  the  ob  j  ect  from  the  verb  that  governs  it.  The 
latter  view  is  the  modern  one,  and  much  confusion  would  be  avoided  if 
this  would  be  regarded  as  the  sole  function  of  punctuation.  A  cor- 
rect and  impressive  reader  will  always  make  many  pauses  not  indi- 
cated by  stops,  will  at  times  omit  a  stop  where  grammatically  it 
would  be  required,  and  will  vary  the  length  of  the  pauses  according 
to  his  idea  of  the  requirements  of  the  passage.  The  reader's  pauses 
are  solely  rhetorical,  and  the  punctuation  marks  are  primarily  in- 
tended as  a  guide  to  the  eye  in  taking  in  the  grammatical  sense  of 
the  passage. 

No  fixed  rule  can  be  given  as  to  the  length  of  time  indicated  by 
the  marks,  only  that  generally  the  time  decreases  in  the  following 
order :  period,  colon,  semi-colon  and  comma. 

The  tendency  in  modern  English  is  to  use  punctuation  marks 
more  sparingly  than  formerly,  and  to  assume  that  readers  possess 
the  ability  to  find  their  way  through  a  sentence  without  signboards 
at  every  corner.  Compare  a  writer  of  even  fifty  years  ago  with  one 
of  to-day,  and  it  will  be  found  that  the  latter  has  not  half  the  num- 
ber of  commas  peppered  throughout  his  pages  that  the  former  has. 

Then,  in  compound  words  the  tendency  is  to  drop  the  hyphen, 
especially  in  those  in  which  the  first  word  is  of  one  syllable. 

Generally  it  may  be  said  that  the  period  divides  a  paragraph 
into  «(?wfewc65 ;  the  colon  and  semi-colon  divide  compound  sentences 
into  smaller  Ones ;  and  the  comma  connects  into  clauses  the  scattered 
statements  of  time,  manner,  place  and  relation  belonging  to  verbs 
and  nouns.  Where  the  sense  is  clear  without  commas,  it  is  better 
to  omit  them,  and  then  they  take  the  place  of  the  semi-colon  in  com- 
plex and  co-ordinate  sentences.  In  few  cases  are  the  pauses  in  good 
reading  indicated  by  the  stopping. 


303 


PUNCTUATION. 


THE   COMMA. 

(1)  "Where  a  short  pause  is  required  the  comma  is  used  ;  but  It  can  be  dispensed 
with  in  short,  simple  sentences. 

(2)  When  a  word  is  separated  from  its  grammatical  adjunct  by  some  intervening 
phrase,  the  phrase  should  be  preceded  and  followed  by  a  comma:  as,  "The  king, 
wearied  by  her  importunity,  granted  her  request." 

(3)  Never  insert  a  comma  between  the  subject  and  predicate.  Except  when  the 
subject  is  accompanied  by  several  adjuncts  a  comma  should  be  introduced  immedi- 
ately before  the  verb  :  as,  "The  injustice  and  barbarity  of  this  censure  on  all  former 
editors  of  the  New  Testament,  will  appear,"  etc. 

(4)  Two  or  more  words  in  the  same  construction  are  separated  by  a  comma  :  as, 
"  Reason,  virtue,  answer  one  aim,"  but  if  the  words  are  closely  connected  with  a  con- 
junction, the  comma  is  omitted  :  as,  "Reason  and  virtue  are  one  aim." 

(5)  When  words  in  the  same  construction  are  joined  In  pairs  by  a  conjunction, 
they  are  separated  in  7m/'»  by  a  comma :  as,  "Hope  and  fear,  pleasure  and  pain,  di- 
versify our  lives." 

(6)  Expressions  in  a  direct  address,  the  nominative  absolute,  and  words  like  hence, 
beside,  first,  are  separated  by  commas  from  the  body  of  the  sentence :  as,  "  Come 
hither,  John  ;"  "The  sun  having  risen,  we  pursued  our  journey  ";  "  Properly  speak- 
ing, she  was  a  good  natured,  reasonable  woman";  "Beside,  the  Issue  is  doubtful." 

(7)  Nouns  in  apposition,  when  accompanied  with  adjuncts,  or  nouns  attended  with 
participles  or  adjectives  with  dependent  words,  are  separated  with  commas  :  as, 
"  Paul,  the  Apostle  of  the  Gentiles,  was  eminent  for  his  zeal "  ;  "  The  king,  approving 
the  plan,  put  It  in  execution." 

Rut  if  the  nouns  are  single  they  are  not  divided  :  as,  "  Paul  the  Apostle  Suffered 
martyrdom." 

(8)  Words  placed  in  contrast  to  one  another  are  septarated  by  commas :  as, 
"Though  deep,  yet  clear  ;  tho'  gentle,  yet  profoimd." 

(9)  Quotations,  or  expressions  resembling  quotations,  should  be  marked  by  com- 
mas :  jvs,  "It  hurts  a  man's  pride  to  say,  I  don't  know;"  we  are  strictly  enjoined, 
"  not  to  follow  a  multitude  to  do  evil." 

(10)  Relative  pronouns,  except  when  closely  connected  with  their  antecedents, 
generally  admit  a  comma  before  them  :  as,  "  He  preaches  sublimely,  who  leads  a  good 
life." 

(11)  When  the  infinitive  mood  or  a  sentence  is  the  suhject  of  a  verb,  it  generally 
admits  a  comma,  especially  when  it  follows  the  verb  :  as,  "  It  ill  becomes  wise  men,  to 
opp)ose  each  other." 

(12)  When  a  verb  is  understood,  a  comma  may  often  properly  be  introduced  :  as, 
"  From  law  arises  security  ;  from  security,  curiosity  ;  from  curiosity,  knowledge." 

(13)  In  compound  sentences  the  clauses  are  separated  by  commas  imless  the  con- 
nection is  close  :  as,  "  Crafty  men  contemn  studies,  simple  men  despise  them,  and  wise 
men  admire  them  ; "  but  in  the  following,  where  the  connection  is  close  and  sentence 
short,  no  comma  is  necessary  :  "  Revelation  tells  us  how  we  may  attain  happiness." 

(14)  Words  repeated  require  a  comma  :  as,  "  No,  no,  no,  it  cannot  be." 

(15)  Inverted  sentences,  by  throwing  words  out  of  their  natural  order,  often  re- 
quire a  comma  :  as,  "To  God,  all  things  are  possible  ; "  but  no  comma  is  required  in 
"  All  things  are  possible  to  God." 

THE    SEMICOLON. 
The  semicolon  is  inserted  between  those  members  of  a  sentence  less  closely  con- 
nected than  those  separated  by  commas,  and  yie  parts  separated  by  the  semicolon 
should  contain  in  themselves  a  complete  and  independent  proposition,  while  still  haT 
ing  a  connection  with  the  other  parts. 


(1)  "When  one  clause  is  explanatory  of  another  it  is  separated  by  a  semicolon  :  as, 
"  Study  to  acquire  a  habit  of  thinking  ;  nothing  is  more  important." 

(2)  When  a  sentence  consists  of  several  complex  members  separated  in  turn  by 
commas,  the  larger  divisions  are  separated  by  semicolons  :  for  instance,  "As  the  de- 
sire of  approbation,  when  it  works  according  to  reason,  improves  the  amiable  part  of 
our  species  ;  so  nothing  is  more  destructive,  when  it  is  governed  by  vanity  and  folly," 

(3)  When  several  short  sentences,  complete  in  themselves,  but  having  a  slight  con- 
nection in  idea,  follow  in  succession,  they  should  be  separated  by  semicolons :  as, 
"  Tragedy  represents  a  disastrous  event ;  comedy  ridicules  the  follies  of  mankind  ;  and 
elegy  displays  the  tender  emotions  of  the  heart." 

THE   COLON. 
The  colon  is  used  to  divide  a  sentence  into  parts  less  connected  than  those  sepa- 
rated by  a  semicolon;  but  not  so  independent  as  separate  distinct  sentences.     The  general 
principle,  therefore,  which  regulates  the  choice  of  either,  is  the  closeness  of  the  connection, 

(1)  When  a  member  of  a  sentence  is  complete  in  itself,  but  followed  by  some  sup- 
plemental remark  or  further  illustration  of  the  subject,  the  colon  is  used  :  as,  "  Time 
is  the  seed  field  of  eternity  :  what  a  man  soweth,  that  shall  he  also  reap. " 

(2)  When  one  or  more  semicolons  have  preceded,  and  a  still  greater  pause  is  neces- 
sary in  order  to  mark  the  connecting  or  concluding  clause,  a  colon  is  indicated  :  thus, 
"As  we  perceive  the  shadow  to  have  moved  along  the  dial,  but  did  not  perceive  it 
moving  ;  and  it  appears  the  grass  has  grown,  although  no  one  has  seen  it  grow  :  so 
our  advances  in  knowledge  are  only  perceivable  by  the  distance." 

(3)  The  colon  is  also  used  when  a  direct  quotation  or  speech  in  introduced  :  as,  "  I 
admire  this  sublime  passage  :  '  God  said,  let  there  be  light,  and  there  was  light.'  " 

In  case  the  quotation  comes  in  as  a  dependent  element  of  the  sentence,  a  comma 
precedes  it :  as,  "  Their  fond  mother  shall  cry,  '  'Tis  morn,  awake  !  awake  ! '  " 

(4)  The  presence  of  a  connective  word  will  frequently  determine  whether  a  semi- 
colon or  colon  is  indicated  :  as,  "Apply  yourself  to  learning,  fur  it  will  redound  to 
your  honor  ; "  but  "  Apply  yourself  to  learning  :  it  will  redound  to  your  honor." 

(5)  When  a  general  term  has  several  particulars  in  apportion  under  it,  the  general 
term  is  separated  from  the  particulars  by  a  colon,  the  particulars  from  each  other  by 
commas  :  as,  "  Nouns  have  three  genders  :  masculine,  feminine  ahd  neuter." 

(6)  After  the  address  in  a  letter,  or  the  contracted  word,  "  viz,"  a  colon  is  used :  as, 
"Sir:  I  have  the  honor,"  etc.,  and  "This  is  used  in  the  following  cases,  viz.: 
When,"  etc. 

THE  PERIOD. 

The  period  is  admissible  when  the  sentences  are  complete  in  sense  and  not  con- 
nected with  each  other,  in  either  meaning  or  grammatical  construction  ;  when  a  very 
long  sentence,  which  is  separated  bj^  colons  or  semicolons,  and  in  case  of  abbreviations. 

In  regard  to  quotation  marks,  American  practice  reverses  the  English  order  of  single 
and  double  quotations  :  thus,  in  America,  we  would  say:  "Never  despair,"  said  he 
"  for,  as  Horace  says,  '  Nil  desperandum.' "  Here,  it  will  be  observed,  that  at  first  the 
double  quotation  marks  are  used,  and  a  quotation  within  a  quotation  is  singly  marked. 
The  words  "said  he,"  are  outside  the  quotation  marks,  as  they  should  be. 

In  quoting  poetry,  it  was  formerly  customary  to  quote  each  line  ;  now  it  is  suffi- 
cient to  quote  at  commencement  of  first  line,  and  end  of  last  line. 

In  quoting  an  extract,  with  paragi-aphs,  the  first  word  of  each  paragraph  should 
be  preceded  with  quotation  marks,  and  in  case  of  tho  last  paragraph,  it  should  close 
with  the  marks.  • 

The  quotation  marks  are  used  wjjenever  a  word  or  phrase  is  used  in  an  unusual 
sense,  or  in  a  colloquial  or  slangy  manner.  It  is  well,  as  far  as  possible,  to  avoid 
such  a  nractice. 


PUNCTUATION. 


siiiiimiiiiuiiviiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiwiyiiiiMiiiiiniiiiiiiiHiiuiiiinniiiiiniiiiiiiiw 

I  CAPITALS— WI^EN  AND  WHERE  TO  USE  TljEHJ.  | 

liiimiiMiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiniiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiHiiiiiuniiiiiiiiao^ 

IN  the  use  of  capitals  there  is  some  diversity  in  the  practice  of 
writers  and  printers. 
The  following  classes  of  words  usually  begin  with  capital  letters : 

(1)  The  first  word  of  every  book,  chapter,  letter  or  other  piece  of  writing  ;  also,  the 
first  word  after  a  period,  or  after  an  interrogation  or  exclamation  point,  if  they  close 
an  independent  sentence  ;  also,  the  first  word  of  every  line  of  poetry  ;  also,  the  first 
word  of  a  formal  quotation:  as,  "  Ilemember  the  maxim:  '  Know  thyself,'"  but 
for  an  infonnal  quotation,  a  capital  is  mmecessary :  as,  Solomon  remarks  that  "pride 
goes  before  destructioil." 

(2)  Proper  pames  ;  adjectives  derived  from  proper  names  ;  titles  of  honor  and  dis- 
tinction, and  common  nouns  personified  :  as,  "There  Honor  comes,  a  pilgrim  gray." 

(3)  Words  used  as  titles  of  the  Deity. 

(4)  Every  substantive  and  principal  word  in  titles  of  books  :  as,  "The  Lady  of 
the  Lake." 

(5)  The  pronoun  I,  and  the  interjection  O. 

(6)  Other  words  besides  these,  when  emphatic  or  the  principal  subject  of  discourse. 

(7)  Generic  common  nouns,  when  accompanied  by  proper  nouns  included  in  the 
genus :  as,  The  Mississippi  River,  the  Supreme  Court ;  the  English  Government,  but 
not  when  the  words  "  river,"  "court,  "  government,"  etc.,  occur  by  themselves. 

(8)  Some  capitalize  "  state"  and  "territory,"  but  It  is  preferable  to  follow  the  rule 
just  given  above. 

(9)  A  capital  is  not  required  after  a  period  used  for  contracted  words  merely  :  as, 
"The  meeting  was  adjourned  inem.  con.  yesterday." 

(10)  The  tendency  to  the  too  frequent  use  of  capitals,  a  habit'  often  fostered  by 
their  very  profuse  use  in  book-keeping,  is  to  be  avoided. 

pillll!!nillllllllilllllll!HI!lllll!H«lllllliniIllllll!aiillllllM^^ 

I  COMMON  ERRORS  IN  SPEAKING  AND  WRITING.  | 

lllllllllWIIIIIIIIKIIIIMHIIIIIIIIMIIIIIillMIIIIIIIHIIIIIIIIKllliilHIIIIIIU^ 

IN  this  article  we  have  aimed  to  give  in  a  terse  form  a  collection 
of  the  most  common  errors  in  speaking  and  writing,  and  in  an 
equally  terse  yet  clear  manner  to  give  the  correction — in  most 
cases  with  reasons  therefor,  unless  the  correction  be  too  obvious  to 
require  this  procedure.     A  careful  perusal  of  the  article  will,  we 
hope,  "  from  many  a  blunder  free  us." 

"  I  do  not  know  hit  what  it  is  right,"  should  be  but  that. 

"  The  rose  smells  sweetly,"  " it  sounds  grand^^,"  "he  looks  sharply." 

Here  the  ly  is  inadmissible,  except  perhaps  in  the  last  sentence,  if  the  reference  is 
to  the  quality  of  the  act.    "  He  looks  sharp,"  refers  to  the  quality  of  the  agent. 

"The  mob  were  riotous,"  should  be  was;  but,  • 

"The  nobility  ^cere  alarmed,"  is  right.  The/ule  is  that  collective  nouns  require  a 
verb  in  the  plural,  nouns  of  multitude  require  a  verb  in  the  singular.  Observe  that 
mob  has  a  plural,  while  nobility  has  not. 


PUNCTUATION. 


"  I  will  speak  to  all,  him  alone  excepted,"  should  be  Jie.  In  English  the  case  ab- 
solute is  the  nominative. 

"  You  could  do  it  better  than  him  or  me,"  should  be  lie  or  /. 

"He  loved  him  better  than  me,"  is  right,  if  it  signifies  that  he  loved  him  better 
than  he  loved  me  ;  but  it  should  be  J  if  it  signifies  that  he  loved  him  better  than  I 
(loved  him). 

"  Between  you  and  /,"  should  be  me,  as  it  signifies  between  you  and  between  me. 

"  After  you  and  /,"  is  right  when  after  is  an  adverb  ;  as  in  "  After  you  and  I  go," 
but  it  should  be  m^  when  after  is  a  preposition  ;  as,  "  He  spoke  after  you  and  me." 

"  WJm  do  you  vote  for  ?  "  should  be  ' '  For  whom  do  you  vote  ?  " 

Solomon,  son  of  David,  who  slew  Goliath.    (Right.) 

Solomon,  son  of  David,  who  built  the  temple.    (Wrong.) 

Latter  violates  the  rule  that  the  relative  agrees  with  the  nearest  word  capable  of 
being  antecedent. 

"  Errors  are  committed  by  the  most  distinguished  writers  with  respect  to  '  shall ' 
and  'will,'"  violates  the  rule  that  the  word  or  phrase  which  belongs  to  the  governed 
word  should  always  be  so  placed  that  the  connection  should  be  clear.  The  above  sen- 
tence should  read,  "Errors  in  respect  to  'shall'  and  'will'  are  committed,"  etc. 
This  principle  of  the  proper  collocation  of  words  is  constantly  violated,  and  innumer- 
able instances  could  be  given  in  illustration  of  this  fault ;  such  as: 

"  Wanted,  a  young  man  to  attend  horses  of  a  pious  turn  of  mind."  "The  man 
was  digging  a  well  with  a  roman  nose."  "The  following  verses  were  written  by  a 
young  man  who  has  long  lain  in  the  grave  for  his  own  amusement ";  "I  saw  that  the 
kettle  had  been  scoured  with  half  an  eye";  "A  public  dinnner  was  given  to  the  in- 
habitants of  roast  beef  and  plum  pudding";  "He  rode  to  town,  and  drove  ten  cows 
on  horseback." 

"  Charm  he  Tiemr  so  wisely,"  should  be  ever. 

"He  was  more  beloved  (add  than),  but  not  so  much  admired,  as  Brutus  ";  in  this 
than  is  added  on  the  principle  that  clauses  connected  by  conjunctions  should  be 
grammatically  complete. 

"  To  not  come," should  be  "  not  to  come."  Rule  :  Never  insert  any  word  between 
the  infinitive  sign  to  and  its  verb. 

"If  he  say  aught,"  is  preferable  to  ovght,  on  the  principle  that  when  usage  is 
divided  we  should  prefer  the  word  which  admits  of  one  signification. 

"  I  saw  my  contemporary  ;"  preferable  to  cotemporary  on  the  ground  of  analogy. 

"I  caunot  accept  of  this  ;"<?/ should  be  omitted  on  the  ground  of  simplicity. 

"He  displayed  great  wrovgheadedness."  The  last  word  should  be  rejected  as 
harsh  and  unnecessary  ;   "  obstinacy  in  error"  is  preferable. 

"He  effected  his  purpose  by  dint  of  argument;  the  italicized  words  can  with 
advantage  be  dispensed  with. 

"  I  had  rather  go,"  is  better  expressed  by  "  I  would  rather  go."  The  former  in- 
cludes a  solecism  and  should  be  avoided. 

"  The  then  ministry  ;"  better,  "the  ministry  of  that  time." 

"  They  could  easier  get  them  by  heart ;  "  say  mare  easily. 

"  Thine  often  infirmities  ;  "  s&y  frequent. 

"Jacob  loved  Joseph  more  than  all  his  children ;"  otJier  should  be  inserted  after 
his. 

"He  gave  me  the  two  first  pieces,  "^is  correct  if  it  means  the  two  at  the  beginning ; 
first  two  would  signify  that  the  pieces  were  numbered  in  pairs. 

"  The  unicorn  is  a  kind  of  a  rhinoceros  ; "  a  should  be  omitted.  Rule  :  Since  a 
or  an  denotes  one  thing  of  a  kind,  it  cannot  be  used  before  the  whole  kind. 

' '  Everyone  must  judge  of  their  own  feelings  ; "  say  his. 


' '  Let  you  and  /  endeavor  to  do  better  ; "  say  me. 

"  If  there  is  one  man  worse  than  another,  it  is  him  who,"  etc.;  say  he. 

"  It  is  not  for  such  as  m  to  try  this  ;  "  say  we  (are). 

' '  Is  she  as  tall  as  nie  ?  "  say  /. 

"W/wm  do  men  say  that  I  am  ?  "  say  who. 

' '  WIio  should  we  meet  the  other  day  but  John  ?  "  say  whom. 

"He  spoke  to  I  don't  know  wJu> ; "  say  whom. 

"The  time  shall  come  t/uit  he  will  regret  this  ;"  say  when. 

"  I  have  got  a  cold ; "  avoid  the  use  of  get  or  got  as  much  as  possible  :  it  is  gener- 
ally redundant. 

"  I  cannot  get  into  the  box ; "  say  optn. 

"  I  do  not  say  as  others  do,"  is  correct,  but  be  careful  about  the  substitution  of  do 
for  other  verbs  In  cases  where  the  ellipsis  of  the  preceding  verb  cannot  be  supplied  ; 
as,  "  I  did  not  say  as  some  have  done;  "  should  be  said. 

"  I  have  lost  this  game,  though  I  tliought  I  should  hawtDonM."  Here  substitute 
win  for  Juive  toon.  However  far  back  the  expectation  may  be  referred,  the  aceing  must 
be  considered  as  contemporary,  or  as  aoon  to  follow,  but  cannot,  without  absurdity,  be 
considered  as  past. 

"The  son  said  to  his  father  that  he  had  sinned  against  heaven,"  Where  there  is 
obscurity  as  to  the  last  "  he,"  which  grammatically  belong  to  "father,"  as  the  nearest 
antecedent,  but  in  reality  is  intended  to  refer  to  "son."  This  obscurity  should  be 
avoided  by  a  different  arrangement,  or  by  inserting  the  words,  "the  son," in  brackets. 

The  next  sentence  is  another  instance  of  the  same  error.  "  The  farmer  went  to 
the  lawyer,  and  told  him  that  his  bull  had  gored  his  ox." 

Inelegancy,  such  as  the  following,  should  be  avoided  : 

"They  halted  with  the  river  at  their  backs."  "  Behind  them,"  or,  " at  the  rear," 
would  be  better. 

' '  This  property  has  or  will  be  sold."    Insert ' '  been "  after  "has." 

"  I  have  bought  a  house  and  orchard."    Insert  "  an  "  l)efore  "  orchard." 

Prepositions  are  often  wrongly  used,  as  in  the  following  : 

"  Many  have  profited /ro/w  the  misfortunes  of  others ; "  say  by. 

"  Many  customs  have  been  brought  in  use  of  late."  Into  is  required  when  motion 
is  implied. 

"  This  remark  is  founded  with  truth; "  on. 

"  I  find  great  difficulty  of  writing  ; "  in. 

"  Favors  are  not  always  bestowed  to  the  most  deserving ; "  on, 

"  This  is  different  to  that ; " )roin. 

"  He  insists  on  it  that  he  is  right ; "  vpon. 

"He  should  have  divided  it  between  the  three,  and  not  among  the  two."  The 
italicized  words  should  be  reversed,  as  between  is  from  by-twain,  or  by  two,  and 
among  signifies  with  many. 

Completely  refers  to  degree,  entirely  to  quantity.  Thus,  we  should  say,  "  I  am 
completely  (nol  entirely)  iired.."  "All  are  here,"  "the  whole  is  taken."  "AH"  is 
plural  and  collective ;  "  while  "  refers  to  the  component  parts  of  a  body,  and  is  singular. 

"AU  men  are  animals,"  or  "Every  man  is  an  animal."  All  is  collective,  ewr^ dis- 
tributive. 

"  An  authentic  book  relates  facts  as  they  happened  ;  a  genuine  book  is  written  by 
the  author  whose  name  it  bears." 

"  The  vice  of  covetousness  is  what  enters  deepest  into  the  soul  of  any  other ;"  say 
deeper.  ' 

"  There  is  one  that  will  think  himself  obliged  to  double  his  kindness  and  caresses 
of  me."    Kindness  should  not  be  followed  by  <>f  but  to. 

"  He  attended  the  nuptial  of  the  prince  ; "  say  nuptials. 


PUNCTUATION.  309 


t 


"He  became  scary  of  his  money."     Scary  is  improperly  used  for  frightened. 

"His  hauteur  was  intolerable."  Here  a  French  word  is  improperly  used  for 
haugJUiness.     It  is  always  better,  if  possible,  to  stick  to  plain  Anglo-Saxon. 

' '  To  make  such  acquirements  as  fit  them  for  useful  avocations. "  The  impropriety 
here  consists  in  using  avocations  for  vocations.  By  the  latter  is  meant  "trade,"  "  pro- 
fession" or  ' '  calling ; "  by  the  former  whatever  withdraws  or  diverts  us  from  business. 

"No  man  had  ever  less  friends  and  more  enemies."  It  should  be  "/istrer  friends," 
as  less  refers  to  quantity,  fewer  to  number. 

"He  sings  a  good  song,"  is  better  expressed  by  " He  sings  well;  "  as  the  former 
strictly  implies  that  the  song  he  sings  is  a  good  one,  whereas  the  speaker  really  means 
to  say,  "lie  sings  well." 

"Apples  will  he  plenty  this  coming  fall ;"  say  plentiful. 

"1  do  not  suppose  that  we  Americans  want  genius  more  than  other  nations." 
Here  want  is  improperly  used  for  lack.  This  word  want  is  often  improperly  used  as  in 
the  following :     "  You  want  to  be  careful,"  where  it  is  used  for  need  or  require. 

"The  first  proposal  was  entirely  different  and  inferior  to  the  other."  This  re- 
quires the  addition  of  from  after  different. 

"To  the  happiness  of  possessing  such  a  partner,  he  soon  had  the  satisfaction  of  ob- 
taining the  highest  honor  the  country  could  bestow."  Better  to  say  here,  united  the 
satisfaction,  etc. 

"This  may  be  useful  to  tliem  whose  chief  ambition  is  to  please."  Better  to  say 
those,  whinh  stands  for  a  noun  not  previously  introduced. 

"  My  purpose  was  to  hare  withdrawn  from  commerce  ; "  say  withdraw. 

"  He  was  put  to  sleep  with  the  sound  of  music ; "  say  ly. 

' '  The  greatest  minds  often  differ  among  one  another. "  Better,  from  each  otlicfr,  or 
one  from  the  other. 

"I  have  read  the  Emperor's  Charles  the  Fifth's  life."  Better,  "the  life  of  the 
Emperor  Charles  the  Fifth." 

"  It  is  not  for  such  as  us,"  etc. ;  better,  we. 

"He  was  walking  back  and  forth;  "  better,  backward  and  forward. 

"Whether  he  will  go  or  no,"  etc. ;  should  be  not. 

"His  argument  was  based  upon  the  fact ; "  founded. 

"The  money  was  ordered  paid  ;  "  supply  to  be  before  paid. 
*    "I  calculate  to  leave  soon  ;  "  intend. 

"  He  is  considerable  of  a  scholar  ; "  a  pretty  good  scholar. 

"  He  is  a  decent  scholar  ; "  better,  a  fair  scholar. 

"  His  farm  was  convenient  to  mine  ;  "  contiguous  or  close. 

"  Her  situation  was  distressing  to  a  degree  ;  "  extremely  distressing. 

"A  total  destitution,  of  capacity  ;"  want. 

"  EitJier  of  the  United  States  ;  "  should  be  any,  as  eitlier  refers  to  one  of  ttoo. 

"  Equally  ffls  well ;"  omit  a«. 

"  I  presume  he  will  go  ; "  say  think  or  suppose. 

"  He  is  in  a  hadfx  ;  "  state  or  condition. 

"  Will  you^j;  this  ?  "  put  in  order. 

"  What  do  folks  think  of  this  ?"  jyeople. 

"Talents  of  the  highest ^rmrfc;"  better,  order. 

"  I  guess  I  will  do  this  ; "  think. 

"  We  hope  the  assistance  of  God  ;  "  hope /or. 

"  A  horse  colt ;  a  mare  colt ; "  should  be,  a  colt ;  &  filly. 

"  This  would  illy  accord  ; "  ill. 

"  When  did  yo\i  come  in  town  ?  "  into. 

"  A  lengthy  discourse  ;  "  long. 

"Why  don't  you  do  like  I  do  ; "  as. 


2EI(SE]SlE^^  IM  ^pEEd{l  AMD  Wl^ITINIJ. 


HE  predominance  of  the  Latin  element  in  the  foundation 
of  the  English  language,  invests  its  vocabulary,  beyond 
any  other,  written  or  spoken,  with  an  adaptability  for 
vigor  of  expression,  combined  with  grace  and  symmetry 
of  form  and  simplicity  and  ease  of  understanding, 
which  is  too  often  marred  by  the  tendency  to  redun- 
dancy in  the  use  of  words  and  the  mistaken  idea  that 
floridness  is  a  proper  ambition  of  elegance.  He  who 
wishes  to  write  and  speak  the  English  language  in  its 
purest,  best  and  most  classical  form,  will  clothe  his 
words  with  the  greatest  power,  and  conform  to  the 
rules  for  the  highest  literary  excellence,  by  observing  that 
terseness  and  simplicity  of  expression  which  the  student 
of  philology  recognizes  as  the  most  important  and  most 
admirable  feature  of  the  language.  "  Brevity  is  the  soul 
of  wit,"  is  a  proverb  which,  applied  to  the  use  of  lan- 
guage, has  a  wider  significance,  and  a  more  important 
meaning  for  him  who  studies  the  correct  use  of  it,  than  its  ordinary 
adaptation  implies.  In  giving  the  thoughts  written  or  vocal 
expression,  he  will  achieve  the  highest  excellence  who  keeps  steadily 
in  view  that  the  main  object  of  oral  or  written  utterance  is  to  con- 
vey the  thought  or  idea  with  the  greatest  force  and  clearness,  in  the 
fewest  possible  words  consistent  with  a  complete  expression  of  the 
meaning  designed  to  be  conveyed,  harmony  of  grammatical  arrange- 
ment and  rhetoric  elegance.  It  is,  in  fact,  simply  to  study  and  de- 
velop, in  its  use,  the  advantages  which  are  inherent  in  the  language. 
That  style  of  writing  and  expression  which  was  formerly  in  fashion 
in  oratory  and  literature,  which  lost  sight  of  the  object  of  expres- 
sion in  the  desire  to  embellish  speech  with  ornate  and  unnecessary 
flourish,  and  to  exhibit  rather  the  writer's  resources  of  vocabulary 
than  the  impression  which  he  designed  to  reach  in  the  reader's 
mind,  is  among  the  things  of  the  past.  Classic  elegance  and  con- 
ciseness is  now  the  highest  test  of  excellence,  and  the  best  and  truest 
criterion  of  literary  merit.     Terseness,  conciseness  and  brevity  in 


3ID 


TERSENESS    IN    SPEECH    AND    WRITING. 


writing,  are,  Jiowever,  not  to  be  best  attained  by  a  series  of  spas- 
modic and  jerky  sentences.  They  are  to  be  attained  without  any 
sacrifice  of  elegant  and  euphonious  periods,  by  the  choice  of 
the  most  expressive  words,  governed  by  their  most  appropriate  rela- 
tion to  the  meaning  which  the  sentence  is  designed  to  convey.  The 
redundancy  of  adjectives  is  to  be  avoided,  as  well  as  the  repetition, 
in  the  same  sentence,  or  in  succeeding  sentences,  of  the  same  mean- 
ing, conveyed  in  different  words ;  though  it  is  one  of  the  highest 
excellences  of  the  use  of  language  to  convey  in  a  sentence  properly 
arranged  the  same  effect  which  is  produced  by  the  crude  or  ill  in- 
formed writer  in  several  distinct  propositions.  Lengthy  or  involved 
sentences  are,  as  a  rule,  to  be  avoided  by  the  ordinary  writer.  They 
take  him  onto  a  higher  ground,  which  is  only  safely  traversed  by  the 
master  of  the  language.  It  is  not  given  to  the  ordinary  mind  to 
attempt  the  grasp  of  language  which  is  the  realm  of  the  master 
mind  of  a  Gladstone,  a  Beecher  or  an  Ingersoll ;  and  he  who  at- 
tempts, in  this  way,  to  soar  beyond  his  capacity,  will  find  himself 
afloat  on  Icarius'  wings,  and  will  certainly  land  in  discomfiture 
and' disgrace.  Cultivate,  therefore,  brevity — not  that  brevity  which 
denotes  paucity  of  ideas  and  language — but  the  brevity  which  seeks 
the  greatest  power  of  expression  in  the  fewest  words  and  the  great- 
est simplicity  of  arrangement.  Here  is  an  example  in  Avhich  the 
same  meaning,  precisely,  is  conveyed  in  two  paragraphs,  each  being 
grammatically  correct  and  in  good  form  : 

"  The  climate  of  Illinois  is  one  of  the  finest  in  the  world.  Notwithstanding  the  extreme 
cold  of  the  winter  months,  the  peoule  do  not  suffer  the  same  discomfort  in  that  season  as 
those  at  the  East.  This  is  due  to  the  remarkable  dryness  of  the  atmosphere,  and  the  absence 
of  sudden  and  unforeseen  changes.  The  summer  heat,  while  nearly  as  great  as  in  the  same 
latitudes  at  the  East,  does  not  entail  the  same  inconvenience  and  suffering.  The  cool  breezes 
from  the  great  lake  temper  the  air  and  prevent  that  oppressive  sultriness  which  is  so  much 
experienced  in  the  Eastern  summer.  The  salubrity  of  the  climate  is  also  remarkable.  This 
is  attributable  to  the  large  quantity  of  ozone  with  which  the  air  is  charged." 

"  The  climate  of  Illinois  is  one  of  the  finest  and  most  salubrious  in  the  world.  The  dis- 
comforts which  attend  the  changeableness  of  the  weather  in  the  winter,  and  the  extreme 
sultriness  of  the  summer  months,  in  the  East,  are  avoided— in  the  former  season,  by  the  re- 
markable dryness  of  the  atmosphere  and  evenness  of  the  temperature,  and  in  the  latter,  by 
the  cool  breezes  from  the  great  lake,  which  temper  the  extreme  heat.  The  large  percentage 
of  ozone  in  the  atmosphere  also  renders  the  climate  unusually  salubrious." 

Observe,  that  in  the  former  paragraph,  there  are  used  one  hun- 
dred and  twenty-two  words  and  seven  sentences.  The  latter,  which 
fully  covers  the  same  meaning,  in  more  expressive  and  elegant 
shape,  contains  but  eighty-six  words  and  three  sentences. 

"Such  were  the  considerations,  such,  I  say,  were  the  inducements,  which  prompted  the 
Democracy  in  its  efforts  to  send  to  this  chamber  a  Republican  beyond  question,  since  these 
many  long  years.  If  that  is  the  Democracy  which  gentlemen  on  that  side  love,  I  proclaim 
my  inability  to  act  with  them." 


TERSENESS    IN    SPEECH    AND   WKITING. 


Read  in  this  way  : 

"  Such  were  the  considerations,  the  inducements,  which  prompted  the  effort  of  the  De- 
mocracy to  send  to  this  chamber,  one  whose  Republicanism  was,  for  many  years,  beyond 
question.  If  that  he  the  Democracy  which  gentlemen  opposite  love,  I  proclaim  my  ina- 
bility to  co-operate  with  them." 

Observe  that  here  is  a  saving  of  six  words  in  less  than  as  many 
lines,  an  improvement  in  grammatical  and  literary  construction, 
with  a  gain  in  force  and  vigor.  Let  these  two  principles  be  borne 
in  mind  in  cultivating  proper  brevity :  Never  sacrifice  the  force 
and  lucidity  of  expression  to  false  economy  of  words.  Never  sac- 
rifice the  true  dignity,  simplicity  and  force  of  expression,  to  a  mis- 
placed idea  of  what  constitutes  literary  or  rhetoric  elegance,  nor 
lose  your  meaning  in  a  sea  of  words. 


OLD    SPANISH    PROVERBS. 

"  Taking  the  wrong  sow  by  the  ear." 

**  Do  not  leap  over  the  hedge  before  you  arrive  at  the  stile." 

"  Out  of  the  frying  pan  into  the  fire." 

"  Out  of  God's  blessing  into  the  sun." 

'•  Fair  and  softly  goes  far." 

"There  is  nothing  sure  in  this  world." 

"  A  man  must  eat  a  peck  of  salt  with  his  friend  before  he  knows 
him." 

"  One  swallow  never  makes  a  summer." 

"  The  itch  lives  long  enough." 

"  The  devil  lurks  behind  the  cross." 

"  You  cannot  catch  old  birds  with  chaff." 

"  One  knows  where  one's  own  shoe  pinches." 

"  King's  chaff  is  better  than  other  men's  corn." 

"  The  treason  pleases,  but  the  traitors  are  odious." 

"  Diligence  is  the  mother  of  success." 

"  There  are  always  more  tricks  in  town  than  are  talked  of." 

"  There  is  no  striving  against  the  stream." 

"  Fortune  turns  round  like  a  mill  wheel,  and  he  that  was  yester- 
day at  the  top  to-day  lies  at  the  bottom." 


VERY  flower  may  be  supplied  with  its  favorite  soil  with 
a  little  patience  and  observation.  A  light  soil  suits 
most  descriptions  very  weU ;  and  earth,  thoroughly 
well  dug,  and  dressed  yearly  from  a  mound  of  accumu- 
latod  leaves,  rotted  with  soap-suds,  will  be  found  useful 
generally.  A  portion  of  sand  should  be  mixed  with  it. 
AH  bulbs,  carnations,  pinks,  auriculas,  ranunculuses, 
etc.,  hke  a  mixture  of  sand.  Mix  sand  well  into  borders  and  plats 
of  gardens,  and  you  will  have  handsome  flowers.  The  addition  of 
powdered  charcoal  will  deepen  the  colors  of  most  flowers.  The  fol- 
lowing list  of  common  flowers  appertaining  to  each  month  may 
assist  in  filling  the  borders  of  gardens  : 


JANUARY. 

Single  anemones. 
Winter  cyciameas. 
Michaelmas  daisy. 
Hepaticas. 
Primroses. 
Winter  hyacinth. 
Narcissus  of  the  East. 
Christmas  rose. 

FEBRUARY. 

Single  anemones. 

Forward  anemones. 

Pei-sian  iris. 

Spring  crocus. 

Single  yellow  gilliflower. 

Single  liverwort.  — 

Winter  aconite. 

Hepaticus. 

MARCH. 
Bulbous  iris. 
Anemones  of  all  sorts. 
Spring  cyclamens. 
Liverwort  of  all  sorts. 
Daffodils. 
Crowfoots. 
Spring  crocus. 
Hyacinths  of  all  sorts. 
Jonquils. 

Yellow  gilliflower. 
Narcissus  of  several  kinds. 
Forward  bears'-ears. 
Forward  tulips. 
Single  primroses  of  various  colors. 

APRIL. 
Daisies. 

Yellow  gilliflowers. 
Narcissus  of  all  sorts. 
Forward  bear's-ear. 
Spring  cyclamens. 
Saffron  flowers. 
Anemones  of  all  sorts. 
Iris. 
Pansies. 
Daffodils. 
Double  liverworts. 
Primroses. 
Honeysuckles. 


Tulips. 

Hyacinths. 

Single  jonquils. 

Crown-imperial. 

Yellow  gilliflowers,  double  and  single. 

Pasque-flowers. 

March  violets. 

MAY. 
Anemones. 

Gilliflowers  of  all  sorts. 
Yellow  gilliflowers. 
Columbines. 
Asphodels. 

Orange  or  flame-colored  lilies. 
Double  jacea,  a  sort  of  cychnis. 
Pansies. 

Peonies  of  all  sorts. 
Ranunculus  of  all  sorts. 
Some  irises,  as  those  we  call  the  bulbous  iris, 

and  the  chamoe  iris. 
Cyanuses  of  all  sorts. 
Hyacinths. 
Day  lilies. 
Bastard  dittany. 
Daisies. 

Lily  of  the  valley. 
Mountain  pinks. 

Italian  spiderwort,  a  sort  of  asphodel. 
Poet's  pinks. 
Backward  tulips. 
Julians,  otherwise  called  English  gilliflowers. 


JUNE. 
Snap-dragons  of  all  sorts. 
Wild  tansies. 
Pinks. 
Irises. 
Roses. 
Tuberoses. 
Pansies. 
Larkspur. 
Great  daisies. 
Climbers. 

Cyanuses  of  all  sorts. 
Fox-gloves  of  all  sorts. 
Mountain  lilies. 
Gilliflowers  of  all  sorts. 
Monks'-hoods. 
Candy-tufts. 
Poppies. 


313 


FLOWERS    m   SEASON. 


JULY. 

Jessamine. 

Spanish  broom. 

Basils. 

Bell-liowers. 

Indian  jacea. 

Great  daisies. 

Monks'-hoods. 

Pinks. 

Bcabiuses. 

Nigellas. 

Cyclamens. 

Lobers  catch-flies. 

Lilies  of  all  sorta. 

Apples  of  love. 

Conifrey. 

Poppies. 

Snap-dragons. 

D<>ul)lc  marixolds. 

Amaranth  uses. 

Pinks  of  the  poets. 

Hee-tlowers. 

8ea-hollies. 

Foxarloves. 

Wild  poppies. 

Everlastings. 

Itoses. 

Dittanieti. 

Bindweeds. 

Lilies  of  St.  Bruno. 

Tri-colors. 

Squills. 

Motherworts. 

Climbers. 

Oculus  christl. 

Camomile. 

Sunflowers. 

Beividere. 

GiUiflowers. 

Hellebore. 

Ox-eyes. 

Thorn-apple. 

Valerian. 

AUGUST. 

Oculus  christi,  or  starwoTt. 

Belvideres. 

Climbers  of  all  sorts. 

Apples  of  love. 

Marvels  of  Peru. 

Pansies. 

Ranimculuses. 

Double  marigolds. 

Candy-tufts 

Autumn  cyclamens. 

Jessamines. 

Sunflowers. 

Indian  narcissus. 

Fox-gloves. 

Cyclamens. 

Passion-flowers. 

Everlastings. 

Tuberoses. 

Monks'-hoods. 


Indian  pinks. 

Bindweed. 

Pass-velours. 

Great  daisies. 

White  bell-flower. 

Autumnal  meadow-saffron. 

GiUiflowers. 

SEPTEMBER. 
Tri-colors. 
Love-apples. 
Marvel  of  Peru. 
Monks'-hoods. 
Narcissus  of  Portugal. 
Snap-dragons. 
Oculus  christi. 
Basils. 
Belvideres. 
Great  daisies. 
Double  marigolds. 
Monthly  roses. 
Tube  roses. 
Amaryllis. 
Autumnal  narciams. 
White-bell  flowers. 
Indian  pinks. 
Indian  roses. 
Amaranthus. 
I'ansies. 
Passion-flower. 
Autumnal  crocus. 
Thorn-apple. 
Carnations. 

Ranunculus,  planted  in  May, 
Colchicums. 

OCTOBER. 

Tri-colors. 

Oculus  christi. 

Snap-dragons. 

Pansies,  sown  in  August. 

Passion-flower. 

Colchicums. 

Autumn  crocus. 

Autumnal  cyclamens. 

Monks'-hood. 

Indian  pinks, 

Paas-velours. 

Double  marigolds. 

Some  pinks. 

Amaryllis. 

Autumnal  narcissus. 

NOVEMBER. 

Snap-dragons. 

Double  and  single  gllliflowers. 

Great  daisies. 

Pansies,  sown  In  August. 

Monthly  roses. 

Double  violets. 

Single  anemones  of  all  sorts. 

Winter  cyclamens. 

Forward  hellebore. 

Golden-rod. 


N"  these  days  of  rapid  transit  the  traveler  must  have 
information  suited  to  the  celerity  of  his  progress  and  the 
conventionalities  of  modern  transportation.  If  he  has  it 
not,  he  is  made  liable  both  to  ridicule  and  personal  incon- 
venience. The  old  easy-going  days,  when  a  stage  full  of 
impatient  people  was  halted  ten  minutes  to  allow  for  the 
delay  of  an  old  lady  whose  various  band-boxes  and 
parcels  were  not  ready,  and  when  a  steamer  would  make 
a  landing  at  almost  any  point  to  put  off  a  solitary 
passenger,  with  his  carpet-bag  and  butter  box,  are  all 
passed.  The  public  carriers  are  less  accommodating  to 
their  patrons  than  formerly  in  these  respects,  but  make  up  for  it  in 
others,  by  requiring  those  patrons  to  accommodate  each  other,  in  the 
matter  of  promptness  and  undelayed  progress.  Most  of  modern  travel 
is  by  rail.  It  is  usually  expeditious  and  pleasant ;  yet  gives  oppor- 
tunity for  the  abundant  display  of  selfishness,  especially  in  America, 
where  fifty  or  more  passengers  are  crowded  into  the  same  car.  It 
is  in  traveling  that  the  genuineness  or  baselessness  of  the  claim 
"  gentleman  "  or  "  lady  "  is  made  most  apparent. 

The  Route. — In  every  railroad  station,  hotel,  or  other  place 
where  travelers  gather,  there  are  sure  to  be  hanging  several  kinds 
of  maps,  showing  the  course  of  every  railroad  in  that  part  of  the 
country.  By  a  glance  at  these  the  traveler  can  be  sure  of  the  route 
he  is  to  take,  and  avoid  uncertainty.  The  first  thing  necessary  in 
starting  anywhere  is  to  know  where  you  are  going. 

The  Time. — The  most  uncertain  thing  of  all  is  the  accuracy 
and  comparison  of  time  pieces.  The  adoption  of  "  standard  time  " 
throughout  the  country  has  much  improved  this  "matter,  but  still 
clocks  and  watches  differ  enough  to  cause  frequent  annoyance.  The 
clock  in  a  ticket  agent's  office  may  be  relied  upon,  as  the  railroad 
clocks  ave  kept  together  by  telegraph. 

Getting  Ready. — Trunks,  valises,  and  other  baggage,  should 
be  packed  and  transported  to  the  depot  in  ample  time  to  avoid  the 

815 


now   TO   TRAVEL. 


confusion  which  haste  is  sure  to  create.  If  you  do  not  personally 
know  the  man  who  hauls  your  baggage,  make  a  note  of  the  num- 
ber of  his  wagon,  so  you  can  find  him  again  if  anything  goes  wrong. 
Do  not  let  him  leave  the  baggage  at  some  outlying  point  away  from 
the  depot,  where  thieves  may  get  it. 

Avoid  "Waste. — Waste  of  temper ;  waste  of  money,  in  letting 
yourself  be  swindled  when  making  change ;  waste  of  anxiety,  by 
taking  more  baggage  than  you  need  ;  waste  of  time,  by  going  to  the 
station  an  hour  before  the  time  for  the  train,  and  then  waiting 
impatiently. 

Forethought. — This  is  worth 
more  than  a  thousand  questions. 
Have  the  forethought  to  ascertain, 
in  advance,  just  whfere  you  will 
make  a  change  of  trains ;  just  which 
road  you  are  to  travel  on.  Do  not 
suppose,  if  you  are  going  to  Smith- 
ville,  that  every  train  on  the 
Smithville  railroad  will  take  you 
there.  Some  other  train  on  the 
same  road  may  be  bound  for  the 
Jonesville  branch,  and  not  going 
to  Smithville  at  all. 

Tickets.— Purchase  your  tick- 
ets before  entering  the  cars.  This 
is  the  rule  of  the  company,  and  if 
you  do  not  obey  it  you  may  have 
to  pay  the  conductor  more  than  the 
ticket  agent.  Inform  the  agent 
exactly  where  you  want  to  go,  and  when.  If  it  is  to  a  point  in 
another  state,  give  the  name  of  the  state ;  for  there  is  probably  a 
town  of  the  same  name  in  some  other  state  or  on  some  other  road. 
Ask  the  agent  the  price  of  the  ticket,  see  that  j'^ou  are  not  robbed 
by  any  one  in  the  crowd  at  your  elbows,  and  on  receiving  the  ticket. 


DISEMBABKINO. 


carefully  place  both  it  and  your  money  in  your  safest  pocket. 

Ohecking  Bagrgage. — You  should  see  that  your  trunks  are 
delivered  at  the  door  of  the  baggage  room.  Having  bought  your 
ticket,  show  it  to  the  baggage  master.  He  will  give  you  a  numbered 
check,  placing  a  duplicate  upon  each  piece  of  your  baggage,  and 
from  that  moment  the  responsibiUty  for  it  devolves  upon  the  rail- 
road company.     Bear  in  mind  that  a  depot  check  is  not  a  railroad 


m 


HOW   TO    TRAVEL. 


check.  That  is,  your  check'  from  your  hotel  or  residence  to  the 
dei)ot^is  given  merely  by  the  transfer  company,  and  you  must  after- 
ward see  personally  to  the  checking  at  the  depot.  Most  railroads 
limit  the  weight  of  baggage  carried  free  to  150  pounds,  making  a 
charge  for  an  excess  over  this  weight.  After  it  has  arrived  at  its 
destination,  most  railroads  give  the  traveler  only  twenty-four  hours 
to  remove  it  from  the  depot.  After  that  time  they  make  a  charge 
for  storage,  especially  in  the  larger  cities  It  seems  in  many  cases 
unjust,  especially  as  the  traveler  may  have  received  no  notification 
of  any  such  rule.  The  charge  for  storage  is  often  increased  by  an 
additional  one  for  cartage. 

Getting  Aboard. — The  train  comes  roaring  up  to  the  depot, 
the  crowtl  is  in  motion,  there  are  other  trains  about  to  leave,  and 
you  are  likely  to  become  excited.  That  is  precisely  what  you  should 
not  do.  If  you  become  excited  you  are  more  than  ever  likely  to 
leave  one  of  your  parcels  in  the  depot,  get  upon  the  wrong  train, 
m6et  with  an  accident,  or  cause  a  headache.  Be  prompt,  but  cool 
and  business-like.  Don't  run ;  there  is  no  need  of  it.  Don't  ask 
strangers  for  information,  but  ascertain  from  the  ticket  agent,  con- 
ductor or  other  railroad  employe,  which  train  you  should  take. 

Observation. — It  is  by  observation,  rather  than  by  directions, 
that  one  can  learn  to  travel  comfortablv.  When  a  lady,  starting 
on  a  journey,  selects  a  seat  in  the  smoking  car,  it  shows  she  has 
not  observed  the  difference  between  smoking  cars  and  coaches  in 
the  invariable  make-up  of  passenger  trains.  When  a  gentleman 
offers  hfs  ticket  to  the  brakeman,  it  shows  he  has  not  observed  that 
the  conductor  always  wears  the  name  "  Conductor,"  on  his  cap,  and 
may  be  known  at  a  glance.  Observation  will  show  the  traveler  a 
thousand  little  things,  if  he  Avill  notice  them,  instead  of  asking 
innumerable  questions.  Still,  it  is  better  to  ask  than  to  be  ignorant 
of  what  you  want  to  know. 

Companions. — If  you  are  traveling  with  others,  do  not  separate 
yourself  from  them  in  the  rush  of  people,  and  do  not  consult  your 
own  comfort  at  the  expense  or  disregard  of  theirs.  If  a  gentleman 
is  traveling  with  a  lady,  he  must  take  upon  himself  the  various  little 
tasks  incidental  to  the  trip,  such  as  the  purchase  of  her  ticket,  the 
transportation  and  checking  of  her  baggage,  assisting  her  on  board, 
and  procuring  a  seat  for  her.  You  should  use  your  own  judgment 
as  to  purchases  of  confectionery  or  literature,  and  as  to  keeping 
her  interested  daring  the  journey.  Do  not  imagine  that  because 
you  are  taking  a  journey  you  are  embarking  in  some  great  enterprise 


which  entitles  you  to  distinction.  Excited  or  loud  talk  at  the  depot 
and  on  the  train  will  subject  you  to  stares  and  criticisms,  which 
would  be  fully  deserved. 

Sleeping  Cars. — Berths  in  sleeping  cars  should  be  procured  a 
day  or  two  in  advance,  if  possible,  so  as  to  make  sure  of  getting 
them,  and  of  choosing  preferable  locations,  the  same  as  seats  at  the 
theatre.  The  center  of  the  car  is  to  be  chosen  rather  than  the 
berths  near  the  doors. 

General  Hints. — If  the  journey  is  monotonous,  try  to  find 
some  way  of  amusing  yourself  besides  that  of  continually  eating,  on 
the  cars,  or  drinking,  on  a  steamer.  It  is  offensive  to  othci-s  for 
you  to  be  all  the  time  cracking  nuts  and  scattering  the  hulls  upon 
the  floor.  Be  careful  as  to  the  transient  acquaintances  you  form, 
and  make  no  stranger  your  confidant.  By  good  judgment,  how- 
ever, you  may  take  part  in  a  conversation,  which  will  make  the 
journey  more  pleasant.  Be  careful  in  stepping  on  or  off  the  train, 
or  passing  from  one  car  to  another.  The  proper  way  to  do  so  is 
to  have,  at  each  step  you  take,  a  firm  grip  upon  the  rods  with  at 
least  one  hand.  Be  especially  careful  in  going  to  or  from  a  train 
on  a  road  which  has  a  double  track.  Make  a  distinction  between 
authorized  railroad  employes  and  outside  persons.  The  man  who 
checks  your  baggage  on  the  train,  however,  for  removal  to  a  hotel 
or  railroad  depot,  is  an  agent  for  an  omnibus  or  express  company, 
which,  though  a  local  concern,  is,  no  doubt,  responsible.  A  hack  may 
belong  to  a  responsible  company  or  to  some  unknown  individual. 

European  Travel  — Passengers  starting  for  Europe  will  find 
it  atlvisable  to  telegraph  in  adv^ance  to  the  sea-port  city  from  which 
they  expect  to  sail,  so  as  to  secure  a  berth  in  the  steamer,  having 
ascertained  on  which  day  it  is  advertised  to  sail.  They  can  thus 
plan  their  journey  in  its  proper  order,  leaving  home  at  a  time  suited 
to  the  departure  of  the  steamer  from  Kew  York,  or  in  time  to  give 
them  a  few  days^f  leisure  in  the  city  before  the  day  advertised  for 
the  steamer's  departure. 


LANGUAGE  OF  FLOWERS.      ^ 


7^7^^^7^i^i^9^7^i^i^r^i^i^7^i 


'  Nor  did  I  wonder  at  the  lily's  white, 

Nor  praise  the  deep  vermilion  of  the  rose : 
They  were  but  sweet,  but  figures  of  delight, 
Drawn  after  you,  you  pattern  of  all  those. 
Yet  seem'd  it  winter  still,  and  you  away. 
As  with  your  shadow,  I  with  these  did  play."— S/iofcspeare. 

Alyssum,  Sweet— Worth  beyond  beauty. 

Ambrosia— Love  returned. 

Apple  blossom— Preference. 

Arbor  vitae— Unchanging  friendship. 

Blue  Bell— I  will  be  constant. 

Box— Stoical  indifference. 

Briers— Envy. 

Burdock— Touch  me  not. 


Acacia— Concealed  love. 
Adonis  vernalis- Sorrowful   remembrances. 
Almond— Hope. 
Aloe— Religious  superstition. 
Bachelor's  button— Hope  in  love. 
Balsam— Impatience. 
Begonia— Deformity. 
Belltlower— Gratitude. 

Belvidere,  Wild  (Licorice)— I  declare  against 
you. 

"  On  woman  nature  didst  bestow  two  eyes. 

Like  Heaven's  bright  lamps.  In  matchless  beauty  shining, 
Whose  beams  do  soonest  captivate  the  wise. 
And  wary  heads  made  rare  by  art's  refining."— Bobert  Oreene. 
Cactus— Thou  leavest  not.  Calla  lily— Feminine  beauty. 

Camellia— Pity.  Carnation  (Yellow)— Disdain. 

Candytuft— Indifference.  Cedar— I  live  for  thee. 

Canterbury  Bell— Gratitude.  China  Aster— I  will  see  about  it. 

Cape  Jessamine— Ecstasy ;  transport.  Chrysanthemum  Hose— I  love. 

"  Let  not  my  love  be  called  idolatry. 
Nor  my  beloved  as  an  idol  show, 
Since  all  alike  my  songs  and  praises  be 
To  one,  of  one,  still  such  and  ever  so."— S/ioTcspeare. 
Crocus— Cheerfulness. 


Cowslip -Pensiveness. 

Cypress— Mourning. 

Daffodil— Chivalry . 

Dahlia— Forever  thine. 

Daisy  (Garden)— I  partake  your  sentiment. 

Daisy  (Wild)— I  will  think  of  it. 


Ebony— Hypocrisy. 
Eglantine— I  wound  to  heal. 


Evergreen— Poverty. 

Fennel— Strength . 

Filbert— Reconciliation . 

Fir-tree— Elevation. 

Flax— I  feel  your  kindness. 

Gentian— Intrinsic  woi-th. 

Geranium,   Ivy— Your  hand    for  the  next 

dance. 
Geranium,  Nutmeg— 1  expect  a  meeting. 
Geranium,  Oak— Lady,  deign  to  smile. 
Geranium,  Rose — Preference. 

Harebell— Grief. 
Ha\vthorn— Hope. 
Hazel— Recollection. 
Heartsease— Think  of  me. 
Heliotrope— Devotion. 
Henbane— Blemish. 
Holly— Foresight. 


Cypress  and  Marigold— Despair. 

Dandelion— Coquetry. 

Dead  leaves— Sadness. 

Dock— Patience. 

Dodder— Meanness. 
ftogwood— Am  I  indifferent  to  you  ? 

Elder— Compassion. 

Endive— Frugality. 
Evening  Primrose — Inconstancy. 
Fair  is  my  love,  but  not  so  fair  as  fickle ; 

Mild  as  a  dove,  but  neither  true  nor  trusty ; 
Brighter  than  glass,  and  yet,  as  glass  is  brittle ; 

Softer  than  wax,  and  yet  as  iron,  rusty ; 
A  lily  pale,  with  damask  dye  to  grace  her. 
None  fairer,  and  none  paler  to  deface  her."— Shakspeare. 

Everlasting— Perpetual  remembrance. 

Forget-me-not— True  love ;  remembrance. 

Fox-glove— Insincerity. 

Furze— Anger. 

Fuchsia— Taste. 

Geranium,  Silver  leaf— Recall. 

Gilliflower— Lasting  beauty. 

Gladiolus— Ready ;  armed. 

Golden  Rod— Encouragement. 

Gorse— Endearing  affection. 

G  ass— Utility. 

Hollyhock— Fruitfulness. 

Hollyhock,  White— Femal'  on. 

Honeysuckle— Bond  of  Lo^ 

Honeysuckle,  Coral— The  cc  my  fate. 

Hyacinth- Jealousy. 

Hyacinth,  Blue— Constancy. 

Hyacinth,  Purple— Sorrow. 


Hydrangea— Heartlessness. 


Ice  plant— Your  looks  freeze  me.  Iris— 1 

Ivy— Friendship ;  matrimony. 
Jessamine,  Cape— Transient  joy ;  ectasy.  Jonquil— I  desire  a  return  of  affection. 

Jessamine,  White— Amiabilitv.  Juniper— Asylum;  shelter. 

Jessamine.  Yellow— Grace ;  elegance.  Justitia— Perfection  of  loveliness. 

Kfllmiq  (Mountain  laurel)— Treachery.  Kannedia— Mental  beauty.  ^ 

"  Her  lips  to  mine  how  often  has  she  joined. 

Between  each  kiss  her  oaths  of  true  love  swearing. 
How  many  tales  to  please  me  has  she  coined. 

Dreading  my  love,  the  loss  thereof  still  fearing ! 
Yet  in  the  midst  of  all  her  pure  protestings. 

Her  faiths,  her  oaths,  her  tears,  and  all  were  jestings."— STiotopeare. 
319 


LANGUAGE    OF   FLOWEBS. 


Laburnum— Pensive  beauty. 
Lady's  slipper— Capricious  beauty. 
Lurcli— Holdness. 
Larkspur— Fickleness. 
Laurel— Glory. 
Lavender— Distrust. 
Lettuce— Cold-hearted. 
Lilac— ilrst  emotion  of  love. 
Lily— Purity;  modesty. 

"Alas !  how  Umg  must  true  love  wait  ?  " 

Unto  the  cruel  niaid  the  lover  cries. 
"  Your  love  for  nie  I  i-atlier  'twould  turn  to  hate;" 

Wliich  hearing,  turns  he  round  and  dxea.—Manton. 


Lily  of  the  Valley— Return  of  happiness. 

Lily,  Day— Coijuetry. 

Lily,   Water—  Elotjueuce. 

Lily,  Yellow— Falsehood. 

Lo<ju8t-  Affection  beyond  the  grave. 

Love  in  a  Mist— You  nuzzle  me. 

Love  Lies  Bleeding— Hopeless,  not  heartless. 

Lupine— Ima^rination. 


Mallow— Sweetness ;  mildness. 

Maple—  Ueserve. 

Mari»f()lil— Cruelty. 

Marjoram-  HI uslies. 

Marvel  of  Peru  (Four  o'clocks)— Timidity. 

Mint-Virtue. 


Mivnonette  —  Your  qualities  surpass  your 

cliarras. 
Mistletoe— 1  surmount  all  difflculties. 
Mock.(  )ranKe  (iSyrinRa)— Counterfeit. 
Morning  (jlory— Coquetry. 


"A  merry  maid  who  from  her  bed  arises. 

Now  greets  the  sun  with  open,  smiling  face. 
But  later,  when  cruel  night  the  earth  disguises, 
She  bides  her  head,  leaving  to  nature  but  empty  siMice." 

—Manton. 
Mull)erry,  IJlack— I  will  not  survive  you. 
MullHjrry,  White— Wisdom. 
M  ushroom- 8u8pici<in. 
Musk-plants- Weakness. 
Myrtle— lx>ve  faithful  iu  absence. 


Maiden's  Hair— Discretion. 

Magnolia,  (i rand ittoni— Peerless  and  Proud. 

Magnolia,  Swamu— Perseverance. 

Moss— Maternicl  love. 

Motherwort  -fkjcret  love. 

Mourning  bride — Unfortunate  attachment. 

Narcissus— Egotism. 

Nasturtium— Patriotism. 

Nettle-  Cruelty:  slander. 

Oak— Hoftpitality. 

Oats— Music. 

Oleander—  lieware. 

Olive-branch— Peace. 


Night  Blooming  Cereus— Transient  beauty. 
Nightsliade— liitter  truth. 

Orange-flower— 4Jha«tlty. 
Orchis— IJeauty. 
Osier— Frankness. 
Oemunda—  Dreams. 


Pansy— Think  of  me. 

Parsley— Entertiiinment;  feasting:. 

Passion-flower— Keligious  fervor;  suscepti- 
bility. 

Pea,  Sweet— Departure. 

Peach  Blossom— This  heart  Is  thine. 

Peony— Anger. 

Pennyroyal— Flee  away. 

Periwinkle— Sweet  remembrances. 

Petunia— Less  proud  than  they  deem  thee. 

Rhododendron— Agitation. 

Rose.  Austrian— Thou  art  all  that's  lovely. 

Rose,  Bridal— Happy  love. 

Rose,  Cabbage— Ambassador  of  love. 

Rose,  China— Grace. 

Rose,  Damask— Freshness. 

Rose,  Jacaueminot— Mellow  love. 

Rose,  Maiden's  Blush— If  you  do  love  me,  you 
will  find  me  out. 

Saffron- Excess  is  dangerous. 

Sardonia— Irony. 

Sensitive  Plant— Timidity. 

Sua  p-Dnigon— Presumption. 

Snowl^all— Thoughts  of  Heaven. 

Snowdrop— Consolation. 

Sorrel— Wit  ill-timed. 

Spearmint  — Warm  feelings. 

Tansy— T  declare  against  you. 

Teazel- Misanthropy. 

Thistle— Austerity. 

Thorn-Apple— Deceitful  charms. 

Touch-me-not— Impatience. 

Venus'  Flytrap— Have  I  caught  you  at  last? 

Venus'  Looking-glass— Flattery. 

Verbena— Sensibility. 

Wallfl  >wer- Fidelity. 

Weeping  Willow— Forsaken. 

Yew— Sorrow. 

Zennae— Absent  friends. 


Sleepinsr.  before  me  your  image  I  s»iw. 

Pale,  naergard.  pursued  by  the  Furies  it  seemed. 
And  seconds,  like  years  from  eternity's ^tore. 
Till  waking  I  found  that  1  only  had  dreamed."— 3fanton. 

Phlox— Our  souls  are  united. 

Pimi)ernel— Cliange. 

Pink  -  Pure  affection. 

Pink,  Double  Red— Pure,  ardent  love. 

Pink,  Indian  — Aversion. 

Pink,  Variegated— Refusal. 

Pink.  White-  You  are  fair. 

Pomegranate- Folly. 

Poppy— Con^olat  ion. 

Primrose — Inconstancy. 

Rose,  Moss— Superior  merit. 

Rose,  Moss  Rosebud— Confession  of  love. 

Rose,  Sweeubriar- Symi>athy. 

Rose,  Tea— Always  lovely. 

Rose,  White— 1  am  worthy  of  you. 

Rose,  York  and  Lancaster— War. 

Roee,  Wild— Simplicity. 

Rue— Disdain. 


Star  of  Bethlehem-  Reconciliation. 

Strawberry— Perfect  excellence. 

Sumac— Splendor. 

Sunflower,  Dwarf— Your  devout  admirer. 

Sunflower.  Tall— Pride. 

Sweet  William- Finesse. 

Syringii— Memory. 

Trum  pet-flower— Separation. 
Tutnerose— Dangerous  pleasures. 
Tulip— Declaration  of  love. 
Tulip,  Variegated— Beautiful  eyes. 
Tulip,  Yellow— Hopeless  love. 
Violet,  Blue— Love. 
Violet,  White— Modesty. 

Woodbine— Fraternal  love. 


* 


M^£—r-T.\^T-^i* 


PALMISTRY,  OR  HAND-READING. 


-O — ^^^ — ^*~ 


a, 


f 


ALMISTRY  is  one  of  the  andent  mysteries  by  which 
astrologers  and  necromancers  professed  an  ability  to  read 
the  past  and  future  from  the  lines  in  the  palm  of  the 
hand.  Even  yet  it  is  held  as  a  science  by  many,  to  be 
closely  studied  and  relied  upon.  The  "  line  of  life,"  a  c, 
for  instance,  as  shown  in  diagram,  is  the  crease  running 
around  the  base  of  the  thumb.  If  it  be  distinctly  marked 
and  of  definite  color,  life  is  predicted  as  long  and  pros- 
perous ;  but  if  it  be  pale,  broad  and  indefinite,  life  will  be 
full  of  unhappiness.  The  years  begin  at  a  as  marked  in  the  dia- 
gram, and  extend  to  c,  in  divisions  from  four  to  a  hundred  years. 
The  divisions  stand  in  their  consecutive  order  as  follows :  4,  8,  10, 
15,  20,  25,  30,  35,  40,  45,  50,  55,  60,  65,  70,  80,  90,  100. 

The  direction  and  appearance  of  h  h,  the  line  of  the  head,  bears  a 
relation  to  the  mental  attributes.  If  the  line  be  strongly  marked, 
long  and  definite,  there  is  much  strength  of  character ;  but  if  the 
line  is  wanting,  or  incomplete,  there  is  weakness  of  character  and 
vacillation,  and  the  mind  has  but  little  control  over  the  passions  and 
appetites.  The  line  c  o,  is  that  of  the  heart.  If  it  be  distinct  and 
fully  traced,  the  one  on  whose  hand  it  is  found  has  a  warm  heart, 
full  of  affection,  and  will  be  true  to  friends.  The  line  d  d,  called 
Saturn  or  fate,  when  clear  and  distinct,  and  with  few  if  any  breaks 
is  considered  a  sure  index  of  the  person  being  fortunate  in  most  un- 
dertakings. The  line  e  e  is  that  of  the  liver,  and  by  its  degree  of 
completeness  the  state  of  the  health  is  judged,  ff— in  eastern  Asia 
this  line's  development  is  watched  with  much  solicitude  as  the  youth 
advances  in  years,  and  if  well  defined  at  maturity,  there  is  great 
rejoicing  over  the  good  fortune  which  it  is  supposed  to  indicate. 
The  belt  of  Yenus,  shown  by  g  g,  is  an  evil  line. 

The  appearance  of  the  lines  m  m  are  indications  by  which  the 
length  and  success  of  life  are  foretold.  The  triple  bracelet,  mm  m, 
having  three  distinct  marks,  means  a  long  and  happy  life. 

The  varieties  in  the  shape  and  appearance  of  the  fingers  have 

321 


w 


322 


PALMISTKY. 


their  subtle  meanings,  as  follows-  Smooth  fingers,  to  which  belong 
inspiration,  passion,  instinct,  intuition,  grace ;  the  finger  with  the 
square  tip  (L),  accompanying  theories,  methods,  intellectual  taste, 
science,  combination,  literature ;  the  spatulated  finger  (M),  implying 
a  love  of  things  useful  and  physically  perceptible,  practical,  com- 
mercial, agricultural,  gymnastic ;  the  conical  finger  (N),  to  which 
belong  tlie  plastic  arts — painting,  sculpture,  architecture ;  the  pointed 


EXPLANATION  OF  DIAGRAM  OF  PALM. 


A-The  Will. 
B— Logric 

C— The  Mount  of  Venus. 
D— The  Mount  of  Jupiter. 
E— The  Mount  of  Saturn. 
F— The  Mount  of  the  Sun. 
G— The  Mount  of  Mercury. 
H— The  Mount  of  Murs. 
I— The  Mount  of  the  Moon. 
J— The  Plain  of  Mars. 
K— The  Kascette. 


L— Square  finger. 
M— Spatulate  finger 
N— Conic  finger. 
O— Pointed  nnjrer. 
P— The  first  phiilanfre. 

^The  second  iihahinge. 
The  third  pludunge. 
8— The  first  joint  (order.) 
T— The  second  joint  (philos- 
ophy.) 
ac— The  line  of  life. 


bb— Line  of  the  head. 

CO— Line  of  the  heart. 

dd— Line  of  Uatum,  or  fate. 

ee— Line  of  the  liver. 

ff— Line  of  the  Sun,  or  fortune. 

gg— Belt  of  Venus. 

h— The  quadrangle. 

i— The  triangle. 

j— The  upper  angle. 

k— The  inner  angle. 

m  m  m— The  bracelets  of  life. 


finger  (O),  which  belongs  to  contemplation,  ideality,  carelessness  of 
material  interests,  poetry  of  the  soul  and  of  the  heart,  a  desire  for 
beauty  in  form  and  essence. 

Similar  interpretations  are  given  to  the  variations  in  the  shape 
of  the  hand.  There  are  declared  to  be  seven  forms  of  the  human 
hand,  as  follows :  (1)  The  hand  elementary,  or  hand  with  a  large 
palm,  the  owner  of  which  is  content  with  simple  fields  of  labor,  and 
is  not  likely  to  soar  above  those  avocations  in  w^hich  muscle,  rather 
than  skill,  is  required ;  (2)  the  hand  necessary,  or  spatulated,  which 
goes  a  little  beyond  the  first,  and  aspires  to  be  head  gardener,  or 
foreman  over  the  laborer ;  (3)  the  hand  artistic,  or  conical,  devoted 
to  the  fine  arts,  taste  in  form  and  colors,  and  the  beautiful  in  nature ; 
(4)  the  useful,  or  square  hand,  which  is  practical,  ready  for  anything, 
fond  of  order  and  system,  willing  to  work  either  at  one  thing  or 


another ;  (5)  the  knotted  hand,  which  is  philosophical,  accompanying 
a  delight  in  the  field  of  research  and  thought,  experiment  and  appli- 
cation ;  (6)  the  psychological,  or  pointed  hand,  which  loves  perfec- 
tion in  mind,  and  seeks  beauty  of  soul,  refinement  and  culture ;  (7) 
the  mixed  hand,  blending  the  qualities  of  others  of  these  different 
types. 

The  tendencies  and  traits  as  shown  by  the  hand  should  agree  with 
those  indicated  by  the  fingers,  and  also  those  of  the  phalanges,  or 
finger  joints;  just  as  phrenology  and  physiognomy  agree.  The  entire 
hand  is  read  by  the  palmist,  and  not  simply  the  lines  upon  it. 

Hands  of  middle  size  show  a  spirit  of  synopsis,  the  conception 
and  grouping  of  details.  To  large  hands  often  belongs  a  spirit  of 
minutiae  and  trifling  detail.  The  hard  stiff  hand,  which  is  opened 
wide  and  straight  with  difficulty,  indicates  intractability,  a  mind 
without  pliancy,  fond  of  going  in  grooves. 

The  person  whose  fingers  tend  to  bend  backward,  through  sup- 
pleness and  elasticity,  is  endowed  with  sagacity,  curiosity  and  ad- 
dress. Fingers  short  and  thick  indicate  cruelty.  Fingers  long  and 
straggling  are  those  of  the  intriguing  and  impostors,  cheats  and 
sharpers.  Persons  with  very  smooth,  transparent  fingers  are  curious 
and  indiscreet.  If  the  fingers  are  smooth  and  conical  it  is  a  sign  of 
talkativeness  and  levity  of  mind.  The  musical  mind  is  accompanied 
by  long,  well  formed  fingers.  If  the  fingers  lie  perfectly  parallel, 
so  that  when  held  together  no  light  can  be  seen  between  them,  it  is 
a  sign  of  avarice.  Strong  and  knotted  fingers  mean  prudence  and 
capacity. 

Th^  swelled  muscles  or  "  mounts"  in  the  hand  indicate,  according 
to  which  of  them  predominate  [see  explanation]  the  ruling  planets. 
The  sons  of  Jupiter  are  strong,  easy,  jovial,  frank;  but  his  step- 
children are  dissipated,  vindictive  and  quarrelsome.  The  Saturnians 
are  long,  thin,  pale,  gloomy,  morose,  grumbling.  Another  class  of 
them  are  greedy,  idle,  hungry,  sharpers.  The  children  of  the  Sun 
are  endowed  with  beauty  and  grandeur  of  soul,  cheerful  but  wise. 
His  less  favored  offspring  are  small,  vain,  boasting.  The  men  born 
under  the  influence  of  Mercury  are  slim,  wiry,  active,  boyish,  ani- 
mated, clever  and  skillful.  The  sons  of  Mars  are  large,  strong-built, 
red  faced,  bold,  reckless,  great  eaters  and  drinkers,  fighters,  politi- 
cians. They  may  also  be  burglars,  garroters,  thieves,  brawlers  and 
demagogues.  The  descendants  of  the  Moon  are  changeable,  capri- 
cious, restless,  cold,  indolent,  untruthful,  mystical  rather  than  religious, 
and  full  of  curiosity.  The  children  of  Venus  are  fond  of  gay  cloth- 
ing, love  pleasure,  and  are  amiable,  affectionate,  compassionate. 


NOMS-DES-PLUME. 

^J^- 

'T^IIE   following  are  the  noms-des-plume  or  fictitious  names  by 

-*-      which  the  authorship  of  their  works  is  generally  known,  of 

the  more  noted  public  writers  in  the  various  branches  of  literature : 


A   Minute   Philosopher — Rev.    Charles 

Kingsley. 
An  American — J.  Feuimore  Cooper. 
An  Irishman — Tlioma-s  Moore. 
An  Old  Stager— Mam,ell  B.  Field. 
Ariel — Stephen  R.  Fiske. 
Artemus  Ward— Charles  F.  Brown. 
Arthur  Penn  (Puck) — II.  O.  Bonner. 
Aunt  Fanny — Mrs.  Fanny  Barrow. 
A  Yankee — Richard  Grant  White. 

Bab-W.  8.  Gilbert. 
Bailey— Fred  Douglass. 
Barber  Poet — Jacques  Jasmin. 
Bard  of  Avon — William  Shakspeare. 
Bard  of  Ayreshire — Robert  Burns. 
Bard  of  Hope — Thomas  Campbell. 
Bard  of  Memory — Samuel  Rogers. 
Bard  of  Olney — William  Cowp>er. 
Bard  of  Royal  Mount — William  Words- 
worth. 
Bard  of  Twickenham — Alexander  Pope. 
Baron  Stack — Madame  Rattazzi. 
Barrabas  Whitef eather — Douglas  Jerrold. 
Benedict  Cruiser — George  Augustus  Sala. 
Berwibk — James  Redpath. 
Beulah — Fannie  D.  Bates. 
Boz — Charles  Dickens. 
Bret  Harte — Francis  B.  Harte. 
Brick-toj) — George  C.  Small. 
Brudder  Bones — John  F.  Scott. 

Carl  Benson — Charles  Astor  Bristed. 

Carrie  Carleton — ilary  Booth. 

Cecil  Davenant — Rev.  Davenant  Cole- 
ridge. 

Charlotte  Elizabeth— Charlotte  Elizabeth 
Brown. 

Chinese  Philosopher— Oliver  Goldsmith. 

Christian  Reid — Francis  C.  Fisher. 

Christopher  Crawfield — Harriet  Beecher 
Stowe. 

Cid  Hamet— T.  B.  Macaulay. 

Countess  Dash — Viscountess  de  St  Mars. 

Corry  O'Lanus — John  Stanton. 

Cousin  Alice — Mrs.  Haven. 

Currer  Bell — Charlotte  Bronte. 

Dalmocand — George  Macdonald. 
Dean  of  St.  Patrick — Jonathan  Swift. 
Dicky  Lingard — Harriet  Sarah  Dunning. 
Diedrich     Knickerbocker  —  Washington 

Irving. 
Don  John — Jean  Ingelow. 
Drift- Wood— H.  W.  Longfellow. 


324 


Edward  Sexby — Josiah  Quincy. 
E.  11.  T.— Earl  of  Derby. 
Elia — Charles  Lamb. 
Elizabetli  Berger — Elizabeth  Sheppard. 
Elizabeth  Wetherell— Susan  Warner. 
Ellen  Louise — Ellen  Louise  Chandler. 
Eraile  Dalamothe — Emil  de  Girardin. 
English  Opium  Eater — Thomas  de  Quin- 

cev. 
English  Palladio — Inigo  Jones. 
Erodore — Jacob  Abbott. 
Ethan  Spike— Matthew  G.  Whittier. 
Exile  of  Erin— Rev.  M.  W.  Newman. 

Fanny  Fern — Sarah  Payson  Willis  (after- 
wards Mrs.  Farrington). 

Fanny  Forrester — Emily  C.  Chubbuck 
(afterwards  Mrs.  Adoniram  Jackson). 

Fat  Contributor  —  William  Makepeace 
Thackeray. 

Felix  Muny — E.  A.  Duyckinck. 

Fitz  Noodle  (Puck)— B.  B.  Valentine. 

Flaneur — Edmund  Yates. 

Florence  Marryatt — Mrs.  Roes  Church. 

Florence  Percy — Elizabeth  A.  Aken  (after- 
wards Mrs.  B.  P.  Akers). 

Francis  Herbert— William  Cullen  Bryant. 

Frank  Churchill — George  Henry  Lewes. 

Frank  Forrester — Henry  William  Her- 
bert. 

Frank  Leslie — Frank  Collier. 

Gail  Hamilton — Mary  Abigail  Dodge. 

Galaxy  Club — Don  P*iatt  and  Mark 
Twain. 

G.  A.  S. — (Jeorge  Augustus  Sala. 

Gath — George  Alfred  Townsend. 

Geoffrey  Crayon,  Esq. — Washington  Ir- 
ving. 

George  Eliott — Mrs.  George  H.  Lewes. 

George  Fitz-Boodle — William  JSIakepeace 
Thackeray. 

George  Sana — Madame  Dudevant. 

Gerald  Griffin — Dion  Boucicault. 

Godfrey  Sparks — Charles  Dickens. 

Grace  Greenwood — Mrs.  L.  K.  Lippin- 
cott. 


Hans  Breitman — Charles  G.  Leland. 
Hans  Yorkel — A.  Oakey  Hall. 
Harry  Lorrequer — Charles  Lever. 
H.  E.  M. — Cardinal  Manning. 
Henry  Browning — Douglas  Jerrold. 
Honestus — Benjamin  Austin. 
Horace  Homem — Lord  Byron. 


NOM8-DE8-PLUME 


Hosea  Bigelow — James  Russell  Lowell. 
Howard  Glyndon — Laura  C.  Belden  (after- 
wards Mrs.  Edward  C.  Searing). 
Howard  Markham — Mary  Cecil  Hay. 
H.  Trusta — Elizabeth  Stewart  Phelps. 
Hugh  Littlejohn — John  Hugh  Lockhart. 

Iconoclast — Charles  Bradlaugh. 

Ikey  Solomon,  Jr. — William  Makepeace 

Thackeray. 
Ik  Marvel— Donald  Q.  Mitchell. 
Irish  Man — Thomas  Moore. 
Isaac  Bickerstaff — Dean  Swift. 
Isaac  Tompkins,  Gent — Lord  Brougham. 
Ivan  Ort — Ossian  E.  Dodge. 

Jack  Bunsby — Theodore  H.  Vanderburgh. 
Jack  Downing,  of  Downingsville — Seba 

Smith. 
Jack  Ketch — Thomas  Kibbe  Hervey. 
James  Yellowplush — William  Makepeace 

Thackeray. 
Jean    Paul — Johann     Paul     Friederich 

Richter. 
Jedediah  Cheisbotham — Sir  Walter  Scott. 
Jeems  Pipes,  of  Pipesville — Stephen  C. 

Massett. 
Jennie  June — Mrs.  Jennie  C.  Croly. 
J.  H.  N. — Cardinal  Newman. 
Joaquin  Miller — CincinnatusHeine  Miller. 
Josh  Billings — Henry  W.  Shaw. 

Kampa  Thorpe — Mrs.  F.  W.  Bellamy. 
Kate  Phusin — John  Ruskin. 
Kirk  White— H.  K.  White. 
Kirwan — Rev.  Nicholas  Murray. 
Kit  Carson — Christopher  Karson. 

Laicus — Rev.  Lyman  Abbott. 
LauncelotLongstaff — Washington  Irving. 
Launcelot  Templeton — Sir  Walter  Scott. 
Learned  Blacksmith — Elihu  Burrett. 
Lemuel  Gulliver — Jonathan  Swift. 
Littlejohn — R.  Shelton  Mackenzie. 
Lord  Dundreary — Rev.  Charles  Kingsley. 
Lycidas— John  Milton. 

Major  Jack  Downing — Seba  Smith. 

JVIalachi  Malgrowther — Sir  Walter  Scott. 

Manchester  Manufacturer — Richard  Cob- 
den. 

Margaret  Sidney — Mrs.  H.  B.  Stowe. 

Marginalia — Edgar  Allen  Poe. 

Marion  Harland — Mrs.  E.  P.  Terhune. 

Markham  Howard — Mary  Cecil  Hay. 

Mark  Twain — Samuel  L.  Clemens. 

Max  Miller — I.  Harley  Brock. 

Max  Mannering — J.  G.  Holland. 

M.  de  Viellerge — Honore  de  Balzac. 

Meister  Karl — Charles  G.  Leland. 

Michael  Angelo  Titmarsh— William  M. 
Thackeray, 

Miles  O'Reilly — Charles  G.  Halpine. 

M.  Quad— Charles  B.  Lewis. 

Mrs.  Horace  Manners — Algernon  C. 
Swinburne. 


Mrs.    Mary  Clavers — Mrs.   Caroline  M. 

Kirklund. 
Mrs.  Partington— B.  P.  Shillaber. 

Ned  Buntline — Edward  Z.  C.  Johnson. 
Nellie  Grahame — Mrs.  A.  K.  Dunning. 
Nestor — Sir  Richard  Steele. 
Norma — Elizabeth  Aiken.  \ 

Nym  Crinkle — Andrew  C.  Wheeler. 
Old  Bacheldor — George  William  Curtis. 
Old  Boy — Thomas  Hughes. 
Old  Public  Functionary — James  Buch- 
anan. 
Old  South — Benjamin  Austin. 
Old  Stager— Mansell  B.  Field. 
Oliver  Oldschool — Nathan  Sargent. 
Oliver  Optic — William  T.  Adams. 
Oliver  Yorke,  Esq. — Francis  S;  Maloney. 
Oofty  Goof t— Gus  Phillips. 
Orpheus  C.  Kerr — Robert  H.  Newell. 
Ossian — James  Macpherson. 
Ossoli — Margaret  Fuller. 
Ouida — Louise  de  la  Rame. 
Oxford  Graduate — John  Ruskin. 

Pacificus — Alexander  Hamilton. 
Parson  Brownlow — Wi|liam  G.  Brown- 
low. 
Parson  Lot — Rev.  Charles  Kingsley. 
Pastor's  Wife — Mrs.  Austin  Phelps. 
Paul  Prendergast — Douglas  Jerrold. 
Paul  Pry — John  Poole. 
Peleg  Wales — William  A.  Croffut. 
Penholder — Edward  E>rgleston. 
Peter  Parley — Samuel  G.  Goodrich. 
Peter  Pattieson— Sir  Walter  Scott. 
Peter  Pindar — C.  F.  Lawler. 
Peter  Plymley — Sidney  Smith. 
Petroleum  V.  Nasby — David  R.  Locke. 
Philip  Slingsby — Nathaniel  P.  Willis. 
Policeman  X. — William  M.  Thackeray. 
Poor  Richard — Benjamin  Franklin. 
Porte  Crayon — David  H.  Strother. 

Quaker  Poet — John  G.  Whittier. 
Q.  K.  Philander  Doesticks — Mortimer  N. 
Thompson. 

Raconteur — Benjamin  Perley  Poore. 
Raoul  de  Navry — Lady  Georgiana  Fuller- 
ton. 
Rev.  Dr.  Dryasdust — Sir  Walter  Scott. 
Richard  Hay  ward — Fred  S.  Cozzens. 

Sam  Slick — Judge  T.  C.  Haliburton. 

Saxe  Holme — Mis.  Alma  C.  Johnson. 

Seth  Spicer — Benjamin  F.  Gould. 

Sir  Marmaduke — Theodore  Tilton. 

Slingsby  Lawrence  —  George  Henry 
Lewes. 

Solon  Shingle — Caleb  Dunn. 

Sophie  May — Rebecca  S.  Clarke. 

Sparrowgrass — Fred  S.  Cozzens. 

Stedman — Elizabeth  C.  Dodge  (after- 
wards Mrs.  Kinney). 

Strauss,  Jr. — Kate  Field. 

Susan  Coolidge — Susan  C.  Woolsey. 


Tag,  Rag  and  Bobtail — I.  Disraeli. 

Tlie  Disbanded  Volunteer — Joseph  Bar- 
ker. 

The  Landgrave — Mrs.  T.  K.  Harvey. 

The  Misses  Wetherell — Susan  and  Anna 
Warner. 

The  Vagabond — Adam  Badeau. 

Thomas  Maitland— Robert  Buchanan. 

Thomas  Rowley — Thomas  Chatterton. 

Tiger  Lily — Lillie  Devereux  Blake. 

Timon— Donald  G.  Mitchell. 

Timothy  Tickler— John  K.  Paulding. 

Timothy  Titcomb— J.  G.  Holland. 

Triangle — Frank  BcUew. 

T.  T.— Theodore  Tilton. 

U.  Donough  Outis — Richard  Grant  White. 
Una  Savin — Mrs.  George  H.  Hep  worth. 
Uncle  Herbert— T.  8.  Arthur. 
Uncle  Jerrv — Mrs.  Charles  E,  Porter. 
Uncle  Paul — Samuel  Barham,  Jr. 
Uncle  Toby— Rev.  T.  H.  Miller. 
Uncle  Willis— Stephen  W.  Tilton. 

Vandianus — Thomas  Hughes. 
Vanderwerken — William  Cooper. 
Vandyke  Brown — William  Penn  Bran- 


Veteran  Observer — Edward  D.  Mansfield. 
V.  Hugo  Dusenbury  (Puck) — H.  C.  Bon- 
ner. 
Viator — Benjamin  O.  Taylor. 
Vicar  of  Bray — S.  Alleyn. 
Victor  Granella — R.  Tardieu. 
Violet  Fane — Mrs.  Cecil  Singleton. 

Walking  Gentleman— T,  C.  Grattan. 
Waters— William  H.  Russell. 
Waverley— Sir  Walter  Scott. 
Weaver  Poet — William  Thome. 
Wetherell — Susan  Warner. 
What'shisname — E.  C.  3Iassey. 
Widow   Bedott— Frances  M.  Whatcher. 
Wild  Edgerton — Brock  McVickar. 
William       Edward       Sidney  —  Beveriy 

Tucker. 
Wonderful  Quiz — James  Russell  Lowell. 

Yankee— Richard  Grant  White. 
Yawcob  Strauss — Charles  F.  Adams. 
Young  American — Alexander  S.  Macken- 
zie. 
Young  Rapid — Col.  T.  Allston  Browne. 

Z. — Hannah  Moore. 

Zekel  Allspice — John  Cooper  Vail. 

Zeta — James  Anthony  Froude. 


TABLE  Showing  the  Yield  Per  Acre  (in  Pounds)  of  Sundry  i'ruits,  Vegfeta- 

bles  and  Cereals. 


Yield. 

Apples 8,000 

Barley 1,800 

Beans 2.000 

Cabbages 10,800 

Carrots 6,800 

Cherries 2,000 

Chinque  foil  grass 9,600 

Grass 7,000 

Hay 4,000 

Hops 46< 

Mangrel  Wurzel 22,000 


field. 

Oats 1,840 

OaiODS 2,800 

Parsnips 11,200 

Pears 6,000 

Peas 1,820 

Plums 2,000 

Potatoes 7,500 

Turnips 8,420 

Vetches,  ereeu.  J 9,800 

Wheat 1,260 


Ag^es  Attained  by  Various  Animals. 


Rabbits 5to   7  years 

Squirrels 6  to   9  years 

Sheep 7  to  10  years 

Dosrs 14  to  2U  years 

Foxes 12  to  16  years 

Cats 12  to  16  years 

"Pigs 15to20  years 


Deer 18  to  30  years 

Bears 18  to  20  years 

Cows 18  to  20  years 

Horses 2StoaO  years 

Porpoises 28  to  30  years 

Lions 60  to  70  years 

Camels  average 100  years 


Ravens  average —  100  years 

Eagles  average 100  years 

Tortoises  average..  100 years 

Swans  average 300  years 

Elephants  average . .  400  years 
Whales  sometimes 

attain 1,000  years 


QUOTATIONS    IN    PROSE   AND    POLTRY. 


JOSEPH  ADDISON. 

My  voice  is  still  for  war. 
Gods !  Can  a  Koman  senate  long  debate 
Which  of  the  two  to  choose,  slavery  or  death? 

A  day,  an  hour,  of  virtuous  liberty 
Is  worth  a  whole  eternity  in  bondage. 

When  vice  prevails,  and  impious  men  bear 

sway. 
The  post  of  honor  is  a  private  station. 

And,  pleased  the  Almighty's  orders  to  per- 
form. 
Rides  in  the  whirlwind  and  directs  the  storm. 

FRANCIS  BACON. 

No  pleasure  is  comparable  to  the  standing 
upon  the  vantsige  ground  of  truth. 

A  little  philosophy  inclineth  a  man's  mind 
to  atheism,  but  depth  in  philosophy  bringeth 
men's  minds  about  to  religion. 

Some  books  are  to  be  tasted,  others  to  be 
swallowed,  and  some  few  are  to  be  chewed 
and  digested. 

Reading  maketh  a  full  man,  conference  a 
ready  man,  and  writing  an  exact  man. 

Knowledge  is  power. 

God  made  the  country,  and  man  made  the 
town. 

My  Lord  St.  Albans  said  that  nature  did 
never  put  her  precious  jewels  into  a  garret 
four  stories  high,  and  therefore  that  exceed- 
ing tall  men  had  ever  very  empty  heads. 


EDMUND  BURKE. 

There  is,  however,  a  limit  at  which  forbear- 
ance ceases  to  be  a  virtue. 

The  march  of  the  human  mind  is  slow. 

All  government,  indeed  every  human  ben- 
efit and  enjoyment,  every  virtue  and  every 
prudent  act,  is  founded  on  compromise  and 
barter. 

He  that  wrestles  with  us  strengthens  our 
nerves  and  sharpens  our  skill. 

Our  antagonist  is  our  helper. 

He  was  not  merely  a  chip  off  the  old  block, 
but  the  old  block  itself. 

SAMUEL  BUTLER. 

Some  have  been  beaten  till  they  know 
What  wood  a  cudgel's  of  by  th'  blow  ; 
Some  kicked  until  they  cou'  feel  whether 
A  shoe  be  Spanish  or  neat's  leather. 

Quoth  she,  I've  heard  old  cunning  stagers 
Hay,  fools  for  arguments  use  wagers. 


327 


To  swallow  gudgeons  ere  they're  catched, 
And  count  their  chickens  ere  they're  hatched. 

For  those  that  fly  may  flght  again. 
Which  he  can  never  do  that's  slain. 

He  that  complies  against  his  will 
Is  of  his  own  opinion  still. 

LORD  BYRON. 

Maid  of  Athens,  ere  we  part. 
Give,  O,  give  me  back  my  heart. 

My  native  land,  good  night! 

On  with  the  dance !  let  joy  be  unconflned. 

And  there  was  mounting  in  hot  haste. 

Or  whispering,  with  white  lips,  "  The  foe ! 
They  come .'  they  come ! " 

The  thorns  which  I  have  reaped  are  of  the 

tree 
I  planted;  they  have  torn  me,  and  I  bleed ; 
I  should  have  known  what  fruit  would  spring 

from  such  a  seed. 

Fare  thee  well !  and  if  forever. 
Still  forever  fare  thee  well. 

My  boat  is  on  the  shore. 
And  my  bark  is  on  the  sea. 

He  was  the  mildest-mannered  man 
That  ever  scuttled  ship  or  cut  a  throat. 

'Tis  strange,  but  true;  for  truth  is  always 
strange ; 
Stranger  than  fiction. 

THOMAS  CAMPBELL. 
'Tis  distance  lends  enchantment  to  the  view, , 
And  robes  the  mountain  in  its  azure  hue. 

Another's  sword  has  laid  him  low, 

Another's  and  another's ; 
And  every  hand  that  dealt  the  blow. 

Ah  me  !  it  was  his  brother's ! 

'Tis  the  sunset  of  life  gives  me  mystical  lore. 
And  coming  events  cast  their  shadows  before. 

Oh,  leave  this  barren  spot  to  me ! 

Spare,  woodman,  spare  the  beechen  tree. 

COLLEY  GIBBER. 
Now,  by  St.  Paul,  the  work  goes  bravely  on. 

Off  with  his  head !    So  much  for  Bucking- 
ham. 

Perish  that  thought !    No,  never  be  it  said 

That  Fate  itself  could  awe  the  soul  of  Rich- 
ard. 

Hence,  babbling  dreams  1  you  threaten  here 
in  vain ; 

Conscience,  avaunt !  Richard's  himself  again ! 

Hark!  the  shrill  trumpet  sounds  to  horse; 
away! 

My  soul's  in  arms  and  eager  for  the  fray, 


AUTHOE  8   EEFEEENCE8. 


As  good  be  out  of  the  world  as  out  of  the 
fashion. 

We  shall  find  no  fiend  in  hell  can  match  the 
fury  of  a  disappointed  woman  —  scorned ! 
slighted !  dismissed  without  u  parting  pang ! 

This  business  will  never  hold  water. 

Stolen  sweets  are  best. 

Possession  is  eleven  points  in  the  law. 

Words  are  but  empty  thanks. 

WILLIAM  CONGREVE. 

Music  hath   charms  to  soothe  the  e&vage 

beast, 
To  soften  rocks,  or  bend  a  knotted  oak. 

Heaven  has  no  rage  like  love  to  hatred 

turned: 
Nor  hell  a  fury  like  a  woman  scorned. 

Thus  grief  still   treads   upon   the   heels  of 

pleasure'; 
Married  in  haste,  we  may  repent  at  leisure. 

Defer  not  till  to-morrow  to  be  wise ; 
To-morrow's  sun  to  thee  may  never  rise. 

JOHN  DRYDEN. 

Whatever  he  did  was  done  with  so  much  ease. 
In  him  alone  'twas  natural  to  please. 

And  all  to  leave  what  with  his  toil  he  won 
To  that  unfeathered  two-legged  thing— a  son. 

Resolved  to  ruin  or  to  rule  the  state. 

Beware  the  fury  of  a  patient  man. 

Better  to  hunt  in  fields  for  health  unbought. 
Than  fee  the  doctor  for  a  nauseous  draught. 
The  wise  for  cure  on  exercise  depend ; 
God  never  made  his  work  for  man  to  mend. 

None  but  the  brave  deserves  the  fair. 

Fallen,  fallen,  fallen,  fallen. 
Fallen  from  his  high  estate. 

And  weltering  in  lii.'i  blood; 
Deserted,  at  his  utmost  need. 
By  those  his  former  bounty  fed ; 
On  the  bare  earth  expost'd  he  lies. 
With  not  a  friend  to  close  his  eyes. 

Ill  habits  gather  by  unseen  degrees ; 

As  brooks  make  rivers,  rivers  run  to  seas. 

Errors  like  straws  upon  the  surface  flow ; 
He  who  would  search  for  pearls  must  dive 
below. 

Forgiveness  to  the  injured  does  belong ; 
But  they  ne'er  pardon  who  have  done  the 
wrong. 

When  I  consider  life,  'tis  all  a  cheat ; 
Yet,  fooled  with  hope,  men  favor  the  deceit ; 
Trust  on,  and  think  to-morrow  will  repay: 
To-morrow's  falser  than  the  former  day ; 
'Tis  worse,  and,  while  it  says  we  shall  be  blest 
With  some  new  jovs,  cuts  off  what  we  possest. 
Strange  cozenage  .'none  would  live  past  years 

again. 
Yet  all  hope  pleasure  in  what  yet  remain. 
And  from  the  dregs  of  life  think  to  receive 
What  the  first  sprightly  running  could  not 
give. 

Bless  the  hand  that  gave  the  blow. 

As  sure  as  a  gun. 


BENJAMIN  FRANKLIN. 
God  helps  them  that  help  themselves. 
Plough  deep  while  sluggards  sleep. 


Never  leave  that  till  to-morrow  which  you 
can  do  to-day. 

Three  removes  are  as  bad  as  a  fire. 

Vessels  large  may  venture  more. 

But  little  boata  should  keep  near  shore. 

He  haa  paid  dear,  very  dear,  for  his  whistle. 

ROBERT  HERRICK. 

Some  asked  me  where  the  rubies  grew. 

And  nothing  I  did  say. 
But  with  ray  nnger  pointed  to 

The  lips  of  Julia. 

Gather  ye  rose-buds  while  ye  may. 

Old  Time  is  still  a-fiying. 
And  this  Hiiine  ttowor  that  smiles  to-day, 

To-morrow  will  be  dying. 

You  say  to  me-w&rds,  your  affection's  strong; 
Pray  love  me  little,  so  you  love  me  long. 

But  ne'er  the  rose  without  the  thorn. 

Attempt  the  end,  and  never  stand  to  doubt; 
Nothing's  so  hard  but  search  will  find  it  out. 


THOMAS  GRAY. 

And  happiness  so  swiftly  flies. 
Thought  would  destroy  their  paradise. 
No  more ;  —  where  ignorance  u  bliss 
'   Tis  folly  to  be  wise. 

The  curfew  tolls  the  knell  of  parting  day, 
The  lowing  herd  winds  slowly  o'er  the  lea. 
The  plowman  homeward  plods  his  wearj-  way, 
And  leaves  the  world  to  darkness  and  to  me. 

The  boast  of  heraldry,  the  iK)mp  of  power. 
And  all  that  l>eauty,all  that  wc-alth  e'er  gave. 
Await  alike  the  inevitable  hour. 
The  pattis  of  glory  lead  but  to  the  grave. 

Full  man}'  a  gem  of  purest  ray  serene 
The  dark  unfatliomed  caves  of  ocean  bear; 
F'ull  many  a  flower  is  tK)rii  to  blush  unseen 
And  waste  its  sweetness  on  the  desert  air. 

Far  from  the  madding  crowd's  ignoble  strife. 
Their  sober  wishes  never  learned  to  stray ; 
Along  the  cool  sequestered  vale  of  life 
They  kept  the  noiseless  tenor  of  their  way. 

Here  rests  his  bead  upon  the  lap  of  earth, 
A  youth  to  fortune  and  to  fame  unknown ; 
Fair  Science   frowned   not  on   his   humble 

birth. 
And  Melancholy  marked  him  for  her  own. 

OLIVER  GOLDSMITH. 

Such  is  the  patriot's  beast,  where'er  we  roam, 
His  first,  best  country,  ever  is  at  home. 

Where  wealth  and  freedom  reign,  content- 
ment falls. 

And  honour  sinks  where  commerce  long  pre- 
vails. 

For  just  experience  tells,  in  every  soU, 
That  those  that  think  must  govern  those  that 
toil. 

His  best  companions,  innocence  and  health. 
And  his  best  riches,  ignorance  of  wealth. 

And  in  that  town  a  dog  was  found. 

As  many  dogs  there  be. 
Both  mongrel,  puppy,  whelp  and  hound. 

And  curs  of  low  degree. 

Good  people  all,  with  one  accord. 

Lament  for  Madam  Blaize, 
Who  never  wanted  a  good  word 

From  those  who  spoke  her  praise. 

Measures,  not  men,  have  always  been  my 
mark. 


I'll  be  with  you  in  the  squeezing  of  a  lemon. 

I  love  everything:  that's  old:  old  friends, 
old  times,  old  manners,  old  books,  old  wine. 

Ask  me  no  questions  and  I'll  tell  you  no 
fibs. 

SAMUEL  JOHNSON. 

If  he  does  really  think  that  there  is  no  dis- 
tinction between  virtue  and  vice,  why,  sir, 
when  he  leaves  our  houses,  let  us  count  our 
spoons. 

Sir,  a  woman  preaching  is  like  a  dog's  walk- 
ing on  his  hind  legs.  It  is  not  done  well ;  but 
you  are  surprised  to  find  it  done  at  all. 

Much  may  be  made  of  a  Scotchman  if  he  be 
caught  young. 

HENRY  W.  LONGFELLOW. 

Tell  me  not  In  mournful  numbers, 
''  Life  is  but  an  empty  dream  ! " 
For  the  soul  is  dead  that  slumbers, 
And  things  are  not  what  they  seem. 

Art  is  long,  and  time  is  fleeting. 
And  our  hearts,  though  stout  and  brave, 

Still,  like  raiifBod  drums,  are  beating 
Funeral  marches  to  the  grave. 

There  is  a  Reaper  whose  name  is  Death, 

And,  with  his  sickle  keen, 
He  reaps  the  bearded  grain  at  a  breath. 

And  the  flowers  that  grow  between. 

And  the  night  shall  be  filled  with  music, 
And  the  cares  that  infest  the  day 

Shall  fold  their  tents,  like  the  Arabs, 
And  as  silently  steal  away. 

The  heights  by  great  men  reached  and  kept 
Were  not  attained  by  sudden  flight. 

But  they,  while  their  companions  slept. 
Were  toiling  upward  in  the  night. 

There   is  no  flock,  however  watched  and 
tended. 

But  one  dead  lamb  is  there ; 
There  is  no  fireside,  howsoe'er  defended. 

But  has  one  vacant  chair. 

There  is  no  Death !    What  seems  so  is  trans- 
ition\; 

This  life  of  mortal  breath 
Is  but  a  suburb  of  the  life  elvsian. 

Whose  portal  we  call  Deatn. 

JOHN  MILTON. 

Where  peace 
And  rest  can  never  dwell,  hope  never  comes 
That  comes  at  all. 

Awake,  arise,  or  be  forever  fallen. 

Who  overcomes 
By  force,  hath  overcome  but  half  his  foe. 

Accuse  not  Nature,  she  hath  done  her  part ; 
Do  thou  but  thine. 

How  gladly  would  I  meet 
Mortality  my  sentence,  and  be  earth 
Insensible  I  how  glad  would  lay  me  down 
As  in  my  mother's  lap  ! 

So  may'st  thou  live,  till  like  ripe  fruit  thou 
drop 
Into  thy  mother's  lap. 

Nor  love  thy  life,  nor  hate ;  but  what  thou 

liv'st 
.   Live  well;  how   long  or  short  permit  to 

heaven. 

Rocks  whereon  greatest  men  have  oftest 
wrecked. 

The  childhood  shows  the  man, 
As  morning  shows  the  day. 


What  boots  it  at  one  gate  to  make  defense 
And  at  another  to  let  In  the  foe? 

For  evil  news  rides  post,  while  good  news 
baits. 

It  were  a  journey  like  the  path  to  heaven, 
To  help  you  And  them. 

Swinish  gluttonv 
Ne'er  looks  to  Heaven  amidst  his  gorgeous 

feast, 
But,  with  besotted  base  ingratitude, 
Crams,  and  blasphemes  his  feeder. 

Fame  is  no  plant  that  grows  on  mortal  soil. 

Sport,  that  wrinkled  Care  derides. 
And  Laughter  holding  both  his  sides; 
Come,  and  trip  it  as  you  go 
On  the  light  fantastic  toe. 

License  they  mean  when  they  cry  liberty. 

THOMAS  MOORE. 

This  narrow  isthmus  'twixt  two  boundless 

seaa. 
The  past,  the  future — two  eternities. 

O,  ever  thus  from  childhood's  hour 

I've  seen  my  fondest  hopes  decay: 
I  never  loved  a  tree  or  flower 

But  'twas  the  first  to  fade  away. 
I  never  nursed  a  dear  gazelle 

To  glad  me  with  its  soft  blHck  eve, 
But  when  it  came  to  know  me  well, 

And  love  me.  It  was  sure  to  die. 

Rich  and  rare  were  the  gems  she  wore. 
And  a  bright  gold  ring  on  her  wand  she  bore. 

Shall  I  ask  the  brave  soldier  who  fights  by  my 

side 
In  the  cause  of  mankind,  if  our  creeds  agree? 

'Tis  the  last  rose  of  summer. 
Left  blooming  alone. 

You  may  break,  you  may  shatter,  the  vase  if 

j'ou  will. 
But  the  scent  of  the  roses  will  hang  round  It 
still. 

My  only  books 
Were  woman's  looks. 
And  folly's  all  they've  taught  me. 

Oft  in  the  stilly  night. 

Ere  Slumber's  chain  has  bound  me, 
Fond  memory  brings  the  light 
Of  other  days  around  me ; 

The  smiles,  the  tears. 

Of  boyhood's  years. 
The  words  of  love  then  spoken ; 

The  eyes  that  shone, 

Now  dimmed  and  gone. 
The  cheerful  hearts  now  broken. 

ALEXANDER  POPE. 

Pleased  to  the  last,  he  crops  the  flowery  food. 
And  licks  the  hand  just  raised  to  shed  his 
blood. 

Hope  springs  eternal  in  the  human  breast : 
Man  never  is,  but  always  to  be  blest. 
The  soul,  uneasy  and  confined  from  home. 
Rests  and  expatiates  in  a  life  to  come. 

Lo,  the  poor  Indian  !  whose  untutored  mind 
See  God  in  clouds,  or  hears  Him  in  the  wind; 
His  soul  proud  Science  never  taught  to  stray 
Far  as  the  solar  walk  or  milky  way. 

A  little  learning  Is  a  dangerous  thing ; 
Drink  deep,  or  taste  not  the  Pierian  spring : 
There  shallow  draughts  intoxicate  the  brain. 
And  drinking  largely  sobers  us  again. 

To  err  is  human,  to  forgive  divine 

He's  armed  without  that's  innocent  within, 


AUTHOR  8    BEFEEENCE8. 


Praise  undeserved  is  scandal  in  disguise. 

Who  dares  think  one  thing,  and  another  tell. 
My  heart  detests  him  as  the  gates  of  hell. 

He  serves  me  most  who  ser^'es  his  country 
best. 

Whatever  day 
Makes  man  a  slave  takes  half  his  worth  away. 

Know  then  thyself;  presume  not  God  to  scan ; 
The  proper  study  oi  mankind  is  man. 

Honor  and  shame  from  no  condition  rise; 
Act  well  your  i>art,  there  all  the  honor  lies. 

A  wit's  a  feather,  and  a  chief  a  rod ; 

An  honest  man's  the  noblest  work  of  God. 

'Tis  education  forms  the  common  mind  ; 
Just  as  the  twig  48  bent  the  tree's  inclined. 

Who  shall  decide,  when  doctors  disaerree. 
And  soundest  casuists  doubt,  like  you  and  me? 

811AKSPEARE. 

There's  nothing  ill  can  dwell  io  such  a  tem- 
ple: 
If  the  ill  spirit  liave  so  fair  a  house. 
Good  things  will  strive  to  dwell  with  't. 

—The  Ttmpa/L 

That  man  that  hath  a  tongue,  I  say,  is  no  man, 
If  with  his  tongue  he  cannot  win  a  woman. 

-Ibid. 
Why,  then  the  world's  mine  oyster, 
Which  I  with  sword  will  open. 

—Merry  \i'iv€«  of  Windgor. 

The  rankest  compound  of  villainous  smell 
that  ever  offended  nostril.  —Ibid, 

Some  rise  by  sin,  and  some  by  virtue  falL 
—MeoMLref^r  Measure. 

C!ondemn  the  fault,  and  not  the  actor  of  it. 

—Ibid. 
O,  it  is  excellent 
To  have  a  giant's  strength ;  but  it  Is  tyran- 
nous 
To  use  it  like  a  giant.  —Ibid. 

The  weariest  and  most  loathed  worldly  life 

That  age,  i)enury,  and  imprisonment 

Can  lay  on  nature  is  a  paradise 

To  what  we  fear  of  death.  — Ibid. 

What's  mine  is  yours,  and  what  is  yours  is 
mine.  —Ibid. 

Benedick,  the  married  man.      —Ibid. 

I  thank  God  I  am  as  honest  as  any  man 
living  that  is  an  old  man  and  no  honester 
than  1.— Afuc/i  Ado  About  Nothing. 

O  that  he  were  here  to  write  me  down  an 
ass  \—lbid. 

Affliction  may  one  day  smile  again;  and 
till  then,  sit  thee  down,  sorrow  l-lMve^a  La- 
bor Lost! 

A  Hon  among  ladies  is  a  most  dreadful  thing. 
—Midsummer  Night^s  Dream. 

They  are   as  sick,  that   surfeit  with   too 
luch,  as  th 
Merchant  of 


much,  as  they  that  starve  with  nothing, 
of  Vt 


You  take  my  house  when  you  do  take  the 

prop 
That  doth  sustain  my  house ;  you  take  my 

life 
When  you  do  take  the  means  whereby  I  live. 

—Ibid. 

And  so,  from  hour  to  hour,  we  ripe  and  ripe. 
And  then,  from  hour  to  hour,  we  rot  and  rot ; 
And  thereby  hangs  a  tale. 

—A8  Tou  Like  It. 


Blow,  blow,  thou  winter  wind. 

Thou  art  not  so  unkind 

As  man's  ingratitude.  —Ibid. 

He  that  wants  money,  means,  and  content 
is  without  these  good  friends.— /t>id. 

I  had  rather  have  a  fool  to  make  me  merry 
than  experience  to  make  me  sad.— /bW. 

Men  are  April  when  they  woo,  December 
when  they  wed.—/  bid. 

Chewing  the  food  of  sweet  and  bitter  fancy. 
-IbUl. 

No  sooner  met  but  they  looked,  no  sooner 
looked  but  they  loved,  no  sooner  loved  but 
they  sighed,  no  sooner  sighed  but  they  asked 
one  another  the  reason,  no  sooner  knew  the 
reason  but  they  sought  the  remedy.— /bid. 

There's  small  choice  in  rotten  apples. 
-Taming  Uie  Shrew. 

Who  wooed  in  haste  and  means  to  wed  at 
leisure.  —Ibid. 

And  thereby  hangs  a  tale,         —Ibid. 

My  cake  is  dough.— Ibid. 

Some  are  born  great,  some  achieve  great- 
ness, and  some  have  greatness  thrust  upon 
"em.-Tvctlfth  Night. 

MATTHEW  PRIOR. 

From  ignorance  one  comfort  flows ; 
The  only  wretched  are  the  wise. 

Be  to  her  virtues  very  kind  : 
Be  to  her  faults  a  little  blind. 

They  never  taste  who  alwaj's  drink ; 
They  always  talk  who  never  think. 

Who  breathes  must  suffer,  and  who  thinks 

must  mourn ; 
And  he  alone  is  blessed  who  ne'er  was  bom. 

SIR  WALTER  SCOTT. 
O,  what  a  tangled  web  we  weave. 
When  Hrst  we  practice  to  deceive! 

O  woman  1  in  our  hours  of  ease 

Uncertain,  coy,  and  hard  to  please, 

And  variable  as  the  shade 

By  the  light  quivering  aspen  made; 

M  hen  pain  and  anguish  wring  the  brow, 

A  ministering  angel  thou ! 

"  Charge,  Chester,  charge  1  on,  Stanley,  on  I " 
Were  the  last  words  of  Marmion. 

Sleep  the  sleep  that  knows  not  breaking. 
Morn  of  toil,  nor  night  of  breaking. 

Sea  of  upturned  faces. 

And  better  had  they  ne'er  been  bom. 
Who  read  to  doubt,  or  read  to  scorn. 

SIDNEY  SMITH. 
Daniel  Webster  struck  me  like  a  steam- 
engine  in  trousers. 

Macaulay  is  like  a  book  in  breeches.  .  .  . 
He  has  occasional  Hashes  of  silence,  that 
makes  his  conversation  perfectly  delightful. 

The  schoolboy  whips  his  taxed  top;  the 
beardless  youtli  manages  his  taxed  horse, 
with  a  taxed  brirlle,  on  a  taxed  road ;  and  the 
dying  Englishman,  pouring  his  medicine, 
which  has  paid  seven  per  cent,  into  a  spoon 
that  has  paid  fifteen  per  cent,  flings  himself 
back  upon  his  chintz  bed.  which  has  paid 
twenty-two  per  cent,  and  expires  in  the  arms 
of  an  apothecary  who  has  paid  a  license  of 
a  hundred  pounds  for  the  pri\ilege  of  put- 
ting him  to  death. 


AUTHOR  8   EEFERENCE8. 


JONATHAN  SWIFT. 

So,  naturalists  observe,  a  flea 
Has  smaller  tleas  that  on  him  prey ; 
And  tliese  liave  smaller  still  to  bite  'em, 
And  so  proceed  ad  iiijiiiitum. 

And  he  gave  it  for  his  opinion,  that  who- 
ever could  make  two  ears  of  corn,  or  two 
blades  of  crrass,  to  grow  upon  a  sjjot  of 
ground  where  only  one  grew  before,  would 
deserve  better  of  mankind,  and  do  more 
essential  service  to  his  country  than  the 
whole  race  of  politicians  put  together. 

Bread  is  the  staff  of  life. 

Censure  is  the  tax  a  man  pays  to  the  public 
for  being  eminent.  ' 

I  shall  be  like  that  tree ;  I  shall  die  at  the 
top. 

ALFRED  TENNYSON. 

Howe'er  it  be,  it  seems  to  me. 

'Tis  only  nobie  to  be  good. 
Kind  hearts  are  more  than  coronets. 

And  simple  faith  than  Norman  blood. 

Blow,  bugle,  blow,  set  the  wild  echoes  flying; 
Blow,  bugle;  answer  echoes,  dying,  dying, 

dying. 
O  love,  they  die  in  yon  rich  sky. 

They  faint  on  hill  or  field  or  river : 
Our  echoes  roll  from  soul  to  soul. 

And  grow  forever  and  forever. 
Blow,  bugle,  blow,  set  the  wild  echoes  flying, 
And  answer,  echoes,  answer,  dying,  dying, 

dying. 

'Tis  better  to  have  loved  and  lost 
Than  never  to  have  lov^d  at  all. 

There  livei  more  faith  in  honest  doubt. 
Believe  me,  than  in  half  the  creeds. 

One  God,  one  law,  one  element. 
And  one  far-off  divine  event, 
To  which  the  whole  creation  moves. 


Ah  Christ,  that  it  were  possible 

For  one  short  hour  to  see 
The  souls  we  loved,  that  they  might  tell  us 

What  and  where  they  be. 

Theirs  not  to  make  replj', 
Theirs  not  to  reason  why, 
Theirs  but  to  do  and  die. 


DANIEL  WEBSTER. 

Whatever  makes  men  good  Christians  makes 
them  good  citizens. 

Sink  or  swim,  live  or  die,  survive  or  perish, 
I  give  my  hand  and  my  heart  to  this  vote. 

The  people's  government,  made  for  the 
people,  made  by  the  people,  and  answerable 
to  the  people. 

One  country,  one  constitution,  one  destiny. 

I  was  born  in  America ;  I  live  an  American; 
I  shall  die  an  American. 


EDWARD  YOUNG. 

Be  wise  to-day ;  'tis  madness  to  defer. 

Procrastination  is  the  thief  of  time. 

Ah  !  how  unjust  to  nature  and  himself 

Is  thoughtless,  thankless,  inconsistent  man. 

Man  wants  but  little,  nor  that  little  long. 

That  life  is  long  which  answers  life's  great 
end. 

Death  loves  a  shining  mark,  a  signal  blow. 

Too  low  they  build  who  build  beneath  the 

stars. 

Think  naugjjt  a  trifle,  though  it  small  appear; 
Small  sands  the  mountain,  moments  make 

the  year, 
And  trifles  life. 


MISCELLANEOUS    PROSE   QUOTATIONS. 


Man  proposes,  but  God  disposes. 

The  real  Simon  pure.— SiwannaTi  Centlive. 

The  balance  of  power.— Sir  Robert  Walpole. 

Facts  are  stubborn  things.— Tobias  Smollett. 

What  will  Mrs.  Grundy  say?— Thomas  Mor- 
ton. 

For  a  man's  house  is  his  castle.— Sir  Edward 
Coke. 

It  is  the  lot  of  man  but  once  to  die.— George 
Herbert. 

Love  me  little,  love  me  long.— Christopher 
Marlowe. 

A  delusion,  a  mockery,  and  a  snare.— Lord 
Denman. 

Necessity,  the  mother  of  Invention.— Gcorpe 
Farquhar. 

Of  two  evils,  the  less  is  always  to  be  chosen. 
— Thomxis  d  Kempis. 

Silence  is  deep  as  eternity,  speech  is.shallow 
as  time.— TImmas  Carlyle. 

Hanging  was  the  worst  use  man  could  be 
put  to.— Sir  Henry  Wotton. 

A  liberty  to  that  only  which  is  good,  just 
and  honest.— Jo/in  Winthrop. 

Actions  of  the  last  age  are  bke  almanacs  of 
the  last  year.— Sir  John  Denham. 


Necessity  is  the  argument  of  tyrants,  it  is 
the  creed  of  slaves.—  HiUiam.  Pitt. 

Put  your  trust  in  God,  my  boys,  and  keep 
your  powder  dry.— CoJonet  lilacker. 

An  indestructible  union  composed  of  inde- 
structible states.— Salmon  P.  Chase. 

I  could  not  love  thee,  dear,  so  much,  loved 
I  not  honor  more.— iitc/iard  Lovelace. 

That  to  live  by  one  man's  will  became  the 
cause  of  ail  men's  misery.— Bichard  Hooker. 

They  are  never  alone  that  are  accompanied 
with  noble  thoughts.— Sir  Philip  Sidney. 

The  world  is  a  comedy  to  those  that  think, 
a  tragedy  to  those  who  feel. — Horace  Walpole. 

Nothing  except  a  battle  lost  can  be  half  so 
melancholy  as  a  battle  won.— I>u/£6o/  Welling- 
ton. 

Certainly,  this  is  a  duty,  not  a  sin.  "  Clean- 
liness is.  indeed,  next  to  Godliness."— Jo/ui 

Wesley. 

To  be  prepared  for  war  is  one  of  the  most 
effectual  means  of  preserving  peace.— Georpe 
Washing/ton. 

Let  us  embrace,  and  from  this  verv  mo- 
ment vow  an  eternal  misery  together.— 
Thomas  Otway. 

To  the  memory  of  the  man,  first  in  war,  first 
Jn  peace,  and  first  in  the  hearts  of  his  country- 
men.—Henry  Lee. 


AUTHOR  8    KEFERENCES. 


God  sifted  a  whole  nation  that  he  might 
send  choice  grain  over  into  this  wilderness.— 
WlUiam  StoxmhUm. 

It  is  a  maxim  with  mc  that  no  man  was 
ever  written  out  of  reputation  but  by  him- 
aelf. —Ric)iard  lientley. 

The  noblest  mind  the  best  contentment  has. 
—Edmund  Spencer. 
A  bold  bad  man.— JMd. 

We  Join  ourselves  to  no  party  that  does  not 
curry  the  llug  and  keep  step  to  the  music  of 
the  Union.— Rufus  Choate.  . 

We  are  ne'er  like  angels  till  our  passion 
dlca.—Thomax  Dehken. 
Honest  lubor  bears  a  lovely  face.— Ibid. 

Go  poor  devil,  get  Ihee  gone ;  why  should  I 
hurt  thee  V  This  world  8Ui-ely  is  wide  enough 
to  hold  both  theeuud  luti.-Lawrence  Sterne. 

He  [Sir  John  Hampden]  had  a  head  to  con- 
trive, a  tongue  to  persuade  and  a  hand  to 
execute  any  mischief.— fidwwrd  Hyde  Claren- 

dAm. 

Then  he  will  talk— good  gods !  how  he  will 
taX\s..—NalhanUl  Lee. 

When  Greeks  Joined  Greeks,  then  was  the 
tug  of  war.— i/^W. 

There  is  many  a  rich  stone  laid  up  in  the 
bowels  of  the  earth,  many  a  fair  pearl  laid  up 
in  the  bosom  of  the  st^a,  that  never  was  seen, 
nor  never  shall  hc—Dinluti*  Hall. 

It  beareth  the  name  of  Vanity  Fair,  because 
the  town  where  it  is  kept  is  lighter  than  van- 
ity.—John  Jiutiiian. 

He  that  is  down  needs  fear  no  fall.— iiWd. 

I  remember  that  a  wise  friend  of  mine  did 
usually  say.  That  which  is  everybody's  busi- 
ness is  nobody's  business.- /aiaJc  H'cdton. 

No  man  can  lose  what  he  never  had.— /bid. 

I  never  could  believe  thnt  Providence  had 
sent  a  few  men  into  the  world,  ready  booted 
and  spiirred  to  ride,  and  millions  ready  sad- 
dled and  bridled  to  be  ridden.— fftc/wird  Rum- 
bold. 

rorrupt  freemen  are  the  worst  of  slaves.— 
David  Garrick. 

Over  the  hills  and  far  away.— John  Gay. 
While  there  is  life  there's  nope,  he  cried.— 
Ibid. 

Call  things  by  their  right  names.  »  »  * 
Glass  of  bi-andy  and  water !  That  is  the  cur- 
rent but  not  the  appropriate  name ;  ask  for  a 
glass  of  liquid  Are  and  distilled  damnation.— 
Robert  HaU 

Health  is  the  second  blessing  that  we  mor- 
tals are  capable  cf ;  a  blessing  that  money 
cannot  buy.— ty-ancis  Quarles. 

The  next  way  home's  the  farthest  way 
about.— /bid. 

When  I  see  a  merchant  over-polite  to  his 
customers,  begguig  them  to  taste  a  little 
brandy,  and  throwing  half  his  goods  on  the 
counter,  thinks  I,  that  man  has  an  axe  to 
grind.— C7Mirle8  Miner. 

Take  a  straw  and  throw  it  up  into  the  air ; 
you  may  see  by  that  which  way  the  wind  is. 
— John  Sclden. 

Thou  little  thinkest  what  a  little  foolery 
governs  the  world.— Ibid. 

If  I  were  an  American,  as  I  am  an  English- 
man, while  a  foreign  troop  was  landed  in  my 
country,  I  never  would  lay  down  my  arms  — 
never—  never  —  never.— Earl  of  Chcdhnm. 

Where  law  ends,  tyranny  begins.— /bid. 


He  rolls  it  under  his  tongue  as  a  sweet 
morsel.— 3fatWieu)  Henry. 

None  so  deaf  as  those  that  will  not  hear.— 
Ibid. 

None  so  blind  as  those  that  will  not  see.— 
Ibid. 

The  multitude  is  always  in  the  wrong.— 
Lord  RoKcoinnion. 

We  grieved,  we  sighed,  we  wept;  we  never 
blushed  betore.-AbraJiam  Cowley. 

Words  that  weep  and  tears  that  speak.— 
Ibid. 

Calamity,  a  man's  true  touchstone.— ikau- 
mont  and  Fletcher's  tlajja. 

Thou  will  scarce  be  a  man  before  thy 
mother.— /bi<t. 

What's  one  man's  poison,  sigmor,  is  an- 
other's meat  and  drink.— /bid. 

The  God  who  gave  us  life  gave  us  liberty  at 
the  same  time.— Ttutmiut  Jeffertton. 

We  mutually  pledge  to  each  other  our  lives, 
our  fortunes  and  our  sacred  honor.— ibid. 

Error  of  opmion  may  be  tolerated  where 
reason  is  left  free  to  combat  it.— Ibid. 

The  secret  of  success  is  constancy  to  pur- 
pose.—iiffi^iHii/i  IMifrtuli. 

Youth  in  a  blunder;  Manhood  a  struggle; 
Old  age  a  regret.— i/;id. 

You  know  who  critics  are?  the  men  who 
have  failed  in  literature  and  art.— ibid. 

She  [the  Roman  Catholic  church]  may  still 
exist  in  undiminished  vigor  when  some  trav- 
eler from  New  /tntlund  shall,  in  the  midst  of 
a  vast  solitude,  take  his  stand  on  a  oroken 
arch  of  I^)ndon  liridge  to  sketch  the  ruins  of 
St.  Paul's.— ThoHKiK  li.  Mmauliy. 

The  atone  that  is  rolling  can  gather  no 
moes.—Thomatt  Twoser. 

Retter  late  than  never.— 7bid. 

Naught  venture,  naught  have.— ibid. 

Look  ere  thou  leap,  see  ere  thou  go.— ibid. 

For  buying  or  selling  of  a  pig  in  a  poke.— 
Jbid. 

He  left  a  paper  sealed  up,  wherein  were 
found  three  articles  as  his  last  will :  "  I  owe 
much,  I  have  nothing,  I  give  the  rest  to  the 
poor."— /VarwlK  lUU>elaig. 

By  robbing  Peter  he  paid  Paul,  *  *  * 
and  hoped  to  catch  larkB  if  ever  the  heavens 
should  fall.-ibid. 

I  do  not  know  what  I  may  appear  to  the 
world,  but  to  myself  1  seem  to  be  only  like  a 
boy  playing  on  the  seashore,  and  diverting 
myself  in  now  and  then  finding  a  smooth 
pebble,  or  a  prettier  shell  than  ordinary, 
whilst  the  great  ocean  of  truth  lay  undis- 
covered before  me.— i«MM;  Newton. 

Whatever  is  worth  doing  at  all  is  worth  do- 
ing yfeW.— Cha<tcr field . 

I  knew  one,  a  very  covetous,  sordid  fellow, 
who  used  to  say  "  Take  care  of  the  pence,  for 
the  pounds  will  take  care  of  themselves."— 
IbUl. 

Despatch  is  the  soul  of  business.— ibid. 

These  are  the  times  which  try  men's  souls. 
— TliomaM  Paine. 

The  sublime  and  the  ridiculous  are  often  so 
nearly  related  that  it  is  difficult  to  class  them 
separately.  One  step  above  the  sublime 
makes  the  ridiculous,  and  one  step  above  the 
ridiculous  makes  the  sublime  again.— ibid. 

Nothing  is  more  simple  than  greatness ;  in- 
deed to  be  simple  is  to  be  great.— iiaip/i 
Waldn  Emersim. 

Is  not  marriage  an  open  question,  when  it 
is  alleged  from  the  beginning  of  the  world 
that  such  as  are  in  the  institution  wish  to  get 
out,  and  such  as  are  out  wish  to  get  in.— ibid. 


AUTHOR  S   REFERENCES. 


Their  heads  sometimes  so  little  that  there  is 
no  room  for  wit;  sometimes  so  lomr  that 
there  is  no  wit  for  so  much  room.— Tliomas 
Fuller. 

They  that  marry  ancient  people,  merely  in 
expectation  to  bury  them,  nang  themselves, 
in  hope  that  one  will  come  and  cut  the  halter. 
-Ibid. 

That  this  nation  under  God  shall  have  a  new 
birth  of  freedom,  and  that  government  of 
the  people,  by  the  people,  for  the  people, 
shall  not  perish  from  tne  ea,rth.—Abra}iam 
Lincoln. 

With  malice  towards  none,  with  charity  for 
all,  with  tlrmness  in  the  right,  as  God  gives 
U8  to  see  the  right.— Ibid. 

The  newspapers !  Sir,  they  are  the  most 
villainous— licentious— abommable— infernal 
— not  that  1  ever  read  them.  No,  I  make  it  a 
rule  never  to  look  into  a  newspaper.— BfcTiard 
Brin»leu  Sheridan. 

Such  protection  as  vultures  give  to  lambs. 
—Ihtd. 

Conscience  has  no  more  U)  do  with  gallantry 
than  it  has  with  politics.— Ibid. 

Do  well  and  right,  and  let  the  world  sink.— 
Sir  John  Suckling. 

His  bark  is  worse  than  his  bite.— 7Wd. 

God's  mill  grinds  slow,  but  sure.- Jbid. 

Help  thyself,  and  God  will  help  thee. 
—Ibid. 

The  mouse  that  has  but  one  hole  is  quickly 
taken. — Ibid. 

A  dwarf  on  a  giant's  shoulders  sees  further 
of  the  two.— Ibdi. 


Cffisar  had  his  Brutus,  Charles  the  First,  his 
Cromwell;  and  George  the  Third— ('Trea- 
son !'  cried  the  Speaker)— hi<ij/  protit  by  tlieir 
exanwle.  If  this  be  treason,  make  the  most  of 
it.— Patrick  Henry. 

Is  life  so  dear,  or  peace  so  sweet,  as  to  be 
purchased  at  the  price  of  chains  and  slavery? 
Forbid  it.  Almighty  God  !  I  know  not  what 
course  others  may  take ;  but  as  for  me,  give 
me  liberty  or  give  me  death  I— Ibid. 

The  second  day  of  July,  1776,  will  be  the 
most  memorable  epoch  in  the  history  of 
America.  I  am  apt  to  believe  that  it  will  be 
celebrated  by  the  succeeding  generations  as 
the  great  anniversary  festival.  It  ought  to 
be  commemorated  as  the  day  of  deliverance, 
by  solemn  acts  of  devotion  to  God  Almighty. 
It  ought  to  be  solemnized  with  pomp  and 
parade,  with  shows,  games,  sports,  guns, 
bells,  bonfires,  and  illuminations  from  one 
end  of  this  continent  to  the  other,  from  this 
time  forward  for  evermore.— Jo/oi  Adams. 

I  would  do  what  I  pleased,  and  doing  what 
I  pleased,  1  should  have  my  will,  and  having 
my  will  I  should  be  contented ;  and  when  one 
is  contented,  there  is  no  more  to  be  desired, 
and  when  there  is  no  more  to  be  desired  there 
is  an  end  of  it.— Miffuel  de  Cervantes. 

Blessings  on  him  who  invented  sleep,  the 
mantle  that  covers  all  human  thoughts,  the 
food  that  appeases  hunger,  the  drink  that 
quenches  thirst,  the  fire  that  warms  cold,  the 
cold  that  moderates  heat,  and  lastly,  the 
general  coin  that  purchases  all  things,  the 
balance  and  weight  that  equals  the  shepherd 
with  the  king,  and  the  simple  with  the  wise. 
—Ibid. 


MISCELLANEOUS    POETIC   QUOTATIONS. 


'Tis  not  the  whole  of  life  to  live 
Nor  all  of  death  to  die. 

—James  Montgomery. 

Did  you  ever  hear  of  Captain  Wattle  ? 
He  was  all  for  love  and  little  for  the  battle. 
—Charles  Dibden. 

Except  wind  stands  as  never  it  stood ; 
It  is  an  ill  wind  turn  none  to  good. 

-Tlwmas  Tusser. 


Who  goeth  a  borrowing 
Goeth  a  sorrowing. 


-Ibid. 


We  bear  it  calmly  though  a  ponderous  woe. 
And  still  adore  the  hand  that  gives  the  blow. 
—John  Pomfret. 

Heaven  is  not  always  angry  when  he  strikes. 
But  most  chastises  those  whom  he  most  likes. 

Ibid. 

Delightful  task !  to  rear  the  tender  thought. 
To  teach  the  young  idea  how  to  shoot. 

— James  Tlwmson. 

Could  we  forbear  dispute  and  practice  love, 
We  should  agree  as  angels  do  above. 

—Edmund  WaUer. 

My  God,  my  Father  and  ray  Friend, 
Do  not  forsake  me  at  my  end. 

—Earl  of  Roscommon. 

The  world's  a  theatre,  the  earth  a  stage. 
Which  God  and  nature  do  with  actors  fill. 
—Thomas  Heywood. 

'TIS  expectation  makes  a  blessing  dear. 
Heaven  were  not  heaven  if  we  knew  what  it 
were.  —Sir  John  Suckling. 

If  she  seem  not  chaste  to  me. 
What  care  I  how  chaste  she  be  ? 

—Sir  Walter  Raleigh. 


Young  men  think  old  men  are  fools ; 
But  old  men  know  young  men  are  fools. 

—George  Chapman. 

How  dear  to  my  heart  are  the  scenes  of  my 

childhood ; 
When  fond  recollection   presents   them  to 

view.  —Samuel  Wordsworth. 

The  old  oaken  bucket,  the  iron-bound  bucket. 
The  moss  covered  bucket  which  hung  in  the 
well.  —Ibid. 

Perhaps  it  was  right  to  dissemble  your  love. 
But— why  did  you  kick  me  down  stairs. 

—J.  P.  Kemble. 

True  patriots  all ;  for  be  it  understood 
We  left  our  country  for  our  country's  good. 
—Oeorge  Barrin^on. 

You'd  scarce  expect  one  of  my  age 
To  speak  in  public  on  the  stage. 

—David  Everett. 

Then  join  in  hand,  brave  Americans  all ; 
By  uniting  we  stand,  by  dividing  we  fall. 
—John  Dickinson. 

Be  England  what  she  will. 
With  all  her  faults  she  is  my  country  still. 
—Charles  Churchill. 

The  melancholy  days  have  come ;  the  saddest 

of  the  year. 
Of  wailing   winds,  and   naked   woods,  and 

meadows  brown  and  sear. 

— William  Cvllen  Bryant. 

When  the  sun's  last  rays  are  fading 
Into  twilight  bright  and  dim. 

—Theodore  L.  Barker. 

Come  In  the  evening,  or  come  in  the  morning; 
Come  when  you  are  looked  for,  or  come  with- 
without  warning. 

—Thomas  O.  Davis. 


AUXnOE  S    KEFERENCES. 


But,  spite  of  all  crlticlsingr  elves. 
Those  who  would  make  us  feel  must  feel 
themselves.  —Charles  ChurcMl. 

Care  to  our  coffin  adds  a  nail,  no  doubt. 
And  every  g^rin  so  merry,  draws  one  out. 
—John  Wolcot. 

How  sleep  the  brave  who  sink  to  rest. 
By  all  their  country's  wishes  blessed  I 
—WiUiam  CoUim. 

immodest  words  admit  of  no  defense. 
For  want  of  decency  is  want  ot  sense. 

—Earl  of  Jiijuajininon. 

How  much  a  dunce  that  has  been  sent  to  roam 
Excels  u  dunce  that  has  been  kept  at  home. 

A  moral,  sensible  and  well-bred  man 
Will  not  aiTront  me,  and  no  other  can. 

I  nm  monarch  of  all  I  surs'ey. 
My  right  there  is  none  to  dispute. 

—Waiiain  Cowper. 

'Mid  pleasures  and  palaces  though  we  may 

roam. 
Be  it  ever  so  humble  there  Is  no  place  like 

home.  —J.  Howard  Payne. 

And  I  oft  have  heard  defended. 
Little  said  is  soonest  mended. 

—Oearge  IVUher. 

Though  this  may  be  play  to  you, 
'Tis  death  to  us. 

—Roger  L''Eiitraiige. 

He  was  a  man 
Who  stole  the  livery  of  the  court  of  heaven 
To  serve  the  devil  in.  —Robert  PcMok. 

Breathes  there  the  man  with  soul  so  dead. 
Who  never  to  himself  hath  said. 
This  is  my  own,  my  native  land. 

—Sir  Walter  SeoU. 

And  diir'st  thou  then 

To  bt'iinl  the  lion  in  his  den. 

The  Dougijus  in  his  hall  ?  —IbUL 

Strike— for  your  altars  and  your  fires. 
Strike— for  the  green  graves  of  your  sires ; 
God  and  your  native  land. 

—FUz-Orcen  HaUeck. 

Of  right  and  wrong,  wrong  he  taught. 
Truths  as  refined  us  ever  Athens  heard ; 
And  (strange  to  teli)  he  practiced  what  he 
preached.  —John  Armatrung. 

They  sin  who  tell  us  love  can  die. 
With  life  all  other  passions  tly. 
All  others  are  but  vanity. 

—Hubert  Smither. 

That  best  portion  of  a  good  man's  life. 
His  littlo  niunciess,  unremembered  acts 
Of  kindness  and  or  love. 

—  William  Wordgworth. 

The  feather,  whence  the  pen 

Was  shaped  that  traced  the  lives  of  these  good 

men. 
Dropped  from  an  angel's  wing.  —Ibid. 

Let  the  world  slide,  lot  the  world  go ; 
A  flg  for  care,  and  a  tig  for  woe  I 
If  I  can't  pay,  why  I  can  owe. 
And  death  makes  equal  the  high  and  low. 
—John  Heywood. 

He  prayeth  best,  who  loveth  best 
All  things,  both  great  and  small. 

—Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge. 

No  man  e'er  felt  the  halter  draw. 
With  good  opinion  of  the  law. 

—Robert  Bums. 

Man's  inhumanity  to  man 

Makes  countless  thousands  mourn. 

-Ibid. 


Should  auld  acquaintance  be  forgot. 
And  never  brought  to  min'? 

Should  auld  acquaintance  be  forgot, 
And  days  o'  auid  lang  syne  ? 

—Ibid. 

I'm  very  lonely  now,  Mary, 
For  the  poor  make  no  new  friends ; 

But  oh !  they  love  the  l)etter  still 
The  few  our  Father  sends. 

—Lady  Dufferin. 

Tis  said  that  absence  conquers  love ; 

But  oh  !  believe  it  not. 
I've  tried,  alas  I  its  nower  to  prove. 

But  thou  art  not  forgot. 

—Frederick  W.  Thomas. 

Backward,  turn  backward,  O  Time  in  your 

flight. 
Make  me  a  child  again.  Just  for  to-night ! 

Backward,  flow  backward,  6  tide  of  the 

years! 
I  am  so  weary  of  toil  and  of  tears, 
Toil  without  reconipense— tears  all  in  vain- 
Take  them,  and  give  m<-  myc-hiMhood  again  1 
-Elvuutcih  Akcr»  Alien. 

I  ne'er  could  any  lustre  see 

In  eves  that  would  not  look  on  me ; 

I  ne  er  saw  nectar  on  a  lip 

But  where  my  own  did  hope  to  sip. 

-R.  U.  Slieridan. 

A  flrlasB  is  good,  and  a  lass  is  good, 
And  a  pn>e  to  smoke  in  cold  weather ; 

The  world  is  good,  and  the  people  are  good. 
And  we're  all  good  fellows  together. 

—John  O'Keefe. 

Drink  to  me  only  with  thine  eyes. 
And  I  will  pledge  with  mine: 

Or  leave  a  kiss  but  in  the  cup. 
And  I'll  not  look  for  wine. 

—Ben  Jonaon. 

Underneath  this  stone  doth  lie 
As  much  beauty  a«  could  die ; 
Which  in  life  did  harbor  give 
To  more  virtue  than  doth  live. 

-IMA. 
Pity  the  sorrows  of  a  poor  old  man 
Whose  trembling  limbs  liave  borne  him  to 

your  door. 
Whose  days  are  dwindle<lto  the  shortest  span; 
Oh !  grive  relief  and  heaven  will  bless  your 
store.  —Thomaa  Moss. 

We  have  lived  and  loved  together 
Through  many  changing  years, 

We  have  shared  each  other's  glaoness. 
And  wept  each  other's  tears. 

—Charles  Jeffreys. 

Don't  you  remember  sweet  Alice,  Ben  Bolt? 

Sweet  Alice,  whose  iuiir  was  so  brown. 
Who  wept  with  delight  when  you  gave  her  a 
smile. 
And  trembled  with  fear  at  your  frown. 
—TtiomasDunn  English. 

Thought  is  deeper  than  all  speech. 
Feeling  deeper  than  all  thought ; 

Souls  to  souls  can  never  teach 
What  unto  themselves  was  taught. 

—Christopher  P.  Cranch. 

But  whether  on  the  scaffold  high 

Or  in  the  battle's  van. 
The  attest  place  where  man  can  die 

Is  where  be  dies  for  man. 

Michael  J.  Barry. 

'Twas  the  night  before  Christmas,  when  all 

through  the  house. 
Not  a  creature  was  stirring,  not  even  a  mouse ; 
The  stockings  were  hung  by  the  chimney  with 

care 
In  hopes  that  St.  Nicholas  soon  would  be 

there.  —Clement  C.  Moore. 


AUTHOK  8    REFERENCES. 


Ay,  tear  her  tattered  ensign  down  I 

Lonvr  hius  it  waved  on  higrh, 
And  lUiUiy  an  eye  has  danced  to  see 

That  bainier  in  the  sliy. 

Nail  to  the  mast  her  holy  flag. 

Set  everv  threadbare  sail, 
And  give  tier  to  the  god  of  storms, 

The  lightning  and  the  gale. 

UUvcr  U'cndcl  Holmes. 

O,  would  I  were  a  boy  again, 

when  life  seemed  formed  of  sunny  years. 
And  all  the  heart  then  knew  of  pain 

Was  wept  in  transient  tears  ? 

—Maik  Lemon. 

Old  Grimes  is  dead,  that  good  old  man. 
We  ne'er  shall  see  him  more ; 

He  used  to  wear  a  long  black  coat 
All  buttoned  down  before. 

—Albert  O.  Green. 

Here  lies  our  sovereign  lord  the  king. 
Whose  word  no  man  relics  on  ; 

He  never  says  a  foolish  thing. 
Nor  ever  does  a  wise  one. 

It  is  a  very  good  word  to  live  in. 

To  lend,  or  to  spend,  or  to  give  in ; 

But  to  beg  or  to  borrow,  or  to  get  a  man's 

own. 
It  is  the  very  worat  world  that  ever  was 

known.  —Earl  of  Rochester. 

And  there's  a  lust  in  man  no  charm  can  tame, 
Of  loudly  publishing  our  neighbour's  shame; 
On  eagles'  wings  immortal  scandals  fly. 
While  virtuous  actions  are  but  born  to  die. 
—Stephen  Harvey. 

My  life  is  like  the  summer  rose. 
That  opens  to  the  morning  sky. 

But  ere  th^  shades  of  evening  close, 
Is  scattered  on  the  ground  to  die. 

—Richard  Henry  Wilde. 

Abide  with  me  from  morn  till  eve. 
For  without  Thee  I  cannot  live ; 
Abide  with  me  when  night  is  nigh. 
For  without  Thee  I  dare  not  die. 

—John  Keble. 

Westward  the  course  of  empire  takes  its  way; 

The  four  flrst  acts  already  past, 
A  fifth  shall  close  the  drama  with  the  day  ; 

Time's  noblest  offspring  is  the  last. 

-Bishop  Berkley. 
The  good  he  scorned. 

Stalked  off  reluctant,  like  an  ill-used  ghost. 
Not  to  i-eturn,  or,  if  it  did,  in  visits 
Like  those  of  angels,  short  and  far  between. 
-  Robert  Blair. 

A  mighty  pain  to  love  it  is. 
And  'tis  a  pain  that  pain  to  miss ; 
But  of  all  pains,  the  greatest  pain 
It  18  to  love,  but  love  in  vain. 

—Abraham  Cowley. 

Wedlock,  indeed,  hath  of  compared  been 
To  public  feasts,  where  meet  a  public  rout. 

Where  they  are  without  would  fain  go  in, 
And  they  that  are  within  would  fain  go  out. 
—Sir  John  Davies. 

In  bed  we  laugh,  in  bed  we  cry. 
And,  born  in  bed,  in  bed  we  die ; 
The  near  approach  a  bed  may  show. 
Of  human  bliss  to  human  woe. 

—Isaac  De  Benserade. 

The  man  that  lays  his  hands  upon  a  woman. 
Save  in  the  way  of  kindness,  is  a  wreteh. 
Whom  'twere  gross  flattery  to  name  a  coward. 
—John  Tobin. 

Their  cause  I  plead— plead  it  in  heart  and 

mind; 
A  fellow-feeling  makes  one  wondrous  kind, 
—David  Oarrick. 


The  modest  front  of  this  small  floor. 
Believe  mo,  reader,  can  say  more 
Than  munj'  a  braver  marble  can,— 
"  Here  lies  a  truly  honest  man  !" 

-Ricftard  Crashaw. 

That  man  may  last,  but  never  lives, 
Who  much  receives  but  nothing  gives; 
Whom  none  can  love,  whom  none  can  thank 
Creation's  blot,  creation's  blank. 

—Thomas  Gibbons. 

When  stars  are  in  the  quiet  f.kies. 
Then  most  I  pine  for  thee ; 

Bend  on  me  then  thy  tender  eyes. 
As  stars  look  on  the  sea. 

—Edward  Bulwer  Lytton. 

Give  lettered  pomp  to  teeth  of  time. 

So  Bonny  Doon  but  tarry ; 
Blot  out  the  epic's  stately  rhyme. 

But  spare  his  Highland  Mary. 

—John  G.  Whtttier. 

O,  swiftly  glides  the  bonny  boat. 
Just  parted  from  the  shore. 

And  to  the  fisher's  chorus-note 
Soft  moves  the  dipping  oar. 

—Joanna  BaiUie. 

Come  to  the  sunset  tree ! 

The  day  is  past  and  gone ; 
The  woodman's  axe  lies  free. 

And  the  reaper's  work  is  done. 

—Felicia  D.  Hemans. 

On  fame's  eternal  camping  ground 
Their  silent  tents  are  spread. 

And  glory  guards  with  solemn  sound 
The  bivouac  of  the  dead. 

-Tlieodore  O'Hara. 

In  the  days  when  we  went  gypsying 

A  long  time  ago, 
The  lads  and  lassies  in  their  best 

Were  dressed  from  top  to  toe. 

—Edwin  Ransford. 

But  as  some  muskets  so  contrive  it 
As  oft  to  miss  the  mark  they  drive  it. 
And,  though  well  aimed  at  duck  or  plover. 
Bear  wide  and  kick  their  owners  over. 

—John  Trumbull. 

The  last  link  is  broken 

That  bound  me  to  thee, 
.,And  the  words  thou  hast  spoken 
Have  rendered  me  free. 

—Miss  Fanny  Steers. 

And  the  star-spangled  banner, 

O  long  may  It  wave 
O'er  the  land  of  the  free  and  the  home 
of  the  brave.  —F.  S.  Key. 

Let  this  great  maxim  be  my  virtue's  pride- 
In  part  she  is  to  blame  that  has  been  tried  : 
He  comes  too  near  that  comes  to  be  denied. 

But  the  fruit  that  can  fall  without  shaking 
Indeed  is  too  mellow  for  me. 

—Lady  Mary  Wortley  Montague. 

Let  us  weep  in  our  darkness,  but  weep  not 

for  him ! 
Not  for  him  who,  departing,  leaves  millions 

in  tears ! 
Not  for  him,  who  has  died  full  of  honor  and 

y.^ars ! 
Not  for  him,  who  ascended  Fame's  ladder  so 

high 
From  the  round  at  the  top  he  has  stepped  to 

the  sky. 

—Nathaniel  P.  Waiis. 

To  every  man  upon  this  earth 
Death  cometh  soon  or  late, 

And  how  can  man  die  better 
Than  facing  fearful  odds, 

For  the  ashes  of  his  fathers 
And  the  temples  of  his  gods. 

—Thomas  B.  Macavlay 


Which  I  wish  to  remark— 

And  my  langruatre  is  plain— 
Tliiit  lor  ways  that  are  dark 

And  for  tricks  that  are  vain. 
The  heathen  Chinee  is  lieculiar. 
With  the  smile  that  was  cblldlike  and  bland. 
A  sacred  burden  is  this  life  ye  bear: 
Look  on  it,  lift  it,  bear  it  solemnly. 
Stand  up  and  walk  beneath  it  st«;adfa8tly. 
Fail  not  for  sorrow,  falter  not  for  sin. 
But  onward,  upward,  till  the  goal  ye  win. 
—Frances  Anne  Kemble. 

Better  trust  all,  and  be  deceived. 
And  weep  that  trust  and  that  deceiving. 

Than  doubt  one  heart,  that,  if  believed. 
Had  blessed  one's  life  with  true  believins. 

-Ibid. 

Once  to  every  man  and  nation  comes  the 
moment  to  decide, 

In  the  .strife  of  Truth  with  Falsehood,  for  the 
Kood  or  evil  side; 

Some  great  cause,  God^s  new  Messiah  offer- 
ing each  the  bloom  or  blight. 

Parts  the  iroat.s  upon  the  left  band,  and  the 
sheep  upon  the  riKlit ; 

And  the  choice  Koes  on  forever 'twlit  that 
darkness  and  that  light. 

—James  Russell  LoiveU. 


Go,  forget  me— why  should  sorrow 
O'er  that  brow  a  shadow  fling  ? 

Go,  forget  me— and  to-morrow 
Brightly  smile  and  sweetly  sing. 

Smile,  though  I  shall  not  be  near  thee ; 
Sing,  though  I  shall  never  hear  thee. 

-€liarles  Wolfe. 

Stone  walls  do  not  a  prison  make. 

Nor  iron  bars  a  cage ; 
Minds  innocent  and  quiet  take 

Take  that  for  a  hermitage ; 
If  I  have  freedom  m  my  love. 

And  in  my  soul  am  free. 
Angels  alone  that  soar  above 

Enjoy  such  liberty. 

—Richard  Lovelace. 

When  T  am  dead  no  pageant  train 
Shall  waste  their  sorrows  at  my  bier. 

Nor  worthless  pomp  of  homage  vain 
Stain  it  with  hypocritic  tear. 

You  shall  not  pile,  with  servile  toil. 
Your  monuments  upon  my  breast. 

Nor  yet  within  the  common  soil 
I^ay  down  the  wreck  <»f  j>ower  to  rest. 

Where  man  can  boast  that  he  has  trod 

On  him  that  was  "  the  scourge  of  God." 
—Edtoard  Everett. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


337 


AREA.  POPULATION  AND  EDUCATION. 
The  following  is  a  comparative  statement  of  the  area,  population 
and  education  of  the  world,  by  continents  and  by  the  principal 
nations : 


BY  CONTINENTS 

Area  square 
miles. 

Asia 15,700,000 

Africa 11 ,70(',000 

Europe 3,900,000 

North  America 8,860,000 

Oceanica 3.700,000 

South  America 7,000,000 


50,860,000 


Population. 

764,000,000 

173,200.000 

320.500,000 

71,500,000 

30,900,000 

27,500,000 

1,386,600,000 


BY  NATIONS. 


Percent  un- 

Area  square  able  to  read 

miles.  Population,  or  write. 

Great  Britain  and  Ireland 121,600  32,250,000  .46 

China 4,100,000  410,000,000  .23 

Japan 169,000  36,300,000  .16 

Russia 8,500,000  98,700,000  .91 

Germany 210,000  45,194,000  .13 

United  States 3.500,000  50.200,000  .20 

The  comparative  density  of  population  of  Great  Britain  and  the 

United  States  is  as  follows :     Great  Britain,  inhabitants  to  the  square 

mile,  289 ;  United  States,  14. 


ONE  DOLLAR 
loaned  for  one  hundred  years  at  the  following  rates  of  compound  interest  would  realize 

the  sums  set  opposite  each: 


1  per  cent. 
3 
6 
10 


2.75 

19.25 

340.00 

13,'809.00 


13  per  cent. 
15  "  . 
18  "  . 
24       "      . 


■  $ 


84,675.00 
1,174,405.00 
15,145,207.00 
2,551.799,404.00 


SIGNALS  USED  ON   RAILROADS. 

"With  the  Hands. — Raising  the  hands  to  a  level  with  the  eyes  and  parting  them 
with  a  sweeping  motion  signifies  "go  ahead." 

Extending  the  arms  and  making  a  downward  motion  with  the  hands  signifies 
"stop." 

A  beckoning  with  one  hand  signifies  "back  up." 

"With  Flags. — Waving  red  flag  or  sticking  it  up  by  the  roadside  is  a  signal  of 
"danger." 

The  hoisting  of  a  red  flag  at  a  station  means  "  stop." 

When  carried  on  a  locomotive,  a  red  flag  conveys  a  notice  that  a  train  (or  engine) 
is  following. 

With  Lanterns. — Swinging  a  lantern  to  right  angles  across  the  track  is  a  signal 
to  "stop;"  swinging  it  around  in  a  circle,  signifies  "back;"  raising  and  lowering  It 
means  "go  ahead." 

With  the  Whistle. — One  whistle,  "  down  brakes;"  two  whistles,  "  off  brakes;" 
three  whistles,  a  warning  that  the  train  is  about  to  "back;"  a  succession  of  long 
whistles  means  "  danger;"  a  succession  of  short,  quick  whistles  is  a  "cattle  alarm." 


UJ 
00 


O 

h- 

z 

Ul 
Ul 

cc 

CO 

< 

UJ 


t/) 
o 

Ul 

z 
< 
I- 

< 

co 


="  £  -   a 

,S  '5  TS  '" 

« •«  s  « 

*&  a    .6 

..     fl    a    3 

♦j    S  -Q    o 
«   2  5  -^ 

1 1  i^ 

S  «  2  o 
-p  «»-i  S  -a 

•S  5  to  o 


«   o 


^  §s 


S  Q  a 

§  g  o 

a  " 

-5  3  2 


3    © 


bC 


S6  M 


I  ^ 

u  a 

m    > 

«  u 

,a     •  ^    ►» 
Eh  ^  ,„   -a 

O    •*    «  _1 

^  3  o  a 
:§  S'S    - 

-=<  ^  -2  Z^ 
::  c5  a  « 


S) 


«  -o 


t:  ;:    .  o 
o  a 


£  - 
H  «« 


=^^  -^   S  ^ 


o  ^  S 


eo 


LUMBEB. 


•auoi  ^aaj  oe 

•ui 

owo«ooo«oo®o«owo<eo«050 

•anoi  %99^  ez 

•UI 

« -^  ■♦  »  e»  t- o  iffl  o  OS  « "^  «o  >^  ■♦  «  »» t- o«o 

'.8UOI  :^38j  82 

•UI 

•auoi  ^aaj  12 

•UI 

«soc««aoc<scoaoeecoo>oco<o»oco 

•auoi  ^aej  88 

•ai 

•auoi  »»aj  82 

Ul 

•auoi  ?aaj  tZ 

•UI 

©©©©©©©©©©©oooeo©©©© 

■JBuoi  %90i  2z 

•UI 

w»0'*c«»«>^oj3go»ao»-«wS'*eo»*i^©j5 

•iJuoi  ^aaj  gg 

•UI 

OgaoeO'4iMOgaoce'«MOgcc««»lOO 

•auonaojK 

•UI 

«eeo©atceeeoa«ee©a«cce0>«c<3©a> 

•JBuoi  !»aoj  oe 

•oi 

O90'«©a0'4>©ao'«©o0'4ie«-«eao'4i©oo 

*£UOI  ^93J  6[ 

•UI 

«rtaoe9g«o©i-wao'*j;«oi-'oceooicoi- 

•anoi  ^89j  81 

•Ul 

©ce©«>©eA^«>4A«^<64d«etD<b<6  ' 

•aaoi  »aaj  a 

•UI 

«jJ-*OS*»t-©«Og0000r*«Dj«'*»»»l-©XS 

-:8uoi  )33J  91 

•UI 

©'4iooe-«-K©'«aco-4<3C©'<rooo-«<aD©'« 

«»g92SSSSS5;S}S!8SSa88?8 

•aaoi  ^aaj  gi 

•UI 

«»oc«<so>©nco»eee«»OM«o>oeo 
»-«2S22S2£:2asaa!S8R88S 

•auo[  'idQj  n 

•DI 

©9)'<«>coaBO©e)-4>©uo©©e<'«cocco©ei 
'-»<*2S2SS2Jz2Se5?1SJS!S8Sa 

•auoi  »aoj  81 

•UI 

(©^^^©^©"^IW-^ietCl-XffiOr-©!-! 

•'-«*2S2222£;228SaUS8K 

•aaoi  ;»9oj  gi 

[•UI 

©©©o©©©© ©©©©©©©©©©©© 

•^*»g322S22S2SSSaSe$?S 

•auoi  »9aj  Tl 

•UI 

«oio-*eo©i'-i©-*©osoci-««0'><<eoe»— ©jj 

•auoi  %90J  01 

•UI 

©©CC«'^MOOX:D-*»lCOXT^  i";j©o 

•aaoi  *99J  6 

•UI 

«W©OlOe9©«««©35<CC5©»WCC©OS 
•*»0««t-aoos»©^5;l»J22;S'— SS22 

•auoi  ^99}  8 

•UI 

•M 

©QO-*©oo-«'©x>-»<©ao-*©oo-«>©cD-*©oo 

■«»"*U5«fflt-OOaOOSOOi-i»JN«-*-*».'7«0« 

Width. 

s 

FAITn. 


iimiiJiiiiaEiii 


IIHIIIllllMlllllllllfl 


FAITH. 

IIIIW 


siiiiiiiiiniii 


"  Better  trust  and  all  be  deceived. 

And  weep  that  trust  and  that  deceiving 
Than  doubt  that  heart  that,  if  believed, 
Had  blessed  one's  life  with  true  believing." 

—Frances  Anne  KembU. 

zVITH  is  one  of  the  brightest  and  most  beautiful  attri- 
butes cf  the  human  character.  Under  the  most  adverse 
circumstances  it  rises  to  the  sublimest  heights,  and  com- 
mands admiration,  love,  respect  and  reverence,  even 
where  the  feet  of  the  idol  in  which  it  worships  godlike 
attributes — the  brow  of  marble  and  the  locks  of  bronze — 
are,  to  every  other  eye,  of  the  commonest  clay.  It  is 
the  talisman  that  leads  a  man,  with  trust  and  confidence 
in  the  future,  steeling  his  nerves  and  inspiring  his  heart, 
to  surmount  difficulties  and  triumph  over  obstacles  which  have 
apparently  overwhelmed  his  fortunes,  and  keep  up  a  strong  heart 
with  which  to  welcome  the  turn  of  the  tide  of  fortune,  and  a  strong 
arm  with  which  to  spread  the  undaunted  canvas  on  which  Faith  is 
inscribed,  to  catch  the  rising  trade-wind  of  prosperity.  The  man 
who  has  thorough  faith  in  his  future  career — who  honestly  knows 
himself,  by  conscious  integrity  and  honesty,  by  the  self -consciousness 
of  doing  his  duty  in  the  battle  of  life — will  never  falter  under  diffi- 
culties, nor  will  he  ever  succumb  to  any  disaster.  Like  the  strong 
swimmer  making  for  the  shore,  though  oft  and  again  buffeted  back 
by  the  waves  of  disaster,  he  will  still  ultimately  reach  the  solid 
earth,  from  which  for  all  the  future  he  can  look  back  from  a  safe 
refuge,  and  thank  God  for  that  serene  Faith  under  which  he  was 
borne  up  in  difficulties,  and  by  whose  aid  his  fortunes  were  crowned 
by  the  golden  garlands  of  victory,  the  laurels  of  social  distinction, 
or  the  bay-leaves  of  domestic  bliss.  How  beautiful  the  faith  of  the 
child  in  the  parent,  and  how  much  more  so  the  far-seeing  faith  of  the 
true-hearted  and  loving  wife,  who  knows  her  husband  better  than 
all  the  world,  and  who,  in  the  small  days  of  his  early  trials  in  the 
world,  saw  before  all  else  the  far-off  glimmer  of  the  golden  dawn 
awaiting  him  over  the  distant  hills,  when  the  steeps  of  adversity 
were  overcome. 

Cultivate  faith  in  yourself  first  of  all,  if  your  conscience  approve 
and  your  self-knowledge  justify  it,  and  in  all  with  whom  you  are 


FAITH. 


brought  into  contact.  Believe  in  yourself,  and  seek  to  justify  your 
belief.  Believe  in  your  neighbor,  until  he  himself  has  shattered  the 
faith  with  which  he  was  regarded,  and  even  then  the  exercise  of 
that  virtue  will  be  found  to  have  sweetened  the  memory  of  the 
severed  friendship,  and  to  soften  the  disappointment  of  a  broken 
idol.  Tom  Moore  surely  had  this  divine  attribute  in  his  mind's  eye 
when  he  wrote : 

"You  may  break,  you  may  shatter 
The  vase,  if  you  will; 
But  the  pcf  umc  of  roses 
WUl  cling  to  it  still." 

He  who  cultivates  Faith  will  give  a  generous  measure  of  trust  to 
those  around  him,  which  wiU  brighten  many  paths  beside  his  own. 
Though  he  "may  not  increase  his  stature  by  one  cubit,"  he  may 
strengthen  himself  mentally  and  morally  with  this  high  quality, 
and,  in  doing  so,  will  invigorate  and  lift  up  others  who,  weaker  in 
themselves,  find  in  the  faith  and  confidence  extended  to  them  in 
their  weakness,  the  refreshing,  revivifying,  and  grateful  influence 
which  the  gentle  rain  sheds  upon  the  drooping  plant. 


BRIDGE   OF   FAITH. 

I  have  a  bridge  within  my  heart 

Known  as  the  bridge  of  Faith  ; 
It  spans  by  a  mysterious  art, 

The  streams  of  Life  and  Death. 

And  when  upon  this  bridge  I  stand 

To  watch  the  tide  below, 
Sweet  thoughts  come  from  a  sunny  land 

And  brighten  all  below. 

Then  as  it  winds  its  way  along 

Toward  a  distant  sea, 
Oh,  pleasant  is  the  spirit  song 

That  upward  floats  to  me. 

A  song  of  blessings  never  sere. 

Of  love  beyond  compare. 
Of  pleasures  flowed  from  troublings  here 

To  use  serenely  there. 

And  hearing  this,  a  peace  divine 

Soon  shuts  each  sorrow  out ; 
And  all  is  hopeful  and  benign. 

Where  all  was  fear  and  doubt. 

Oh,  often  then  will  brighter  flow 

The  light  which  round  me  lies  : 

I  see,  from  life's  beclouded  flow 

A  crystal  stream  arise. 

— Author  Unknown. 


HOPE. 


±ijiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiii.iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiii|r^ 


HOPE. 


illllllllllllKlilllll'llli 


llllll|!|l|1|i|l|l|l|l|l|lll|lll|l|lllllll|l|lll|l|l|l|l| 


k.AAAA.JkAi&Jh.ai&*JkJkd 


It'X'J 


■  Who  in  Life's  battle  firm  doth  stand 
Shall  bear  Hope's  tender  blossoms 
Into  the  Silent  Land." 


—Von  Sdlis. 


OPE  springs  eternal  in  the  human  breast,  writes  Pope, 
and  truly,  if  this  were  not  the  case,  this  world 
would  be  but  a  dull  and  dreary  abode  for  the  most  of 
its  inhabitants.  Hope  it  is,  with  its  elastic  measures, 
that,  painting  bright  pictures  of  the  future  and  ever 
pointing  onward  and  upward,  makes  men  forget  the 
miseries  of  daily  life  in  the  bright  anticipations  con- 
jured up  by  the  Avand  of  Hope  for  the  future.  There  is 
no  cavern  nor  dungeon  so  deep  or  so  dark  that  the  rays 
of  light  from  the  torch  of  Hope  will  not  penetrate  there 
and  shed  its  beautiful  effulgence  through  the  darksome  gloom  to 
lighten  the  misery  of  some  poor  wretch  from  whom,  perchance,  all 
other  comfort  had  fled.  Into  every  condition  of  men,  and  into 
every  vicissitude  of  life,  Hope,  the  comforter,  will  find  its  smiling 
way,  cheering  men  in  adversity,  encouraging  them  in  success,  and, 
when  worldly  thrift  shall  have  tilled  up  the  measure  of  prosperit}'',  and 
there  shall  seem  nothing  more  to  be  hoped  for,  returning  at  the  last 
to  smooth  the  pillow  of  the  dying,  relinquishing  all  here  below,  with 
assurance  of  eternal  gain  to  be  won  in  the  world  beyond.  From 
the  cradle  to  the  grave,  then,  Hope  stands  the  nearest  to  a  man  of 
his  three  guardian  angels.  It  should  be  appreciated  and  cultivated 
accordingly.  The  hopeful  man  is  like  a  lamp  shining  upon  the 
faces  of  his  neighbors.  There  is  an  infection  in  the  lightness  in  his 
eye,  the  laughter  which  springs  from  his  heart  to  his  lips,  and  the 
elasticity  of  his  step,  which  communicates  to  all  around  him.  It  is 
the  spirit  which  may  be  regarded  as  the  radiator  or  diffusor  of 
happiness;  and  it  is  also  that  which  finds  most  readily  a  home 
in  the  hearts  of  men,  and  makes  the  strongest  and  most  direct 
appeal  to  their  understanding.  It  is  a  quality  which,  taking  no 
denial  from  Fortune,  never  recognizes  defeat.  Elastic  as  air,  it 
takes  new  life  from  every  temporary  depression;  and,  finally,  by 
its  persistent  and  unfaltering  courage,  enables  a  man  to  crown  his 
ambition  Avith  success.  When  misfortune  strikes  you  down,  friends 
desert  you,  children  turn  their  backs  upon  you,  or  parents  cast  you 


HOPE. 


off;  when  desolation  invades  your  household,  ruin  points  its  ghastly 
skeleton-finger  at  you,  and  poverty  fastens  its  cruel  and  icy  fangs 
upon  you ;  when  sickness  overtakes  your  bedside,  and  the  dark  and 
grisly  phantoms  of  the  Unknown  hover  about  as  if  to  claim  you  for 
their  own ;  when  the  soul  by  doubt  is  tortured,  and  when  all  earthly 
friends  have  fled,  yet  still  does  gentle  Hope,  with  angelic  wing,  fan 
the  dying  embers  of  life  into  renewed  existence,  and  from  the  very 
gates  of  destruction  raise  you  up  again  to  health  and  prosperity, 
chastened,  purged,  cleansed — higher,  better,  and  purer  than  ever. 
What  heat  is  to  the  material  world  so  is  hope  to  the  social,  moral, 
and  mental  world.  It  is  estimated  that  if  the  sun  should  withdraw 
his  light  and  heat  for  twenty-four  hours  all  animate  life  would 
perish  miserably  in  the  terrible  gloom.  So  it  is  in  the  affairs  of 
life.  Without  Hope  men  would  succumb  at  the  first  adverse  breath, 
and  give  up  the  struggle  of  life  miserably.  Despair,  with  its  grim 
and  cruel  visage,  would  usurp  the  place  of  radiant-faced  and  bright- 
winged  Hope  as  man's  familiar  angel,  and  its  twin-sister.  Suicide, 
would  reap  to  satiety  of  the  dread  harvest  that  she  loves.  But 
Hope  is  still  on  earth  to  lighten  the  burdens  of  men,  and  shed  light 
on  their  path,  and  will  stay  with  them  to  the  end.  But  one  door  is 
forbidden  to  Hope,  and  that  is,  the  entrance  to  that  fearful  place  of 
torment  of  the  future  world  depicted  by  Dant6 : 

"All  Hope  abandon,  ye  who  enter  here." 

Regard  Hope  always  in  the  spirit  of  the  author  of  these  beauti- 
ful lines : 

"  True  Hope  is  Bwlft; 

It  flies  on  ea^rle's  win^s; 
Kings  it  malces  erods. 
And  meaner  creatures  kings." 


CHAEITY. 


r — 

* 

i 


CHARITY. 


i 
i 
i 
< 


HARITY  is  the  chiefest  of  the  Christian  virtues.  It  is 
the  very  crown  of  a  perfect  character,  and  he  who  pos- 
sesses it,  in  its  truest  and  best  sense,  will  possess  the 
chief  element  of  happiness,  not  only  in  his  own  life  and 
surroundings,  but  for  all  with  whom,  in  personal,  busi- 
ness, or  social  relations,  he  may  be  brought  into  contact. 
In  its  exercise  it  blesses  alike  the  giver  and  the  receiver, 
and  sheds  a  mild  and  beneficent  lustre  before  which  the 
garish  lights  of  wealth  and  splendor  pale,  and  which 
illuminates  with  a  divine  effulgence  the  darkest  shadows  that  fall 
athwart  human  existence.  In  its  perfection.  Charity  may  be 
likened  to  the  diamond  of  the  purest  Avater — a  complete,  har- 
monious whole,  a  perfect  crystal,  without  flaw  or  blemish,  and  yet, 
in  every  aspect,  from  whatever  side  it  be  viewed,  reflecting  from  its 
perfect  depths  new  lights  of  radiant  beauty.  There  is  no  more 
beautiful,  expressive,  nor  comprehensive  description  of  Charity  in 
literature,  than  is  presented,  clothed  in  the  dignity  of  simplicity,  in 
the  following  words  of  St.  Paul : 

"And  though  1  bestow  all  my  goods  to  feed  the  poor,  and  though  I  give  my  body  to 
be  burned,  and  have  not  charity,  it  proflt«th  nothing. 

"  Charity  suffereth  long  and  is  kind;  charity  vaunteth  not  itself;  is  not  puffed  up. 

"  Doth  not  behave  itself  unseemly;  seeketh  not  her  own;  is  not  easily  provoked;  thlnketh 
no  evil; 

"  Rejoiceth  not  in  iniquity,  but  rejoiceth  in  the  truth; 

"  Beareth  all  things,  believeth  all  things,  endureth  all  things. 

"Charity  never  faileth." 

It  is  Charity  which  moves  that  spirit  of  divine  compassion 
which,  more  or  less  obscure,  slumbers  in  every  human  heart,  to 
extend  aid  to  the  needy,  sympathy  to  the  sorrowing,  comfort  to  the 
sorely  tried,  consolation  to  the  afflicted,  protection  to  the  perse- 
cuted; which  lifts  up  them  that  fall,  encourages  them  that  falter, 
and  lends  zeal  to  them  that  press  forward  in  the  way  of  life ;  which 
is  a  shield  to  the  weak  and  tempted,  and  a  sword  to  the  strong  and 
confident ;  which  is  a  balm  for  the  wounded  spirit,  a  sweet  fragrance 
amid  the  impurities  of  sin  and  suffering,  a  halo  of  light  which  glows 
with  undimmed  luster  even  among  the  dark  and  sordid  cares  of 
life ;  which  is  as  deep  as  ocean,  as  broad  as  earth,  and  as  high  as 
heaven.     Charity  gives  alms,  but  it  does  not  consist  of  alms-giving 


CHARITY. 


It  clothes  the  naked  and  feeds  the  hungry ;  seeks  out  sorrow  and 
succors  the  distressed ;  is  the  protection  of  husband  for  the  widow, 
and  the  care  of  father  for  the  orphan ;  and  yet  suffers  not  its  right 
hand  to  know  what  the  left  doeth.  It  avoids  ostentation,  sliuns 
publicity,  shrinks  from  parade,  blushes  in  the  presence  of  acknowl- 
edgment, and  does  not  seek  out  gratitude.  Its  true  reward  is  in 
the  inmost  chambers  of  the  soul,  wliere  it  confers  an  indescribable 
happiness,  that  exalts  existence  and  elevates  the  whole  being.  It 
lays  hold  upon  the  rewards  of  religion,  and  gives  to  man  the  nearest 
appoach  to  that  godlike  manhood  set  forth  in  the  great  example  of 
Him  who  is  our  highest  model  of  perfection : 

"  Inasmuch  as  ye  have  done  it  unto  the  least  of  these  ye  have  done  it  also  unto  me." 

It  softens  the  asperities  of  human  nature,  and  brings  out, 
strengthens,  and  develops  all  the  higher  and  better  qualities  of 
manhood — intellectual  and  moral.  It  imbues  the  domestic  affec- 
tions with  tenderness  and  consideration,  and  the  social  relations 
with  warmth  and  cordiality.  It  dignifies  and  beautifies  character, 
ennobles  the  whole  nature,  cements  the  fidelity  of  friendships, 
gives  the  strength  of  steel  to  the  silken  bonds  of  love,  intensifies  the 
devotion  of  conjugal  worship,  and  sanctifies  fiUal  veneration.  Its 
motto  is  the  Golden  Rule,  "  Do  unto  others  as  ye  would  they  should 
do  unto  you."  Its  ways  are  the  footsteps  of  the  Master,  and  its 
rewards  are  both  here  and  hereafter. 


THE    LADY'S   DREAM. 

"Each  pleading  look  that  long  ago 
I  scanned  with  a  heedless  eye, 

Each  face  was  gazing  as  plainly  there 
As  when  I  passed  it  by  ; 

Woe,  woe  is  me,  if  the  past  should  be 
Thus  present  when  I  die  I 

"  No  need  of  the  sulphurous  lake. 
No  need  of  the  fiery  coal. 
But  only  that  crowd  of  humankind 

Who  wanted  pity  and  dole — 
In  everlasting  retrospect — 
Will  wring  my  sinful  soul ! 

"Alas  I  have  walked  through  life 
Too  heedless  where  I  trod, 
Nay,  helping  to  bury  my  fellow  worm 

And  fill  the  burial  rod — 
Forgetting  that  even  the  sparrow  falls 
Not  unmark'd  of  God  !" 

— Hood. 


Of 

BIOGRAPHICAL  CYCLOPEDIA. 


lOGEAPHY  is  filled  with  the  stories  of  those 
who  have  either  sought  to  become  well-known 
for  the  sake  of  notoriety,  have  acquired  fame 
on  account  of  lofty  purpose  and  earnest  spirit, 
or  had  greatness  thrust  upon  them  by  circum- 
stances over  which  they  had  no  control.     In 
these  pages  may  be  found  the  most  interesting 
tests  of  the  several  aspects  of  force,  as  above 
indicated,  that  are  displayed  by  human  nature. 
Some  have  been  blindly  ambitious,  as  Caesar,  and  Na- 
poleon.    Others,  like  Titus,  and  Washington,  are  made 
famous  for  acts  of  goodness  to  mankind ;  while  such  as 
Cincinnatus,  and  Lady  Jane  Grey,  have  had  honors  thrust 
upon   them,  and  the  pages  of  history  which   bear  the 
record  of  their  lives,  are  not  the  less  attractive  for  the 
showing  that  their  honors  were  well  borne. 

The  names  of  thousands  of  the  world's  most  active 
and  eminent  men  and  women  are  given  in  this  convenient 
form. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  COMPENDIUM. 


B. 


Abbott,   Jacob,  an  American  author    and 

clerx-yman.    Born  Hollowell,  Me.,  1803. 
Abdul  Hamid,  sultan  of  Turkey,  began  his 

reijrn  August  31,  1876.    B.    September    22, 

1812. 
Abelard,  ah-ba-lar,  a  learned  French  priest, 

lover  of  Heloise.    Born  near  Nantes,  1079. 

Died  1142. 
Abercrombie,  James,  a   British   officer  in 

America.    Defeated  at  Ft.  Ticonderoga.  B. 

in  Scotland,  1706.    D.  1781. 
Abemethy,  John,  an  English  surgeon.    B. 

in  London,  1764.     D.  1831. 
About,  a-hon,  Edmond  Francois  Valentin^ 

French  statesman  and  political  writer.    B. 

1828.    D.  in  Paris,  January  18, 1885. 
Adams,  John,  second  president  of  United 

States.    B.  in  Braintree,  Mass.,  1735.    D.  in 

Quincy,  1826. 
Aaams,  John  Quincy,  son  of  John  A.,  sixth 

president  of  United  States.    B.  in  Braintree, 

Mass.,  1767.    D.  in  Washington.  1848. 
Adams,  Samuel,  an  American  revolutionist 

and  governor  of  Massachusetts.    B.  Boston, 

1722.    D.  1803. 


Addison,  Joseph,   an   English   writer. 
Milston,  1673.    D.  1719. 

Adrian.    Six  popes  of  Rome  of  this  name. 

.S^sculapius,  the  Greek  god  of  medicine. 

i£sop,  the  fable  writer.  B.  Phrygia  about 
620  B.  C.    Date  of  death  uncertain. 

Agrassiz,  cw-asse,  Louis  John  Rudolph,  a 
French  naturalist.  B.  Motiers,  Switzerland, 
1807.    D.  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  1873. 

Agricola,  a-grik-o-la,  Cnasius  Julius,  a  Roman 
conquerer.  B.  Forum  Julii,  now  Freju8,ia 
Provence,  A.  D.  37.    D.  Rome,  93. 

Agrippa,  Marcus  Vipsanius,  a  Roman  consul. 
Naval  victory  of  Actium;  dedicated  to 
Jupiter  the  Pantheon.    B.  63.    D.  12  B.  C. 

AgTippina,  ag-rip-e-na.  the  elder,  wife  of 
Germanicus  Cfesar.  Died  A.  D.  3d.  A.,  the 
younger,  was  mother  of  Nero,  who  had 
her  assassinated  A.  D.  60. 

Akbar,  the  greatest  of  Moguls  in  Hindostan. 
B.  l.'>42.     D.  I6a5. 

Alaric  I.  and  II.,  kings  of  the  Visigoths;  the 
first  a  great  conqueror,  the  second  more 
pacific.    A.  I.,  8.  376. 

Albemarle,  George  Monk,  duke,  a  military 
and  naval  officer.  B.  Potheridge,  Devon- 
shire, 1608.    D.  1670. 


345 


BIOGRAPHICAL   CYCLOPEDIA. 


Albert;  Prince  Consort,  married  Queen  Vic- 
toria in  1»40.  Ji.  Cobourg,  Oemiauy,  1819, 
I>.  Windsor  Castle,  iHtii. 

Albert  Edward,  prince  of  Wales,  and  helr- 
app.irent  to  liritisli  throne.  B.  in  Buck- 
iiiu'tiHin  Palace,  I-ondon,  1841. 

Albuquerque,  Arini-kerke,  Alphonso  de,  a 
Portiij^iifbe  commander.  Captured  Mal- 
acca.   11.  14)2.    \).  1515. 

AlcibiadsB,  (il-:<n-t)i-a-<le€«,  an  Athenian  gen- 
eral. Defeated  Spartans,  and  was  mur- 
dered by  them,  404  B.  C.  B.  Athens,  450 
li.C. 

Alcott,  au'Vkot,  Amos  nron8on,an  American 
educator.  U.  Wolcott,  Conn.,  1798.  D. 
Aiiburndale,  Mass.,  185W. 

Alcott,  Ix>ui8a  May,  daughter  of  Amos,  a 
Ktoiy  writer.    IJ.  uennantown,  Penn.,  1833. 

Alden,  .John,  came  over  in  the  Mayflower 
in  ItW).     1).  ItiST. 

Aldrich,  Thomas  Bailey,  an  American  poet. 
U.  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  183<J. 

Alembert,  da-lam'txtir,  John  lo  Bond,  a 
French  mathematician  ;  discovered  the  pre- 
cession of  equinoxes.  B.  Paris,  1717.  D. 
IIKI. 

Alexander.  Many  kings  of  this  name,  and 
eight  popes. 

Alexander  I.,  emperor  of  Ruasia.  Beaten 
by  Nitpok'oii  at  Aiisti-rlitz.  United  armiofl 
of  Prussia  and  Itussia,  were  also  beaten  at 
Friedland.  On  the  disiLstrous  retreat  of 
Napoleon  from  Moscow,  the  allied  army 
entered  Paris.  Peace— Holy  Alliance,  li. 
St.  F'(t«r8l)urg,  1777.    D. Tafiranrog,  1826. 

Alexander  II.,  emperor  of  Russia;  Abol- 
ished SIM  fdom  ;  Victorious  in  war  against 
Turkey,  1877-8;  U.  1818.  III.  began  his 
reigii  ilarch  U,  \m  ;    H.  March  10. 1845. 

Alexander  the  Great,  the  most  renowned 
hero  in  ancient  history.  Defeated  the  Per- 
sians.   II.  IVIhi  ;j.'>ti  II.  C.    D.  in  his  33d  year. 

Alexander  Severus,  a  Roman  emperor 
that  ilcrcat<<l  the  Persians.  B.  in  Phoenicia 
20S.     Killfil  by  hiv  ri..,,|w  :;:;-,. 

Alexander,  St.,  ot  .\lt\aii'lrUi.  Condemned 
Arianisni.    1).  ;ms. 

Alexander,  William,  an  American  major- 
general  in  revolutionary  war.  B.  New 
York  1726.    D.  Allwny  17t«. 

Alexis,  Czar  of  Hussia.  Reign  disturbed  by 
foreign  and  civil  wars.  B.  Moscow  1630. 
D.  1ti7t5. 

Alexis  I.,  Coxnnenus,  emperor  of  Constan- 
tinonje.  Fought  the  Turks  and  Scythians; 
B.  t'onstjintinople,  1048;  D.  1118.  A.  II., 
succeeded  to  throne  and  was  murdered  by 
Andronicus.  Three  others  of  this  name 
met  similar  fate. 

Alfonso.  Many  rulers  of  this  name.  A.  II.. 
the  Chaste,  of  Leon,  Castile  and  Asturias; 
D.  Oviedo,  842,  agetl  85.  III.,  the  Great, 
fought  the  Moors;  D.  Zaraora,  810.  V^I., 
the  Valiant,  of  Leon  and  Cjistile,  emperor 
of  Spain.  Cid  achieved  poetical  celebrity. 
A.  died  at  Toledo,  1109.  VIII.,  the  Em- 
peror, victor  as  against  the  Moors:  D.  near 
Toledo,  ll.')7.  X.,  the  Ixjarned,  king  of  Leon 
and  Castile;  A  If onsinc  tables  drawn  under 
his  direction;    B.  VMi.    D.  12t4. 

Alfonso,  of  Aragon  and  Navarre,  the 
Fighter;  took  immense  spoil  from  the 
Moors ;    successful    in  29  battles;    D.  1134. 

A.  III.  est^iblished  first  constitution;  D. 
1291.  v.,  the  Magnanimous,  conquered 
Naples  in  1442;    B.  1384;     D.  Naples,  14.V. 

Alfonso,  of  Portugal.  Freed  that  state  from 
dependence  in  which  it  had  been  held  by 
Leon  and  Castile;  D.  Coimbra,  118.5.  V., 
invaded  Africa  several  times;  D.  Cintra, 
14.81.    Si.x  kings  of  Portugal. 

Alfonso  XII.,  the  present  (1885)  king  of 
Spain :  began  his  reign  December  30, 1874. 

B.  November  28. 1857. 
Alfred  the  Great,  king  of  the  West  Saxons ; 

was  engaged  in  flfty-six  battles  by  sea  and 
land.  B.  vvantage,  in  Berkshire,  849.  D.  900. 


Al^r,  William  Roun8a\ille,  an  American 
L  nltarian  clergyman.  B.  Freetown,  Mass- 
achusetts, 1823. 

All,  a4e,  the  cousin  and  son-in-law  of  Ma- 
homet ;  declared  caliph,  but  was  assassi- 
nated in  6efl. 

Alison,  Sir  Archibald,  a  Scottish  historicfd 
writer.  B.  Kenl'^y,  Shropshire,  1792.  D. 
near  Glasgow,  1807. 

Allen,  Ethan,  an  American  brigadier-gen- 
eral of  the  Revolution.  B.  Litchtleld.  Con- 
necticut, 17o8.  D.  near  Colchester,  Ver- 
mont, 1789. 

Allston,  Washington,  an  American  painter. 
"Jacob's  Vision."  B.  in  South  Carolina, 
1779.  D.  Cambridgeport,  Massachusetts, 
184;  J. 

Alvarado,  Pedro  de,  governor  of  Guate- 
mala;  in  every  battle  with  Hernando  Cor- 
tez  in  conquest  of  Mexico.  B.  liadajoz.  D. 
1.541. 

AmadeusV.j.  the  Great;  an  umpire  in  Eu- 
rope. 1>.  1323.  Nine  sovereigns  In  Savoy  of 
this  name. 

Ambrose,  St.,  archbishop  of  Milan.  B. 
Treves,  fii  Gaul,  310.    1).  .Milan,  397. 

Ames,  Fisher,  an  American  politician  and 
writer.  B.  Dedham,  Massachusetts,  1758.  D. 
there.  1808. 

Amherst,  Jeffory,  an  English  general ;  com- 
manded British  armies  in  America,  after 
AlH  nrombie.    B.  Kent,  1717.    I).  1797. 

Amurath  I.,  a-nm-rath,  a  sultan  of  the 
Turks;  instituted  the  corps  of  Janissaries ; 
defeated  the  Christians.  li.  i:!20;  stabbed 
by  wounded  Serbian,  in  KWt.  Amurath  II. 
defeated  Christians  and  quelle<l  a  revolt  of 
the  Janiftsaries.  B.  1399;  I>.  1451.  Amurath 
I V.  was  the  worst  ruler  over  the  Ottomans. 

Anacreon,  (i-(i<iA-rc-«>i,a  Greek  lyric  writer. 
B.  Teos,  in  Ionia,  561  B.C. 

Anastatius,  ati-*i-s(a'-»hr-u8.  Several  em- 
perors of  the  East  and  several  popes  of 
this  name. 

Anaxa^oras,  nn-ax-ag-o-ras,  illustrious  an- 
cient pliilosopher.  Held  that  the  moon  was 
inba  tilted.  B.  near  Smyrna,  in  Ionia,  about 
600  B.  C.  D.  Lampsacus,  Asia  Minor,  428 
B.C. 

Anaxlmander,  nn-ax-€-man-dcr,  a  Greek 
philosoj.lier.  f)t>served  obliquity  of  the 
ecliptic.  H.  Miletus,  Asia  Minor,  eiO  B.  C. 
D.  547  B.C. 

Anaximenes,  au-ax-im-e-nees.a  Greek  phi- 
losopher. Held  that  all  things  came  from 
the  air.  D.  5lU  B.  C.  Another  of  this  name 
was  philosopher  and  historian,  and  native 
of  Lampsacus,  Asia  Minor.  Lived  about 
avi  B.  C. 

Andersen,  Hans  Christian,  a  Danish  writer 
of  tales  for  children.  B.  Odense,  1806.  D. 
Copenhagen,  187.5. 

Anderson,  Hobert,  an  American  major-gen- 
eriii.  Fort  Sumter,  S.  C.  B.  Nice,  France, 
Mm.    D.  1871. 

Andre,  an-dra,  John,  a  British  spy  In  Amer- 
ican revolutionary  war.  B.  London,  1751. 
Hanged  1780. 

Andrew,  John  Albion,  an  abolitionist,  and 
governor  of  Massachusetts  five  times.  B. 
Windham,  Me.,  1818.    D.  1867. 

Andrew,  Saint,  a  disciple  of  Christ,  and 
apostle.  Supposed  martyr  at  Patrte,  in 
Achuia.  A.  D.  70. 

Andronicus,  an  Athenian  architect.  Tower 
of  the  Winds  and  weather <;ock. 

Andronicus,  of  Rhodes,  a  philosopher  of 
Aristotleism.     Lived  63  B.  C. 

Angelo,  Michael  Buonarotti,  the  great  Ital- 
ian architect  and  painter.  "  Last  Judg- 
ment."   B.  1475.    D.  1564. 

Anne,  the  British  queen.  B.  Twickenham, 
nenr  London,  lt>64.    D.  1714. 

Anne  of  Austria,  a  queen  of  France.  B. 
1601.     D.  1666. 

Anne  Bolejni,  hocil^n,  the  unfortunate 
wife  of  Henry  VIII.  B.  1507.  Beheaded  1536. 


Anselm,  Saint,  a  book-writer,  and  arch 
bishop  of  Canterbury.  B.  Piedmont,  1033. 
D.  1109. 

Anthony,  Susan  B.,  a  celebrated  advocate 
of  woman  suifra^.  B.  South  Adams, 
Mass,  isao. 

Antig-onus,  a  chief  captain  of  Alexander, 
defeated  and  killed  in  299,  a^ed  80. 

Antiochus  an-ti-o-Jtita.  Thirteen  Sj'rian 
kinjfs  of  this  name  between  230  B.  C.  and 
the  empire  of  the  Citjsars. 

Antipater,  av-tit^-n-tcr,  was  father  of  Herod 
the  Great.    B.  about  390.    D.  319. 

Antoinette,  Mane,  queen  of  Louis  XVI. 
She  was  archduchess  of  Austria,  and  her 
marriage  was  broug-ht  about  to  put  her 
country  and  France  on  terms  of  friendly 
alliance.  Was  a  victim  of  mobs  in  1793,  and 
executed  at  Taris  in  17St3,  period  of  the  rev- 
olution.   B.  Vienna,  1755. 

Antonia.  Prominent  Koman  women  of  this 
name.  One  became  the  mother  of  German- 
icus  Claudius,  the  emperor,  and  the  bad 
Livia. 

Antoninus,  an-to-ni-uus,  Marcus  Aurelius, 
the  best  of  the  Roman  emperors.  B.  Rome, 
121.    D.  Vindobona  (Vienna),  180. 

Antoninus,  Marcus,  a  great  Roman  orator. 
Killed  at  Rome  in  667. 

Antony,  Mark  (Antonius  Marcus;.  Served 
Cffisar,  lover  of  Cleopatra,  defeated  at  Ac- 
tium.  B.  Rome,  83  B.  C.  Stabbed  himself, 
30  B.C. 

Appleton  Daniel,  an  American  book  pub- 
lisher.   B.  Haverhill,  Mass.,  17a5.    D.  1840. 

Aquinas,  Saint  Thomas,  a  theologian,  and 
called  the  Angelic  Doctor.  B.  castle  of 
Aquino,  It.,  1324.    D.  near  Terracina,  }'374. 

Ax&go,  Francois  Jean  Dominique,  a  French 
scientist.  B.  near  Perpignan,  1786.  D.Paris, 
185.3. 

Arbuthnot,  Alexander,  a  Scottish  clergy- 
man.   B.  Arbuthnot,  1538.    D.  1735. 

Archimedes  ai'-ki-me-dec!<,  the  inventor,  of 
Syracuse.  Screw,  burning-glass,  other  in- 
ventions. B.  about  387  B.  C.  Killed  during 
an  assault  by  the  Romans,  212  B.  C. 

Argrand,  Aime.  Invented  the  lamp  of  that 
name.    B.  Geneva,  Switz.,  1783.    D.  1803. 

Aristophanes,  ar-is-tof-a-iiees,  an  Athen- 
ian comic  dramatist.    Lived  400  B.  C. 

Aristotle,  the  Grecian  philosopher,  and 
head  of  the  Peripatetics.  B.  Stagira.  Mace- 
donia, 384  B.  C.  D.  Chalcis,  Island  of  Eu- 
foja,  333  B.  C. 

Arius,  air-e-iis,  the  founder  of  the  Arian 
sect.     Lived  about  300. 

.4J'kwTight,  Sir  Richard,  an  English  invent- 
or. Made  fli*st  machine  for  carding  and 
spinning  cotton.  B.  Preston,  Lancashire, 
1733.    D    1792. 

Arminius,  or  Herman,  the  deliverer  of 
Germany.     Assassinated  A.  D.  20,  aged  39. 

Armstrong:,  John,  an  American  brigadier- 
general,  and  member  of  President  Madi- 
son's cabinet.  D.  Red  Hook,  N.  Y.,  1843, 
in  his  85th  year. 

Armstrong'.  Sir  William  George,  the  invent- 
or of  the  gun  of  that  name.     B.  1810. 

Arnold,  Benedict,  an  American  major-gen- 
eral and  traitor.  B.  in  Connecticut.  D. 
London,  1801.  A  great  Swiss  patriot  of  this 
name  gained  the  liberty  of  Switzerland, 
138«. 

Arthur,  Chester  Allan,  the  twenty-first 
President  of  United  States.  B.  Fairfield, 
Vt  ,  October  5,  1830. 

Audubon,  John  James,  an  American  natur- 
alist. B.  in  Louisiana,  1780.  D .  New  York, 
ia51. 

Augxistine  Saint,  a  father  of  the  Christian 
church.    B.  Tagaste,  in  Africa,  354.    D.  430. 

AugTistulus,  Romulus,  the  last  emperor  of 
the  West,  being  conquered  in  476. 

Austin,  Saint,  the  first  bishop  of  Canter- 
bury.   D.  608. 


B 

Bax!h|  John  Sebastian,  a  German  musician. 
Had  eleven  sons,  all  musicians.  B.  Eisenach, 
1685.    D.  Leipsic,  1754. 

Bache,  hatch,  Alexander  Dallas,  Superin- 
tendent United  States  coast  survey.  B, 
Philadelphia,  1806.    D.  Newport,  R.  1.,  1807. 

Bacon,  Sir  Francis,  a  profound  thinker  for 
his  age.  Pope  said  he  was  "the  wisest, 
brightest,  meanest  of  mankind."  B.  Lon- 
don, 1561.    D.  1626. 

Bacon,  Nathaniel,  an  American  patriot  of 
Virginia.    B.  in  England.    D.  1677. 

Bacon,  Roger,  an  experimental  philosopher. 
Made  some  discoveries,  and  invented  air- 

Sump  and  gun-powder.  B.  Ilchester,  1214. 
I.  1293.  • 

Bailey,  Gamaliel,  an  American  journalist. 
National  Era.  B.  Mt.  Holly,  N.J. ,  1807.  D. 
1859.  Jacob  Whitman  B.,  an  American 
naturalist;  B.  Ware,  Mass.,  1811;  D.  West 
Point,  N.  Y.,  1857.  Theodorus,  an  American 
naval  officer  war  1861-5;  B.  Plattsburgh, 
N.  Y.,  180:j;    D.  Washington,  1877. 

Bailly,  haU-ye,  Jean  Sylvain,  a  French  as- 
tronomer. B.  Paris,  1736.  Guillotined  by 
Jacobins,  1793. 

Baily,  Francis,  an  English  astronomer.  B. 
1774.    D.  1844. 

Bainbridge,  Captain  William,  an  American 
naval  officer  that  first  hoisted  the  American 
flag  in  the  harbor  of  Constantinople.  B. 
Princeton,  N.  J.,  1774.  D.  Philadelphia, 
1833. 

Baird,  Spencer  Fullerton,  an  American  pro- 
fessor of  natural  history.  B.  Reading, 
Penn.,  1823. 

Baker,  Osmon  Cleander,  an  American  cler- 
gyman; B.  Marlow,  N.  H„  1812;  D.  1871. 
Edward  Dickinson  B.  was  an  American 
politician  and  soldier;  B.  London,  J811; 
Killed  at  Ball's  Bluff,  Va.,186L  An  African 
tra\eler  of  this  name  discovered  Lake  Al- 
bert Nyanza  in  18(j4. 

Baldwin.  Several  kings  of  Jerusalem  of 
this  name,  and  emperors  of  Constantinople. 

Bales,  Peter,  a  great  master  of  penmanship  ; 
taught  at  Oxford  and  London.  B.  1547.  D. 
about  1610. 

Ball,  Sir  Alexander  John,  a  British  officer  in 
first  American  war;  D.  1809  Thomas  B., 
an  American  carver  in  marble ;  B.  Charles- 
town,  Mass.,  1819. 

Ballou,  Hosea,  an  American  UniversHlist 
clcrgymiiii,  and  founder  of  Universali'^m  in 
the  United  States.  B.  Richmond,  N.  H., 
1771.    D.  1853. 

Bancroft,  Hubert  H.,  an  American  historian. 
B.  Granville,  O.,  Isb2.  George,  an  American 
historian  and  poetical  writer.  B.  Worces- 
ter, Mass.,  1800.  Richaru,  was  Archbishop 
of  Canterbury,  and  abused  the  Puritans.  B. 
Farnsworth,  Lancashire,  1544.    D.  1610. 

Bangrs,  Nathan,  an  American  clergjTnan  and 
book-editor.  B.  Stratford,  Ct.,  1778.  D. 
18(53. 

Banks,  Nathaniel  Prentiss,  an  American 
major-general,  defeated  Confederates  in 
Louisiana.  Was  defeated  at  Sabine  Cross 
Roads      B.  1816. 

Barbarossa  was  a  famous  pirate.  Seized 
Algiers,  but  was  beaten  and  killed  In  15-35. 

Barker,  Jacob,  an  American  senator,  and 
founder  Exchange  Bank  in  Wall  st.  B. 
Kennebec  Co.,  Me.,  1779.  D.  Philadelphia, 
1871. 

Barlow,  Joel,  an  American  poet.  B.  Read- 
ing. Ct.,  1754.  D.  near  (jracow,  Poland, 
1813. 

Barnabas,  St.,  a  companion  of  St.  Paul,  was 
stoned  to  death  in  Cyprus,  his  birth  place. 

Barnes,  Albert,  an  American  writer  of 
theology.    B.  1798.    D.  1870. 

Barnum,  Phineas  Taylor,  an  American  show 
man.    B.  Bethel,  Ct.,  1810. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   CYCLPEDIA. 


Barre,  Isaac,  a  British  oflScer.    Friendly  to 
American  colonists.     B.  Dublin,  172B      D. 
1802. 
Barrett,  Benjamin  Pisk,  an  American  clergry- 
mun.    B.   Dresden,  Me.,  1808.    GeorRC  Hor- 
ton,  an    American  tragedian.    B.  Exeter, 
Eng.,  1794.    D.  New  Yorit,  1M«0.     Lawrence, 
the  American  actor.    B.  Ireland. 
Barron,'  James,  an  American  naval  officer 
tlmt  louKlit  a  duel  with   Decatur,  killing 
him.    B.  Virginia,  1708.    D.  1851. 
Barry,  John,  an  American  naval  officer  and 
commander  of  the  Alliance.    B.Wexford, 
Irclaii.l,  174.5.    D.  Philadelphia.  1803. 
Bartholomew,  St.,  one  of  the  twelve;  was 

prolialily  Hayed  alive  in  Armenia. 
Bartlett,  John  Uusseil,  author  of  the  Dic- 
tionary of  Americanisms.     B.  Providence, 
Uhode  Island,  1NU5.    JoHiah  was  a  member 
of  the  ( 'ontinental  Congress     U.  Ameebury, 
Mussaclnisettjj,  172U.     D.  1795. 
Barton,   Itenjamin  Smith,  was  founder  of 
natural  history  in  America.     B.  Pennsyl- 
vania,  l7fi*J.    D.  181.5.    Clara,  an  American 
humanitarian.    B.  Oxford,  Massacliusetts, 
IHIJO.     William.  capfun<ltlii' British  general 
Prescott  ill  1777.  H.  ProMdeiuc.  17'iO.  I).  1K41. 
Bates,  Edward,  an  AniL-rican  statoman  ;  was 

in  Lincoln's  cabinet.     B.  17l«.     D.  1««{9. 
Bayard    lii'anl,  Thomas  Francis,  the  Dela- 
ware statesman.   H.  Wilmington.  1KJ8.  Sev- 
eral other  members  of   the   family  were 
senators  liefore  him. 
Bayer,   Johaim,   a   German   Bcientist.     B. 

Havaria,  aliDUt  1,">72.     D.  Augsburg,  1600. 
Bazaine,  Iki-zhh',  Francois  .Vchille,  a  French 
geiuTiil  in  Crimean  and  other  wars;  sur- 
rendered to  Germans  at  Metz.   H.  Versailles, 
1811. 
Beaurearard,    Peter   Oustavus   Toutant,   a 
conledi'rate general;  dL-feated  I'nited States 
trooi)8  under  .McDowell  at   Hull  Itun,  war 
of  18»11  .5      B.  near  New  Orleans,  1S18. 
Becket,  Thomas  a,  an   Knglish  prelate  and 
aiilibish<)i><)f  CanttrbMry.    B.  Ixmdon,  1119. 
Munlcred  in  the  cathedral,  1170. 
Bedford  John,  duke  of.  an  English  officer 
that  aided  in  bringing  Joan  of  Arc  to  the 
torch.    B.  1390.    D.  Uouen,  1436. 
Beecher,    Lyman,   the    father    of    Harriet 
ElizatH-'th  (Stowe),  who  wrote  I'ncle  Tom's 
Cabin.     The  former  born  at  New  Haven, 
Connecticut,  1775.     D.  1863     The  latter  was 
born  in  Litchfield,  Connetaicut,  1812.  Henry 
Ward,  the  son  and  brother,  an  American 
theologian.     B.  Litchfield.  1813. 
Beer,  Wilhelm.  a  German  scientist.    Brother 
of  the  great  Meyerbeer.  B.  Berlin,  1797.  D. 
1850. 
Beethoven,  hait-ho-ven,  Ludwlg  von,  a  Ger- 
man musical  composer.    B.  Bonn,  1770.    D. 
Vienna,  1827. 
Bell,  John,  an  American  senator.    Leader 
constirutional  union  party,  18<i0.    B.  near 
Nashville,  Tenn.,  1797.  D.  in  thatstate,  1869. 
Bellows,    Henry    Whitman,    an    American 
clergyman.    Started  a  Unitarian  paper  in 
New  York.    B.  Boston,  1814. 
Benedict,  Saint,  founder  of  the  Benedlct- 

ine-".     n.  Nursia,  480.    Died  about  543. 
Bennett,  James  Gordon,  an  American  cur- 
rent writer.  Founder  of  New  York  Herald. 
B.  Scotland,  1795.     D.  1872. 
Benton,  Thomas  Hart,  an  American  states- 
man.    He  loved  coin,  and  was  called  Old 
Bullion.    B.  near  Hillsborough,  N.  H.,  1782. 
D.  Washington,  18.58. 
Berg'h,  Henry,  an  American  humanitarian. 

B.  New  York,  1823. 
Berkeley,  Sir  William,  the  royal  governor  of 
Virginia.    B.  near  London.    D.   Twicken- 
ham, 1677. 
Beust,    boost,  Frederick  Ferdinand,  Baron 
von,   the  German  friend  of    liberty.     D. 
Dresden,  1809. 
Bias,  was  one  of  the  most  active  of  the  seven 
wise  men.    B  Priene,  about  570  B.  C. 


Biela,  bee-cUa,  William,  Baron  von,  discov- 
ered comet  bearing  his  name.  B.  Stolberg, 
1782.     D.  1856. 

Blerstadt,  heerstat,  Albert,  an  American 
painter.  Yosemite  Valley  scenes.  B.  Dus- 
seldorf,  Ger.,  1S29. 

Bifelow,  hifj-e-itiw,  Erastus  Brigfaam,  an 
American  inventor.    B.  1814.    D.  1879. 

Bimey,  Imr-ne,  James  G.,  one  of  the  liberal 

fjarty  in  l.'nited  States.  Twice  a  president- 
ul  nominee.  H.  Danville,  Ky.,  1792.  D. 
Perth  Ambov.  N.  Y..  1K.57. 

Bismarck-Scnonhausen,  hee»-mark  shem- 
hou-neii.  Otto  Edward  Leopold,  the  German 
imperial  chancel lf»r.  Made  Prussia  the 
strongest  power  in  Germany.  B.  Schon- 
hau.sen,  near  Madgebiirg.  1815. 

Black,  Jeremiah  S.,  an  American  politician. 
S<-'creUiry  of  state  under  Buchanan.  B. 
(ilHdes,  I'enn.,  1810.    1).  York,   Penn.,   1883. 

Black  Hawk,  a  Pottawatomie  chief. 
Friend  of  lir.tish,  war  1812.  B.  1767.  D.  in 
Iowa.  INW. 

Blackstone,  Sir  William,  an  English  lawver, 
and  author  of  Commentaries.  B.  Loudon, 
172:j.    D.  1780. 

Blaine,  James  Gillespie,  an  American  states- 
man. Bepublican  nominee  for  president 
in  1884.  B.  Washington  county,  Penn., 
IS*. 

Blair,  FYancis  Preston,  an  American  politi- 
cian and  editor  at  Washington,  li.  Ailing- 
don,  Va..  1791.  I).  lH7ti.  Montgomery,  his 
son,  was  postmaster-general  in  Lincoln's 
cabinet. 

Blake,  Robert,  a  celebrated  British  admiral, 
li.  Kiidgewater,  1696.    D   1657. 

Blanc,  blouy,  Louis,  a  French  politician. 
History  of  French  Itevolution.  B.Madrid, 
1812. 

Bland,  Richard,  an  American  patriot  in  col- 
onial legislature  of  Virginia.  B.  early  in 
la-st  century. 

Blucher,  /on  bhto^kcr.  Gebhard  Leberecht.  a 
Prussian  general  that  aided  in  defeat  of 
Napoleon.  B.  Rostock,  1742.  D.  Kriblowitz, 
Silesia,  1819. 

Bode,  Johann  Elert.a  German  astronomer. 
Mode's  Law  of  Planetary  Distances.  B. 
1747.     D.  1826. 

Boleyn.    See  A  nne  Boleyn. 

Bolingbroke,  Henry  St.  John,  an  English 
writer,  and  ix)88e88ed  of  great  eloquence. 
H.  Hattersea,  IG72.    D    there,  1751. 

Bolivar,  Simon,  a  South  American  soldier 
and  liberator.  B.  Caracas,  1783.  D.  San 
Pedro,  1830. 

Bonaparte.  Name  of  the  French  imperial 
famfiy.  Napoleon,  the  man  of  singular 
fortunes,  was  emjHjror.  Defeated  the 
armies  of  Austria,  overran  Italy,  Egvptand 
part  of  S,vria,  and  crossed  the  Alps.  In 
1803  he  gaincMl  a  series  of  victories  at  I'lm, 
VVagram,  Jena,  Friedland,  Austerlitz,  etc.. 
and  became  in  effect  dictator  of  Eurf)i)e. 
In  1812  he  advanced  to  Moscow  and  lo.st  nis 
army.  In  1815  he  defeated  the  Prussians 
and  English  separately,  but  at  Waterloo 
was  crushed  by  allied  armies  under  Well- 
ington, Blucher  and  Bulow.  B.  Ajaccio, 
Corsica,  1769.  D.  St.  Helena,  1821.  N>ipoleon 
III.  had  extreme  experiences  as  president 
and  emperor  in  France.  B.  Paris,  1808.  D. 
Chiseihurst.  Eng.,  1873. 

Bond,  William  Cranch,  an  American  astron- 
omer. B.  Portland,  Me.,  1789.  D.  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.,  1859. 

Bonheur.  Iwn-intr,  Rosa,  a  French  painter. 
"  Horse  Fair."    B.  Bordeaux.  1822. 

Boniface,  Saint,  was  sent  by  Gregory  II.  to 
convert  the  barbarians  of  the  north  to 
Christianity.  B.  Devonshire,  680.  Killed 
in  Friesland.  754.  There  were  nine  popes 
of  this  name. 

Boone,  Daniel,  an  American  pioneer. 
Fought  the  savages  in  Kentucky  B.  Bucks 
County,  Pa.,  1735.    D.  Missouri,  1820. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   CYCLOPEDIA. 


Booth,  Edwin,  an  American  trapredian;  B. 
IXt!.  .lunius  Urutiis,  tnijrediiin,  was  father 
of  Edwin;  H.  London,  KiHi;  D.  1852. 

Borgria,  bor-jc-ix,  Liicrezia,  sister  of  the  prof- 
ligate Cicsar  Horuria.  Said  to  have  been 
vi'ry  wiclted.     D.  I-i-rrara,  1533. 

Bossuet,  h(is-t*nxi,  Jaccjues  Henigne,  Bishop 
of  Meaux.  an  eloqnent  French  preacher. 
B.  Dijon,  1627.    D.  Paris,  1704. 

Boudlnot,  boo-<lc-not,  Elias,  first  President 
American  Bible  Society.  B.  Philadelphia, 
174().    1).  Burlinf^ton,  N.  J.,  1821. 

Boutwell,  GcorKC  Sewell,  an  American 
linaiicier.    B.  Brookline,  Mass.,  1818. 

Bouvier,  hno-vcer,  John,  publisher  of  a  dic- 
tionary of  law  in  United  StJites.  B.  Codogr- 
nan,  France,  1718.  D.  Philadelphia,  1851. 

Bowdltch,  Nathaniel,  an  American  naviga- 
tor. Published  a  translation  of  Laplace's 
Mecanique  Celeste.  B.  Salem,  Mass.,  1773. 
D.  IKJH. 

Boylston,  Zabdiel,  an  American  physician 
that  introduced  the  practice  of  Inoculation 
for  the  small-pox  in  Boston,  about  1721,  the 
year  in  which  Lady  Mary  Wortley  Monta- 
gue practiced  it  in  England.  B.  Brookline, 
Mass..  11580.    D.  1()76. 

Braddock,  Edward,  a  British  general  in 
America.  Defeated  and  mortally  wounded 
at  Fort  Duquesne,  near  the  site  of  Pitts- 
burg, Penn.  B.  Perthshire,  in  Scotland, 
1715.    D.  1755. 

Bradford,  William,  an  American  artist.  Sea 
views.    B.  New  Bedford,  Mass,  1827. 

Bra^gr,  Braxton,  an  American  general  in 
Mexican  war  and  war  1861-5.  Defeated 
Rosecrans  at  Chickamauga,  Tenn.  B.  War- 
ren county,  N.  C ,  1817.  D.  Galveston, 
Texas,  1876. 

Braiie,  bra,  a  Danish  speculator  on  astron- 
omy. B.  Knudstorp,  Sweden.  1546.  D. 
Prague,  1601. 

Breckinridgre,  John  Cabell,  an  American 
statesman.  Confederate  secretary  of  war. 
B.  near  Lexington,  Ky.,  1821.    D.  1875. 

Bre'wster,  Sir  David,  a  Scotchman  that  in- 
vented the  kaleidoscope.  B.  Jedburgh, 
1781.  D.  1868.  William,  known  as  Elder 
Brewster,  came  to  America  as  a  Pilgrim. 

Bright,  John,  an  English  statesman,  friendly 
to  America.    B.  Rochdale,  Lancashire,  1811. 

Brooks,  Noah,  an  American  newspaperman 
and  story  writer.     B.  Castine,  Me.,  1830. 

Brown,  Benjamin  Gratz,  an  American  editor 
and  senator  from  Missouri.  B.  Lexington, 
Ky.,  1826. 

Browne,  Charles  Farrar,  an  American 
writer  known  as  Artemus  Ward.  B.  Wa- 
tertord.  Me.,  1834.  D.  Southampton,  Eng., 
1867. 

Browning:,  Elizabeth  Barrett,  an  English 
poet.  Wrote  Aurora  Leigh.  B.  London, 
1809.    D.  Florence,  1861. 

Bruce,  Robert,  the  hero  and  king  of  Scot- 
land. Beat  the  English  at  Bannockburn. 
Reigned  23  years    B.  1274.  D.  Bardross,  1329. 

Brunswick.  Name  of  one  of  the  oldest 
German  families,  of  which  the  royal  fam- 
ily now  living  in  England  is  a  branch. 

Brutus,  Lucius  Junius,  a  Roman  patriot, 
was  made  consul  500  B.C.  Killed  by  thq 
Tarquins.  Marcus  Junius  B.  joined  in  kill- 
ing Ciesar. 

Bryant,  William  CuUen,  an  American  poet. 
"  Thanatopsis."  B.  Cummington,  Mass, 
1794.    D.  New  York,  1878. 

Buchanan,  James,  fifteenth  president 
(Democrat)  of  the  United  States.  Minister 
to  St.  Petersburgh.  United  States  senator. 
B.  Stony  Batter,  Penn.,  1791.  D.  Lancaster, 
1868. 

Buckin&rham,  George  Villiers,  duke  of,  an 
English  politician  that  was  favored  by 
James  I.  B.  Brookesley,  Leicestershire, 
1592.  D.  Portsmouth,  1628.  His  son,  of 
the  same  name,  a  duke,  was  a  favorite  of 
Charles  II. 


Buell,  Don  Carlos,  an  American  Major-Gen- 
eral  that  operated  agaiiLst  the  (Confederate 
forces  in  Kentuckv  and  Tennessee,  war 
1861-,').    B.  near  Marietta,  O.,  1818. 

Buffon,  Georges  Louis  Leclerc,  a  great 
naturalist— the  Pliny  of  France  :  wrote  36 
volumes  natural  history.  B.  Montbard, 
Burgundy,  1707.    D.  Paris,  1788. 

Bull.  Ole  Bornemau,  a  famous  Norwegian 
violiiiisit.  B.  Bergen,  1810.  D.  Norway, 
1880. 

Bulwer-Lytton,  Edward  George,  Earl  Lyt- 
ton.  Baron,  an  English  novel  and  play- 
writer.  B.  Norfolk,  1805.  I).  London,  1873. 
Edward  Robert,  son,  an  English  politician 
at)d  poet.    B.  1831.    "  Lucile." 

Bunyan,  John,  wrote  "  Pilgrim's  Progress.'' 
B.  Elstow.  near  Bedford,  Eng.,  1628.  D. 
London,  1688. 

Burgoyne,  John,  a  British  general  that  sur- 
rendered his  army  at  Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  17th 
October,  1777,  to  General  Gates.  B.  about 
1730.    D.  London,  1792. 

Burke,  Edmund,  a  native  of  Dublin,  made  a 
great  figure  in  English  politics :  In  1785,  he 
impeached  Hastings.  B.  1730.  D.  Beacons- 
field,  1797. 

Burlingame,  Anson,  an  American  diplomat; 
minister  to  China.  B.  New  Berlin,  N.  Y., 
1822.    D.  St.  Petersburg,  1870. 

Bums,  Robert,  the  inimitable  Scottish  poet. 
B.  near  Ayr,  1759.    D.  1796. 

Burnside,  Ambrose  Everett,  an  American 
major-general  that  captured  Roanoke 
Island  and  Beaufort,  N.  C,  in  the  war, 
1861-5.  B.  Liberty,  Ind.  1824.  D.  Bristol, 
R.  I.,  1881. 

Burr,  Aaron,  an  American  politician;  an 
enemv  of  the  Federalists ;  murderer  of 
Hamilton.  B.  Newark,  N.  J.,  1756.  D. 
"unwept,  unhonored  and  unsung,"  on 
Staten  Island,  N.  Y.  1836. 

Butler,  Benjamin  Franklin,  an  American 
major-general,  war  1861-5.  A  people's  nom- 
inee for  president  in  1884.  B.  Deerfield,  N. 
H.,  1818. 

Byron,  George  Gordon,  Lord,  a  British  poet. 
"  Don  Juan."  B.  London,  17e8.  D.  Misso- 
longhi,  1824. 


Cabot,  John,  a  British  navigator  that  discov- 
ered North  America.  Flourished  in  1497. 
Sebastian,  son  of  the  above,  was  with  his 
father,  and  afterward  sailed  along  the 
North  American  coast.  B.  Bristol,  about 
1477.    D.  1557. 

Cadw^alader,  John,  an  American  brigadier- 
general,  trusted  by  Washington.  B.  Phila- 
delphia, 1743.    D.  1786. 

Caesar,  se-zar,  Caius  Julius,  the  first  Roman 
emperor.  In  his  eight  years'  war  against 
the  Gauls,  Germans,  Helvetians,  and  Brit- 
ons, three  million  men  were  slain.  Defeat- 
ed Pompey  at  Pharsalus.  He  was  assassin- 
ated in  the  senate  house,  which  event  in- 
volved the  city  of  Rome  in  confusion,  and 
paved  the  way  to  the  revolution  by  which 
the  people  lost  their  liberty  as  a  republic, 
and  became  subject  to  absolute  monarchy. 
B.  100  B.  C.  Slain  43,  B.  C.  See  Brutus  and 
Cassius. 

Calhoun,  John  Caldwell,  an  American 
statesman  and  senator,  vice-president  with 
Adams  and  Jackson.  He  became  a  leader 
of  the  nullification  party,  that  afterward 
bore  its  fruit  of  secession.  B.  district  of 
Abbeville,  S.  C,  1782.    D.  Washington.  1850. 

Caligrula,  Caius  Cspsar  Aug-ustus  Gerraani- 
cus,  the  third  emperor  of  Rome,  a  bad 
man.  B.  A.  D.  12.  Assassinated  in  the 
year  41. 

Cameron,  Simon,  an  American  statesman. 
Secretary  of  war  in  Lincoln's  cabinet.  B. 
Lancaster  county,  Penn.,  1799. 

Canaillus,  Marcus  Furius,  a  Roman  dictator 
—a  second  Romulus.    D.  365  B.  C. 


BIOGEAPHICAL    CYCLOPEDIA. 


Camoens,  Luiz  rte,  the  most  celebrated  poet 
of  Portugal.    U.  Lisbon,  ISM.    D.  15<j0. 

Campbell,  Alexander,  son  of  Rev.  Thomas 
U.  Founder  of  the  Campbellite  sect.  B. 
County  Antrim,  Ire.,  lim.  1).  IJethany,  W. 
Va.,  1806.  William  C,  an  American  briga- 
dier-general that  opposed  Coruwallis.  B. 
Augusta,  Va.,  1745.    D.  Yorktown,  17«L 

Campbell,  Thomas,  a  i>ure  IJritish  poet.  B. 
(Jla.sgow,  1777.     D.  Boulogne,  1H44. 

Canby,  Edward  ■Kichanl  Sprigg.  an  Ameri- 
can major  general  and  in  tnree  wars;  killed 
by  the  Modoc  Captain  Jack,  in  Siekiyou 
county,  California.    B.  in  Kentucky,  1819. 

Canonicua.  a  Narragansett  Indian  chief, 
whose  tribe  was  ever  at  peace  with  the 
whites,    n.  about  l.W). 

Canute,  or  Knut,  the  Great,  king  of  Den- 
mark; proclaimed  king  of  Kntf  land,  1017,  on 
the  death  of  Kdmund.  B.  in  Denmark, 
about  995:  D.  Shaftt^sbury,  lUJS.  Canute 
IV.,  the  Pious,  king  of  Denmark,  was  slain 
by  his  subjects  for  making  extraordinary 
grants  of  land  to  the  churcli,  lOW. 

Caracalla,  kar-a-h<U4a.  Marcus  Aurelius, 
Antonius,  a  bad  Roman  emperor  that 
caused  wholesale  butchery  for  base  pur- 
poses; murdered  by  his  successor,  Maori- 
nus,  in  217,  at  Kdessa.    B.  Lyons,  A.D.  188. 

Carey,  Henry  Charles,  an  American  writer 
on  i)oliti(al  economy.  B.  Philadelphia, 
nwj ;  I).  1H7U. 

Carlos,  Don,  son  of  Charles  TV.  of  Spain ; 
tried  to  get  the  crown.    H.  17KH;  D.  l(Si»5. 

Carlotta,  wife  of  Maximilian,  which  see. 

Carlyle,  Thomas,  a  liritish  author  and  lect- 
urer. "Heroes,  Hero-Worship,  and  the 
Heroic  in  History."  B.  iu  Ecclefechan, 
Scotland.  1795;  D.  1881. 

Camot,  liur-tu),  Uizarus  Nicholas,  a  promi- 
nent actor  in  the  Fi-ench  revolution ;  op- 
posed the  impi^rial  power  of  Napoleon.  B. 
in  Burgundy,  ll'ii;  1).  Mngdeburgh,  1823. 

Caroline,  Amelia  Elizabeth,  wile  of  George 
IV.  of  England:  was  separated  from  hun 
and  traduced.    B.  1768;  D.  1821. 

Carroll,  Charles,  of  Carrol Iton,  an  American 
senator ;  la.st  to  die  of  the  signers  of  the 
American  Declaration.  B.  Annapolis,  Mary- 
land, n.i- :  n.  1832. 

Carson,  Christopher  (Kit),  an  American 
nuiger,  and  brigadier  general,  war  l8(il-5. 
B.  ill  Kentucky,  1809;  D.  1868. 

CartAi^rrig'ht,  Peter,  an  American  clergyman 
that  was  indefatigable  in  the  Metnodist 
cause.  B.  in  \'irginia,  1786;  D.  Pleasant 
Plains,  Illinois,  1872. 

Carver,  John,  the  first  governor  of  Ply- 
mouth Colony,  arriving  there  In  the  May- 
llower  Nov.  11,  1«20.    D.  1021. 

Carey,  Alice,  and  Phoebe,  her  sister,  Ameri- 
can poets.  Alice  born  near  Cincinnati, 
1820 ;  D.  New  York,  1871.  Phoebe  born  1824; 
D.  Newport,  1871. 

Cary,  Lott,  a  negro  preacher  that  aided  in 
starting  the  colony  of  Liberia.  He  was  a 
slave  in  the  Old  Dominion.    B.  1780.  D.  1828. 

Casablanca,  Louis,  a  captain  in  the  French 
navy.  He  was  comniaiuler  of  the  Orient  in 
Napoleon's  expedition  to  Egypt,  and  per- 
ished with  his  son  of  ten  years  at  the  battle 
of  the  Nile.  "The  boy  stood  on  the  burn- 
ing deck."    B.  Bastia  about  1755. 

Casimir,  kas-i-meer.  Name  of  several  kings 
of  Poland 

Cass,  Lewis,  an  American  senator,  and  pres- 
idential nominee  that  opposed  Gen.  Taylor. 
B.  Exeter,  N.  H..  1782.    D.  Detroit,  1867. 

Cassius,  ka»h-e^is,  Longinus  Caius.  one  of 
the  slavers  of  Caesar.  He  was  brother-in- 
law  of  Brutus.  Distinguished  himself  in 
the  Parthian  Avar.  Believing  the  battle  at 
Philippi  to  be  lost  he  had  himself  killed  by 
a  servant,  42  B.  C. 

Castillo,  Bernal  Diaz  del,  an  adventurer 
that  accompanied  Cortes  in  Mexico.  B. 
near  close  sixteeth  century.    D.  1560. 


Castro,  Ines  de,  was  the  mistress,  and  in  suc- 
cession the  wife,  and  lastly,  in  death,  the 
crowned  Queen  of  Pedro  of  Portugal,  the 
Cruel,  her  corpse  being  taken  from  the 
tomb  to  be  saluted  and  crowned  as  queen. 
Murdered  four  years  before  by  the  nobles. 
Camcens  tells  her  story  in  "  Lusiads."  Lived 
fourt<!enth  century. 

Catherine  I.,  empress  of  Russia,  wife  of 
Peter  the  (ireat;  B.  Livonia,  IJJKI;  D.  1727. 
II.,  Catherine  Alexievna,  married  grand- 
son of  Peter  the  Great,  had  him  deposed 
and  was  proclaimed  empress;  B.  1729;  D. 
1796. 

Catherine  de  Hedici,  kat-er-ine  de  rwrd-e- 
chc,  a  French  <]ueen  that  instigated  the 
butchery  of  the  Huguenots  in  1572.  B. 
Florence.  l.')19.     D.  Hlois.  1589. 

Catiline,  Lucius  Sergius,  a  Roman  that  con- 
spired against  Rome,  and  was  unmasked 
bv  Cicero.    Killed,  63  B.  C. 

Cato,  Marcus  Porcius.  a  Roman  stiitcsman 
and  patriot;  Ixxiame  consul;  U.  Tusculiim 
about  2MH.  C.  Cato,  the  Vounger.  a  pa- 
triot, though  rich,  was  frugal  in  his  habits; 
B.  Rome,  95  B.  C;  killed  himself  46  B.  C.  to 
escape  from  Ctesar. 

Cavour,  ka-voor,  Camillo  Benso.  Count,  an 
Italian  statesman.    B.  Turin.  1810.    1).  1861. 

Caxton,  William,  a  I^ondon  mercer  that  in- 
troduced the  printers'  art  in  England.  B. 
Kent  about  1412.     D.  London,  1492. 

Cervantes,  aer-van-terz,  a  Spanish  novelist. 
"Don  Quixote."  B.  Alcaia  de  Henares, 
1547.     D.  1618. 

Chandler,  Zachariah,  an  American  senator. 
n.  Ufdtord,  N.  H.,  1813.    D.  Chicago.  1879. 

Channing,  William  Ellery,  an  American 
clergyman.  Unitarian.  B.  Newport,  R.  I., 
1780.     1).  Hurlington,  Vt.,  1842. 

Chapin,  Edwin  Hubbell^n  American  cler- 
gyman, I'niversalist;  B.  Union  Village, 
Washington  county,  N.  Y.,  1814.  D.  New 
York,  1880.  Stephen  C.  was  a  Congrega- 
tionalist  and  tlien  Baptist;  B.  Milford. 
Mass.,  1778;  D.  Washington,  1845. 

Charlemagne,  gharl-r-mniu,  or  Charles  the 
(Jreat,  emperor  of  the  West.  His  Dominion 
reached  from  the  Bjiltic  to  the  Mediter- 
ranean. B.  liavaria,  742.  D.  Aix-la-Cha- 
pelle,  814. 

Cixarles  Martel,  a  sovereign  of  France  for 
twenty-flve  yebrs  during  the  nominal 
reigns  of  the  last  of  the  Merovingians. 
Overthrew  the  Saracens  at  the  battle  of 
Poitiers,  by  which  he  probably  saved  Eu- 
rope from  the  infldel  yoke.  B.  about  OM. 
D.  Quercy  sur  Oise,  741. 

Charles.  There  wore  munyothersovereigns 
of  this  name  in  France,  Germany,  Naples, 
Sardinia,  Spain.  Sweden  and  other  coun- 
tries.   Charles  V.,  of  France,  was  wise,  and 

VII.  was  victorious   against  the  Ent;lish. 

VIII.  conquered  Italy,  and  wjus  king  of 
Naples  ana  Emperor  of  Constantinoi)le. 
IX  reigned  during  massacre  of  St.  Barthol- 
omew. I.,  of  England,  on  throne  1625, 
much  involved  m  wars;  defeated  and  exe- 
cuted. 

Chase,  Salmon  Portland,  an  American  finan- 
cier. The  greenback  currency  is  attrib- 
uted to  him.  Secretary  treasury  under 
Lincoln.  B.  Cornish,  N.  H.,  1808.  D.  New 
York,  1873. 

Chaucer,  Geoffrey,  the  earliest  of  British 

Soets,  and  a  man  of  extraordinary  genius. 
.  London,  1328.    D.  1400. 
Cheatham,  B.  F.,  an  American  commander 

of  confederate    troops    in   Georgia,   war 

1861-5. 
Chesterfield,  Philip  Dormer  Stanhope,  Earl 

of,  a  British  statesman  and  polished  writer. 

B.  London,  1694.    D.  1773. 
Child.  Lvdia  Maria,  an  American  writer.    B. 

Medf ord,  Massachusetts,  1802.    D.  Wayland, 

1880. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   CYCLOPEDIA. 


ChllO)  ki-lo,  one  of  the  seven  wise  men.  D. 
597  B.C. 

Choate,  Rufus,  an  American  pleader  and 
senator.  IJ.  Ipswick,  Massachusetts,  1799. 
D.  Halifax,  1859. 

Christlern,  kris-te-eni,  name  of  nine  Danish 
sovereigns.  IX.,  king  of  Denmark,  bearan 
his  reign  November  15,  1863.  B.  April  8, 
1818. 

Ohurch,  Frederick  Edwin,  an  American  ar- 
tist ;  landscapes.  B.  Hartford,  Connecticut, 
1826. 

Gibber,  Colley,  a  British  dramitist  of  great 
merit.  B.  1"(KJ.  D.  on  the  water,  near  Ire- 
land, 175«. 

Cicero,  Marcus  Tullius,  a  Roman  orator  and 
consul :  joined  Pompey  against  Ctcsar ;  pro- 
scribed by  Mark  Antony,  pursued,  and 
murdered,  4;}  B.C.    B.  A  rpuium,  10«  B.C. 

Cincinnatus.  Lucius  Quintius,  a  Roman 
farmer  patriot;  twice  made  dictator  of 
Rome.    B.  about  519  B.C. 

Clarke,  James  Freeman,  an  American  cler- 
gyman.   B.  Hanover,  New  Hampshire,  1810. 

Claudius.  Name  of  many  Roman  sovereigns 
and  generals.  Appius,  a  magistrate,  was 
struck  at  sight  of  Virginia,  the  beautiful 
daughter  of  Virginius,  and  tried  to  pospess 
her ;  he  was  foiled  by  the  father,  who  killed 
Virginia  that  she  might  be  saved  from  the 
clutches  of  Appius,  who  afterward  died  in 
prison,  44!t  B.C. 

Clay,  Cassius  Marcellus,  an  American  major 
general  and  abolitionist.  B.Madison  county, 
Kentucky,  1810.    D.  W:^. 

Clay,  Henry,  aa  American  senator,  and  pres- 
idential nominee  for  president  four  times ; 
a  whig.  B.  near  Richmond,  Virginia,  1777. 
D.  Washington,  18.52. 

Cleburne,  Patrick  R.,  an  American  major- 
urenoral,  confederate  service,  18til-5. 

Clement,  Idem-ent,  name  of  fourteen  popes. 

CJleobulus,  kle-obAi-lua,  one  of  the  seven 
wise  men  of  Greece.    D.  560  B.  C. 

Cleopatra,  Queen  of  Egypt,  was  succes- 
sively the  mistress  of  Julius  Ctesar  and  of 
Anthony.  With  her  ended  the  kingdom  of 
Egypt.  She  put  an  end  to  her  existence  by 
the  bite  of  an  asp  30  B.  C.    B.  69  B.  C. 

Cleveland,  Stephen  Grover  (Democrat), 
twenty-second  President  of  the  United 
States.  James  G.  Blaine,  of  Maine,  being 
the  unsuccessful  (Republican)  candidate 
for  that  office.  C.  was  governor  of  New 
York.  Elected  President  1884.  B.  Essex, 
N.  J.,  March  18, 1837.  Richard,  father  of  the 
above,  was  educated  for  the  Presbyterian 
ministry. 

Clingnnan,  Thomas  L.,  an  American  states- 
man in  confederate  service  1861-5.  B. 
Huntsville,  N.  C,  about  1812. 

Clinton,  Sir  Henry,  a  Britisli  ''pneral  that 
served  in  America;  took  Charleston  in 
1780;  B.  1738;  D.  1795.  James  C.  was  mem- 
ber of  the  convention  for  the  adoption  of 
the  present  constitution  of  the  United 
States;  B.  New  York.  17;W;  D.  1812.  George 
was  vice-president  United  States,  a  briga- 
dier-general, governor  New  York;  B.  New 
York,  1739;  D.  Washington,  1812.  DeWitt, 
nephew  of  George,  was  an  American  sen- 
ator, mayor  of  New  York,  governor  of 
that  state;  B.  Little  Britain,  Orange  county, 
N.  Y.,  1709;  D.  1848. 

Clovis  I.,  kln-ve,  the  founder  of  a  new  mon- 
archy whose  capital  was  Lutetia,  or  Paris. 
Clotilda,  a  Christian  princess,  was  his 
queen.  B.  Tournai  about  465.  D.  Paris,  511. 

Cole,  Thomas,  an  American  artist;  land- 
scape. "  Voyage  of  Life."  B.  Lancashire, 
Eng.,  1801.    D.  Catskill.  N.  Y.,  1848. 

Coleridgre,  Samuel  Taylor,  a  British  poet. 
B.  Ottery,  St.  Mary,  Devonshire,  1772.  D. 
London.  1834. 

Colt,  Samuel,  the  inventor  of  revolver  of 
same  name.  B.  Hartford,  Connecticut,  1814. 
D.  1862. 


Colfax,  Schuyler,  vice-president  United 
States,  and  speaker  in  the  national  house. 
Distinguished  as  a  public  lecturer.  Deliv- 
ered his  last  lect\n-e  on  "  Landmarks  of 
Life  "  before  the  students  of  the  Metropol- 
itan Business  College  at  Chicago  and  died 
of  heart  disease  a  few  days  afterward  at 
Mankato,  Minn.,  January  13, 1885.  B.  New 
York.  1823. 

Columbus,  Christopher;  discovered  the 
American  contment  in  1492.  B.  Genoa, 
1441.    D.  ValladoliG,  1506. 

Commodus,  Lucius  Aurelius  Antonlus,  a 
Roman  emperor  and  a  bad  man.  B.  A.D. 
161 ;  put  to  death  192. 

Conde,  Louis  II.,  of  Bourbon,  Prince  of, 
called  the  Great;  defeated  the  Spaniards  at 
Rocroi ;  active  and  full  of  resources.  B. 
Paris,  1621.    D.  Fontainebleau,  168t). 

Confucius,  the  Chinese  philosopher;  was 
born  aiiout  .550  B.C.    D.  479  B.C. 

Conklingr,  Roscoe,  an  American  statesman ; 
an  independent  Republican  or  Stalwart; 
United  States  senator  from  New  York.  B. 
Albany,  October  30, 1828. 

Conrad.    Name  of  several  kings  of  Germany. 

Constantine,  the  Great,  emperor  of  Rome^a 
Christian ;  called  the  council  at  Nice.  B. 
Nissa,  272.  D.  near  Nicomedia,  337.  There 
were  other  emperors  of  Rome  and  the  East 
of  this  name. 

Cook,  (Captain  James,  a  British  navigator; 
explored  various  regions.  B.  Marton,  York- 
shire, 1728 ;  killed  and  eaten  by  savages  on 
Sandwich  islands,  1779. 

Cooper,  James  Fenimore,  an  American  au- 
thor. B.  Burlington,  New  Jersey,  1789.  D. 
Cooperstown,  1851. 

Cooper,  Peter,  an  American  inventor;  Na- 
tional nominee  for  president  in  1876,  receiv- 
ing over  81,000  votes  ;  founder  of  the  insti- 
tute named  for  him.    B.  New  York,  1791.  D. 

188;}. 

Copernicus,  Nikolaus,  a  celebrated  Prussian 
astronomer,  and  restorer  of  the  true  system 
of  the  world.  B.  Thorn,  1472.  D.  Frauen- 
burj?,  1543. 

Corday,  Charlotte.    See  Marat. 

Cornwallis,  Charles,  Lord,  a  British  general 
that  served  in  America,  and  surrendered  at 
Yorktown,  Virginia,  1781.  B.  1738.  D. 
Ghazepore,  1805. 

Cortes,  kor-teez,  Hernando,  the  Spanish  con- 
queror of  Mexico.  B.  Medellin,  1485.  D. 
near  Seville,  1547. 

Corwin  Thomas,  an  American  statesman. 
United  States  senator,  secretary  treasury 
with  Fillmore.  B.  in  Kentucky.  D.  Wash- 
ington, 186.5,  in  his  71st  year. 

Cox,  Samuel  Sullivan  (Sunset),  an  American 
statesman.    B.  Zanesville,  O.,  1824. 

Cow^per,  koo-per,  William,  a  pleasing  Brit- 
ish poet.  B.  Hertfordshire,  1731.  D.  East 
Dereham,  Norfolk,  1800. 

Cranmer,  Thomas,  a  celebrated  reformer, 
and  archbishop  of  Canterbury.  B.  Aslac- 
ton,  in  Nottinghamshire,  1489.  Brought  to 
the  stake  March  21,  1556. 

Crittenden,  John  Jordon,  an  American 
statesman,  and  long  a  United  States  sena- 
tor. B.  Woodford  county,  Ky.,  1787.  D. 
near  JVankfort,  1863. 

Cromwell,  Oliver,  the  protector  of  the 
commonwealth  of  England.  Succeeded 
nominally  to  the  sovereign  authority.  B. 
Huntingdon.  1.599.  D.  Hampton  Court,  1658. 

Crook,  George,  an  American  general  of  cav- 
alry in  war  1861-5.    B.  near  Dayton.  O.,  1828. 

Curlis,  George  William,  an  American  jour- 
nalist. Leader  of  independent  Republicans 
in  opposition  to  Blaine,  the  nominee  for 
president  in  1884.  B.  Providence,  R.  I.,  1824. 

Cushing*,  Caleb,  an  American  statesman  and 
diplomat;  B.  Salisbury,  Mass.,  1800;  D.  New- 
buryport,  1879.  William  B.,  an  American 
naval  officer  that  destroyed  the  confederate 
ram  Albemarle.    B.  Wisconsin,  1843. 


BIOGEAPHICAL    CYCLOPEDIA. 


Cushxnan,  Charlotte  Saunders,  a  famous 
American  tragedian.  B.  Boston,  1816.  D. 
187ri. 

Cuvier,  koo-vc-a,  Georges  Chretien  Leopold 
Frederic  Dagobert,  Baron,  a  French  nat- 
uralist. "Animal  Kingdom."  B.  Mont- 
beliard,  1769.    D.  Paris,  1«32. 

Cjrrus,  the  Great,  dethroned  his  grandson 
and  overcome  ( 'ra>sus  of  Lydia,  took  Baby- 
lon, and  founded  the  great  Persian  Empire. 
Rivers  of  blood  were  shed  in  his  conquests. 
B.  about  000  B.  C. 


Dagrerett,  David,  an  American  judge  and  sen- 
aUjr.  U.  Attleboro,  .Massachusetts,  1764.  D. 
New  Haven,  Connecticut,  1851. 

Daeruerre,  da-garc,  the  French  discoverer  or 
the  process  of  taking  pictures.  B.  in  France, 
178i».    1).  IWil. 

Dahlgren,  John  Adolph,  an  American  naval 
ollici-r;  made  a  rear  admiral  in  1863.  B. 
Philadelphia,  18051.    1).  Washington.  1870. 

Dallas.  Alexander  James,  an  American 
statesman;  in  Madison's  cabinet  as  secre- 
tary of  trejisury.  B.  Jamaica  Island,  1759; 
D. Trenton,  N.  .1.,  1817.  George  Mittlln.son, 
an  Americiin  statesman,  senator,  vice-pres- 
ident.    H.  IT'.C.     1).  18«t. 

Dana,  Juiiks  l)wi>,'lit,  an  American  natural- 
ist. B.  Utica,  New  York,  1813.  Itichard 
Henry,  an  American  writer  ot  poetry.  B. 
Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  1787.  D.  Boston, 
1879. 

Dante,  the  most  powerful  of  the  Italian 
poets.  B.  Florence,  1265.  D.  In  exile  at 
Itaveiina.  13?1. 

Danton  ie«)rge8  Jacques,  one  of  the  most 
active  demagogues  of  the  T"Yench  revolu- 
tion: vanquished  by  Kol)e8pierre.  B.  Ar- 
cis  sur  Aul)e,  1759;  guillotined  1794. 

Dare,  Virginia,  was  lH)rn  at  Koanokc,  Au- 
gust 18.  1587:  named  for  the  Virginia  dis- 
tricts ;  first  English  child  bom  on  tne  Amer- 
ican continent. 

Darius  I.,  king  of  Persia;  destroyed  Baby- 
lon :  defeated  at  Marathon ;  1).  4*5  B.C. 
Codomanus,  the  last  king  of  the  ancient 
Poi-sian  empire,  was  conquered  by  Alex- 
ander. 

Darwin,  Charles  Robert,  an  English  natural- 
ist ;  he  believed  in  the  ascent  of  man  from 
lower  forms  of  life ;  evolution.  B.  Shrews- 
bury, 180!».    D.  1883. 

Davis.  Henry  Winter,  an  American  states- 
man :  H  friend  of  national  union  during  late 
war  l8fil-5.  B.Annapolis,  Maryland,  1817: 
1).  Bnltimoi-e,  18rto.  Jefferson  Davis  an 
American  statesman  ;  president  of  southern 
confederacy,  18*il-5.  B.  Todd  county,  Ken- 
tucky, 1808.  Jefferson  C,  an  American  gen- 
eral, war  1861-5.  B.  Clark  county,  Indiana, 
1828. 

Davy,  Sir  Humphrey,  the  most  origlUHl  and 
able  chemist  of  his  time.  B.  Penzance, 
Cornwall,  1778.  D.  Geneva,  Switzerland, 
18u'9. 

Dayton,  William  Lewis,  an  American  sena- 
tor an<l  diplomat.  B.  Basking  Ridge,  N.  J.,- 
1807.    D.  Paris,  1864. 

Decatur,  Stephen,  Jr.,  an  American  commo- 
dore that  was  killed  in  a  duel  with  Commo- 
dore James  Barron.  B.  Sinnepuxent,  Md., 
1779.  Killed  at  North  Bladensburg,  Md., 
1830. 

Defoe,  Daniel,  the  British  author,  famous 
for  writing  "  Robinson  Crusoe."  B.  Lon- 
don. \m\.    D.  1731. 

Delaware,  Thomas  West,  the  first  governor 
of  Virginia.  The  state  of  Delaware  was 
named  for  him  in  1610.    D.  1618. 

Demosthenes,  Be-mmAhe-necz,  the  most  ad- 
mired of  Greek  orators,  and  an  Athenian 
patriot.  B.  Pseania,  in  Attica,  about  385. 
To  save  himself  from  Antipater  he  took 
poison,  323  B.  C. 


De  Cluincey,  Thomas,  a  British  author  and 
opium  eater.  B.  near  Manchester,  1786.  D. 
Edinburgh,  1859. 

Descartes,  Renatus,  a  celebrated  French 
metaphysician,  mathematician  and  natural 
philosopher,  li.  La  Haye,  Touralne,  1506. 
U.  Stockholm,  1650. 

De  Soto,  Fernando,  an  adventurer  that  dis- 
covered the  Mississippi  river.  B.  Xerxes 
du  Caballeros,  in  Estrcmadura,  14".t(J.  D. 
1542,  and  was  buried  in  Mississippi  river. 

Dickens,  (.'harles,  the  famous  British  novel- 
ist. "  David  Copoerfleld,"  "  Little  Borritt." 
B.  l^mditort,  1812.     D.  near  Rochester,  1870. 

Dickinson,  Anna  Elizabeth,  an  American 
reader  and  actress;  has  appeared  in  "  Ham- 
let:" B.  Philadelphia,  18^.  Daniel  Stevens 
D.,  an  American  statesman;  B.  Goshen,  Ct., 
1800;  1).  Binghamtnn,  N.  Y.,  1866. 

Diderot,  (i«x/ii-ro,  Deiiiti,  a  i>owerf ul  French 

J>hilosophical  writer.  B.  Langres,  1713.  D, 
^iris,  1,84. 

Diog'enes,  dUxlj-c-neez,  one  of  the  celebrated 
(J reek  philoscjphers.  B.  in  Asia  Minor 
alK)Ut  412  B.  C.     1).  323  B.  C. 

Disraeli,  diz-ra^-^,  Benjamin,  Earl  of  Bea- 
consUeld,  a  British  prime  minister,  and 
leader  of  the  conservatives  in  England.  B. 
Ix)ndon,  1804.    D.  1881. 

Dix,  John  Adams,  an  American  statesman ; 
governor  of  New  York,  seiuitor,  and  major 
general  war  1801-5.  B.  Boscawen,  New 
York.  I7K9.    D.  New  York,  1879. 

Domitian,  Titus  Flavins  Domitianus  Augus- 
tus.   See  Titus. 

Donati,  do-na-tec,  Giovanni  Rattista,  a  mod- 
em Italian  astronomer;  discovered  comt-t 
of  his  name,  June  2,  1858.  B.  Pisa,  1830.  D. 
Florence,  18711. 

Dore.<''»-ni,  Paul  Gustave,a  French  painter ; 
has  illustrated  "Paradise  Lost."  U.  Stras- 
burg,  ixa. 

Douglas,  Stephen  Arnold,  an  American 
statesman  and  political  orator;  senator 
from  Illinois;  affectionately  called  "the 
Little  Giant."  B.  Brandon,  Vermont,  1813. 
D.  Chicago.  1861. 

Dow^,  Neal,  an  American  general,  war  1861-5 ; 
a  tcmi)eraiice  reformer.  B.  Portland,  Maine, 
180:i. 

Drake.  Sir  Francis ;  sailed  round  the  world 
In  1577-80.  and  afterward  ser\ed  as  admiral. 
B.  Tavistock,  Devonshire,  1545;  D.  at  sea. 
West  Indies.  15!»5.  John  Hodman,  an  Amer- 
ican poet.    B.  New  York,  179.5.    D.  1820. 

Draper,  John  William,  an  American  chemist 
and  writer;  made  research  in  spectrum 
analysis.    B.  St.  Helens,  near  Liverpool,  IMl. 

Dryden,  John,  an  illustrious  British  poet ; 
translated  Virgil.  B.  Aldwinkle,  North- 
amptonshire, 1631.    D.  1700. 

Dumas,  du-ma,  Alexander  Da\7,  a  Fi-ench 
writer  of  stories  and  plays.  B.  Villers-Cot- 
ten'ts,  1808.  D.  Puynear.  Dieppe,  1870.  Alex- 
ander, his  son,  a  French  writer  of  stories. 
B.  Paris,  1824. 

Dyer,  John,  a  Briti<>h  poet  that  wrote  "  Gron- 
gar  Hill"  and  "The  Fleece."'  B.Carmar- 
thenshire, 1700;  D.  1758.  George  D.,  a  poet 
and  antiquary,  was  bom  1755 ;  D.  1841. 


Sads,  eedJ<,  James  Buchanan,  an  American 
ci\il  engineer.  Designer  St.  Louis  bridge. 
B.  Lawrenceburg,  Ind.,  1820. 

Early,  Jubal  A.,  an  American  general  in 
confederate  service,  war  1861-5.  B.  Virginia 
about  1815. 

Edison,  Thomas  Alva,  an  American  elec- 
trician and  inventor.  His  phonograph,  tele- 
phone and  electric  light  have  made  him 
famous.    B.  Milan,  O.,  1847. 

Edmunds,  George  Franklin,  an  American 
statesman  and  senator.  B.  Richmond,  Va., 
1828. 


BIOGKAPHICAL    CYCLOPEDIA. 


Edward.    Name  of  seven  klnfrs  of  England. 

Eliot,  George  (Marian  Evans),  a  well-known 
Ihitish  novelist;  "Uomola."  B.  aV)out  IR'iO; 
D.  18S().  Samuel,  an  American  writer;  "His- 
tory of  Liberty;"  B.  Boston,  1821. 

Elizabeth,  (jueen  of  England,  was  the 
dauKliter  of  Anno  Boleyn  ;  she  was  rather 
heartless,  and  a  true  child  of  Henry  VIII  ; 
she  was  last  of  tho  Tudor  line  that  reached 
from  A.D.  1185  to  1603.  B.  Greenwich,  1533. 
T).  Richmond,  1*503. 

Emerson,  Kalph  Waldo,  an  eminent  writer 
of  prose  and  poetry.     B.  Boston,  1803. 

Emmet,  Kobert,  an  Irish  patriot;  tried  to 
make  Ireland  free.  B.  Dublin,  1780;  exe- 
cuted, 1803. 

Ericsson,  er-ikson,  John,  the  great  Swedish 
inventor  and  engineer.  Iron-clad  Monitor 
was  constructed  by  him.  B.  Wermeland, 
1S0;J.    I).  Stockholm,  IS'.O. 

Euclid,  u-hlid,  a  G  recian  whose  name  is  im- 
mortalized for  his  work  on  "Tlie  Elements 
of  Geometry,"  liCteen  volumes.  B.  Alex- 
andria, about  30C  B.C. 

Evarts,  ev-artz,  William  Maxwell,  an  Ameri- 
can statesman ;  counsel  for  Andrew  John- 
son in  the  impeachm.ent  trial.  B.  Boston, 
1818. 

Everett,  Edward,  an  American  orator  and 
senator.  B.  Dorchester,  Massachusetts, 
1794.    D.  Boston,  1865. 

E'wrell,  Richard  Stoddard,  an  American  gen- 
eral in  confederate  service.  Bull  Kun,  Get- 
tysburg. B.  Washington,  1820.  D.  in  Ten- 
nessee, 1872. 

Ewing.  Thomas,  an  American  statesman 
and  senator  ;  organized  the  Interior  depart- 
ment under  Harrison  and  Tyler.  B.  Ohio 
county,  Virginia,  1789.  D.  Lancaster,  Ohio, 
1871. 


Eagnani,  fap-na-nee,  Joseph,  an  American 
porti-ait  painter.  B.  Naples,  1819.  D.  New 
York,  1873. 

Fahrenheit,  fa-ren-hite,  Gabriel  Daniel,  a 
German  philosopher  that  improved  the 
thermometer.  B.  in  Dantzic,  about  1690. 
D.  Amsterdam,  1736. 

Faneuil,  fun-U,  Peter,  an  American  mer- 
chant that  erected  the  famous  hall  of  that 
name  in  Boston.  B.  New  Kochelle,  New 
York,  1700.    D.  Boston,  1743. 

Farragut,/ar-o-(7uf,  David  Glascoe,  an  Amer- 
ican admiral,  in  the  public  service  in  1812, 
and  at  New  Orleans  and  Mobile  Bay,  war 
1861-5.  B.  near  Knoxville,  Tennessee,  1801. 
D.  Portsmouth,  New  Hampshire,  1870. 

Fenton.  Reuben  E.,  an  American  statesman, 
governor  of  New  York,  and  United  States 
senator.    B.  Carroll,  N.  Y.,  1819. 

Fessenden,  William  Pitt,  an  American 
statesman,  member  congress,  senator,  sec- 
retary treasury  in  President  Liticoln's  ad- 
ministration. B.  Boscawen,  N.  H.,  1806.  D. 
Portland,  Me.,  1869. 

Field,  Cyrus  West,  the  founder  of  the  ocean 
telegraph;  B.  Stockbridge,  Mass.,  1819. 
David  Dudley,  brother,  an  American  jurist; 
B.  Haddam,  Conn.,  1805. 

Fillmore,  Millard,  thirteenth  president  of 
the  United  States.  Elevated  from  the  vice- 
presidency  on  the  death  of  Taylor.  B. 
Cayuga  county,  N.  Y.,  1800.  D.  Buflfalo,  1874. 

Floyd,  James  Buchanan,  an  American  states- 
man. Secretary  of  war  under  President 
Buchanan.  Confederate  general  war  1861-5. 
B.  Montgomery,  Va.,  1805.  D.  Abington, 
Va.,  1863. 

Foote,  Andrew  Hull,  an  American  admiral. 
Captured  Ft.  Henry  on  Tennessee  river 
war  1861-5.  B.  New  Haven,  Conn.,  1806.  D. 
New  York,  1863. 

Foster,  Stephen  Collins,  an  American  writer 
of  songs.  Author  of  "Old  Kentucky 
Home,"  "  Oh,  Susanna,"  etc.  B.  Pittsburg, 
1826.    D.  New  York,  1864. 


Fowler.  Orson  Squire,  an  American  phre- 
noloKist.    B.  Cohocton,  N.  Y.,  IHW. 

Francis  Joseph  I.,  the  emperor  of  Austria 
and  Hungary,  began  his  reign  December  2, 
1818.     I{.  August  18,  18;i0. 

Franklin,  Benjamin,  Dr.,  an  American  poll- 
lician ;  an  active  minister  of  state.  B. 
ISoston,  1706.    1).  Philadelphia,  1790. 

Franklin,  Sir  John,  a  British  arctic  explorer; 
lost  his  life  in  the  North,  as  a  record  Incii- 
cates,  in  1847.  B.  bpilsby,  Lincolnshire, 
1786. 

Frederick  William,  the  emperor  of  Ger- 
many, began  his  reign  January  2, 1861.  B. 
March  22,  1797. 

Fremont,  John  Charles,  an  American  major- 
general,  exi)lorer,  senator,  nominee  for 
president.    B.  Savannah,  Ga.,  1813. 

Fulton,  Robert,  the  famous  American  in- 
ventor ;  applied  steam  to  the  propelling  of 
boats.  B.  Little  Britain,  Penn.,  1765,  D. 
New  York,  1815. 


G-adsden,  Christopher,  an  American  patriot 
leader  ^  a  delegate  to  tirst  continental  con- 
gress, in  1774.  B.  Charleston,  S.  C,  1724.  D. 
1805. 

Gagre,  Thomas,  the  British  commander  of  the 
royal  troops  In  North  America,  and  last 
governor  of  Massachusetts  for  the  English 
crown.    D.  England.  1187. 

Gaines,  ganz,  Edmund  Pendleton^n  Ameri- 
can [olflcer  of  the  revolution.  B.  Culpep- 
per county,  Va.,  1777.  D.  New  Orleans,  1819. 
Myra  Clark,  born  New  Orleans,  1805.  Gained 
property  there  worth  six  million  dollars. 

Galilei,  Galileo,  the  founder  of  mechanical 
philosophy,  was  born  at  Pisa  in  1564.  Dis- 
covered the  pendulum  as  a  measure  of 
time,  Jupiter's  moons,  Venus'  phases  and 
the  ring  of  Saturn,  and  followed  these  as- 
tonishing discoveries  by  constructing  tho 
microscope.  In  1611  he  discovered  at  Rome 
the  spots  on  the  sun,  and  in  1615  he  was  ar- 
raigned before  the  inq^uisition.  Again 
arraigned  and  tortured  in  1632.  Became 
blind  in  1636.  His  last  discoveries  were  the 
moon's  librations  and  the  cause.  D.  Arcetri, 
1642. 

Gambetta,  Leon,  a  French  republican  leader. 
B.  Cahors,  1838.    D.  1882. 

Garfield,  James  Abram,  twentieth  president 
of  the  United  States,  senator  from  Ohio, 
major-general  war  1861-5.  B.  Orange,  Cuy- 
ahoga county,  O.,  1831.  Shot  by  Charles 
Guiteau,  July  2,  1881,  and  died  at  Elberon, 
Long  Branch,  September  19. 

Garibaldi,  gar-e-bdl-de,  Giuseppe,  a  modern 
Italian  patriot  and  general.  Was  conspic- 
uous in  the  Italian  war  of  1859  against  tho 
Austrians.  Engaged  In  an  ill-advised  and 
unsuccessful  attempt,  in  1867,  to  free  Rome 
from  the  Papal  government.  B.  Nice,  1807. 
D.  1882. 

Garland,  Augustus  H.,  an  American  senator 
from  Arkansas.  Was  a  member  of  the 
confederate  congress.  B.  Tipton  county, 
Tenn.,  1832. 

Garrison,  William  Lloyd,  an  American  abo- 
litionist and  advocate  of  woman  suffrage. 
The  Liberator,  started  In  Boston  in  1831 
was  his  paper.  B.  Newburyport,  Mass., 
1804.    D.  K79. 

Gates,  Horatio,  an  American  general  of  the 
revolution  ;  defeated  General  BurgojTie  at 
Saratoga,  and  forced  him  to  surrender  with 
his  whole  army;  was  defeated  at  Camden, 
South  Carolina,  Yy  Cornwallis;  he  emanci- 
pated his  slaves.  B.  in  England,  1728.  D. 
New  York,  1806. 

Gatlingr,  Richard,  an  American  inventor; 
gun.  B.  Hertford  county,  North  Carolina, 
1818. 


BIOGEAPHICAL    CYCLOPEDIA. 


Oeary,  John  White,  an  American  greneral.  B. 
181!t.    D.  18T3. 

Georgre  I.,  kintr  of  Greece,  began  his  reign 
June  a,  Itm.    B.  December  24,  1846. 

Germanicus,  Ctesar,  a  nominal  Uoman  em- 
ptror;  at  the  head  of  the  Roman  army  in 
Germany  when  Augustus  died:  defeated 
Arminius;  he  was  father  of  Caligula, 
which  sec ;  probably  poisoned  by  order  of 
Tiberius,  at  Antlocn,  A.D.  19,  in  his  34th 
y(!ar. 

Giddingrs,  Joshua  Heed,  an  American  politi- 
cian ;  representative  from  Ohio  in  congress; 
elected  to  congress  about  eleven  times.  B. 
'lioga  Point,  now  Athens,  Pennsylvania, 
1795;  D.  Montreal,  Canada,  18«J4. 

Girard,  Stephen,  an  American  merchant. 
At  his  death  he  left  $9,000,000  for  public 
Ijurjioscs.  A  college  is  naine<l  for  liini.  B. 
near  Hordcaux,  IT'iO.     D.  i'hiiadtlpliia,  IKM. 

Gladstone.  William  Rwart,  the  Miitish  i>ie- 
niier  and  chancellor  of  the  exc-heiiuor.  The 
Ejirl  of  Ik-aconstleld  resigned  April  ai,  IS*), 
when  (Gladstone  became  hia  successor.  B. 
Liverpool,  l«0!t. 

Goldsmith,  Oliver,  a  British  poet  and 
dramatist.  "The  Oenius  of  lAive"  "She 
Stoops  to  Conquer."  B.  Pallas,  Ire.,  17^. 
1).  London,  1774. 

Goodrich,  Cliauncy  Allen,  an  American  ed- 
ucator, author  or  a  grammar;  B.  1790;  D. 
^>W.  Samuel  (Jriswold,  a  writer  for  young 
folks,  wa.s  the  well-known  "Peter  Parley;" 
H.  KidgeUeld,  Conn.,  1793;  D.  New  York,lW!0. 

Goodyear,  Cluirles,  an  American  inventor 
that  discovered  the  i)roce88  of  vulcanizing 
India  rubl)er.  H.  New  Haven,  Conn.,  1800. 
D.  New  York.  18«K). 

Gouffh,  John  B.,  an  American  temperance 
lecturer.    B.  Sandgiite,  Kent,  Eng.,  1817. 

Gould,  Jay,  an  American  -epoculator.  A 
great  railroad  magnate.  B.  Hoxbury,  N. 
Y.,  1837. 

Grant,  Ulysses  Simmon,  eighteenth  presi- 
dent of  the  United  States.  Helii  oUice  for 
two  terms,  from  1889  to  1877.  Famous  for 
his  successes  in  the  war  1861-5.  General 
Grant  traversed  the  globe  in  1879.  B.  Point 
I'le»»sant,  O.,  1823. 

Gray,  Thomas,  a  British  poet.  Author  of 
the  beautiful  Elegy.  B.  Cornhill,  London, 
1710.    D.  London,  1771. 

Greeley.  Horace,  an  American  Journalist. 
Founder  of  New  York  Tribiuie.  A  presi- 
dential nominee  in  ls?2.  and  ilefeated  by 
General  Gnuit.  B.  Amherst,  N.  H.,  1811. 
1).  IMciusantville,  N.  Y.,  187-'. 

Greene,  Nathaniel,  an  American  general  of 
the  Hevolution;  was  in  the  battles  of  Tren- 
ton, Princeton,  Germantown  and  Brandy- 
wine  ;  much  esteemed  by  AVashington.  B. 
Potowhommet,  R.  I.,  1742.  D.  near  Sa- 
vannah, (Ja.,  1786. 

Greenough,  Horatio,  an  American  sculptor 
that  made  a  colos.sal  statute  of  Washington. 
B.  Boston,  1805.  D.  78.52.  Ogdcn,  an  Ameri- 
can scholar,  and  soldier  in  war  1861-5 ;  an 
able  lawyer,  writer  and  orator.  B.  Mar- 
shall, lU.,  1840.  Killed  before  Kcnesaw,  Ga., 
1864. 

Gregory.  There  were  sixteen  popes  of  this 
name. 

Grey,  Lady  .Tane,  a  talented  woman  that 
learned  many  languages ;  had  the  honors 
of  theEnglish  crown  thrust  upon  her,  and 
was  proclaimed  queen,  July  10,  1553; 
reigned  nine  days ;  her  husband  and  her- 
self were,  in  February,  1554,  beheaded  by 
the  relentless  Mary,  who  began  to  reign 
July  6, 1553,  and  died  in  1.558.  Lady  Jane 
was  bom  at  Bradgate  hall,  in  Leicestershire, 
1537. 

Gustavns,  Adolphus,  the  greatest  king  of 
Sweden;  he  protected  the  Luther.ins  in 
Germany,  and  humbled  the  house  of  Aus- 
tria by  his  victories.  Fell  in  the  battle  of 
Lutzen,  in  1632.    B.  Stockholm,  1594. 


Outenbergr,  goo''ten-ba-erg,  Jobann,  the  part- 
ner of  Faust  (which  see),  inventor  of  print- 
ing.   B.  Metz,  140u.    D.  1468. 

H 

Hahnemann,  Samuel  Christian  Frederick, 
the  lounaer  of  the  Hoiua'opathic  system  or 
medicine.  B.  Saxony,  1755.  Died  Paris, 
1843. 

Hale,  Nathan,  an  American  patriot,  war  of 
the  Hevolution.  B.  Coventry,  Ct.,  1755. 
Captured  as  a  spy.  and  executed  by  order 
of  Sir  William  Howe,  in  New  York,  1776. 

Hall,  Charles  Francis,  an  American  explorer 
in  the  Noiih;  the  principal  tlgure  of  several 
expeditions.  B.  Kochester,  N.  H.,  1831. 
1).  (ireeiiland,  1871. 

Halleck,  Fitz  Greene,  an  American  poet. 
".Marco  IJozzaris."  B.  (juillord,  Connecti- 
cut, 1795:  U.  1867.  Henry  Wager, an  Amer- 
ican major  general;  Giimt's  chief  of  staff. 
B.  Waterville,  New  York,  1813.  D.  Louis- 
ville. Kentucky,  1«72. 

Hamilton,  Alexander,  an  American  states- 
man ;  secretary  of  the  treasury  on  the  or- 
ganization of  the  federal  government  in 
rs9.  n.  .Nevis,  in  the  West  Indies.  1757;  D. 
New  York,  1804. 

Hampton,  Wade,  an  American  senator ; 
lieutenant  general  in  confederate  service, 
war  1861-6.  B.  Columbia,  South  Carolina, 
1818. 

Hancock,  John,  an  American  statesman ; 
was  president  of  the  continental  congiess 
in  1775;  flrst  to  sign  the  American  D«  clara- 
tion.  B.  Quincy,  Massachusetts,  1737.  D. 
1793. 

Hancock,  Winfleld  Scott,  an  American  gen- 
eral that  s<'rve<l  in  the  Indian  territory, 
Mexico,  and  wwr  1H61-5;  a  pre(Ji<lentiul  nom- 
inee of  the  Democratic  party  in  lh«0  against 
GarHeld.  B.  Montgomery  county,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 1834. 

Hannibal,  a  famous  Carthaginian  general 
that  took  .Saguntum  In  219  B.C.,  and  gained 
the  battle  of  Came,  in  Apulia,  in  216;  de- 
feated near  ^ma  by  Scipio,  in  ilC,  and  so 
ended  the  second  Punic  war.  B.  247  B.C.  ; 
poisoned  himself  to  escape  the  Roman  vic- 
tors. 182  B.C. 

Hardee,  William .!.,  an  American  general  in 
conlederate  service,  war  ]8»!l-5:  compilor 
of  Tactics  that  is  named  for  him.  U.  Sa- 
vannah, Georgria,  1818.  D.  Wytheville,  Vir- 
ginia, 1873. 

Harrison.  William  Henry,  ninth  president 
of  the  United  .states  ;  defeated  the  Indians 
at  battle  of  Tippecanoe.  Mass-meetings 
and  processions  first  came  in  vogue.  B. 
Berkeley.  Virginia,  1773.  D.  Washington, 
1841,  one  month  after  his  inauguration,  and 
was  succeeded  by  Vice  President  John 
Tyler,  who  was  the  tenth  president  of  the 
United  States.  The  latter  was  l)orn  in 
Charles  City  oounty,  Virginia,  1790.  D. 
Richmond,  1862. 

Harte,  Francis  Bret,  an  American  author ; 
writer  of  poetry.  B.  Albany,  New  York, 
1839. 

Hawthome,Nathanlel,  an  American  author. 
"The  Scarlet  Letter."  B.  Salem,  Mass., 
1804.    D.  Plymouth,  N.  H.,  1864. 

Hayes.  Rutherford  Birchard,  nineteenth 
president  of  the  United  States;  major- 
genenil;  governor  of  Ohio;  B.  Delaware, 
O.,  1822.  Isaac  Israel  H.  was  an  American 
explorer  of  the  Arctic  regions;  B.  Chester 
county.  Pa.,  1832;  D.  1881. 

Hendricks,  Thomas  Andrews,  an  American 
statesman.  Vice-president  of  the  United 
States  with  Cleveland.  United  States  sen- 
ator from  Indiana.  Defeated  by  Morton 
for  governor  in  1859,  and  again  in  1868 
Elected  governor  in  1872,  and  re-elected, 
serving  till  1877. 


BIOGKAPHICAL   CYCLOPEDIA. 


Holmes,  Oliver  "Wendell,  an  American 
writer  of  prose  and  poetry.  B.  Cambridge, 
Miuss.,  1809. 

Homer,  the  father  of  poetry,  and  supposed 
author  of  the  Iliad  and  Odyssey.  Was  a 
native  of  Chios  or  Smyrna,  and  probably 
died  there.    Lived  about  HOT  B.  C. 

Hood,  .lohn  B.,  an  American  general  in  the 
confedeiivte  service,  war  ]861-.i.  Defeated 
at  Nashville.  B.  Bath  county,  Ky.,  1830.  D. 
New  Orleans,  1879. 

Henry.  Name  of  eight  English  kings,  and 
various  sovereigns  of  France  and  Germany. 
I.  and  [I.  of  England  were  good  and  amia- 
ble. III.  was  pusillanimous.  IV.  a  usurper. 
V.  formed  the  design  of  conquering  France; 
won  the  battle  of  Agincourt.  VI.,  son  ot 
preceding,  an  imbecile.  VII.,  usurper  and 
tyrant.  VIII.,  cruel;  disgraced  England  by 
his  robberies  and  horrible  executions  to 
gratify  his  lust.  See  Annk  Boleyn.  IV., 
the  Great,  of  France,  defeated  the  Duke  of 
Mayenne  at  I\Ty,  but  lost  the  results  of  the 
victory;  satisfied  the  Catholic  party  by  ab- 
juring the  Protestiint  faith  in  1593;  five 
yeai-s  from  that  year  were  spent  in  securing 
his  throne,  when,  in  1598,  he  issued  the 
edict  of  Nantes,  granting  toleration  to 
Protestants;  B.  Pau,  capital  of  Beam,  1553; 
assassinated  in  Paris  in  1610,  after  a  glorious 
reign  of  twenty-one  years.  See  Makie  db 
Medici. 

Henry,  Patrick:  an  American  statesman  and 
orator  that  exclaimed,  "  Give  me  liberty  or 
give  me  death  "  B.  Studley,  Hanover 
county,  Virginia,  1T36.  D.  Red  Hill,  Char- 
lotte county,  1T99. 

Herodotus,  the  first  Greek  historian,  and 
father  of  history.    Lived  about  450  B.  C. 

Herschel,  Sir  William,  one  of  the  greatest 
of  modern  astronomei"s.  Discovered  Ura- 
nus in  1781,  its  satellites  in  1787.  B.Hanover, 
17:».    D.  Windsor,  Eng.,  18^2. 

Hewitt,  Abram  Stevens,  an  American  states- 
man. Representative  from  New  York  in 
the  forty-fourth  and  forty-fifth  congresses. 
B.  Haverstraw,  N.  Y.,  1822. 

Hooker.  Joseph,  an  American  general  in  the 
war  1861-5.  Commander  of  Army  of  the 
Potomac,  18ft3.  B.  Hadley,  Mass.,  1815.  D. 
Garden  City,  N.  Y.,  1879. 

Hosmer,  Harriet  Goodhue,  an  American 
sculptor.  "  Zeaobia."  B.  Watertown, 
Mass..  1831. 

Houston,  Sam,  an  American  general  and 
governor  of  Texas.  B.  Lexington,  Va.,  1793. 
D.  Huntersville,Texiis,  1863. 

Howard,  Oliver  Otis,  an  American  general 
war  181)1-5.  Distinguished  himself  at  Get- 
tysburg    B.  Leeds,  Kennebec  county.  Me., 

\m). 

Howe,  Elias,  an  American  inventor.  Sewing 
machine.  B.  Spencer,  Mass.,  1819.  D. 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y..  1867. 

Hall,  Isaac,  an  American  commander  on  the 
waters  ;  captured  the  British  frigate  Guer- 
riere.  B.  Derby,  Connecticut,  1775.  D. 
Philadelphia,  1843. 

Humbert,  king  of  Italy,  began  his  reign  Jan- 
uary 9.  1878.    B.  March  14, 1844. 

Humboldt,  Friedrich  Heinrich  Alexander, 
Baron  von,  an  eminent  German  philosopher 
and  traveler ;  creator  of  the  science  of  com- 
parative geography,  and  reviewer  of  the 
study  of  the  natural  sciences.  B.  Berlin, 
1769.    D.  18.=)9. 

Hume,  David,  a  Scotch  writer  that  treated 
of  hisiory  and  metaphysics.  B.  Edinburgh, 
1711.    D.  1776. 

Huxley,  Thomas  Henry,  a  British  scientist 
that  has  written  of  man's  place  in  nature. 
B.  Middlesex,  1835. 


Ing«i^oll,  an  American  orator  of  the  icono- 
clastic persuasion.  B.  Dresden,  New  York, 
1833. 


Innocent.  A  title  assumed  by  thirteen 
popes. 

Irving:,  John  Henry  Brodrlb,  a  British  tra- 
gedian. B.  near  Glastonbury,  1838.  Wash- 
ington, an  American  writer  of  sketches 
and  history.  B.  New  York,  1783.  D.  Sun- 
nyside,  1859. 

Isabella  of  Castile,  a  queen  of  Spain.  The 
discovery  of  America  by  Columbus  was 
made  during  the  reign  of  Isabella  and  Fer- 
dinand v.,  king  of  Aragon,  who  married 
and  reigned  together.    B.  1450.    D.  1.504. 

Ismail,  is-ma-eel,  Mohammed  Tewflk,  the 
present  khedive  of  Egypt.    B.  1852. 


Jackson,  Andrew  (new  Democratic  party), 
the  seventh  president  of  the  United  States, 
served  two  terms,  1829-36,  inclusive.  He 
defeated  the  British  at  New  Orleans,  in 
1815 ;  United  States  senator  twice ;  executed 
the  law  against  the  nullification  scheme  in 
Charleston,  S.  C.  B.  Waxhaw,  N.  C,  1767. 
D.  Hermitage  farm,  near  Nashville,  Tenn., 
1845. 

Jackson,  Thomas  Jonathan,  better  known 
as  Stonewall,  was  an  American  general  that 
served  against  the  Seminoles  and  in  Mexican 
war,  and  the  war  of  1861-5,  in  which  latter 
he  was  a  confederate  lieutenant-general. 
B.  Clarksburg,  Va.,  1824.  D.  near  Fred- 
ericksburg, 18()3. 

Jay,  John,  chief  justice  of  supreme  court 
of  the  United  States,  the  first.  Served 
1789-95 ;  member  of  congress  of  the  United 
Colonies.    B.  New  York,  1745.    D.  1829. 

Jefferson,  Thomas  (Democratic-Republican), 
third  president  of  the  United  States. 
Served  two  terms,  1801-8,  inclusive.  Author 
ot  Notes  on  Virginia ;  drew  up  the  Ameri- 
can Declaration.  B.  Shadwell,  Va.,  1743.  D. 
Monticello,  1826. 

Joan  of  Arc,  zlmn-dark,  the  illustrious 
Maid  of  Orleans;  raised  the  siege  of  Or- 
leans, and  assisted  at  the  coronation  of 
King  Charles  VII.,  at  Rheims.  She  after- 
ward fell  into  the  hands  of  the  execrable 
Duke  of  Bedford,  Regent  of  England,  and 
was  by  him  burnt  as  a  sorceress  at  Rouen, 
in  1431.  B.  Domremy,  Lorraine,  about  1411. 

Johnson,  Andrew  (Democrat),  the  seven- 
teenth president  of  the  United  States. 
Served  from  April  15, 1865,  till  the  inaugura- 
tion of  President  Grant,  in  1K69  ;  elevated 
second  term  of  Lincoln.  B.  Raleigh,  N.  C, 
180«.    D.  near    Elizabethtown,  Tenn.,  1875. 

Johnston,  Joseph  Eccleston,  an  American 
general  that  opposed  the  national  troops  in 
the  war  of  18(51-5;  served  against  the  In- 
dians in  Florida,  and  in  the  Mexican  war  in 
1847,  being  wounded  twice;  surrendered 
his  confederate  army  to  Sherman,  April  26, 
1865.  B.  in  Prince  Edward  county,  Vir- 
ginia, 1807. 

K 

Kane,  Elisha  Kent,  an  American  explorer  of 
the  ice  region  ;  made  a  searc;h  for  Sir  John 
Franklin,  ia53.  B.  Philadelphia,  1820.  D. 
Havana,  1857. 

Kellogg',  Clara  Louisa,  an  American  musi- 
cian that  is  eminent  in  opera.  B.  Sumter, 
South  Carolina,  1842. 

Kepler,  Johann,an  eminent  German  astron- 
omer, whose  fame  rests  upon  his  discovery 
that  the  planets'  orbits  are  elliptical.  B. 
Weil,  Wirtemberg,  1571.    D.  Ratisbon,  1630. 

Kilpatrick,  Judson,  an  active  cavalry  officer 
in  the  United  States  service  in  1861-5.  B. 
18;K.  ,       - 

Knox.  Henry,  an  American  general  oi 
artillery,  war  of  the  Revolution  ;  secretary 
of  war  with  Washington.  B.  Boston,  1750. 
D.  Thomaston,  Me.,  1806.  John  K.  was 
the  great  champion  of  the  Scottish  refor- 
mation. B.  Gifford,  East  Ixithian,  1505.  D. 
Edinburgh,  1572. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   CYCLOPEDIA. 


Lafayette,  laf-a-et.  Maris  Jcaii  Paul  lloch 
Vves  Gilbert  Moticr,  Marquis  de,  a  cele- 
brated soldier  imd  patriot,  whose  t^ilents 
and  enerKy  were  thrown  into  the  Aniericun 
serviee  as  atruinst  the  British  domination; 
distinjfuished  himself  in  Virffiniaand  at  the 
sieRC  of  Yorktown.  B.  ChavaKnac,  dept. 
Haute-Loire,  1757.    D.  Paris,  IKM. 

Lamar,  Lucius  Quintus  Cincinnatus,  an  Am- 
erican statesman;  United  States  senator. 
B.  Jasper  county,  Ga.,  1820. 

Lamb.  L'harles,  a  distinguished  Enfflish  es- 
sayist and  humorist.  B.  London,  1775.  D. 
Edmonton,  1H34. 

La  Salle,  la-iitil,  Robert  Caveller  Sieur  de, 
a  Frencli  explorer  that  discovered  the 
mouth  of  the  Mississippi  river  in  1«W1.  B. 
Uouen,  1(M;{.  Killed  in  1«87  by  his  men 
while  on  the  way  to  (^anada. 

Law,  John,  a  schemer  that  started  the  Mis- 
sissippi company  and  involved  much  ruin 
in  Pi-ance.  Saved  h'msi'lf  by  tligbt.  B. 
i:<lint)urjrh.  ItWI.    1).  Venice,  1.29. 

Lawrence,  James,  an  officer  of  the  Ameri- 
can na\y.  With  the  Hornet  he  took  the 
British  brijf  Peacock.  Iteceived  a  mortal 
wound  on  the  Chesapeake  while  in  action 
with  the  friffate  Shannon^  B.  Burlington, 
N.  J.,  1781.    D.  1813. 

Iiee,  Ann,  the  founder  of  Shaker  aflBOcla- 
tions  in  America,  was  born  in  Manchester, 
EnK.,  17;«;  D.  WaUrvliet.  N.  Y.,  1784. 
KIcnard  Henry  was  an  eitxjuent  sjx'aker, 
and  United  States  senator;  B.  Stafford, 
Va.,  17;CJ;  D.  Wi>8tmoreland  county,  Va., 
1794.  Robert  l-klward,  one  of  the  best  of 
American  generals;  "  LiRbt  Horse  Harry  " 
Lee,  also  an  American  K^neral,  was  nis 
father;  Robert  K.  became  chief  commander 
of  the  confederate  army  in  northern  Vir- 
grinia;  surrendered  to  Grantat  Appomattox, 
April  9,  1S65;  B.  Stafford,  Va.,  1807;  D.  Lex- 
ington, Va.,  1870. 

Leibnitz,  Gottfried  Wllhelm,  Baron,  a  Ger- 
man metaphysician  and  scientist.  A  pro- 
found and  masterly  controvei-sial  theo- 
logian.   B.  lAMpsic.  Itm.    1).  Hanover,  1716. 

Leo.  Name  of  six  emperors  of  Constanti- 
nople, between  the  years  457  and  886.  The 
name  of  thirteen  popes ;  the  last  was  pro- 
claimed in  1878,  ana  was  born  in  Carpineto, 
Italy,  in  1811). 

Lesseps,  (iali-dunti),  Ferdinand,  Viscount  de, 
a  French  diplomat  that  cut  tliclshthinusof 
Suez  and  opeiietl  communication  by  water 
between  the  Red  sea  and  the  .Mediterranean. 
B.  Versailles,  18a">. 

Lever,  Charles  James,  an  Irish  writer  of 
stories.  "Charles  O'Malley."  B.  Dublin, 
1809.     I).  1872. 

Leverrier,  leh-va^e-a,  Urbaln  Jean  Joseph, 
a  modern  French  astronomer,  celebrated 
for  his  discovery  of  the  planet  Neptune. 
B.  St.  1m.,  Fntnce.  1811.    D.  1877. 

liewes,  lu-i.i,  George  Henry,  a  British  author; 
married  Marian  Evans.    See  Eliot.  Georgre. 

Lewis,  l)i(),  an  American  writer  on  the  laws 
of  hcjilth.  B.  Auburn,  New  York,  182:^. 
Edmonia,  an  American  carver ;  made  bust 
of  Longfellow.  B.  near  Allmny,  New  York, 
1845.  Ida,  saved  four  men  from  a  watery 
gnive  near  Newport,  Rhode  Island,  where 
she  was  born  in  1841. 

Liebigr,  fon  le-big,  Justus,  Baron  von,  a  dis- 
tinguished German  chemist.  "Familiar 
Letters  on  Chemistry."  B.  Darmstadt, 
1808.    D.  Munich,  1873. 

Linneeus.  Jht-ne-iis,  or  Linn,  Charles  von, 
the  most  celebrated  of  modern  naturalists  ; 
explored  Lapland.  B.  Rashutt,  1707.  D. 
1778. 

LivingBtone,  David,  a  distinguished  Afri- 
can traveler ;  verified  the  existence  of  Lake 
Ngama.  B.  Scotland,  1813.  D.  Itala,  Cen- 
tral Africa,  1873. 


Lincoln,  Abraham,  the  sixteenth  president 
of  the  United  States;  elected  twice,  18b0 
and  luM;  hero  of  the  war  of  18<Jl-'i;  signed 
the  emancipation  proclamation  that  made 
free  all  the  slaves  in  the  United  States. 
Assassinated  in  Washington,  by  J.  Wilkes 
Booth,  April  14,  18«5.  B.  Hardin  county, 
Kentucky,  1809.  Robert,  son,  an  American 
politician  ;  secretary  of  war  in  the  cabinet 
of  President  Arthur.  B.  Si)ringfleld,  Illi- 
nois, 1843. 

Lind,  Jenny,  a  celebrated  Swedish  musician : 
iR'gan  to  sing  at  ten;  vi«itc<l  the  United 
Stat.s  in  IKV).    B.  Stockholm.  1821. 

Lippincott,  Sarah  Jane,  better  known  as 
(iraie  Greenwood,  an  American  writer  for 
young  ixjople.    B.  New  York,  1823. 

Liszt,  franz,  an  eminent  Hungarian  com- 
poser.   B.  Raiding,  1811. 

Livy,  or  Livius,  Titus,  a  celebrated  Roman 
hisl<irian,  "History  of  Rome."  B.  Terri- 
tory of  Patavium,  now  Padua,  59  B.  C.  D. 
A.  1).,  17. 

Locke,  John,  an  English  political  and  philo- 
sophical writer;  wrote  essay  on  human 
iimlerstanding.  B.  near  Bristol,  1632.  D. 
Otes.  1704. 

Lockyer.  Joseph  Norman,  a  British  astrono- 
mer; viewed  the  eclipse  in  Sicily,  In  1870, 
for  the  government.    B.  Rugby,  1836. 

Logun,  John  Alexander,  an  American  Btate»- 
man ;  United  States  senator  from  Iliinois; 
nominee  for  vice-president  on  the  Blaine 
tick<>t.  in  18H4.    B.  .Jackson  Co.,  111.,  18LU 

Longfellow,  Henry  Wa<l8worth,  an  eminent 
American  p(3et.  "Excelsior."  B.  Port- 
land .Me..  1807.    D.  1882. 

Longstreet,  James,  an  American  lieutenant- 
general  in  the  Confederate  army,  war  1801- 
5 ;  wa.><  in  the  Mexican  war.  B.  South  Oaro- 
lina,  1H20. 

Longworth.  Nicholas,  an  American  lawyer 
that  lK>cameamaker  of  wines,  and  was  a 
millionaire.  B.  Newark,  N.  J.,  1782.  D. 
Cincinnati,  1863. 

Lopez,  lo-jH-if,  Don  Francisco  Solano,  suc- 
ciH'ded  his  fatlier,  Don  Carlos,  as  president 
of  I'araguay,  in  1862 ;  was  b^tcn  by  allies 
and  made  to  flee  in  1869;  a  bad  man.  B. 
near  Asuncion,  1827.    Killed  in  1870. 

Lossing,  Benson  John,  an  American  writer 
of  history.  "Pictorial  Hist4^)ry  United 
States."'    B.  Beekman,  N.  Y.,  1813. 

Louis.  Name  of  German  and  French  sov- 
ereigns. XVI.  of  France  was  unfortunate, 
and  met  his  death  on  the  scaffold  in  1792; 
the  <iueen  was  executed  in  175W,  and  his  sis- 
ter in  1794.  XVII.,  brother  of  the  preced- 
ing in  the  reign  of  terror,  and  that  of  Bona- 
parte, was  obliged  to  leave  his  country. 
Twice  replaced  on  the  throne  by  the  allied 
Powers.  D.  in  1^25.  Phillippe  of  France, 
feAcep,  first  of  the  Orleans  line,  was  forced 
to  flee,  and  finally  sailed  for  America  In 
179<i.  After  a  checkered  career,  he  was 
placed  on  the  throne  in  1830,  which  he  held 
for  17  years.  Harrassed  by  illiberal  restric- 
tions, his  people  broke  out  in  revolution  in 
1848,  and  he  fled  from  Paris  in  disguise.  B. 
Paris,  1773.    D.  Claremont,  Bng.,  1850. 

Lover,  luv-^r,  Samuel,  an  Irish  writer. 
"  Handy  Andy."    B.  Dublin,  1797.    D.  1868. 

Lowell,  James  Russell,  an  American  poet; 
"  Biglow  Papers;"  B.  Cambridge,  Mass., 
1819.  Maria,  nis  wife,  was  a  poet;  B.  W'ater- 
town,  Mass.,  1821;  D.  Cambridge,  1853. 

Loyola,  Ignatius  de,  celebrated  as  the  foun- 
der of  the  order  of  Jesuits.  B.  Ginpuzcoa, 
Spain,  1491.    D.  Rome,  1556. 

Luther,  Martin,  a  celebrated  reformer  of 
Germany.  Declared  the  pope  the  "  man  of 
sin"  set  forth  in  Scripture.  B.  Eiselben, 
Lower  Saxony,  1483.    I).  1546. 

Lycurgrus,  a  celebrated  Spartan  legislator 
that  is  supposed  to  have  been  born  926  B. 
C.  An  Athenian  orator  of  this  name  lived 
about  408  B.  C. 


liucretia,  a  Roman  matron,  was  the  wife  of 
CoUatimis,  and  the  cause  of  the  revolution 
of  Rome  from  a  monarchy  to  a  republic. 
Sextus  Tai'quinius,  who  tried  to  prevail 
over  her  virtue,  had  recourse  to  a  scheme 
by  which  he  succeeded  in  violating-  her 
person.  The  next  day  she  acquainted  her 
husband  and  kindred  of  the  transaction, 
and,  in  spite  of  their  soothing  remon- 
strances, drew  a  dagger  and  stabbed  her- 
self. The  bloody  poinard,  with  her  dead 
body  exposed  to  the  senate,  was  the  signal 
of  Roman  liberty.  The  exi)ulsion  of  the 
Tarq^uins,  and  the  abolition  of  the  regal 
dignity  was  instantly  resolved  upon  and 
carried  into  execution.   Died  509  B.C. 

Xiysander,  a  famous  Spartan  general  that 
defeated  the  Athenian  tlcet  when  the  5J7 
years'  war  came  to  an  end.  Killed  in  action 
3i»6  B.  C. 

Lytton,  Edward  George,  Earl.  See  Bulwer- 
Lytton. 

M 

Macaber,  an  early  German  poet.  "Danoe 
of  Death,"'  consisting  of  dialogues  between 
Death  and  a  number  of  personages  belong- 
ing to  various  ranks  of  society. 

Macadam,  John  Loudon,  a  Scotch  surv^eyor 
that  invented  the  system  of  road-making 
called  after  his  name.  B.  Ayr,  1756.  D. 
Moffat,  Dumfriesshire,  1836. 

Macaulay,  Thomas  Babington,  Lord,  a  cele- 
bratc<l  m-itish  historian  and  poet.  Wrote 
ballads.  B.  Kothley  Temple,  Leicestershire, 
KSOO.    D.  Holly  Lodge,  Campden  Hill,  1859. 

Macbeth,  a  Scottish  king  that  was  beaten 
at  Dunsinane  by  the  English  in  1054.  De- 
t'eatod  and  killed  at  Lumphanan. 

MacDonald,  James  Wilson  Alexander, 
Aniericuti  sculptor  and  artist.  B.  Steu- 
benville,  Ohio,  1830. 

Ilacmahon.  Marie  Edme  Patrice  Maurice, 
(lukeot  Magenta;  president  French  repub- 
lic, 1873-9.     B.  near  Autun,  1808. 

Macready,  William  Charles,  a  British  trage- 
dian. B.London,  1793.  D.Somersetshire,1873. 

McDonald,  Joseph  E.,an  American  senator, 
from  Indiana.    B.  Butler  county,  Ohio,  1819. 

TIcDowell,  Irwin,  an  American  general 
under  Beauregard.  B.  Franklin  county, 
Ohio.  1818. 

McClellan,  George  Brinton,  an  American 
general;  captured  Yorktown;  Antietam, 
I8f)2;  nominee  for  president  in  1864.  B. 
Philadelphia,  1826. 

McPherson,  an  American  general.  B.  Clyde, 
SandusivyCo.,Ohio,1828;  killed  in  action, 18(i3. 

Madison,  James,  the  fourth  president  of  the 
United  States.  B.  King  George,  Virginia, 
1751.    D.  Montpelier,  Virginia,  1836. 

Magralhaens,  ma-oal-ya-ens,  or  Magellan, 
Fernando,  a  Portuguese  navigator;  dis- 
covered the  straits  named  for  him.  B. 
Opporto,  147) ;  killed  by  natives  of  Philip- 
pine islands,  which  he  discovered,  1521. 

Mahomet,  or  Mohammed,  the  founder  of 
the  Mahomotm  faith;  proclaimed  the  koran 
in  his  fortieth  year.  B.  Mecca,  in  569  or  571. 
D.  632,  and  was  buried  at  Medina.  I.,  sultan 
or  emperor  of  the  Turks;  restored  the 
power  of  the  Ottomans  to  its  ancient  glory; 
B.  1374.  IL,  the  Great,  born  in  1420 ;  took 
Constantinople  in  1453.    D.  1481. 

Maintenon,  inont-non,  Frances  d'Aijbigne, 
Marchioness  of,  a  woman  of  great  personal 
beauty ;  mistress  King  Louis  XVI.  D.  St. 
(^yr.  1719. 

Maulius  Capitolinus,  Marcus,  a  famous 
Roman  consul.  The  geese  awoke  him  m 
time  to  save  the  Roman  capitol  from  sud- 
den attack  at  night.  For  trying  to  obtain 
the  sovereisfnty  of  Rome,  he  was  thrown 
from  the  Tarpeian  rock,  381  B.C.  Torqua- 
tus slew  a  Gaul,  and  took  his  chain  rt</rques) 
from  his  neck  ;  hence  he  assumed  the  name 
of  Torquatus ;  lived  340  B.C. 


Mann,  Horace,  an  American  senator  that 
was  interested  in  the  cause  of  education  ; 
school  system  was  reformed  by  him ;  presi- 
dent of  Antioch  college.  B.  Franklin,  Miuss- 
achusetts,  1796.  D.  Yellow  Springs,  Ohio, 
lS.-)9. 

Mansfield,  William  Murray,  Earl  of,  a  British 
chief  justice  B.  Perth,  1704.  D.  London, 
1793,  having  filled  his  ollice  for  thirty-two 
J' ears. 

Manutius,  Aldus,  invented  the  type  known 
as  italic.    B.  Bassiano,  1449.   D.  Venice,  151.5. 

Marat,  .lean  Paul,  a  French  revolutionist  of 
lTit3.  Assassinated  by  Charlotte  Corday. 
Marat  horn  at  Bandry,  Switz.,  1744.  Assas- 
siiuitcd,  1793. 

Marcellus,  Marcus  Claudius,  Roman  general. 
Successfully  encountered  Hannibal  in 
second  Punic  war.  Captured  Syracuse,  in 
Sicily.  B.  about  268  B.  C.  Killed  in  am- 
buscade, 208  B.  C. 

Marcy,  William  Lamed,  an  American 
statesman.  Secretary  of  war  under  Polk. 
B.  Southbridge,  Mass.,  1786.  D.  Ballstoa 
Spa,  N.  Y.,  18.57. 

Maria  Louisa,  ex-empress  of  France.    Na- 

Eolcon  Bonaparte's  second  wife,  B.  1791. 
K  1847. 

Maria  Theresa,  empress  of  Germany  and 
queen  of  Hungary;  had  a  stormy  reign. 
She  was  secured  in  her  rights  by  the  peace 
made  at  Aix-la-Chapelle.  Called  mother 
of  her  country.    B.  Vienna,  1717.    D.  1780. 

Marie  de  Medici,  mc-de-che,  wife  of  Henry 
IV.  of  France.  After  the  king's  murder, 
became  regent.  Reign  disgraced  by  the 
countenance  she  afforded  to  unworthy 
favorites ;  forced  to  leave  France  by  Rich- 
elieu.   B.  Florence,  1573.    D.  Cologne,  1642. 

Marius,  a  Roman  general;  was  six  times 
consul ;  butcher.    D.  86  B.  C. 

Marlborougrh,  John  Churchill,  Duke  of, 
celebrated  British  general.  Principal  vic- 
tories: Blenheim,  in  1704;  Ramillies,  1706; 
Oudenarde,  1708,  and  Malplaquet,  1709.  B. 
Ashe,  Devonshire,  16."0.    D ,  London,  1722. 

Marquette,  Jacques,  a  French  missionary 
that  explored  the  Mississippi.  B.  Laon, 
1637.  D.  on  the  shore  east  ot  Lake  Michi- 
gan. 1675. 

Marshall,  .John,  the  fourth  chief  justice  of 
United  States  Supreme  Court ;  served,  ISOI- 
35.  B.  Fau()uier county,  Va.,  1755.  D.Phila- 
delphia, 183.5. 

Martineau,  mar-te-no,  Harriet,  a  British 
writer  on  various  subjects.  B.  Norwich, 
1802.    D.  Ambleside,  1876. 

Mary,  the  mother  of  the  Savior,  daughter  of 
Joachim  and  Anna,  of  the  tribe  of  Judah, 
was  married  to  Joseph  of  the  same  tribe. 
Of  the  royal  house  of  David. 

Mary  (Bloody),  Queen  of  England ;  her 
reign  was  stained  with  the  blood  of  many 
martyrs;  in  four  years,  227  persons  were 
bnrned.  B.  Greenwich,  1516.  D.  St.  James 
palace,  1558.  Mary  Stuart,  Queen  of  Scots. 
After  nineteen  years  captivity  in  England, 
she  was  executed  in  Jotheringay  castle, 
1587.    B.  Linlithgow  palace,  1542. 

MauiTT,  Matthew  Fontaine,  American  offi- 
cer; published  a  physical  geography  of  the 
sea,  in  18-56.  B.  Spottsylvania  county,  Vir- 
ginia, 1806.    D.  Lexington,  Virginia,  1873. 

Maximilian.  Ferdinand  Maximilian  Joseph, 
nrchdukc  ot  Austria  and  emperor  of  Mex- 
ico; married  Carlotta  !Marie  Amelie,  who 
was  born  1840,  and  shot,  in  Mexico,  1866. 
B.  Vienna,  1832;  shot,  Queretaro,  1867. 

Mazarin,  Jules,  a  political  churchman  ;  suc- 
ceeded Cardinal  Richelieu,  prime  minister 
of  France,  which  he  governed  till  his  death 
at  Paris,  in  166L    B.  Piscina,  Naples,  1602. 

Mazzini,  matsee-nee,  Guiseppe,  a  modern 
Italian  politician  and  patriot.  B.  Genoa, 
1808.    D.  1872. 


BIOGRArniCAL   CYCLOPEDI4.. 


Heade.  George  Gordon,  American  jr^neral ; 
commanded  urniy  of  the  I'otomiie  at  (jet- 
tysburii;  Cold  Harbor,  Spottsylvania,  Wil- 
derness. U.  Cadiz,  Spain,  1815.  D.  Phlladel- 
piiia,  1872. 

Medici,  med-e-che,  Cosmo  de,  the  Elder,  and 
Father  of  his  Country,  a  merchant  and 
founderof  an  illustrious  family  at  Florence; 
governed  Florence  from  UW  to  \MA:  H.  l.ix'J; 
D.  14tlt.  Lorenzo  de,  the  MaKnitlcent,  son 
of  Peter,  grandson  of  Cosmo,  and  brother 
of  Julian  de  Medici;  these  brot  hers  en  joyed 
an  almost  absolut«>  power  ui  Florence.  Ju- 
lian was  assjuJsiiiaU'd  at  the  instiKation  of 
Ferdinand  I.  and  I'ope  Sextus  IV.,  1478. 
Ijorenzo  was  woun<led,  but  efcaped  with 
his  life ;  accounted  the  MaBcenasof  his  age. 
I  J.  1448.     I)    una. 

Mehemet  Aii,  pacha  of  Etrypt;  conquered 
Syria,  and  was  Kei>t  out  or  Constantinople 
liv  Kuropean  intervention,  li.  Cavalla  Uou- 
niclia,  17t«t.     I).  Cairo,  1K4«. 

Meissonier,  ni(t-ntt.ut-<t,  Jean  Ix)uis  Ernest, 
a  cck'iirated  French  artist.     It.  Lyons,  I812. 

Melancthon,  I'hilip,  Reformer ;  iisbociatc  of 
Luther.  I{.  IJrettin,  Iteden,  14tt7.  D.  Wit- 
tenberg-. VM. 

MendelsBohn-Bartholdy,  Felix,  German 
composer.  <li.  IlamUurg-,  18UU.  I>.  Lieipsic, 
1847. 

Mesmer,  Frcdcrich  Anton,  German  physi- 
cian, atUir  whom  animal  matfnetism  is 
named.  B.  Merseburg,  Swabia,  1734.  D. 
1815. 

Mettemich,  Clement  Wenceslas.  Prince,  an 
Austrian  diplomat.  H.  Coblentz,  1773.  D. 
Vienna.  185«. 

3ffeyerbeer,  mi-er-ha-rr,  Giacomo,  (rreat  Ger- 
man composer.    B.  Berlin,  17»4.    1).  1864. 

Michelet,  me-»hrh-la,  French  historian.  B. 
Paris,  1798.     I).  Hyeres,  1874. 

Mill.  John  Stuart,  an  eminent  writer  on  po- 
litical economy.  U.  Loudon,  1806.  D.  Avig- 
non, France,  1873. 

Miltiades,  a  c«'lebrated  Athenian  general; 
gaine<l  t  he  battle  of  Marathon,  in  40(),  against 
the  Pei>*ian8.     Lived  about  .'iOO  IJ.C. 

Milton.  John,  author  of  "  Paradise  Lost," 
and  "  Paradise  Uegaiued."  B.  London,  IO18. 
I).  Ifi74. 

Mirabeau,  ne-ra-ho.  Count  de,  eloquent 
French  orator.  B.  near  Neraones,  1748.  D. 
Pans,  nstl. 

Modjeska,(Mo-Jr«-/ca,  Countess,  Polish  actress. 
\i.  I'nuow,  1844. 

Mohamined.    See  Mahomet. 

Moliere,  ;iii>-/c-ajr,  Jean  Baptiste,  a  very  emi- 
nent French  dramatist;  wrote  comic  plays, 
n.  Paris.  l(i*i     D.  I(i7;i. 

MoUhausen.  Baldiun,  a  German  writer  of 
stones;  visited  United  States.  B.  Bonn, 
1S2.-). 

Moltke,  moU-hefi,  Helinuth  Karl  Bemhard 
von,  a  German  general.  Received  the  title 
of  count  after  the  success  at  Metz.  Franco- 
German  war.    B.  Mecklenburg,  IStK). 

Monroe,  James  (Democratic-Republican^ 
the  tlfth  president  of  the  United  Stiites. 
United  States  senator  in  1790.  Minister  to 
France,  London  and  Spain.  Governor  of 
Virginia.  Secret^iry  of  state.  Served  two 
terms  as  president,  1817-25.  B.  Westmore- 
land county,  Va.,  1758.  D.  New  York, 
is;u. 
Montagu,  Lady  Mary  W  ortley,  an  English 
authoress.  B.  Thoresby.  Nottinghamshire, 
aliout  1690.  D.  London,  1762. 
Montezuma,  the  last  king  of  Mexico.  Con- 
quered by  Cortez.  Stoned  to  death  in  1520 
tor  having  proposed  to  surrender  to  the 
Spanish.  B.  alwut  1480. 
Montgomery,  Richard,  an  American  major- 
general.  Took  Montreal.  Fell  at  Quebec, 
1775.  B.  near  Raphoe,  Ire.,  1736. 
Moore,  Sir  John,  a  British  general,  killed 
1809  at  the  battle  of  Corunna.  B .  Glasgow, 
1761. 


Moore,  Thomas,  eminent  Irish  poet.  Wrote 
history  of  Ireland  B.  Dublin,  1779.  D. 
KJ2. 

More,  Hannah,  an  eminent  English  author; 
H.  near  Bristol,  1745;  D  Clitton.  Glouces- 
tershire, IKU.  Sir  Thomas,  English  states- 
man atui  writer;  B.  London,  1480;  beheaded, 
I.W) 

Moreau,  ino-ro,  Jean  Victor,  French  revo- 
lutionary general.  Joined  the  allied  buv- 
en'igns  against  Fnince  in  1813,  and  was 
kille<l  before  Dresden.     B.  Morlaix,  1763. 

Morgan,  Daniel,  American  general,  de- 
liaK  il  the  British  at  the  Cowpens.  B.  New 
.l<rs<y,  I7;ft).     D.  Winchester.  Va.,  1802. 

Morrison.  William  R.,  an  American  states- 
man, and  colonel  in  war  1861-5.  Wounded 
at  Ft.  Donelson.  Elected  to  congress  three 
times.    B.  MonrcH!  county.  III.,  1825. 

Morse,  Samuel  Fniley  Breese,  an  American 
inventor.  Invented  electric  telegraph  in 
IKCJ.  Made  a  line  betwin-n  Baltimore  and 
Washington  in  1844.  Made  first  submarine 
cable.  B.  Charlestown,  Mass.,  1791.  D. 
New  York,  1872. 

Morton,  Oliver  Perrj',an  American  senator. 
War  governor  of  Indiana.  IJ.  Wayne 
county,  I82:j.    D.  Indianapolis,  1877. 

Motley.  John  Ixtthrop,  an  American  histo- 
rian. B.  Dorchester,  Mass^  1814.  D.  Eng- 
land. 1877. 

Mozart,  mnte-mrt,  Wolfgang  Amadeus,  a 
tainotm  (ierinaii  composer.  B.  Salzburg, 
17;>t).     1).  Vienna   1791. 

Murray,  Lindley.  Amerlcanauthorof  gnim- 
inar  of  the  English  language.  B.  Swatara, 
Peun.,  1745.    D.  near  Vork,  England,  1820. 

N 

Napier,  nrt-pe-rr,  John,  Baron,  n  celebrated 
.S.'otcli  imtthematician.  Invente<l  loga- 
rithmic tables.  B.  Merchiston  Castle,  near 
?>llnburgh,  1550.     D.  there  1617. 

Nast,  Thomas,  an  American  caricaturist.    B. 

Ijindau,  Itavaria,  1840. 
'  Nelson.   Horatio,  Ix)rd.  an   illustrious  Eng- 
lish admiral ;  was  killed  at  Trafalgar.  Spain, 
where  he  gained  a  great  victory,  1805.    B. 
Norfolk,  17.58. 

Nero,  wicked  emperor  of  Rome;  persecuted 
the  Christians.  B.  Antium,  A.  D.,  37. 
Killed  himself  in  68. 

Newton.  Sir  Isaac,  English  philosopher  and 
niatlieniatician.  B.  Woolsthori)e,  Lincoln- 
shire, on  Christmas  day,  1642.  Disc-overed 
the  law  of  gravitation ;  analyzed  light.  D. 
near  London,  1727. 

Ney.  .Michel,  bravest  of  Napoleon's  marshals. 
Execute<l  in  181,5.     H.  Sarre  Louis,  1709. 

Nicholas  I.,  became  emperor  of  Russia  in 
182.');  defeated  the  shan  of  Persia  soon 
afterwards;  aided  Greeks  tt)  gain  their  in- 
dependence; defeated  Turks  in  war  of 
1828.  n.  St.  Petersburg,  1796.  D.  1855,  dur- 
ing Crimean  war. 

Nightingale,  Florence,  the  English  humani- 
tjirian  in  the  Crimea,  from  1854  to  1856.  B. 
Florence,  1820. 

North,  Lord,  a  British  prime  minister  for 
twelve  years,  in  the  reign  of  George  111. 
Introduced  a  bill  in  1778,  in  which  assump- 
tion of  right  of  Great  Britain  to  tax  the 
colonists,  led  to  the  American  war  of  Inde- 
pendence.  B.  1732.    D.  1792.. 


O'Connell,  Daniel,  known  in  his  time  as  the 
LilR-rator  of  Ireland  Was  bom  in  County 
Kerrv,  1775.    D.  Genoa,  1847. 

Oglesby,  Richard  J.,  an  American  general ; 
elected  governor  of  Illinois  in  1864,  re- 
elected, 1872,  and  in  1884;  United  States 
Senator,  1873.    B.  Oldham  county,  Ky.,  1824. 

Oldcastle,  Sir  John,  the  first  author  and 
raartvr  of  the  reformation.  B.  in  reign  of 
Edward  III.    Burned  1418. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   CYCLOPEDIA. 


Optic,  Oliver,  an  American  writer  for  the 
yoiniK  people ;  published  a  magazine.  li. 
Med  way,  Mass.,  ISK. 

Orangre,  William  of  Nassau,  Prince  of, 
founder  of  the  Dutch  Kepublic.  B.  1533. 
Assassinated,  Delft,  1584. 

Orsini,  Felice,  Italian  patriot ;  in  1858,  tried 
to  kill  the  French  emperor,  and  was  ex- 
ecuted.   B.  Meldola,  181SI. 

Osnaan,  or  Othraan  I.,  called  the  Victorious  ; 
founder  of  the  race  that  reigns  at  Constan- 
tinople. B.  Sukut,  Bithyuia,  1259.  D.  132«. 
See  Abdul  Hamid. 

Otho  I.,  called  the  Great,  emperor  of  Ger- 
many; was  elected  in  936.  B.  913.  D.Mem. 
leben,  Thuringia,  973. 

Ovid,  Publius  Dvidius  Naso,  Latin  poet ;  ban- 
ished by  Augustus.  B.  Sulmo,  43  B.C.  D. 
Tomi,  A.D.  18. 

Owen,  Kobert,  British  philanthropist  and 
founder  of  socialism.  B.  Newton,  Mont- 
gomeryshire, 1771.    D.  1858. 


Paine,  Thomas,  American  ph;iosoi)hcr.  D. 
New  York,  1809. 

Pakenhiani,  Sir  Edward,  a  BUtish  general 
that  was  killed  in  battle  at  New  Orleans  in 
1815. 

Palmer,  paTi-mcr,  Erastus  Dow,  an  American 
sculptor  ;  made  a  statue  of  Robert  Living- 
stone.   B.  Pompey,  N.  Y.,  1817. 

Palmerston,  pah-mer-f^tun,  Henry  John  Tem- 
ple, Viscount,  a  British  statesman  and  well- 
known  foreign  minister ;  prime  minister 
twice.  B.  London,  1784.  D.  Brockett  Hall, 
Herts,  1865. 

Parnell,  ChaVles  Stewart,  Irish  leader  in 
parliament.    B.  County  Wicklow,  1846. 

Parton,  James,  an  American  writer  and  bi- 
ographer.   B.  Canterbury,  Eng.,  1822. 

Pascal,  Blaise,  French  philosopher.  B.  Cler- 
mont, 1623.    D.  Paris,  1663. 

Payne,  John  Howard,  an  American  drama- 
tist ;  author  of  "  Home,  Sweet  Home."  B. 
New  York,  1793.    D.  Tunis,  1852. 

Peabody,  George,  an  American  millionaire 
that  endowed  many  institutions.  Peabody 
institute.  B.  Danvers,  Mass.,  1795.  D.  Lon- 
don, 1869. 

Peel,  Sir  Robert,  son  of  the  cotton-spinner  of 
that  name  ;  was  a  celebrated  British  states- 
man ;  several  times  at  the  head  of  affaii-s ; 
settled  the  Oregon  question  with  the  United 
States.  B.  Bury,  Lancashire,  1788.  D.  Lon- 
don, 18.50. 

Pemberton,  John  C,  a  confederate  general, 
ls(5i  .) ;  surrendered  to  Grant  at  Vicksburg. 
B.  Philadelphia,  1817. 

Pendleton,  George  H.,  an  American  senator 
from  Ohio.    B.  Cincinnati,  1825. 

Penn,  William,  the  founder  and  legislator  of 
Pennsylvania.  B.  London,  1644.  D.  Rus- 
combe,  Berkshire,  1718. 

Pericles,  an  Athenian  orator.  B.  495  B.C.  D. 
Athens.  42i)  B.C. 

Perry,  Oliver  Hazard,  American  naval  officer; 
gained  a  victory  on  Lake  Erie.  B.  Rhode 
Island,  1785.    D.  West  Indies,  1820. 

Peter  I.,  Alexievitsch,  the  Great,  emperor  of 
Russia.  B.  Moscow,  1673 ;  D.  St.  Petersburg, 
1735.  II.,  reigned  after  the  two  yeai-s  of 
Catherine,  who  succeeded  Peter  the  Great. 
HI.,  strangled,  1763. 

Phillips,  Wendell,  a  celebrated  American 
oi-ator  and  humanitarian.  B.  Boston,  1811. 
D.  1884. 

Pierce,  Franklin  (Democrat),  the  fourteenth 
president  of  the  United  States,  18.53-7 ;  brig- 
adier general  in  Mexican  war.  B.  Hillsbo- 
rough, N.  H.,  1804.    D.  Concord,  1869. 

Pitt,  William,  Earl  of  Chatham,  made  a 
speech,  in  1778,  against  the  American  war, 
and  died  from  exhaustion.  His  second  son 
was  the  equtilly-famous  William  Pitt  that 
became  prime  minister  twice,  last  time  in 
1804.    B.  at  Hayes,  1759.    D.  Putney,  1806. 


Pius.    Name  of  nine  popes.    IX.  died  in  1878. 

Pizarro,  Francisco,  Spanish  freebooter;  con- 
quered Peru  and  founded  Lima  in  1535.  B. 
Truxjillo,  1471;  killed  by  enemies,  at  Lima, 
1541. 

Plato,  Greek  philosopher.  B.  Athens,  about 
439  B.C.    D.  348. 

Pliny,  Cains  Plinius,  the  Elder;  classic  au- 
thor.    B.  X'3A.D.    D.  79. 

Plutarch,  plu-tark,  Greek  biographer  and 
historian.  B.  Chieronea.  D.  about  A.D. 
140. 

Pocahontas,  an  Indian  princess;  is  cele- 
brated ill  the  history  of  Virginia  for  her 
heroic  attachment  to  the  colonists.  B. 
about  1.595.     1).  Gravcsend,  Eng.,  1617. 

Poe,  Edgar  Allan,  American  poet.  B.  Bos- 
ton, 1809.    U.  Baltimore,  1849. 

Polk,  James  Knox  (Democrat),  eleventh 
president  of  the  United  States.  B.  Meck- 
lenburgh  county,  N.  C,  1795 ;  D.  Nashville, 
1849.  Leonidas,  confederate  general.  B. 
Raleigh,  N.  C,  180(5;  killed  by  a  cannon 
ball,  near  Marietta,  Ga.,  IStU 

Pope,  Alexander,  British  poet.  B.  London, 
1688.    D.  1744. 

Pompey,  Cneius  Pompeius  Magnus,  rival  of 
Csesar. 

Powers,  Hiram,  an  American  sculptor.  B. 
Woodstock,  Vt.,  18a5.  D.  Florence,  Italy, 
1873. 

Priestley,  Dr.  Joseph,  British  philosopher. 
B.  in  Yorkshire,  1733.  D.  Northumberland, 
Penn.,  180-t. 

Ptolemy,  tol-e-me,  Sagus,  one  of  the  generals 
of  Alexander  the  Great ;  obtained  Egypt  as 
his  share  of  the  spoils.    D.  285  B.C. 

Putnam,  Israel,  an  American  major  general, 
war  of  the  revolution ;  active  in  French  and 
Indian  wars  at  an  earlier  period.  B.  Salem, 
Mass.,  1718.    D.  Brooklyn,  Ct.,  1790. 

Pythagoras,  pi-thag-a-roH,  the  earliest  Greek 
philosopher,  geometrician  and  astronomer. 
B.  Sara  OS.  about  580  B.(;.;  aged  about  eighty. 

Quitman,  John  Anthony,  American  general 
conspicuous  in  taking  Pueblo  and  Mexico. 
B.  Dutchess  county,  N.  Y.,  1799.  D.  Natchez, 
1858. 


Bacine,  Jean,  French  dramatist.  B.  Ferte- 
iMilon,  Aisne,  1639.    D.  Pans,  1699. 

Baleigrh  Sir  Walter,  an  illustrious  English 
navigator ;  discoverer  of  Virginia ;  defeater 
of  the  Spanish  Armada.  B.  Hayes,  Devon- 
shire, 1582.    Beheaded  in  1618. 

Raphael,  a  celebrated  Italian  artist.  B.  Ur- 
bino,  1483.     D.  Rome.  1.520. 

Beade,  Charles,  a  British  story  writer  of 
force  and  originality.  B.  Ipsden,  1814.  D. 
1884. 

Red  Jacket  or  Sagoyewatha,  celebrated 
Indian  chief,  of  the  Senecas.  B.  Old  Castle, 
N.  Y.,  1752.  D.  Seneca  village,  near  Buffalo, 
1830. 

Rembrandt  van  Ryn,  Paul  Harmers, 
Dutch  painter.  B.  Leyden,  1807.  D.  Am- 
sterdam, 1669. 

Renan,  reh-non,  Joseph  Ernest,  author  of 
"  Life  of  Christ."    B.  Treguier,  1823. 

Richelieu,  reesh4e-uh,  Armand  Jean  Du- 
plessis,  Duke  of,  a  celebrated  French  car- 
dinal and  statesman  ;  managed  affairs  for 
Louis  XIII.    B.  Paris,  1.585.    D.  1042. 

Robespierre,  ro-hes-pe-air,  Maximilian  Jo- 
seph Francois  Isidoi-e,  head  of  the  Jacobins. 
B.  Amis,  1759.     Beheaded,  1794. 

Roebling:,  John  Augustus,  designer  of  the 
BrookUn  Bridge,  New  York.  B.  Prussia, 
1806.    D.  Brooklyn,  1869. 

Rogers,  John,  English  biblical  scholar; 
burned  for  his  Protestanism  in  1515,  at 
Smithfleld. 

Rosecrans,  William  Starke,  an  American 
major-general,  war  1861-5.  B.  Kingston,  O., 
1819. 


BIOGEAPHICAL   CYCLOPEDIA. 


Bosse,  Earl  of,  British  astronomer.    B.  York, 

1800.    D.  Ireland,  1867. 
Rousseau,   roiju-ao,   Jean  Jacques,    French 

philosopher.    B.  Geneva,  1712.     D.   Paris, 

1778. 
Bubens,   Peter    Paul,   illustrious    Flemish 

painter,      B.   Siegen,   Germany,  1677.     D. 

Antwerp,  KMO. 
Bussell,  William,  Lord,  an  English  politi- 
cian, was  Ixihcadcd  for  his  Protestanism,  in 

London,  1083.    B.  1639. 


8 

Scott,  Sir  Walter,  voluminous  writer  of  tales 
and  romantic  histories.  In  verse  and  proee. 
B.  Edinburgh,  1771.    U.  Abbotaford,  1832. 

Scott,  (iencnil  Winlleld,  a  commander-in- 
chief  of  tiie  United  States  array;  he  gained 
the  buttles  of  ("hlppewu  and  Lwndy's  Lane; 
181(i,  gained  several  victories  in  tne  Mexi- 
can war,  besides  bis  capture  of  the  City  of 
Mexico  in  1847.  B,  Petersburg,  Va.,  1786. 
D.  West  Point,  1866. 

Senunes,  xems.  llaphael.  Confederate  com- 
mander of  the  "Alabama."  B.  Charles 
county,  Md.,  1H09.    I).  1877. 

Seward,  William  Henry,  an  American 
statesman ;  governor  of  New  York ;  United 
yi4it<'8  senator;  secretary  of  state  in  Lin- 
coln's cabinet.  B.  Fjyrida,  N.  Y.,  1801.  D. 
Aul)urn,  1K72. 

Shakspeare,  William,  the  immortal  English 
dniiniitist.  IJ.  -Stmtford-upon-Avon,  War- 
witkshire,  l.VM.    D.  1616. 

Shelley,  Percy  Bysshe,  a  British  poet.  B. 
near  Horsham,  Sussex,  1798.  Met  his  death 
by  drowning  in  Spezia  bay,  in  1822. 

Sheridan,  I'lnlip  Ilenry,  an  American  gene* 
ml  of  cavalry  and  Infantry,  war  1861-5; 
became  lieutenant-general  In  1869,  com- 
mander-in-chief, 1N*4.  U.  Somerset,  O., 
1831. 

Sherman,  William  Tecumsch,  an  American 
commander-in-chief;  his  greatest  exploits 
were  the  canipaign  of  1H64,  that  ended  in 
the  capture  of  Atlanta,  and  the  march  to 
the  sea  and  through  the  Carolinas.  B. 
Ijiiiu-aster.  O.,  1S20. 

Silliman,  Henjanun,  an  American  scientist : 
nul)lished  a  book  on  chemistry.  B.  Trum- 
bull, Ct.,  1779.    D.  New  Haven,  1864. 

Sixtus.  Name  of  live  popes,  the  last  of 
whom  was  the  founder  of  the  Vatican 
library. 

Saint  Anthony  was  founder  of  monastic 
institutions.  B.  near  Heraclea,  251;  lived 
one  liiiiidred  and  five  years. 

Santa  Anna,  Antonio  Lo|)ez  de,  a  Mexican 
general  and  statesman,  was  president  of  the 
republic  of  Mexico  several  times,  before 
184S  ;  defeated  by  Gcnenils  Scott  and  Tay- 
lor; from  1852  to  1855  he  again  held  power, 
but  was  driven  into  exile  by  Geneml  Car- 
rera,  who  turned  against  him.   B.  in  Jalapa, 

'  1798.    D.  1876. 

Schenck,  Dr.  Noah  Hunt,  an  American  cler- 
gyman.   D.  in  Brooklyn.  January  5,  1885. 

Smith,  Gerrit,  an  Americjin  humanitarian 
and  writer.  B.  Utica,  N.  Y.,  1797.  D.  New 
York.  J874.  John,  founder  of  Virginia.  B. 
Willoughby,  Lincolnshire,  1579.  D.  London, 
1631. 

Socrates, «»fr-ra-^ec2,  Greek  philosopher;  the 
priesthood  had  him  poisoned,  at  Athens,  in 
\m  B.C.    B.  near  that  place,  about  470  B.C. 

Solon,  Athenian  law-giver ;  one  of  the  seven 
wise  men  of  Greece.  B.  Isle  of  Salamls, 
638  B.C.    D.  Athens,  559  B.C. 

Sophocles,  )<of-o-kl€€z,  a  celebrated  Greek 
tragedian.  B.  Athens,  about  496  B.C.  D. 
40(i. 

Spencer,  Herbert,  a  British  scientist.  Evo- 
lution.   B.  Derby,  1820. 

Spenser,  Edmund,  a  British  poet.  "  Fairie 
Queen."    B.  London,  1553.    D.  1599. 


Spinoza,  Benedict,  a  learned  Jewish  philoso- 
pher. B.  Amsterdam,  1632.  D.  at  the  Hague, 
1677. 

Stafford,  William  Howard,  Viscount,  a  Brit- 
ish stiitesman ;  perished  on  the  scaffold,  no 
doubt  as  an  innocent  man.    B.  1612. 

Stephen.    Name  of  ten  popes. 

Stephens,  Alexander  llaniilton,  vice  presi- 
dent of  the  8<juthern  confederacy,  in  1861. 
B.  in  Georgia,  1812.     D.  Atlanta,  18k;{. 

Stephenson, George,  a  British  inventor;  the 
locdinotive  for  the  rail  was  contrived  by 
him.  11.  Wylain,  Northumljerland.  1781. 
1).  near  Chestt-rfield,  Derbyshire,  18)8. 

Stewart.  Charles,  an  American  rear  admiral ; 
coinnmndcd  the  "  Constitution."  in  tlie  war 
of  1812.  aii'l  captured  the  British  war  ves- 
sels "  Picton,"  •'  Cyane."  and  "  l^evant."  B. 
Philadelphia,  1778.  D.  Bordentown,  N.  J., 
18(i!». 

Stoddard,  Kichard  Henry,  a  poet.  B.  Hing- 
hani,  Mass.,  1825. 

Story,  Joseph,  an  American  jurist  that  was 
assotiiite  justice  of  the  United  States 
supreme  court.  B.  Marblehead,  Mass.,  1779. 
D.  Cainbridge.  184.'i. 

Stowe,  Harriet  Klizabcth.    Sec  Bebcuer. 

Stuart,  (iilU-rt  Charles.  B.  Rhode  Island. 
r,M.  D.  (loston.  1828.  Name  of  Engliiib 
and  Scotch  sovereigns. 

Sumner.  Charles,  an  American  statesman 
and  stnator.  B.  Boston,  1811.  D.  Washing- 
ton. 1ST4. 

Swedenborg:,  Emanuel,  a  Swedish  philoso- 
pher. B.  (Stockholm,  1688.  D.  London, 
1772. 


Tacitus,  CaluH  Cornelius,  Roman  historian. 
B.  alxait  55  A.D.    D.  117. 

Tamerlane,  or  Timur,  a  celebrated  Tartar 
that  gained  many  victories,  and  claimed 
that  his  power  was  over  three-fourths  of 
the  world.  B.  near  Samarcand,  1336.  D. 
H05. 

Tasso,  Torquato,  eminent  Italian  poet; 
iR'came  a  lunatic.  B.  Sorrento,  1541,  D, 
l.j«5. 

Taylor,  Zacharj*  (Whig),  the  twelfth  presi- 
dent of  the  I'nited  States;  major  in  the  war 
of  1812;  colonel  in  Black  Hawk  war;  com- 
mander of  United  States  army  in  Florida 
war.  B.  Orange  county,  Va.,  1784.  D. 
Washington,  1850, after  serving  as  president 
four  months.    See  Fii>lmohe. 

Tecumseh,  an  Indian  chief;  fought  on  the 
side  of  the  British  in  the  war  of  1812-15.  B. 
Ohio,  about  1770.  Killed  in  battle  of  Thames, 
1813. 

Tell,  William,  Swiss  patriot;  chief  of  the 
revolution  that  delivered  the  Swiss  Cantons 
from  the  German  yoke,  in  1307.    D.  i;i>4. 

Tennyson,  Alfi-ed,  British  poet  laureate. 
Became  a  peer  in  1884.  B.  feomersby,  Lin- 
colnshire, 1810. 

Thackeray,  William  Makepeace,  a  Britsh 
novelist.  B.  Calcutta,  1811.  D.  London, 
1863. 

Theodosius,  the  Great ;  last  Roman  em- 
peror; a  convert  to  Christianity.  B.  in 
Spain,  about  346  A.D.    D.  Milan,  395. 

Thiers,  tee-air,  Louis  Adoli)he,  president  of 
the  French  republic,  1871-3,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  McMahon.  B.  Marseilles,  1797. 
D.  1877. 

Thomas,  George  Henry,  an  American  com- 
mander, 1860-65.  B.  Southampton  county, 
Va.,  1816.    D.  San  Francisco,  1870. 

Titus,  Fla^^us  Sabinus  Vespasian  us,  a  Roman 
emperor  that  reigned  two  years,  from  A.D. 
79.    B.  A.D.  40.    D.  81. 

Tyler,  John.    See  Harrison.  W.  H. 

Tyndall,  John,  a  British  scientist  that  wit- 
nessed the  solar  eclipse  in  Algeria  in  1870 
by  order  of  the  government.  B.  County 
Carlow,  Ireland,  1820. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   CYCLOPEDIA. 


Tyng,  Stephen  Higrerinson,  an  American  cler- 
gyman, and  writer  on  tnoology.  B.  New- 
buryport,  Mass.,  1800. 

V 

Van  Buren,  Martin  (Democrat),  the  eiarhth 
president  of  the  United  States;  served, 
iSiT-il;  senator  in  1831,  and  governor  or 
New  Yorlt  in  1828  ;  secretary  of  state  with 
Jackson;  minister  to  England.  B.  Kinder- 
hook.  N.  Y.,  1783.    D.  Kinderhook,  1802. 

Van  Dyke,  Sir  Anthony,  the  prince  of  por- 
trait painters,  was  born  at  Antwerp  in  1599. 
D.  1041. 

Verne,  Jules,  an  eminent  French  romancer. 
"Twenty  Thousand  Leagues  Under  the 
Sea."    B.  Nantes,  1828. 

Victor  Emanuel,  king  of  Italy.  B.  Turin, 
1820.     D.  1878. 

Victoria  Alexandrina,  queen  of  England, 
began  her  reign,  June  20, 1837.  B.  Kensing- 
ton palace,  1819. 

Virginia.    See  Claudius. 

Voltaire,  Fran9ois  Marie  Arouet  de,  the 
great  French  writer;  was  for  fifty  years 
the  most  popular  in  Europe.  CEdipus.  B. 
Paris,  1694.    D.  1778. 

W 

"Wade,  Benjamin  Franklin,  an  American 
senator  from  Ohio;  vice-president  of  the 
United  States,  after  the  elevation  of  An- 
drew Johnson  to  the  presidency.  B.  Spring- 
field, Mass.,  1800.    D.  Jefferson,  C,  1878. 

Wagner,  Richard,  an  eminent  German 
musician.  "  Flying  Dutchman."  B.  Leip- 
sic,  1813.    D.  1883. 

"Watt,  James,  a  British  Inventor ;  made  im- 
provement in  the  steam  engine.  B.  Green- 
ock, Scotland,  1736.  D.  near  Birmingham, 
1819. 


Washington,  George  (Federalist),command- 
er-ui-cliiet  of  American  army ;  lather  of 
his  country,  and  tti-st  president  of  the 
United  States.  Served  two  terms,  from 
1789  to  1797.  B.  Westmoreland  county,  Va., 
1732.     D.  Mt.  Vernon,  1799. 

Wayne,  Anthony,  an  American  major  gen- 
eral in  the  revolution ;  captured  Stony 
Point.  B.  VVaynesborough,  Penn,  1745.  1). 
Eric,  Penn.  (then  Presque  Isle),  1796. 

Webster,  Daniel,  a  renowned  American 
statesman ;  United  States  senator,  1824 ; 
secretary  of  state  with  Harrison,  again  sen- 
ator, and  secretary  of  state  under  Fillmore 
in  1850.  B.  Salisbury,  N.  H.,  1782.  D.  Marsh- 
field,  Mass.,  ]a)2. 

Wellington,  Anhur  Welleeley,  Duke  of,  an 
illustrious  Uritish  general.  B.  near  Dublin, 
171)9.    D.  iK'iu-  Deal,  Eng.,  m52. 

Whittier,  John  Greenleaf,  an  American 
poet.  "  Snow  Bound."  B.  Haverhill,  Mass. 
1807. 

William  I.,  the  Conquerer.  B.  Falaisa,  Nor- 
mandy, 1027.    D.  1087. 

Wolfe,  James,  a  British  general.  D.  1769,  in 
his  34th  year.    B.  Westerham,  Kent. 


Xenophon,  zen-o-fon,  a  Greek  general.  Sup- 
posed birth,  444  B.  C, 

Xerxes,  zerks-eez,  a  Persian  king,  called  the 
great.  Reigned  in  fifth  century,  B.  C. 
Slain  465. 


Youmans,  Edward  Livingstone,  an  Ameri- 
can writer  on  natural  history  and  science. 
B.  Coeymans,  N.  Y.,  1831. 

Young,  Brigham,  the  late  head  of  the  Mor- 
mons in  Utah.  B.  Whitingham,  Vt.,  180L 
D.  Salt  Lake  aty,  1877. 


TABLE   OF   DISTANCES. 


TABLE  Showing  the  Hallway  Distances,  Bailway  Fares,  and  Hail  Time 
from  New  York  to  the  Chief  Cities  of  the  TJnited  States. 


PliACB. 


Albany,  N.  Y 

Atlanta,  Ga 

Auburn,  N.  Y 

iJultimoro,  Md 

IJantfor,  Mo 

lioston.  Mass 

Bridgeport,  Conn. . . 

IJrooklyn.  N.  Y 

lUitralo,  N.  Y 

Hurlinffton,  Iowa. . . 

KurlinKtoM,  Vt 

{/harleston.  S.  C 

Chicago,  Ills 

Cincinnati,  O 

Cleveland,  O 

Columbus,  O 

Concord,  N.  H 

Council  RlufTs,  Iowa 

Davenport,  Iowa 

Dayton,  O 

Denver,  Col 

Des  Moines,  Iowa... 
Detroit,  Michigan. . . 

Dubuque,  Iowa 

Easton,  Penn 

Elmira,  N.  Y 

EvansvlUe,  Ind 

Philadelphia,  Pa 

Pittsburgh,  Pa 

Pitt.sHelfl,  Muss 

Portliind,  Me 

Pouvrlikt'cpsic,  N.  Y. 

Providonco,  11.  I 

lUchmond,  Va 

Uochcster.  N.  Y 

Sacramento  Cal 

St.  Louis,  Mo 

St.  Paul,  Minn 

Salt  Lake  City,  Utah 
San  Antonio,  Texas. 
San  Francisco,  Cal.. 


Miles. 


145 
881 
319 
188 
478 
£23 
GO 
2 
424 

iiao 

301 

806 

917 

752 

589 

631 

278 

1389 

1095 

706 

1985 

12n 

774 

1100 

66 

277 

091 

80 

447 

160 

840 

76 

188 

341 

876 

8121 

1066 

1349 

3458 

1950 

3209 


$  cts. 


3  10 

25  60 
658 
620 

12  00 
600 
180 

02 
925 
27  25 
800 
84  00 
20  00 
18  00 

13  00 
16^ 

7  15 
36  25 

26  10 
17  60 
60  00 
31  15 
15  00 
26  60 

2  40 
7  25 

24  90 
250 

12  60 
825 
9  10 
1  52 
500 

12  80 

960 

136  00 

24  25 

31  25 
116  25 

67  50 
186  00 


H.M, 


4  15 
52  15 
930 
6  0 

19  40 
8  0 
2  0 
080 

14  0 
47  0 
11  0 
33  0 
35  0 
28  0 

20  0 
22  0 
10  30 
66  0 
4120 
24  45 
92  10 
51  0 
24  0 
42  30 

280 

845 

26  0 

2  0 
14  30 

6  0 
13  60 

3  0 
6  15 

13  0 
930 
146  15 
37  0 
54  0 
120  0 
123  30 
182  0 


Plaoe. 


Fort  Wayne.  Ind.. . 
(Jalvcstoii,  Texas.. 
Harrisburg,  Penn. . 

Hartford,  Conn 

Indianapolis,  Ind.. 

Kiuisas  City,  Mo 

Keokuk,  Iowa 

Ix-aveiiworth,  Kan. 
Little  Hock,  Ark... 

Ixiuisville,  Ky 

I^ovoll,  Mass 

Memphis,  Tenn 

Milwaukee,  Wia.... 

Mobile,  Ala 

Montgomery,  Ala.. 

Nashville,  Tenn 

Newark,  N.J 

Nowburgh,  N.Y... 
N  ew  bury  port.  Mass 
New  Haven,  Conn. 
New  Orleans,  La.. . . 

Newport,  K.  1 

Norfolk,  Va 

Northampton,  Mass 

Norwich,  Conn 

Ogdensburgh,  N.  Y 

Omaha,  Neb 

Savannah,  Ga 

Spriiigneld,  Ills.... 
.Springfield,  Mass... 

Syracuse,  N.  Y 

Terre  Haute,  Ind. . . 

Toledo,  O 

Trenton,  N.J 

Troy,  N.  Y 

Utlca,  N.Y 

Vicksburg,  Miss. . . . 
Washington.  D.  C 
Wheeling,  W.  Va... 
Wilmington,  Del... 
Worcester,  Mass.. 


e 

3) 

^ 


Miles. 


1290 


$  cts, 


16  50 

49  50 

550 

2  65 

13  26 
33  50 
26  10 
32  76 
42  50 

21  90 
700 

32  00 

22  50 
40  66 
82  80 
29  60 

020 

1  60 

700 

1  75 

42  75 

200 

825 

360 

200 

960 

86  00 

26  00 

24  00 

800 

626 

21  20 

16  25 

1  76 

3  75 
468 

89  25 
760 

14  00 
3  10 
455 


H.M. 


20  0 
97  15 

5  0 
230 

20  45 
60  0 
48  15 

62  0 
64  10 
84  80 

9    0 

50  0 

41  0 

51  60 
45  15 
43    0 

oao 

2a5 
9    0 

2  45 
58  0 
10  0 
18  30 

6  10 
530 

14  0 
56  10 
89    0 

42  16 
480 
8  15 

22    0 

24    0 

146 

4  15 

735 

63  15 
8    0 

21  0 

3  0 
720 


Note— The  foregoing  "  railway  fares  "  and  "  mail  time,"  are  to  be  considered  approxima- 
tions only ;  the  rates  of  fare  are  frequently  altered,  and  the  mail  time  varies  by  different 
routes  as  well  as  by  different  trains. 


LENGTH  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  RIVERS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


Rivers. 


Amazon 

Nile 

Missouri 

Mississippi 

Lena 

Niger 

Obi 

St.  Lawrence.. 

Madeira 

Colorado  (Cal.) 
Yellow  Stone. 
Ohio 


Miles. 


3,600 
3,000 
2,900 
2,800 
2,600 
2.fi00 
2,.t00 
2,200 
2,000 
1,100 
l.OOO 
950 


Rivers. 


Rhine 

Kansas 

Tennessee 

Red  River  of  the  North 

Cumberland 

Alabama 

Arkansas 

Volga 

Rio  Grande 

Danube 

San  Francisco 


Miles. 


950 

900 

800 

700 

600 

600 

2.000 

2,000 

1,800 

1,600 

1,300 


Rivers. 


Columbia 

Nebraska 

l{ed  River 

Susquehanna 

Potomac 

James 

Connecticut. , 

Delaware 

Hudson 

Kennebec 

Thames 


Miles. 


1,200 
1,200 
1,200 
500 
500 
500 
450 
400 
350 
300 
293 


IfERC^NTILE  VOCj^BUipY,  M 


Abandoxunont,  the  surrendering  of  a  ship 
or  Koods  insured  to  the  insurer. 

Abatement,  discount  allowed  on  damaged 
goods,  or  for  the  payment  of  money  before 
due. 

Acceptance,  the  formal  ag;reement  to  pay  a 
drill  t  or  bill  according  to  its  terms. 

Accommodation,  the  loan  of  money  or  of 
one's  name  upon  which  money  may  be 
raised. 

Account,  a  systematic  arrangement  of  debits 
and  credits,  under  the  name  of  a  person, 
species  of  property,  or  cause.  Bookkeeping 
is  the  science  of  accounts. 

Account-Current,  a  running  or  unsettled 
account ;  n  statement  in  detail  of  the  trans- 
action between  one  person  and  another,  in 
the  forin  of  debtor  and  creditor.  Some- 
times it  is  used  to  show  only  the  Dr.  side  of 
the  account,  each  party  rendering  to  the 
other  an  account  of  his  debits  only.  In 
this  case  the  debit  of  the  one  is  the  credit  of 
the  other. 

Account  ~  Sales,  a  statement  in  detail  of 
goods  sold  on  commission,  together  with 
the  charges  thereon. 

Accountant,  one  skilled  In  accounts,  or  en- 
gaged in  keeping  books. 

Actuary,  the  active  ofWcer  in  a  life  insurance 
company ;  one  skilled  in  the  science  of  an- 
nuities. 

Adjustment)  the  settlement  of  a  loss  in- 
curred by  the  insured ;  a  general  settle- 
ment. 

Administrator,  one  who  administers  upon 
an  estate  by  order  of  the  Probate  Court. 

Adulteration,  the  act  of  debasing  by  mixing 
any  si)urious  commodity  with  a  genuine 
article. 

Ad  valorem,  according  to  the  value ;  a  term 
used  in  fixing  the  rates  of  duties  on  im- 
ports. 

Adventure,  a  speculation  ;  usually  applied 
to  the  shipment  of  goods  on  account  of  the 
shipper. 

Advance,  increase  in  price ;  money  paid  on 
goods  before  they  are  delivered. 

Advice,  information  given  with  reference  to 
a  shipment  or  other  important  matter. 

Agent,  one  who  acts ;  usually  applied  to  a 
person  who  does  business  for  and  in  the 
name  of  another. 

Agrio,  a  term  used  to  denote  the  difference 
between  the  real  and  nominal  value  of 
money. 

Allowance,  deduction  made  from  weights, 
etc.    See  Fare. 

Amalgamation,  the  operation  of  forming 
amalurura;  mixing  mercury  with  any  metal. 

Antedate,  to  date  before  hand. 

Appraisal,  a  value  set  upon  goods  or  prop- 
erty of  any  kind. 

Appraiser,  one  who  appraises. 

Aqueduct,  a  channel  or  conduit  for  the  con- 
veyance of  water. 

Arbitration,  the  hearing  of  a  cause  between 
parties  in  controversy;  estimating  the  value 
of  exchange  negotiated  through  direct 
channels. 

Assay,  the  trial  or  proof  of  the  purity  of 
metals. 


363 


Assets,  resources  of  any  kind;  available 
means. 

Assessment,  a  valuation  of  property  or 
profits  tor  the  purpose  of  taxation. 

Assessor,  one  who  assesses  or  values  prop- 
erty. 

Assignee,  a  person  properly  appointed  to 
transact  busniess  or  receive  property  for  or 
on  account  of  any  person  or  estate. 

Assignor,  one  who  makes  an  asbignment  or 
transfers  property  or  interest. 

Assignment,  the  act  of  making  over  prop- 
erty or  trust  to  an  assignee. 

Association,  the  union  of  persons  in  com- 
I>any  for  the  transaction  of  business. 

Assortment,  a  variety  vi  sorts  or  kinds 
adapted  to  various  wants. 

Assurance,  a  guarantee  or  Indemnity.    See 

INSUIIANCE. 

Attachm.ent,  a  legal  warrant  for  seizing  a 

man's  person  or  goods. 
Auction,  a  method  of  selling  goods  to  the 

highest  bidder. 
Auctioneer,  one  who  sells  goods  at  auc- 
tion. 
Auditor,  a  person  appointed  and  authorized 

to  examine  accounts,  compare  vouchers, 

etc. 
Average,  a  terra  used  to  denote  damages  or 

expenses  resulting  from  accidents  at  sea: 

the  mean  time  for  the  payment  of  several 

items  due  at  different  times. 
Avoirdupoise,   the    common  standard   of 

weight  for  all  commodities  except  precious 

metals  and  drugs. 

B 

Balance,  a  term  used  to  denote  the  differ- 
ence between  the  sides  of  an  account,  or 
the  sum  necesstiry  to  mako  the  account 
balance ;  an  account  in  the  ledger  showing 
resources  and  liabilities. 

Balance  of  Trade,  the  difference  between 
the  value  of  imports  and  exports. 

Ballast,  a  heavy  substance  placed  in  the 
hold  of  a  ship  to  keep  her  steady  In  the 
water. 

Banking,  the  business  of  a  bank. 

Bankrupt,  one  who  is  unable  to  pay  his 
debts. 

Bill,  a  general  name  given  to  a  statement  in 
writing. 

The  followinar  are  some  of  the  technical 
names  of  bills: 

Bill  of  Exchange,  an  order  drawn  on  a 
person  in  a  distant  place,  requesting  the 
payment  of  a  sura  of  money. 

Bill  of  Entry,  a  written  account  of  goods 
entci  ed  at  the  custom  house. 

Bill  of  Bight,  a  form  of  entry  at  the  custom 
house  by  which  the  importer  may  examine 
his  goods. 

Bill  of  Lading,  a  formal  receipt  from  the 
master  »)f  a  vessel,  signed  by  himself  or  his 
clerk,  for  goods  received  by  him  for  trans- 
portation, with  an  agreement  to  deliver  the 
same,  under  certain  exceptions,  in  like 
good  order  and  condition  us  when  received 
by  him. 

Bill  of  Parcels,  an  account,  given  by  the 
seller  to  the  buyer,  of  articles  and  prices. 


364 


MEECANTILE    VOCABULARY. 


Bill  of  Sale,  a  writing  given  by  the  seller  of 
per8onal  |)ioperty  to  tue  buyer,  equivalent 
to  the  deed. 

Bill  of  Health,  a  certificate  from  the  proper 
autliorities  us  to  the  state  of  health  of  a 
ship's  coiiiijadv  on  leavintf  port. 

Bill  of  Mortality,  a  certified  account  of  the 
dcatlis  at  a  ceruiin  place  durinff  a  certain 
jH-riod. 

Bill  of  Credit,  a  document  for  raising 
money  on  tijc  credit  of  a  state. 

Blank  Credit,  the  permission  which  one 
tiousu  Kives  to  anotlicr  to  draw  on  it  at  any 
time  to  a  certain  extent. 

Board  of  Trade,  an  association  of  business 
nu-n  for  tlie  general  advancement  of  com- 
mercial interests. 

Bona  fide,  in  good  faith. 

Bond,  a  <itcd  hy  which  the  party  binds  him- 
self, his  heirs,  executors  and  assigns,  to  the 
l)erf()rniHMc('  of  certain  conditions. 

Bonded  Goods,  those  which  remain  in  the 
custom  WiirelimiHe  until  the  duties  are  paid. 

Bottomry  Bond,  a  mortgage  on  tlie  iKHtom 
of  a  vessel  iliat  is,  (»n  the  vetwel  itself,  for 
the  repayment  of  money  loaned. 

Broker,  a  middleman  emplove<l  to  transact 
business  or  negotiate  bargains  Ixjtween  dif- 
ferent merchants  or  individuals ;  a  ti-ader  in 
stocks,  moneys  or  other  commodities. 

Brokeragre,  the  commission  or  percentage 
cUurgeu  by  a  broker  for  services. 


Capital)  investment  in  business. 

Carat,  ilie  weight  which  expresses  the degrree 
of  llrieriessof  gold. 

Cargo,  the  lading  or  freight  of  a  vessel. 

Casnier,  one  who  keeps  the  cash  account; 
the  financial  officer  of  a  bank,  railroad,  or 
mercantile  house. 

Carrier,  a  pei-son.  companv  or  corporation 
engaged  in  tlie  trans|H>rtatlon  of  goods  from 
one  place  to  another,  and  who  are  lK)und, 
for  a  stipulated  or  reasonal)le  liire,  to  re- 
ceive and  carry  the  go(Kjs  of  all  persons, 
and  to  be  responsible  for  their  care  while 
in  their  possession,  as  well  as  for  their  safe 
delivery. 

Charter,  an  Instrument  bestowed  with  form 
and  solemnity,  bestowing  certain  privileges 
and  rights. 

Charter-party,  a  contract  In  writing  be- 
tween the  owner  or  master  of  a  ship  and 
the  freighter,  by  which  the  former  lets  the 
ship  or  a  part  of  it  to  the  other  for  the  con- 
veyance of  goods. 

Clearance,  a  certificate  from  the  custom 
hous(>  that  a  ship  lias  i)erinission  to  sail. 

Clearing,  the  obtaining  of  i)erinission  for  a 
ship  to  leave  port;  the  exchanging  of  drafts 
and  settlement  of  balances  between  differ- 
ent lioiises 

Clearing-House,  the  place  where  the  ope- 
ration of  eleiiriiig  is  performed. 

Coasting,  the  trade  carried  on  between  dif- 
ferent ports  of  the  same  country. 

Coin,  pieces  of  metal,  usually  gold  or  silver, 
ini])ressed  with  a  public  stamp,  and  used  as 
money. 

Commerce,  the  exchange  of  commodities. 

Commission,  a  percentage  for  the  sale  of 
goods  or  other  service. 

Company,  an  association  of  persons  for  a 
common  enterprise. 

Compound,  to  settle  with  a  creditor  by  pay- 
ins?  a  part  of  the  debt. 

Compromise,  an  agreement  embracing  mut- 
ual concessions. 

Consignee,  one  to  whom  goods  are  con- 
sinned. 

Consignment,  goods  consigned  to  be  sold  on 
account. 

Consignor,  one  who  consigns  goods. 


Consols,  an  abbreviation  of  the  term  "  con- 
Holidaled  funds,"  applied  to  the  chief  pub- 
lic stocks  of  P^ngland. 

Consul,  an  agent  for  a  government  in  a  for- 
eign land. 

Contraband,  an  article  prohibited  from 
Oeiiig  imported,  exported,  bouglit  or  sold. 

Contract,  an  agreement  Ix-twcen  two  or 
more  parties,  upon  sullicient  consideration, 
to  do  or  not  to  do  a  certain  thing. 

Contra,  on  the  opposite  side. 

Copartnership,  the  legal  relations  existing 
Ix'tween  two  or  more  iH'rsous  consequent 
upon  tlieir  sharing  the  profits  or  losses  of 
scjme  adventure  or  business  engagement 
l)etween  them;  partnership. 

Copyright,  the  exclusive  right  allowe<l  by 
law  to  an  antlior  or  his  repre-sentative,  of 
printing,  publishing  and  selling  any  literary 
cumposition  during  a  certain  i)criod  of 
time. 

Counterfeit,  a  spurious  article  resembling 
tlu?  genuine. 

Coupon,  a  French  word  signifying  cu<-r>ir.  It 
is  applied  to  interest  warrants  att^iched  to 
public  stfR-ks,  l)ond8,  etc.  When  paid  they 
are  cut  off  from  the  tiond. 

Course  of  Exchange,  the  current  price 
paid  in  one  place  lor  bills  of  exchange  on 
another  pUice. 

Credential,  the  official  warrant  of  a  delegat- 
ing power  authorizing  the  holder  to  act  In 
a  siM-eified  capacity. 

Credit,  trust  given  to  one  who  owes. 

Currency,  a  term  use<l  to  ex  press  the  collect- 
ive amount  of  money  used  in  the  business 
of  buying  and  selling. 

Current,  a  term  used  to  denote  the  present 
time,  or  time  in  its  successive  stages  of 
tninsition. 

Customs,  the  tariff  charged  by  law  on  Im- 
ports and  exjMjrts. 

Custom  House,  the  office  where  the  business 
connected  with  customs  is  transacted. 


Damaged  goods,  in  the  language  of  cus- 
toms, are  goixls  subject  to  duties  that  have 
received  injury,  either  In  the  voyage  home 
or  the  bonded  warehouse. 

Days  of  Orace,  the  time  allowed  by  law  and 
usage  between  the  written  date  of  maturity 
of  a  note  or  dniftand  the  date  upon  which 
it  must  bv  paid. 

Debenture,  a  certificate  of  drawback  en- 
titbng  the  importer  to  return  duties  ou 
iroods  shipjH'd  again. 

Debt,  an  amount  owing  from  one  party  to 
another. 

Decimal,  from  the  Latin  decern,  signifying 
•ten  ;  any  system  of  counting  by  tens. 

Decimal  Fractions,  fractions  having  any 
Vjowcr  of  ten  for  their  denominator. 

Deed,  a  written  contract,  signed,  sealed  and 
delivered. 

Defalcation,  diminution,  deducted  from. 

Defaulter,  one  who  fails  to  account  for 
money  or  valuables  entrusted  to  his  care. 

Delivery,  the  i)assi ng  of  goods  or  money 
from  one  to  another. 

Demand  and  Supply,  terms  used  to  denote 
t  he  relations  e.vistiug  between  consumption 
and  production. 

Demurrage,  allowance  made  to  the  owner 
or  master  of  a  vessel  by  the  freighter  for 
the  detention  of  a  vessel  in  port  beyond  the 
time  agreed  upon. 

Denier,  a  small  French  copper  coin. 

Deviation,  the  departure  of  a  vessel  from 
tlie  course  specified  in  her  insurance  policy. 

Diplomacy,  the  art  of  conducting  negotia- 
tions. 

Discount,  consideration  allowed  for  the  pay- 
ment of  a  debt  before  it  is  due. 

Dishonor,  to  refuse  or  neglect  to  accept,  or 
to  pay  a  bill  on  its  maturity. 


Dividend,  division  of  profits  umong  stock- 

lioldiTs. 
Drawback,  nn  amount  remitted  which  has 

kx'on  previously  paid  as  duties. 
Draft,  an  order  lor  tlie  payment  of  money. 
Drawee,  the   person   on  whom  a  draft  is 

tirawn. 
Draw^er,  the  person  who  draws  a  draft. 
Duplicate,  a  copy  or  transcript  of  anything. 
Duty,  a  government  tax. 


Effects,  property  of  any  kind. 

Embargro,  a  pronibition  laid  by  the  govern- 
ment on  ships  to  nrevent  their  leaving  port. 

Embezzlement,  the  illegal  appropriation  of 
the  Iwnds  of  a  pnneipal  by  an  agent  or  em- 
ployee. 

Emporium,  a  commercial  center ;  a  mart. 

Encumbrance,  liabilities  resting  on  an  es- 
tate. 

Endorse,  to  subscribe  to  anything ;  to  write 
one's  name  on  the  back  of  a  note. 

Endorsee,  the  pei-son  to  whom  a  bill  is  en- 
dorsed ;  the  legal  holder  of  a  bill  after  its 
endoi-sement. 

Endorser,  tlie  person  who  endorses. 

Engross,  to  monopolize ;  to  buy  up  produce 
with  a  view  of  affecting  the  market;  to 
copy  in  manuscript. 

Entry,  the  record  of  a  transaction  in  a  book 
of  accounts ;  the  act  of  reporting  a  vessel 
or  cargo  at  the  Custom-House,  upon  its 
arrival  in  port,  by  delivery  of  proper 
documents. 

Exchange,  the  fundamental  principle  of 
trade ;  the  species  of  paper  by  which  debts 
are  paid  without  the  transmission  of 
money ;  premium  and  discount  arising 
from  tlie  purchase  and  sale  of  funds. 

Executor,  a  person  appointed  to  execute  or 
carry  iiuo  effect  the  will  of  a  testator. 

Exports,  goods  or  produce  carried  abroad. 

Express,  a  messenger  or  vehicle  sent  on  a 
special  errand;  a  regular  conveyance  for 
packages. 


Fabric,  manufactured  cloth. 

Face,  the  amount  expressed  on  a  note  or 
draft. 

Factor,  an  agent  employed  to  transact  busi- 
ness for  another. 

Factory,  a  house  or  place  where  factors  re- 
side; a  building  for  the  manufacture  of 
goods. 

Fac-simile,  an  exact  resemblance. 

Failure   becoming  insolvent. 

Fancy  Stocks,  usually  applied  to  the  stocks 
of  joint  companies  subject  to  fluctuation  in 
price. 

Favor,  the  polite  term  of  a  letter  received  ; 
a  note  or  draft  is  in  favor  of  the  person  to 
whom  it  is  to  be  paid. 

Fee  simple,  an  estate  held  by  a  person  in  his 
own  i-ight. 

Finance,  pertaining  to  money ;  the  public 
revenue. 

Financier,  an  oflBcer  of  revenue ;  one  skilled 
in  money  matters. 

Firm,  the  general  title  of  a  copartnership. 

Firkin,  a  measure  equal  to  nine  ale  gallons. 

Flotsam,  the  cargo  of  a  wrecked  vessel 
which  luw  not  yet  been  washed  to  shore, 
but  continues  floating  on  the  surface  of  the 
waves,  to  distinguish  it  from  jetsam,  which 
denotes  that  the  goods  are  sunk  beneath 
the  surface  of  the  water,  and  laaan,  when 
they  are  sunk,  but  tied  to  a  cork  or  buoy  to 
be  found  again. 

Foreclose,  to  cut  the  mortgagor  off  from 
the  ecjuity  of  redemption. 

Forestalliii?,  bujing  up  produce  before  it 
gets  to  market  to  enhance  the  price. 

Form,  a  particular  arrangement;  a  system- 
atic method  of  expressing  facts. 


Forecastle,  the  pnrt  of  the  upper  deck  of  a 
ship  forward  o£  the  mast. 

Folio,  page  of  a  book  ;  usually  applied  to  the 
two  pag»'s  opposite  ea<;h  other. 

Franc,  a  French  coin,  e(iiial  to  about  eight- 
een cents  .American  money. 

Free  Trade,  the  policy  of  conducting  inter- 
national  conunerce  without  duties. 

Freight,  goods  being  transported ;  the  price 
of  transportation. 

Fund,  a  stock  or  capital,  a  sura  of  money 
appropriated  to  some  special  enterprise 
used  in  the  plural  to  denote  wealth  gen- 
erally. 


G-auging,  the  art  of  measuring  the  contents 
of  a  cask  or  other  receptacle. 

Oain,  profit;  increase  in  wealth. 

Gratuity,  a  free  gift ;  a  donation. 

Guarantee  or  Guaranty,  an  undertaking 
or  engagement  by  a  third  person,  that  the 
agreement  between  two  parties  shall  be  ob- 
served ;  a  surety . 

H 

Harbor,  a  place  where  ships  may  lie  at  an- 
chorage and  in  safety;  a  port  for  loading 
and  unloading. 

Hawker,  an  itinerant  peddler  of  merchan- 
dise. 

Highway,  a  public  road  or  thoroughfare. 

High  Seas,  the  waters  of  the  ocean  without 
the  boundiu'ies  of  any  country. 

Honor,  to  accept  or  pay  when  due. 

Hypothecate,  to  pledge  as  security. 


Import,  to  bring  from  a  foreign  country. 

Importation,  the  act  of  Importing ;  the 
thuifi:  inii)orted. 

Indemnity,  a  guarantee  against  loss. 

Indenture,  a  written  instrument. 

Infant,  a  person  under  twenty-one  years  of 
age. 

Insolvency,  the  condition  of  bankruptcy. 

Insurance,  indemnity  from  loss;  the  rate 
l)ai(l  for  indemnity. 

Installment,  part  of  a  sum  of  money  paid 
or  to  be  paid  at  a  certain  time. 

Interest,  the  use  of  money ;  commonly  de- 
fined as  a  percentage  allowed  by  the  bor- 
rower to  the  lender. 

International,  relating  to  Intercourse 
between  different  nations. 

Intestate,  without  a  will ;  a  person  dying 
without  having  disposed  of  his  estate  by 
will. 

Inventory,  a  list  of  goods  enumerated  in 
detail. 

Investment,  the  laying  out  of  money  in  the 
purchase  of  property. 

Invoice,  a  bill  of  goods  bought  or  sold. 


Jettison,  goods  thrown  overboard  to  lighten 
a  shij)  in  a  storm. 

Jointure,  an  estate  in  lands  settled  on  a 
woman  in  consideration  of  marriage. 

Joint-stock,  property  held  in  common  by  a 
company. 

Journal,  the  chief  book  of  the  current  en- 
tries in  business. 

Judgment,  the  decree  of  a  competent  court. 

Jurisdiction,  the  power  or  right  of  exer- 
cising authority. 


Land  Waiter,  a  custom-house  olBcer,  whose 
business  it  is  to  attend  to  the  landing  of 
Imported  goods,  to  weigh,  measure  or 
otherwise  examine  and  take  an  account  of 
them. 


-::v:._;J 


r^ 


MERCANTILE   VOCABULAKY. 


liaw^,  CSommercial,  custonu  acknowledgred 
and  recugiiizuti  by  uU  commercial  mitions, 
and  constituting  part  of  the  general  laws 
of  a  country. 

lioase)  a  contract  demising  the  use  of  prop- 
erty for  a  certain  time. 

Lieasehold,  i>roperty  lield  under  a  lease. 

Ledger,  tlio  merchant's  Iwok  of  accounts. 

Legacy,  a  bequest ;  money  or  property  given 
by  will. 

Letttsr  of  Credit,  an  open  letter  of  request 
authorizing  the  holder  to  receive  money  on 
a(;couiit  of  the  writer. 

Letter  of  Advice,  a  letter  giving  notice  or 
iiiforination  of  any  business  transaction. 

Liability,  a  debt  or  claim  acainst  a  per- 
son. ~ 

License,  a  leiral  permission  to  do  a  certain 
act,  .such  Its  selling  goods,  etc. 

Lien,  Kccurity  on  land  or  other  property. 

Lighter,  a  large,  ()|>en,  tlat-bottomed  Doat 
us(;il  to  carry  goods  to  or  from  a  veoael 
when  loaditig  or  unloading. 

Lighterage,  a  charge  or  commission  for 
t-arryiiiK  Koods  in  a  lighter. 

Liquidate,  to  pay  or  satisfy  demands. 

Loan,  that  which  is  lent  for  a  temporary 
purpose. 

Lucre,  gain  in  money  or  goods. 

M 

Manifest,  a  list  of  the  articles  comprising  a 
vessel's  cargo. 

Manufacture,  the  process  of  converting 
niw  materials  into  articles  of  use  and  sale. 

Manufactory,  the  place  were  goods  are 
niuriufacture<l. 

Marine,  a  kimumiiI  name  for  the  navy  of  a 
kiiiu-doin  or  a  Htato. 

Maritime  Law,  law  relating  to  harbors, 
shins  and  seamen. 

Mark  or  Marc,  a  weight  in  European  coun- 
trifs  lor  I'stimiiting  gold  and  silver. 

Maturity,  the  dat«  when  a  note  or  draft 
falls  due. 

Maximum,  the  highest  price  or  rate. 

Mercantile  Law,  law  pertaining  to  busi- 
ness iransactions. 

Merchandise,  goods ;  the  common  articles 
of  ImrU'r. 

Merchant,  one  who  speculates  In  merchan- 
dise 

Minimum,  the  lowest  price  or  rate. 

Miut,  the  place  where  money  Is  coined. 

Monopoly,  tho  sole  right  to  make  or  use  a 
eertiiin  article. 

Monetary,  relating  to  financial  matters. 

Mortgage,  the  transfer  of  property  to  secure 
The  payment  of  a  debt. 

Mortgag'ee,  tho  person  to  whom  the  transfer 
is  mad  •. 

Mortgagor,  the  one  who  makes  the  trans- 
fer. 

N 

Navigation,  the  science  of  conducting 
ships  or  other  vessels  from  one  port  to  an- 
other. 

Negotiate,  to  put  into  circulation.  To 
negotiate  a  bill  means  to  pass  or  dispose  of 
the  same  ;  to  convert  into  money. 

Net  or  Nett,  that  which  remains  of  a  weight 
or  niiantity  after  certain  deductions. 

Net  Proceeds,  the  amount  due  a  consignor 
after  deducting  charges  attending  sales. 

Nickel,  a  scarce  metal  resembling  silver; 
used  in  tho  composition  of  the  five  cent 
coin  of  the  United  States. 

Notary  Public,  an  officer  whose  chief  busi- 
ness it  is  to  protest  paper  for  non-pay- 
ment. 

Note,  an  incidental  remark  made  for  the 
purpose  of  explanation  ;  a  written  obliga- 
tion to  pay  money  or  goods. 


Obligation,  a  bond  with  a  penalty  attached ; 

a  contnict ;  an  act  which  binds  one  to  some 

performance. 
Obligee,  the  person   to  whom   another   is 

bound. 
Obllgror,  the  person  who  is  bound  or  who 

binds  himself  to  the  obligee. 


Par,  ecjual  value. 

Partnership,  an  agreement  between  two  or 
more  iHi-8t)ns  to  sTiare  in  the  profit  and  loss 
of  any  enter|)rise. 

Pawn,  a  deposit ;  a  pledge ;  something  given 
as  security  for  money  borrowed,  or  for  the 
fultUlment  of  a  promise. 

Pawnbroker,  a  person  who  advances  money 
on  goods,  liaving  power  t^)  dispose  of  the 
same  if  the  money  is  not  refunded  as  per 
contract. 

Payee,  the  party  to  whom  or  to  whose  order 
a  note  or  bill  is  made  payable. 

Policy  of  Insurance,  contract  between  the 
insurer  and  the  insured. 

Portage,  the  amount  paid  by  a  captain  in 
running  his  vested  ;  the  price  of  carrymg. 

Poet,  to  transfer  from  the  Journal,  or  some 
otber  book  of  entry,  to  the  ledger ;  a 
messenger,  particularly  a  letter-carrier. 

Premium,  the  sum  paiu  for  insurance  ;  the 
excess  of  value  above  par. 

Price  Current,  a  list  of  merchandise,  with 
market  \-alue. 

Principal,  an  employer ;  the  bead  of  a  com- 
mercial lious(>;  the  sum  loaned  upon  which 
interest  accrues. 

Promisory  Note,  a  written  promise  to  pav, 
absolutely  and  unconditionally,  to  a  certain 
p<'r»on  or  to  his  onler,  a  definite  sum  of 
money,  at  or  before  a  8i>eciHed  time. 

Protest,  a  formal  notice  to  the  securities  of 
a  note  or  draft,  stating  that  the  same  was 
not  paid  at  maturity  ;  or  to  the  drawer  of  a 
draft,  stating  that  the  same  was  not  ac- 
cepted upon  presentation. 


Quarantine,  restraint  of  intercourse  to 
which  a  ship  issubjected,  upon  the  supposi- 
tion tliat  she  may  be  infected  with  disease. 


Bate,  price ;  amount  above  or  below  par. 

Rebate,  reduction  for  prompt  payment. 

Receipt,  a  written  acknowled»fment  of  hav- 
iiiK  received  money  or  other  value. 

Remittance,  bills  or  money  sent  from  one 
house  to  another;  the  act  of  remitting  or 
transmitting  funds  from  one  place  to  an- 
other. 

Reprisal,  the  act  of  seizing  ships  or  prop- 
erty as  indemnity  for  unlawful  seizure  or 
detention. 

Resources,  effects ;  pi-operty  of  any  kind. 

Retail,  to  buy  and  sell  in  small  quantities. 

Revenue,  the  annual  produce  of  rents,  ex- 
cise, customs  duties,  etc.,  collected  by  a 
state  or  nation. 


Salvage,  an  allowance  made  by  law  for  the 
saving  of  a  ship's  cargo  from  wreck  or 
fire. 

Sample,  a  specimen. 

Schedule,  an  inventory ;  a  catalogue ;  a  list. 

Seaworthy,  in  a  proper  condition  to  venture 
to  sea. 

Seize,  to  take  possession  of  by  legal  process. 

Set  of  Exchange,  three  bills  of  the  same 
tenor  and  date,  forwarded  by  different  con- 
veyances, to  prevent  failure  of  transmis- 
sion, any  one  of  which  being  accepted  or 
paid,  the  others  are  void. 


MERCANTILE    VOCABULARY. 


367 


SMpment,  goods  shipped ;  tho  act  of  load- 
inti:  a  vessel  for  voyage. 

Slgrlit,  the  time  of  presenting  a  bill  to  tho 
cmiwee. 

Signature,  the  name  of  a  person  written  by 
himself. 

Sine  Die,  without  fl.xing  the  day. 

Smuggling,  tho  offense  of  secretly  import- 
ing or  exporting  goods  without  the  pay- 
ment of  tho  government  duties. 

Solvent,  sound ;  able  to  par  all  liabilities. 

Sounding,  trying  the  deptu  of  the  sea  and 
the  nature  of  the  bottom. 

Stock,  capital  in  trade  ;  the  title  of  the  pro- 
pri(>tor  of  a  business. 

Stocks,  shares  in  j{)int  stock  companies,  and 
negotiable  debts  of  governments  and  cor- 
porations, drawing  interest. 

Stock-jobber,  one  who  deals  in  stocks. 

Supercargo,  an  officer  in  a  merchant  vessel, 
appointed  to  superintend  the  commercial 
transactions  of  the  voyage. 

Surety,  indemnity  against  loss;  a  person 
bound  for  the  performance  of  a  contract  by 
another. 


Tare,  an  allowance  or  discount    for  the 

weight  of  boxes  and  other  receptacles  of 

merchandise. 
Tariff,  a  list  of  prices ;  duties  on  imports  and 

exports. 
Tender,  an  offer  for  acceptance;   a  legal 

tender  is  an  offer  of  such  money  as  the  law 

prescribes.  # 


Teller,  an  officer  in  a  bank  who  receives  or 
pays  money. 

Tonnage,  the  weight  of  a  ship's  lading ;  the 
capacity  of  a  vessel. 

Transfer,  to  convey  from  one  to  another. 

Trustee,  a  person  trusted ;  one  to  whom 
some  special  business  or  interest  is  com- 
mitted. 

U 

Underwriter,  an  insurer;  one  who  insures 
property  against  loss;  so  called  from  his 
timki-writiny  or  subscribing  the  policy  of 
insurance. 

Usance,  business  custom  or  habit  which  is 
generally  conceded  and  acted  upon. 

Usury,  illegal  interest;  formerly  any  con- 
sideration for  the  use  of  money. 


Vend,  to  sell  or  transfer  for  a  consideration. 
Voucher,  a  written  evidence  of  an  act  per- 
formed, such  as  the  payment  of  money. 

w 

Wages,  compensation  for  services. 

Warehouse,  a  building  in  which  goods  are 
stored. 

Wares,  merchandise  of  any  kind. 

WTiarfage,  money  paid  for  the  use  of  a 
wharf. 

Wreck,  the  ruins  of  a  ship  stranded. 

Wreckers,  persons  employed  in  saving  prop- 
erty from  a  wreck. 


Adv Adventure 

Acct Account. 

Agt Aifent 

Am't Amount. 

Atis Answer. 

Apr April. 

AasTd Assorted. 

Atig Ausrust. 

Bed Balance. 

B.  B Bill  Book. 

Bbl Barrel. 

B.  Pay Bills  Payable. 

B.Rec Bills  Receivable 

m'k Black. 

Bn't Bought. 

Bro't Brought. 

Bu.  or  Bttsh Bushel. 

Cap Capital. 

C.-B Oash-Book. 

Co Company. 

Col'd Colored. 

Com Commission. 

Cona't Consignment. 

C.S.B Commission  SaleB-Book 

Cr Creditor. 

Ct»    Centfi. 

D.B Day-Book. 

.Dec December. 

Deo Deposit. 

D'ft Draft. 

Dis.  or  Dtsc..  ..Discoiuit. 

Do The  same. 

Dm Dozen. 

Dr Debtor. 

D'8 Days. 

Ea Each. 

E.  E Errors  excepted. 

E.  AO.  E Errors    and    omissions    ex- 
cepted. 
Emb^d Embroidered. 

Jan.... January. 

Jour Journal. 

J.  F Journal  Folio. 

Lab Labor.  • 

Lbi* Pounds. 

Leg Ledger. 

L.  F Ledger  Follu. 

Mar March. 

Mdse Merchandise. 

m.  or  mo Month. 

mo8 Months. 

No Number. 

Nov November. 

Eng English. 

Em Entry. 


Ex Example. 

Ezch Exchange. 

Exp Expenses. 

fbo Favor. 

Feb February. 

Fitfd Figured. 

JW Folio. 

For^d Forward. 

F)r . .  From. 

^t Freight. 

Gal Gallon. 

Oro.  or  aro Gross. 

Hhd Hogshead. 

flfc'/ Handkerchief. 

I.  B Invoice  Book. 

i.  e ,...Thatl8. 

Jna Insurance. 

Itut Instant. 

Int Interest. 

Inv*t Inventory. 

Oct October. 

0. 1.  B Outward  Invoice  Book 

P f?ge. 

pp Pages, 

Vayt Payment. 

P.O.  B Petty  Gash  Book 

Pd  Paid. 

Pkg Package. 

Pr Pair. 

prorper By. 

Prem.  Premium. 

Prac.  or  prox.. Proximo. 

P» Pieces. 

P.AL  Proflt&Loas 

Qr.  or  qr Quarter. 

Bec'd Received. 

Refble, Receivable. 

R.R Rail  Road. 

S.  B Sales  Book. 

Sept September. 

Sh Share. 

Shlp't Shipment. 

Str Steamer. 

Stor Storage. 

JSunds Sundries. 

Sup Superfine. 

utt The  last. 

viz To  wit— namely. 

t» Versus— against. 

Yds Y^rds. 

Yr Year. 


368 


OLD  SPAHgHZPROVERBS. 


HE   following  quaint   old    Spanish   proverbs   are  selected 
from  popular  quotations  then  current,  used  by  Don  Miguel 
de  Cervantes,  the  celebrated  author  of  Don  Quixote,  some 
three  hundred  years  since  : 

"  He  that  would  not  when  he  may, 
When  he  would,  he  shall  have  nay." 

"  It  is  ill  talking  of  halters  in  the  house  of  a  man  that  was 
hanged." 

"  A  close  mouth  catches  no  flies." 

"  "Who  can  hedge  in  a  cuckoo." 

"  Little  said  is  soon  mended." 

"  It  is  a  sin  to  belie  the  devil." 

"  Misunderstanding  brings  lies  to  town." 

"  There  is  no  padlocking  peoples'  mouths." 

"  Many  think  to  find  flitches  of  bacon  and  find  not  so  much  as 
the  racks  to  lay  them  on." 

"  Let  them  that  say  it  eat  the  lie  and  swallow  it  with  their  bread." 

"  it  is  no  bread  and  butter  of  mine." 

"  Never  thrust  your  nose  into  other  men's  porridge." 

"  He  that  buys  and  lies  finds  it  in  his  purse." 

"  Let  him  that  owns  the  cow  take  her  by  the  tail." 

"  The  wise  man  keeps  himself  to-day  for  to-morrow." 

"  A  wise  man  will  not  venture  all  his  eggs  in  one  basket." 

"  Do  not  expect  pears  from  an  elm  tree." 

"  It  cannot  be  night  at  ten  o'clock  in  the  morning." 

"  After  meal  comes  mustard." 

"  A  leap  from  a  hedge  is  better  than  the  prayer  of  a  good  man." 

"  "Where  one  door  shuts  another  opens." 

"  Evil  to  him  who  evil  seeks." 

"  He  who  seeks  danger  perishes  therein." 

"  Covetousness  breaks  the  sack." 

"  To  the  grave  with  the  dead,  and  the  living  to  the  bread." 

"  A  mouth  without  cheek  teeth  is  like  a  min  without  a  mill- 
stone." 

"  Keep  with  good  men  and  thou  shalt  be  one  of  them." 

"  Never  cringe  nor  creep 
For  what  you  by  force  may  reap." 


* 


Tie/nes  FOR  MBm&.  5 
-H^ 


.s- 


[OLLOWING  are  one  hundred  and  fifty  topics  for  debate. 
The  more  usual  form  in  their  presentation  is  that  of  a 
direct  proposition  or  statement,  rather  than  that  of  a 
question.  The  opponents  then  debate  the  "affirmative" 
and  "  negative  "  of  the  proposition.  It  is  well  to  be  very 
careful,  in  adopting  a  subject  for  debate,  to  so  state  or 

explain  it  that  misunderstandings  may  be  mutually  avoided,  and 

quibbles  on  the  meaning  of  words  prevented. 

THEMES  FOR   DEBATE. 


Which  is  the  better  for  this  nation,  high 
or  low  import  tariflfs? 

Is  assassination  ever  justifiable? 

Was  England  justifiable  in  interfering 
between  Egypt  and  the  Soudan  rebels? 

Is  the  production  of  great  works  of 
literature  favored  by  the  conditionB  of 
modern  civilized  life? 

Is  it  politic  to  place  restrictions  upon 
the  immigration  of  the  Chinese  to  the 
United  States? 

Will  coal  always  constitute  the  main 
source  of  artificial  heat? 

Has  the  experiment  of  universal  suf- 
frage proven  a  success? 

Was  Grant  or  Lee  the  greater  general? 

Is  an  income  tax  commendable? 

Ought  the  national  banking  system  to 
be  abolished? 

Should  the  government  lease  to  stock- 
growers  any  portion  of  the  public  domain  ? 

Is  it  advisable  longer  to  attempt  to 
maintain  both  a  gold  and  a  silver  standard 
of  coinage? 

Which  is  the  more  important  to  the 
student,  physical  science  or  mathematics? 

Is  the  study  of  current  politics  a  duty? 

Which  was  the  more  influential  con- 
gressman, Blaine  or  Ganfleld? 

Which  gives  rise  to  more  objectionable 
idioms  and  localisms  of  language,  New 
England  or  the  West? 

Was  the  purchase  of  Alaska  by  this 
government  wise? 

^  Which  is  the  more  important  as  a  con- 
tinent, Africa  or  South  America? 


Should  the  government  interfere  to 
stop  the  spread  of  contagious  diseases 
among  cattle? 

Was  Caisar  or  Hannibal  the  more  able 
general? 

Is  the  study  of  ancient  or  modern  his- 
tory the  more  Important  to  the  student? 

Should  aliens  be  allowed  to  acquire 
property  in  this  country? 

Should  aliens  be  allowed  to  own  real 
estate  in  this  country? 

Do  the  benefits  of  the  signal  service 
justify  its  cost? 

Should  usury  laws  be  abolished? 

Should  all  laws  for  the  collection  of 
debt  be  abolished? 

Is  labor  entitled  to  more  remuneration 
than  it  receives? 

Should  the  continuance  of  militia  or- 
ganizations by  the  several  states  be  en- 
couraged? 

Is  an  untarnished  reputation  of  more 
importance  to  a  woman  than  to  a  man? 

Does  home  life  promote  the  growth  of 
selfishness? 

Are  mineral  veins  aqueous  or  igneous 
In  origin? 

Is  the  theory  of  evolution  tenable? 

Was  Rome  justifiable  in  annihilating 
Carthage  as  a  nation? 

Which  has  left  the  more  permanent 
impress  upon  mankind,  Greece  or  Rome? 

Which  was  the  greater  thinker,  Emer- 
son or  Bacon? 

Which  is  the  more  important  as  a  branch 
of  education,  mineralogy  or  astronomy? 


370 


THEMES    FOE    DEBATE. 


Is  there  any  improvement  in  the  quality 
of  the  literature  of  today  over  that  of  last 
century? 

Should  the  "Spoils  System"  be  con- 
tinued iu  American  politics? 

Should  the  co-education  of  the  sexes  be 
encouraged? 

Which  should  be  the  more  encouraged, 
novelists  or  dramatists? 

Will  the  African  and  Caucasian  races 
ever  be  amalgamated  in  the  United  States? 

Should  the  military  or  the  interior 
department  have  charge  over  the  Indians 
in  the  United  States? 

Which  is  of  more  benefit  to  his  race, 
the  inventor  or  the  explorer? 

Is  history  or  philosophy  the  better  ex- 
ercise for  the  mind? 

Can  any  effectual  provision  be  made  by 
the  State  against  ' '  hard  times  "  ? 

Which  is  of  the  more  benefit  to  society, 
journalism  or  the  law? 

Which  was  the  greater  general.  Na- 
poleon or  Wellington? 

Should  the  volume  of  greenback  money 
be  increased? 

Should  the  volume  of  national  bank 
circulation  be  increased? 

Should  the  railroads  be  under  the 
direct  control  of  the  government? 

Is  the  doctrine  of  "state  rights"  to  be 
commended? 

Is  the  "Monroe  doctrine"  to  be  com- 
mended and  upheld? 

Is  the  pursuit  of  politics  an  honorable 
avocation? 

Which  is  of  the  greater  importance,  the 
college  or  the  university? 

Does  the  study  of  physical  science 
militate  against  religious  belief  ? 

Should  "landlordism"  in  Ireland  be 
supplanted  by  home  rule? 

Is  life  more  desirable  now  than  in 
ancient  Rome? 

Should  men  and  women  receive  the 
same  amount  of  wages  for  the  same  kind 
of  work? 

Is  the  prohibitory  liquor  law  preferable 
to  a  system  of  high  license? 

Has  any  state  a  right  to  secede? 

Should  any  limit  b.e  placed  by  the  con- 
stitution of  a  state  upon  its  ability  to 
contract  indebtedness? 

Should  the  contract  labor  system  in 
public  prisons  be  forbidden? 

Should  there  be  a  censor  for  the  public 
press? 

Should  Arctic  expeditions  be  encour- 
aged? 


Is  it  the  duty  of  the  State  to  encourage 
art  and  literature  as  much  as  science? 

Is  suicide  cowardice? 

Has  our  government  a  right  to  disfran- 
chise the  polygamists  of  Utah? 

Should  capital  punishment  be  abolished  ? 

Should  the  law  place  a  limit  upon  the 
hours  of  daily  labor  for  working  men? 

Is  "  socialism  "  treason? 

Should  the  education  of  the  yoimg  be 
compulsory? 

In  a  hundred  years  will  republics  be  as 
numerous  as  monarchies? 

Should  book-keeping  be  taught  in  the 
public  schools? 

Should  Latin  be  taught  in  the  public 

schools? 

Do  our  methods  of  government  pro- 
mote centralization? 
Is  life  worth  living? 

Should  Ireland  and  Scotland  be  inde- 
pendent nations? 

Should  internal  revenue  taxation  be 
abolished? 

Which  is  of  greater  benefit  at  the  pres- 
ent day,  books  or  newspapers? 

Is  honesty  always  the  best  policy? 

Which  has  been  of  greater  benefit  to 
mankind,  geology  or  chemistry? 

Which  could  mankind  dispense  with  at 
least  inconvenience,  wood  or  coal? 

AVhich  is  the  greater  nation,  Germany 
or  France? 

Which  can  support  the  greater  popula- 
tion in  proportion  to  area,  our  Northern 
or  Southern  States? 

Would  mankind  be  the  loser  if  the 
earth  should  cease  to  produce  gold  and 

silver? 

Is  the  occasional  destruction  of  large 
numbers  of  people,  by  war  and  disaster, 
a  benefit  to  the  world  ? 

Which  could  man  best  do  without, 
steam  or  horse  power? 

Should  women  be  given  the  right  of 
suffrage  in  the  United  States? 

Should  cremation  be  substituted  for 
burial? 

Should  the  government  establish  a 
national  system  of  telegraph? 

Should  the  electoral  college  be  contin- 
ued? 

Will  the  population  of  Chicago  ever  ex- 
ceed that  of  New  York? 

Will  the  population  of  St.  Louis  ever 
exceed  that  of  Chicago? 

Should  restrictions  be  placed  upon  the 
amount  of  property  inheritable? 


THEMES    FOE    DEBATE. 


Which  is  more  desirable  as  the  chief 
business  of  a  city — commerce,  or  manu- 
factures? 

Which  is  more  desirable  as  the  chief 
business  of  a  city — transportation  by  water 
or  by  rail? 

Should  the  rate  of  taxation  be  gradu- 
ated Ui  a  ratio  with  the  amount  of  proper- 
ty taxed? 

Will  a  time  ever  come  when  the  popu- 
lation of  the  earth  will  be  limited  by  the 
earth's  capacity  of  food  production? 

Is  it  probable  that  any  language  will 
ever  become  universal? 

Is  it  probable  that  any  planet,  except 
tlie  earth,  is  inhabited? 

Should  the  stjite  prohibit  the  manufact- 
ure and  sale  of  alcoholic  liquors? 

Should  the  government  prohibit  the 
manufacture  and  Siile  of  alcoholic  liquors? 

Should  the  guillotine  be  substituted  for 
the  gallows? 

Was  Bryant  or  Longfellow  the  g^reater 
poet? 

Should  the  jury  system  be  continued? 

Should  the  langua^'s  of  alien  nations 
be  taught  in  the  public  schools  ? 

Should  a  right  to  vote  in  any  part  of 
the  United  States  depend  upon  a  property 
qualification  ? 

Can  a  horse  trot  faster  in  harness,  or 
under  saddle  ? 

Should  the  pooling  system  among 
American  railroads  be  abolished  by  law  ? 

Is  dancing,  as  usually  conducted,  com- 
patible with  a  high  standard  of  morality? 

Should  the  grand  jury  system  of 
making  indictments  be  contmuad? 

Which  should  be  the  more  highly 
remunerated,  skilled  labor  or  the  work 
of  professional  men?" 

Which  is  the  more  desirable  as  an  occu- 
pation, medicine  or  law? 

Should  the  formation  of  trade  unions 
be  encouraged? 

Which  has  been  the  greater  curse  to 
man,  war  or  drunkenness? 

Which  can  man  the  more  easily  do 
without,  electricity  or  petroleum? 

Should  the  law  interfere  against  the 
growth  of  class  distinctions  in  society? 

Which  was  the  greater  genius,  Moham- 
med or  Buddha? 

Which  was  the  more  able  leader,  Pi- 
zarro  or  Cortez? 

Which  can  to-day  wield  the  greater  in- 
fluence, the  orator  or  the  writer? 


Is  genius  hereditary? 

Is  Saxon  blood  deteriorating? 

Which  will  predominate  in  five  hun- 
dred years,  the  Saxon  or  Latin  races  T 

Should  American  railroad  companies 
be  allowed  to  sell  their  bonds  in  other 
countries? 

Should  Sumner's  civil  rights  bill  be 
made  constitutional  by  an  amendment? 

Does  civilization  promote  the  happiness 
of  the  world? 

Should  land  subsidies  be  granted  to  rail- 
roads by  the  government? 

Which  is  the  stronger  military  power, 
England  or  the  United  States? 

Would  a  rebellion  in  Russia  be  justifi- 
able? 

Should  the  theatre  be  encouraged? 

Which  has  the  greater  resources,  Penn- 
sylvania or  Texas? 

Is  agriculture  the  noblest  occupation? 

Is  legal  punishment  for  crime  as  severe 
as  it  should  be? 

Can  democratic  forms  of  government 
be  made  universal? 

Should  the  formation  of  monopolies  be 
prevente<l  by  the  State? 

Has  Spanish  influence  been  helpful  or 
harmful  to  Mexico  as  a  people? 

Which  is  of  more  importance,  the  pri- 
mary or  the  high  school  ? 

Will  the  tide  of  emigration  ever  turn 
eastward  instead  of  westward? 

Should  the  art  of  war  be  taught  more 
widely  than  at  present  in  the  United  States? 

Was  slavery  the  cause  of  the  American 
civil  war? 

Is  life  insurance  a  benefit? 

Should  gambling  in  grain  be  prohibited 
by  law? 
Does  "prohibition"  prohibit? 

Should  the  general  government  restrain 
the  destruction  of  our  forests? 

Is  the  accumulation  of  wealth  a  curse 
to  society? 

Is  serial  navigation  desirable? 

Which  is  the  more  potent,  the  ballot  or 
the  bullet,  as  a  civilizer? 

Should  the  tenure  of  office  of  the  pres- 
ident be  extended  to  six  years? 

Which  develops  the  more  elevating  or 
beautiful  scenery,  the  ocean  or  the  mount- 
ains? 

Which  is  the  more  elevating  in  influ- 
ence, the  poet  or  the  painter? 


OE-  the  more  convenient  transaction  of  busi- 
ness and  the  greater  security  of  those  en- 
gaged in  it  against  fraud  and  error,  various 
forms  of  written  instruments  have  been 
adopted,  founded  on  experience  and  sanc- 
tioned by  the  law  of  custom.  'No  person 
engaged  in  commercial  pursuits,  or  in  the 
transaction  of  business  in  any  way  or  upon 
any  scale,  can  afford  to  be  ignorant  of  those  Business 
FoKMS,  and  no  prudent  man  will  afBx  his  signature  to 
any  document,  or  form  of  agreement,  without  fully 
and  thoroughly  comprehending  all  that  is  involved  in 
it,  and  the  nature  and  extent  of  the  obligation  which 
his  signature  so  made  carries.  One  of  the  most  com- 
mon and  successful  methods  adopted  by  the  class  of 
unscrupulous  swindlers  known  as  confidence  men,  is  that  of  secur- 
ing the  signatures  of  the  unsophisticated  and  unsuspecting,  to  forms 
which  purport  to  mean  one  thing,  but  which  are  readily  altered  or 
construed  to  a  totally  different  meaning,  to  the  robbery  and  often 
ruin  of  the  man  whose  confidence  in  the  honesty  of  others  is  thus 
taken  advantage  of.  The  only  safety  against  the  impositions  of  the 
designing  and  dishonest,  is  for  every  man  to  be  master  of  the  stand- 
ard and  recognized  business  forms,  and  to  refuse  to  sign  any  under- 
taking or  obligation  whatever,  except  it  be  in  the  form  with  which 
he  is  familiar,  and  which  he  knows  is  an  honest  and  reliable  form  of 
agreement,  note,  order,  check  or  other  business  engagement.  These 
forms,  one  or  other,  or  all,  which  enter  into  every  man's  business, 
consist  of  the  following : 

Bills.  Due  Bills.  Orders.  Drafts. 

Receipts.  Notes.  Checks.  Bills  of  Exchange. 

373 


BUSINESS   FOBMS. 


^ttt>4KiKKitKim^4^^ 


BILLS. 


m& 


rjW  ^ 


A  BILL  is  an  itemized  statement  of  account  of  goods  bought  or 
sold,  or  labor  or  services  performed,  Avith  the  price  and  the  date 
of  each  article  or  act  of  service,  the  amount  of  the  whole,  and 
the  date  at  which  the  bill  is  rendered.  Tl.e  first  line  on  the  bill  is  the 
name  of  the  city,  town  or  village  in  which  the  business  of  the  person 
or  firm  rendering  the  bill  is  situated.  This  may  be,  at  choice,  ac- 
companied, as  in  the  following  form,  by  tho  street  and  number. 
Then  follows  the  name  of  the  person  to  whom  the  bill  is  rendered, 
written  from  the  left  hand  of  the  page.  Then  follows  the  name  of 
the  person  or  firm  by  whom  the  service  or  article  has  been  furnished, 
which  should  be  preceded  by  the  word  ^0  at  the  left  hand  of  the 
line,  and  the  word  gr.  at  the  right  hand.  It  is  customary  to  place 
beneath  this  the  card  of  business  of  the  party  as  well.  The  follow- 
ing is  the  form  : 

FORM  OF  BILL  FOB  SERVICBS. 

»rj  Mascot  S/., 
Chicago,  June  24,  i88j. 
Mr.   miMam  C.   WfUttuy, 

^  George  B.   Culver,  'Qt. 


188s. 

Barrister,  Conveyancer,  Etc, 

May 
June 

7 

I 

To  examining  abstract  of  title, 
"   Counsel  in  case  Moore, 
"  Expenses,  trip  to  Springfield,  in  connection 
with  above. 

Received  Payment, 

George  B.  Culver. 

'9 

00 

00 

60 

t6g 

60 

They  are  generally  used  in  printed  form.  If  the  bill  is  made  out 
for  services  rendered,  use  abbreviation  "  Dr."  and  "  Cr."  Bills  for 
goods  sold  commonly  have  "  Bought  of,"  in  place  of  "  Dr."  If 
service  is  performed  by  the  day  or  hour,  specify  the  number  of  days 
or  hours,  with  the  rate  per  day  or  hour  in  each  entry.  When  there 
is  only  one  item  place  in  the  total  column;  otherwise,  carry  the  total 
over  as  above.  In  making  out  a  biU  care  should  be  taken  that  every 
detail  is  perspicuous.  Neatness  in  form  and  absolute  correctness 
should  also  be  observed.  !N"othing  is  so  injurious  to  the  reputation 
and  success  of  a  business  man  as  carelessness,  and  inaccuracy  in 
rendering  bills. 


BUSINESS   FOBMS. 


FORM  OF  MERCHANTS'  BILL. 


Folio  214. 
Salesman,  tV.  H.  M. 


Messrs.  Thompson  &=  Smith, 

Evanston,  III. 


Chicago,  Febrttary  10,  iSSj. 


5jcru0M  0t  BROWN,  JONES  &  CO. 
Wholesale  Grocers, 

213  Randolph  St.,  Chicago. 


02 

12 


24 


June     1  s  Boxes  Toilet  Soap,  J -So 

10  Boxes  Servian  Prunes,  1000  lbs.  oy 

I  Case  Cat.  Smok.  Tob.,  }(  &'  yi,  joo  lbs.    35 
I  Bbl.  N.  0.  Molasses,  42  gal.  86 

Int.  on  ^  bill  for  6j  days,  8%, 

Received  Payment, 

By  Note,  60  days, 

"   Cash, 

Brown,  Jones  dr'  Co. 

Per  Robinson . 

When  a  bill  has  been  paid  by  note,  or  otherwise  than  by  cash,  it 
should  be  so  stated  in  the  bill.  "Wholesale  merchants  and  jobbers 
send  a  bill  with  each  purchase.  Retail  merchants  usually  render  a 
bill  on  the  first  of  each  month  for  the  past  month's  purchases. 
When  bills  of  goods  sold  during  the  month  are  rendered  from  time 
to  time,  and  settlement  made  monthly,  a  Statement  is  rendered  at 
the  close  of  the  month,  which  shows  the  amounts  and  dates  of  the 
several  bills,  but  not  the  items. 


19 

70 

35 

36 

12 

160 

I 

161 

81 

iS 

80 

06 

■1 


RECEIPTS. 


WHEN"  money  is  paid  for  settlement  of  or  apphcation  on  a  debt, 
or  claim,  payment  of  rent,  or  money  advanced  on  contract,  the 
business  man  should  not  wait  to  be  asked  for  a  receipt,  but  give 
it  as  a  matter  of  course.  The  party  paying  money  should  always 
require  a  receipt.  Parties  may  die,  witnesses  move  away,  and  all 
evidence  of  payment  be  removed,  where  there  is  no  receipt,  and 
thus  in  settlement  of  an  estate  much  difficulty  is  experienced.  A 
receipt  written  in  pencil  is  legal,  but  a  careful  business  man  Avill  not 
give  a  receipt  in  pencil,  nor  will  a  prudent  man  accept  one.  The 
receipt  should  state  clearly  and  fully  what  the  payment  was  for ;  if 
on  contract  or  note,  specify  what  contract  or  note ;  if  for  rent,  state 


BUSINESS   FORMS. 


what  premises  and/r6>m  what  date  to  what  date  the  rent  is  paid.  If 
in  part  payment,  state  what  is  the  full  amount  on  which  to  be 
applied,  and  specify  the  debt — rent,  note  or  contract. 

FORM  OF  RECEIPT. 


Chicago,  June  12,    1881. 

Received  of „.„ _ Jlt.l^HfS!^.'.. 

Eighty  •  four  and  _  ,, 

•—--—-—•-- ^  Dollars, 

in  full  of  all  demands  to  date. 

%^4-35-  Edward  Langdon, 


A  receipt,  though  apparently  so,  is  not  always  a  certain  proof 
of  payment,  as  it  may  be  inoperative  from  mistake  or  fraud,  and 
is  open  to  explanation  or  contradiction.  A  release  differs  from  a 
receipt  in  this,  that  it  cannot  be  contradicted  by  evidence,  except 
for  fraud.*  An  entry  in  the  creditor's  books  does  not  constitute  a  re- 
ceipt. A  release  is  a  contract,  and,  except  in  case  of  fraud,  must 
be  taken  to  mean  Avhat  is  written.  A  receipt  that  contains  any 
writing,  to  the  effect  of  an  agreement  that  the  money  paid  is  to  be 
applied  to  a  particular  purpose,  debt  or  note,  even  if  paid  before- 
hand on  the  score  of  future  transactions,  is  legal  and  not  to  be  mod- 
ified by  parole  evidence.  A  receipt  for  the  consideration  of  money, 
in  a  sale  of  real  property  is  conclusive  against  the  seller,  and  equiv- 
alent to  a  bond  for  a  deed.  Where  payment  is  made  in  the  shape  of 
note,  check  or  other  than  current  legal  tender,  the  receipt  should 
specify  the  acceptance  of  such  consideration.  Otherwise,  if  the 
check  or  note  be  dishonored,  or  the  money  be  found  to  be  of  an  in- 
solvent bank,  the  creditor  is  entitled  to  return  it  and  demand  to  be 
paid  again. 

BANK  CHECKS.  p 

SAFETY,  convenience  and  other  considerations,  induce  most  busi- 
ness men  to  keep  an  account  at  a  bank,  depositing  the  cash  re- 
ceipts of  each  day,  reserving  only  a  suflBcient  sum  for  needs  of 
the  evening  or  morning.  Paymentsof  most  kinds,  except  for  trivial 
accounts  and  expenses,  are  thus  almost  altogether  made  through  the 
bank.  The  person  receiving  a  check  may  transfer  it  to  another  by 
indorsement,  and  thus  it  may  pass  through  several  hands  before 


BUSINESS   FORMS. 


finding  its  way  to  the  bank  on  which  it  is  drawn,  when  it  is  charged 
up  to  the  party  by  whom  it  was  drawn  and  canceled.  In  filling 
out  a  check  the  amount  should  be  expressed,  both  in  the  margin  and 
in  the  body  of  the  note,  as  a  precaution  against  errors.  If  the  words 
expressing  the  amount  do  not  fill  up  the  line  entirely,  draw  a  heavy 
stroke  or  wave  line  with  the  pen,  so  as  to  prevent  any  dishonest 
person  into  whose  hands  the  check  might  fall,  from  raising  or 
altering  it. 

FORM  OF  A  BANK  CHECK. 


No.  1730.  Chicago,  March  7,  188^. 

TENTH  NATIONAL  BANK, 

0/  Chicago, 

Pay  to  the  order  of. &E^^±J.'^.^!''JF.!^.l 

?^.'!^!y.:..f}Shland^ ^  r,ollars. 

%7S-75-  George  B.  Anderson. 


Canceled  checks  are  usually  returned  once  a  month  to  the 
drawer,  by  whom  they  should  be  carefully  preserved,  as  they  consti- 
tute evidences  of  payment.  The  object  of  payment  may  be  speci- 
fied on  the  body  of  the  check,  thus  constituting  its  payment  a 
receipt  for  the  particular  debt  or  service.  If  the  person  accepting 
a  check  does  not  require  to  use  the  money  he  may  get  it  "  certified  " 
at  the  bank,  which  renders  it  equivalent  to  cash,  by  the  guarantee 
of  the  bank. 

The  facility  of  having  checks  cashed,  opens  a  door  to  dishonesty, 
which  has  been  guarded  against  by  the  system  of  crossed  checks. 
A  wishes  to  send  B  a  check  for  $1,000  and  is  doubtful  of  the  hon- 
esty of  his  messenger.  He  knows  B  banks  with,  say  the  Marine 
Bank,  of  Detroit.  He  makes  out  his  check  in  the  usual  form  and 
then  writes  across  it  the  words  "  Marine  Bank  of  Detroit."  A's 
bank  will  then  only  pay  this  check  when  presented  by  or  through 
the  Marine  Bank.  Checks  are  to  be  presented  for  payment  with- 
out unreasonable  delay.  There  is  no  payment  unless  the  check 
is  honored.  The  bank  or  party  on  whom  a  check  is  drawn  is  obhged 
to  pay  it  if  he  have  funds  in  his  possession  to  the  amount  named  on 
the  check,  belonging  to  the  drawer.  It  is  a  fraud  to  draw  a  check 
where  the  drawer  has  no  funds,  and  no  arrangement  by  which  he  is 
entitled  to  draw  checks  on  the  bank  named.  A  bank  is  responsible 
for  the  loss  in  case  of  a  forged  check  if  the  check  be  honored  by 
it.     A  check  not  drawn  within  the  state  where  the  bank  is  sitr 


BUSINESS   F0EM8. 


uated  is  subject  to  the  law  governing  bills  of  exchange.  The  holder 
of  it  must  protest  in  writing,  usually  through  a  notary,  against  all 
parties  liable  for  any  loss  or  damage  by  its  non-payment. 


DUE  BILLS.  I 

UE  bills  are  used  for  money  borrowed,  or  in  effecting  settlement 
of  accounts,  and  should  state  whether  payable  in  merchandise 
or  cash,  and  are  made  in  this  shape : 


D 


l/J-75. 

Chicago, 

Manh  j,  iSSj. 

Dtu 

Samuel 

M. 

Jennings,   on 

demand,   Fijteen 

Dollars  and  Seventy •  Jive  Cents. 

James  Brown. 

Another  form  is  the  I.  O.  U.,  which  is  in  this  shape : 


1^. 

Chicago,  Manh  j, 

fSSj. 

James 

W. 

Smith, 
I.  0 

Esq. 
U. 

Seventeen  Dollars, 

James 

Edwards. 

This  form  of  paper  differs  from  a  promissory  note,  which  usually 
contains  a  promise  to  pay,  at  a  time  specified  therein,  a  sum  of 
money  to  a  certain  person,  or  to  his  order,  for  value  received. 

|P        PROMISSORY  NOTES.        ^ 

Promissory  notes  are  essential  to  the  system  of  credit  in  business 
and  are  of  four  kinds  as  explained  below : 

FORM  OF  NEGOTIABLE  NOTE. 


$1,000.00.  ,  Chicago,  III.,  March  ij,  i88j. 

Thirty  days   after  date  I  promise  to  pay  to  the  order  of. 

Jacob  Rindskopf, 

One    Thousand Dollars, 

__ -  ^^^ 

value  received,  with  interest  at  six  per  cent  per  annum  until  paid. 

Due  April  7,  iSSS-  Jo^^   ^-   Durand. 


BUSINESS   FORMS. 


FORM  OF 

NOTE  NOT  NEGOTIABLE. 

$2JC 

)  oo. 

Chicago, 

March  j,  iSSj. 

Sixty  days 

after 

date  I  promise  to  pay 

to  John  J. 

Dunscotnbe 

Tvx>  Hundred 

and 

Thirty  ^%% 

Dollars,  payable 

at  my  office, 

77  Clark  street.      Value  received. 

Francis 

Whitcombe. 

FORM  OF  DEMAND  NOTE. 


%IOO. 

Chicago,  March  j,  i88j. 

On 

demand  I  promise 

to  pay  James 

Calendar 

or 

order.   One  Hundred  Dollars, 

value  received. 

with  interest  at  6  per  cent. 

Philip  Coleman. 

FORM 

OF 

JOINT  NOTE. 

%325- 

Chicago, 

March  j,  iSSj. 

Three  months 

after 

date. 

we,  or 

either  of 

us,  jointly 

and  severally  promise  to  pay 

Henry   Porter,  or 

order. 

Three  Hundred 

and 

Twenty  -five   Dollars, 

value   received. 

without  interest. 

John  A. 
Charles  C 

McDonald. 
.    Tupper. 

The  first  form  of  note  is  negotiable,  and  is  payable  to  the  person 
holding  it,  when  properly  indorsed,  at  the  time  of  its  maturity.  The 
second  is  payable  only  to  the  person  in  whose  favor  it  is  drawn.  A 
promise  to  pay  is  not  invalidated  by  any  mformahty.  Unless  a  note 
be  made  payable  to  bearer  the  name  of  payee  must  be  specified.  If  a 
note  be  not  dated,  the  time  is  computed  from  the  day  the  knowledge 
of  it  is  first  gained.  If  there  be  any  difference  between  the  words  and 
figures  in  the  amount  for  which  the  note  is  made,  the  words  prevail. 
A  note  does  not  bear  interest  till  after  it  matures,  unless  so  written. 
One  who  cannot  write  should  have  a  witness  when  he  makes  his  + 
mark.  A  note  is  void  if  procured  from  the  maker  while  in  a  state 
of  intoxication  or  otherwise  irresponsible.  If  no  time  be  specified 
a  note  is  payable  at  once.  A  note  by  a  minor  is  not  collectable  in 
law.  Payment  of  a  note  must  be  made  on  the  last  day  of  grace,  by 
the  holder,  or  his  authorized  agent,  in  business  hours,  at  the  place  of 
business  of  the  maker,  unless  otherwise  stated.  In  case  of  non-pay- 
ment at  3  o'clock  on  the  last  day  of  grace,  it  should  be  handed  to  a 
notary  for  protest,  and  immediate  notice  sent  to  the  indorser,  if  any. 
A  note  that  has  been  accidentally  destroyed  may  be  recovered  upon 
adequate  proof.  In  case  of  loss,  notice  must  be  given  and  payment 
demanded  as  if  the  note  was  still  secure  m  form. 


BUSINESS    FOKMS. 


\  :-Nr-^-'■N^^ 


'^i^jii^ 


ORDERS. 

K^-.  \'\  \  \  \  \  \.\  \  \ 
An  order  is  a  written  request  from  one  person  or  firm  to  another, 
for  the  delivery  of  a  sum  of  money  or  articles  of  merchandise.  These 
orders  are  usually  drawn  by  one  merchant  on  another,  or  by  persons 
in  the  same  town  or  neighborhood,  atad  are  a  kind  of  informal  draft, 
not  intended  to  be  transferred  by  indorsement,  nor  circulate  as  do 
the  several  forms  of  negotiable  paper.  The  person  or  finn  on  whom 
an  order  is  drawn,  must  in  filling  it  know  that  it  is  genuine,  and  the 
order  itself  should  then  be  carefully  preserved  as  a  voucher,  in  case 
disagreements  should  ever  arise. 


Kalamazoo,  Mich. ,  January  zq. 

1885. 

Messrs. 

Paul  &'  Thomas, 

PUase  deliver  to 

bearer  with  bill,  for  me. 

I  pr. 

Calf  Boots,  No.  8. 

2  prs 

.  Kid  Slippers,  No,  7. 

John  Bardtn. 

STATUTE   OF   LIMITATIONS. 


Statute  of  Limitations  in  Each  State  and  Territory  and  Canada,  for  Notes, 
Judgments,  Open  Accounts,  Sealed  Instruments,  and  Actions  for  Assault 
and  Slander,  with  a  List  of  the  Penalties  for  Usury  in  all  the  States  and 
Territories. 


States 

AND 

Territories. 


Alabama 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Dakota 

Delaware 

Dist.  Columbia. 

Florida 

Georgia  

Idaho  Ter 


Illinois  — 
Indiana . . . 

Iowa 

Kansas  . . 
Kentucky 
Louisiana. 


Maine  

Maryland 

Massjichusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 


Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada  

New  Hampshire. 

New  Jersey 

New  Mexico 

New  York 

North  Carolina.. 


Ohio 

Oregon  

Pennsylvania  ... 
Rhode  Island  . . . 
South  Carolina . . 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

"Vermont 

Virginia 

Washin^fton  Ter. 
West  Virginia... 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming  Ter... 


Statute  of  Limitations. 


a 
O 


Canada  

New  Brunswick. 
Nova  Scotia 


Yrs. 
3 
2 
3 
2 
3 
3 
6 
3 
3 
4 
4 
4 


6 

6 

6 

ft 

6 

ft 

6 

ft 

2 

4 

2 

4 

6 

ft 

2 

5 

3 

ft 

3  to  5 

6 

iYrs. 
6 
4 
5 
4 
3 


15 


1  to5 


Yrs. 

20 

5 

10 

5 

ft 

6 

20 

20 

12 

20 

7 

5 


20 
11 

15 
10 
20 
20 
20 
10 
10 
5 
8 

20 
6 
10 
20 
21 


Yrs. 
1 


02 


Yrs. 
10 

4 
10 

5 

6 
17 
30 
20 
12 
20 
20 


20 


20 
10 

15 
10 

20 
20 
20 
10 
10 

5 

8 
20 

6 
20 
20 

5 


Penalties  for  Uaury. 


Forfeiture  of  entire  interest. 
Forfeiture  of  principal  and  interest. 


Forfeiture  of  interest. 
Forfeiture  of  principal. 
Forfeiture  of  entire  interest. 

Forfeiture  of  excess. 

Forfeiture  of  three  times  the  amount  paid ; 

fine,  $;}00  or  six  months'  Imprisonment, 

or  both. 
Forfeiture  excess  interest. 
Forfeiture  excess  interest. 
Forfeiture  of  entire  interest. 
Forfeiture  of  excess. 
Forfeiture  of  entire  interest. 
Excess  above  8  per  cent,  after  maturity, 

forfeits  entire  interest. 

Forfeiture  of  excess. 

Forfeiture  of  excess,  if  over  7  per  cent. 
Forfeiture  of  entire  debt. 
Forfeiture  of  entire  interest. 
Lender  forfeits  entire  Interest;  borrower 
pays  10  per  cent  to  school  fund. 

Forfeiture  of  entire  interest. 

Forfeiture  of  three  times  the  excess  and 

costs. 
Forfeiture  of  entire  interest. 
Forfeiture  of  excess. 
Voids  contract,  and  is  a  misdemeanor. 
Forfeiture  of  entire  interest ;  party  paying 

may  recover  double  the  amount  paid. 
Forfeiture  of  excess. 
Forfeiture  of  original  sum  and  costs. 


Forfeiture  of  all  interest. 

Forfeiture  of  excess,flne  and  imprisonment. 

Forfeiture  of  all  interest. 

Forfeiture  of  excess. 
Forfeiture  of  all  interest. 

Forfeiture  of  excess. 
Forfeiture  of  all  interest. 


Misdemeanor. 
Misdemeanor. 
Misdemeanor. 


-^^^ 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


Legal  Bates  of  Interest  in  the  States  and  Territories,  With  Exemptions 

£rom  Judgment,  Etc. 


States 

and 

Territories. 


Alabama 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut ..'... 

Dakota 

Delaware 

Dist.  Columbia . . 

Florida 

Georgria 

Idaho   , 

Illinois 

Indiana) 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky  

I^ouisiana , 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts .. 
Michigruu 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri   

Montana.... 

Nebraslui 

Nevada  

New  Hampshire 


New  Jersey 

New  Mexico... 

New  York 

North  Carolina 

Ohio 

Oregon  

Pennsylvania.. 
Khode  Island.. 

South  Carolina... 

Tennessee 

Texas  

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington  Ter 

West  Virginia. . 
Wisconsin 

Wyoming  Ter 


6 

Any 

7 

12 

« 

A 

6 

10 

8 

Any 

7 

H 

10 

18 

6 

8 

0 

8 

6 

10 

Ed 
65 


8 

Any 
10 

Any 

Any 


12 

8 
8 

Any 

6 

Any 

10 

10 


10 
10 

Any 
10 


Any 
6 


8 

10 

6 

Any 

7 
6 
12 

Any 

6 
6 

Any 

6 
10 

Any 


Exemptions  from  Judgments,  Inter-Stato 
ItcgulatiouB,  etc. 


Judgments  of  other  states  limited  to  20  years.  Exemptions- 
Personal  property,  $1,000 ;  homestead,  12,000. 

Exemptions  from  $1,000  tu  $5,000. 

Judgments  required  to  be  renewed  every  three  years.  Bxemp> 
tlons,  $;!00  to  $2,.'i00. 

On  judgments  for  money  loaned,  7  per  cent  only.  Exemptions, 
trom  $1,000  to  $."),00U. 

If  debto  are  contracted  within  the  state,  the  statute  of  limit- 
ations extends  six  years.    Bxemptions,  $800  to  $2,000. 

Exemptions,  S200  to  $S00. 

Exemptions, :  ;i,SOO. 

Exemptions, :  i75  to  $27S. 

Exemptions,   ttW0to$40a 

Exemptions,  1 11,000  to  $2,000. 

Exemptions, :  ;l.60u. 

Exemptions,   ilUU  to  $5,000. 

Exemptions,  $100  U)  $1,000. 

Judgmenti<  must  be  renewed,  within  Ave  years.    Exempt,  $000. 

On  notes,  if  partial  payment  has  been  made,  date  of  limitation 
begins  from  last  pminent.  Exemptions— County, 40  acres; 
city,  one-half  acre  with  buildings,  regardless  qf  value. 

On  open  accounts,  liniltution  extends  out  two  vears  for  noD- 
residents  of  the  state.    Exemptions,  $300  to  $400. 

Exemptions,  $600  to  $1,5C0. 

Judgrments  may  be  renewed  at  any  time  before  expiration. 
Exemptions— None  in  cities;  country,  homestead,  ^,000. 

If  notes  are  witnessed,  20  years.    Exemptions,  $G00. 

Exemptions,  $inO. 

Notes  witnessed,  20  years.    Bxemptions,  $300  to  $800. 

Executions  on  Judgments  not  entered  within  two  years  must  be 
renewed.    Exemptions,  $1.W  to  $1,600. 

Judgment  liens  expire  after  five  years  if  notattached.  Exemp- 
tions, $600  to  $1,000,  besides  homestead  of  80  acres  in  country, 
and  one  lot  to  une-half  acre  in  cities. 

Exempt.  $250  to  iTM).  Residence  in  city,  $2,000 ;  oountr}%  80 acres. 

Exemptions  — $300:  homestead  in  country.  laO  acres;  in  cities, 
homestead  in  value  from  $1,600  to  $3,000. 

Exemptions.  $^4)0  to  $2,600. 

Action  on  foreign  judgments  must  be  commenced  within  fl\'e 
years.  Exemptions— Personal  property,  $5C0;  country,  160 
acres;  citie.<«,  two  lots. 

Merchants'  or  store  accounts,  one  year  only  after  last  purchase. 
Exempt.— $300  to  S-VX) ;   homestead,  to  head  of  family.  $.'i.000. 

Actions  on  judgments  must  be  brought  within  two  years.  Ex- 
empt ions— $100  to  $400;  intersst  in  homestead  to  wife  during 
life,  $.')00. 

Exemptions  —  Personalty,  200;  homestead  under  statutory  no- 
tice, $1,000. 

Exemptions,  to  head  of  family  residing  on  propertj^  $1,000. 

Corporations  barred  defense  in  actions  for  usury.  Exemptions 
—  $350;  homestead,  if  recorded,  $1,000. 

Executions  must  be  renewed  within  one  year  and  one  day  from 
date  of  issue      Exempt.— Personalty,  ^00 ;  homestead,  $1,000. 

Exemptions,  $500  to  81.«X). 

Exemptions,  $400  to  $700. 

Exemptions,  $.300. 

No  higher  rate  than  t!  per  cent  interest  can  be  collected  by  law. 
Exemptions,  $-M)  to  $.'500. 

Exemptions  —  Personalty,  $500 ;  homestead,  $1,000. 

Exemptions — $250;  homestead,  $1,000. 

E.xemptions  —  Fu  r n  iture  and  farming  implements  and  200  acres ; 
in  cities,  real  estate,  $5,000. 

Exemptions— Personalty,  $200  to '$400;  homestead,  $1,000,  and 
$250  additional  to  e«ch  meml)er  of  family. 

Exemptions  — Personaltj-,  $250;  homestead,  $500. 

Exemptions  —  Personalty,  $300;  homestead,  real  or  personal 
property,  $2^000. 

Exemptions  —  Personalty,  $150  to  $500 ;  homestead  occupied  by 
family,  $1,000. 

Exemptions  —  Personalty,  $50  to  $200;  homestead.  If  recorded 
before  creation  of  debt,  $1,000. 

Exemptions  — Personalty,  $300  to  $350;  printing  materials, 
$1,500;  homestead,  country,  40  acres;  town  or  city,  H  acre. 

Exemptions  —  $500  to  $800.  and  wearing  apparel  for  every  per- 
son; homestead,  occupied,  IfiO  acres ;  town  lots,  $1,500, 


TABLES  OF  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES. 


AVOIRDUPOIS  WEIGHT. 

16  drams  make  1  ounce. 
16  ounces  make  1  pound. 
25  pounds  make  1  quarter. 
4  quarters  make  1  luuidred  weight. 
20  Hundred  weight  make  1  ton. 


APOTHECARIES'  WEIGHT. 

20  grains  make  1  scruple. 

3  scruples  make  1  dram. 

8  drams  make  1  ounce. 
12  ounces  luake  1  pound. 


DRY  MEASURE. 

2  pints  make  1  quart. 
8  quarts  make  1  peck. 
4  pecks  make  1  bushel. 
36  bushels  make  1  chaldron. 


LINEAR  (or  Long)  MEASURE. 

12  Inches  make  1  foot. 

3  feet  make  1  yard. 

514  yards  (Itji^  feet)  make  1  rod. 
40  rods  make  1  furlong. 
8  furlongs  make  1  mile. 

TIME  MEASURE. 

60  seconds  make  1  minute. 
60  minutes  make  1  hour 
24  hours  make  1  day. 
7  days  make  1  week. 

4  weeks  make  1  lunar  month. 

13  lunar  months,  or  12  calendar  months,*  or 

52  weeks,  make  1  year. 

365  days,  5  hours,  48  minutes  and  49  seconds, 

make  1  solar  year. 

366  days  make  1  leap  year. 

*A  calendar  month  is  either  28,  29,  30  or  31 
days.  In  computing  interest,  30  days  is  reck- 
oned as  a  month. 

CIRCULAR  MEASURE. 

60  seconds  make  1  minute. 
60  minutes  make  1  degree. 
30  degrees  make  1  sign. 
90  degrees  make  1  quadrant. 
4  quadrants  (or  360  degrees)  make  1  circle. 


LIQUID  (or  Wine)  MEASURE. 

4  gills  make  1  pint. 
2  pints  make  1  quart. 
4  quarts  make  1  gallon. 
31J^  gallons  make  1  barrel. 

2  barrels  (03  gallons)  make  1  hogshead. 


SQUARE  MEASURE. 

144  square  inches  make  1  square  foot. 
9  square  feet  make  1  square  yard. 
30J^  square  yards  make  1  square  rod. 
40  square  rods  make  1  rood. 
4  roods  make  1  acre. 


CUBIC  MEASURE. 

1728  cubic  inches  make  1  cubic  foot. 
27  cubic  feet  make  1  cubic  yard. 
128  cubic  feet  make  1  cord  (of  wood.) 
40  cubic  feet  make  1  ton  (shippinsr.) 
21.50.42  cubic  inches  make  1  standard  bushel. 
208.8  cubic  inches  make  1  standard  gallon. 
1  cubic  foot  is  equal  to  f our-flf ths  of  a 
bushel. 


SURTEYOR'S  MEASURE. 

7.92  chains  make  1  link. 
25      links  make  1  rod. 
4      rods  make  1  chain. 
10      square  chains  (160  square  rods)  make  1 

acre. 
640  acres  make  1  square  mile. 


TROY  WEIGHT. 

24  grains  make  1  pennyweight. 
20  pennyweight  make  1  ounce. 
12  ounces  make  1  pound. 


CLOTH  MEASURE. 


2J4  inches  make  1  nail. 
4     nails  make  1  quarter. 
4     quarters  make  1  yard. 


LIST  OF  MISCELLANEOUS  MEASURES. 


3  inches  make  1  palm. 

4  inches  make  1  hand. 
6  inches  make  1  span. 

18  inches  make  1  cubit. 
21.8  inches  make  1  bible  cubit. 
2J^  feet  make  1  military  pace. 

12  articles  make  1  dozen. 


12  dozen  make  1  gross. 
12  dozen  dozen  make  1  great  gross. 
20  articles  make  1  score. 
10  years  make  1  decade. 
100  years  make  1  century. 
16  pounds  make  I  stone. 


COMPUTING   INTEEE8T. 


■j    THE  RAPID  CALCULATOR,    f 

•jIY  means  of  the  table  on  the  following  page,  it  will  be 
^jE^P  found  easy  to  ascertain  the  amount  of  interest  on  any 
si^^  given  sum  for  any  given  time.     The  first  column  shows 
^'PW  the  amount  on  which  the  interest  is  to  be  computed ;  the  sec- 
ond column  gives  the  respective  rates  at  which  the  computation 
is  to  be  made,  and  the  remaining  columns  contain  the  amount 
of  interest  on  the  sums  indicated  for  tlie  periods  named  above  them. 

Illustration.— Whnt  Is  the  interest  on  $80* for  bIx  months  at  eJght  per  cent?  Look  In 
the  left  hand  column  of  tlio  table  for  the  ainrmnt,  $00;  find  tlie  tljrure  8  in  the  group  opposite 
$60  in  the  second  column,  which  shows  the  rate  per  cent;  then  run  the  flnKer  aiontf  tnis  line 
toward  the  rijfht,  until  the  column  headed  "  6  months  "  Is  reached.  The  tiKures  there  found 
(44.80)  give  the  re(iuired  answer.  Of  course,  if  the  rate  named  had  Ixjen  6,  7  or  10  per  cent, 
the  line  commoncinif  with  the  proper  figure  snould  have  been  followed. 

In  the  table,  computations  have  been  given  only  at  six,  seven, 
eight  and  ten  per  cent,  these  being  the  rates  most  common  in  bus- 
iness transactions.  Interest  at  other  rates  may,  however,  be  easily 
computed  from  the  figures  given.  Thus,  interest  at  four  per  cent 
is  one-half  that  at  eight ;  five  per  cent  one-half  of  ten ;  twelve  per 
cent  double  six,  etc.,  etc. 

If  it  be  desired  to  ascertain  the  interest  on  an  amount  not  spe- 
cifically named  in  the  table,  it  may  be  easily  found  by  combining 
the  figures  given  for  two  or  more  amounts  whose  sum  will  equal  the 
amount  sought. 

Illustration. — To  find  the  interest  on  $146  for  one  yea,r,  nine 
months  and  eighteen  days  at  seven  per  cent. 

Interest  on  $100  for  1  year  at  7  per  cent $7  00 

Interest  on  $100  for  9  months  at  7  f>er  cent 5  25 

Interest  on  $100  for  15  daj's  at  7  per  cent 25 

Interest  on  $100  for  3  days  at  7  per  cent 06 

Interest  on  $40  for  1  year  at  7  per  cent 2  80 

Interest  on  $40  for  9  months  at  7  per  cent 2  10 

Interest  on  $40  for  15  days  at  7  per  cent 16 

Interest  on  $40  for  3  days  at  7  per  cent 02 

Interest  on  $5  for  1  year  at  7  p«*r  cent 85 

Interest  on  $5  for  9  months  at  7  per  cent 26 

Interest  on  $5  for  1 5  days  at  7  jwr  cent 01 

Interest  on  $5  for  3  days  at  7  per  cent 00.02 

Interest  on  $145  for  1  year,  9  months,  18  days  at  7  per  cent $18  26.02 

To  ascertain  the  interest  on  $200,  $500,  $1,200,  etc.,  multiply 
that  given  in  the  table  for  $100  by  the  proper  number. 

As  notes  are  so  frequently  made  at  30  days'  time,  a  separate 
column  has  been  included  in  the  table,  giving  the  amount  of  interest 
for  33  days,  allowing  for  the  usual  three  days  of  grace.  It  is  be- 
lieved that  this  feature  will  render  the  table  stiU  more  convenient 
for  reference 


COMPUTING    INTEBEST. 


Iijstaijtaijeous  Computatioij  of  Iijterest  oij  Givei)  J^mouijt  for  aijy  Nunjber  of  Days  or  l^oijlljs. 


92 


$10 


$60 


$80 


TiMK  FOR  WHICH  INTEREST  IS  COJIPXTTED. 


123466789  1015  2025303313      3       4      5      6       7       8      9     10     11       12 


.10 

'  60 
70 
80 

.10  0 


'  60 
'  70 
,  80 
,10  0 


110  0  1 


61 


712 


10 


10  2  4 


102  5  7 


0   0 


1011 
ll!l2 
14116 


8  911 

9  11  12 
10112  14 
12  15  17 


inll2 
I2!l4 
12jl6 
1619 


1213 
14  16 

24|2 
20  22 


1719 


101:5  15  17115 
1:.'  ir,'is':.'n'i8 
j;j  17  :io -';.',  20 

lTi2l!25  27  2o 


13  17 
1619 

1822 

22  27 


13 
15 
1<> 
2128a5 


1721 
1924 


27  33 

3139 
5367 
44  56 

30  38 
35  44 
40  50 
50  63 


25  33  42 
29  39  49 
33  44  56 
4256  69 


20 

22 

23 

25 

27 

;«) 

33 

36 

25 

28 

29 

;{2 

;« 

;«i 

42 

46 

:50 

33 

35 

■M 

40 

44 

50 

55 

a5 

39 

41 

45 

47 

52 

58 

64 

40 

44 

47152 

80  88 

67  73 

45'50 

53  58 

60  66 

75 

50 

55 

58 

64 

67 

Ti 

83 

92 

70 

80 

1.00 

70 

82 

93 

1.17 


93 
1.60 
1.33 

90 
1.05 
1.20 
1.50 

1.00 
1.17 
1. 
1. 


10 


70 

80 

1  00 


88 
1.00 
1.25 

90 
1.05 
1.20 
1.50 

1.05 
1.23 
1.40 
1.75 

1.20 
1.40 
3.40 
2.00 

1.35 

1.58 
1.80 
2.25 

1.50 
1.75 
2.00 
2.50 


10 


70 

80 

1.00 


93 
1.07 
1.3i 


9 
10 
13 

10 
12 
13 
17 

13 
15 
1 

21 

25 
29 
33 
42 

50 

58 
66 
84 

75 

88 

1  00 

1.25 

1  00 
1.1 
1.33 
1 


1.00  1.25 
1.1711.46 
1.33il.67 
1.67  2.08 

1  201.50 
1.40  1.75 
1.60  2.00 
2.002.50 


1.40 
1.63 
1.8' 
2.33 

1.60 

8' 
3.20 
3.6' 

1.80 
2.10 
2.40 
3.00 

3.00 
2.33 
3.67 
3.33 


1.75 
2.04 
2.33 

2.92 

2.00 
2.33 
4.00 
3.33 

2.25 
2.63 
3.00 
3 

3.50 
3.92 
3.33 
4.17 


11 
12 
15 

12 
14 

16 

20 

15 

18 
20 
25 

30 
35 
40 

50 

60 

70 

80 

1.00 

90 
1.05 
1.20 
1.50 

1  20 
1.41 
1.60 
2.00 

1.50 
1 

2.00 
2.50 

1 

3.10 
3  40 
3.00 

2.10 
2.45 
3.80 
3. 


504 


2.40 
2.80 
4.80 
4.00 

2.70 
3.15 
3.00 
4.50 

3.00 
3.50 
4.00 
5.00 


9 
12 

11 
12 
14 

18 

14 
16 
19 
23 

18 
20 
23 
29 

35 
41 

47 

58 

70 

82 

93 

1  17 

i.a5 

1.23 
1.40 
1.75 


1.07 
1.35 


11 
12 

15 

14 

16 
18 
23 

18 
21 
24 
30 

23 

2(i 
30 
38 

46 
53 
60 
75 

90 
l.a5 
1.20 

1.50 


1  201.35 
1.40!l  52 
1  6011.80 
2.002.25 


1  401.6011 
1.63  1.87  2.10 
1  87  2.1312.40 
2.33  2.67  3.00 


1.75 
2.04 
2.33 
2.92 


2.00 
2.33 
2.67 
3.33 


2.10  2.40 

3.45'3.80 

80;3.2() 

3.50  4.00 


2.45 
2.86 
3.27 
08 


3.27 
5.60 
4.67 


2.80 
3.27 
3.73 
4.67 

3.20 
3.73 
6.40 
5.33 


2.25 
2.63 
3.00 
3.75 

2.70 
3.15 
3.60 
4.50 

3.15 
3.68 
4.20 
5.25 

3.60 
4.20 
7.20 
6.00 


10 
12 
13 
17 

15 

18 
20 
25 

20 
23 
27 
33 

25 
39 
3!} 
4^ 

50 

58 
67 
83 

1.00 
1.17 
1.33 
1.67 

1  50 
1. 

2.00 
2.50 

200 

2.33 

67 

3.33 

2. .50 

2  92 
3.33 
4.17 

3.00 
3.50 
4.00 
5.00 

3.60 
4.08 
4.67 
5.83 


5 
6 

7 
9 

11 
18 
16 

18 

17 
19 
22 

28 

22 
26 
29 
37 

28 
32 
37 

46 

55 
64 
73 
92 

1.10 
1.28 
1.47 

1.84 

1.65 
1.93 
2.20 
2.75 

2.20 
2.57 
2.93 
3.67 

2  75 
3.31 
3.67 

.58 

3.30 

3.85 

4.40 

.50 

3.86 
4.49 
5.13 
6.42 


4.00  4.40 
5.13 
8.008  80 
6.67  7.33 


3.15  3.60  4.ft5  4.50 
3.68  4.20'4.73  5. 
4.20  4.805.40  5.80 
5.25  6.00,6.75  7.60 


3.50 
4. 

4.67 
5.83 


4.00  4.50 
4.675.25 
5.33  6.00 
6.677.60 


25l6 


5.00 
6.83 
6.67 
8.33 


6 

6 
8 
10 

12 
14 
16 
20 

18 
20 
24 
30 

24 
29 
32 
40 

30 
35 
40 
60 

60 

70 

80 

1.00 

1.20 
1.40 
1.60 
2.00 

1.80 
2.10 
2.40 
3.00 

2.40 
2.80 
320 
400 

3.00 
3.60 
4  00 
5.00 

3.60 
4.20 
4.80 
6.00 

4.20 
4.90 
6  60 
7.00 

4.80 
5.60 
9.60 
8.00 


4.95  6.40 

78  6.30 

6.40  7.20 

8  25  9.00 


5.60 
6.42 
7.33 
9.17 


6.00 
7.00 
8.00 
10.00 


RAPID   CALCULATION. 


TABLE  showingr  the  Quantity  of  Various  Kinds  of  Seeds  needed  for  Planting, 
per  Acre,  and  SKode  of  FlautinK. 


Kind  of  Seed. 


AsparafrtiB 

AsparatfUH  plants. 

Barley    

Beuns,  bush 

lieuns,  pole,  Lima 

Beans,  Carolina, 
proline,  etc 

Retits  and  man- 
Kold 

Broom  corn  . . 

Cabbage  


Cabbagre 

Carrots 

Celery  seed 

Celery  plants 

Celery,      white, 

Dutch 

Clover,  Allsko 

Clover,larKered.. 
Clover,  largo  red, 

with  timothy... 
Clover,  Lucerne.. 

Corn,  field 

Corn,  salad 

Corn,  BURar 

Cucumbers 

Flax 

Grass,  timothr... 
Grass,      timothy, 

with  clover. 
Grass,  orchard 
Grass,  red  top  or 

heads 

Grass,  blue — 


Mode 
of  Plantingr 


12  Inch  drills. 
ixiyi  feet  apart 


90  inch  drills... 

4ft.    apart  each 

way 


4x3  feet  apart . 

ao  inch  drills  . . . 

In  drills 

Outside,     for 

transplanting. 

Sown  in  frames. 

30  inch  drill 


4  X  ^  feet  apart. 


10  inch  drills. 


In  hills...  . 
Broadcast. . 


Quantity 
Needed. 


Meas- 
ure 


No. 


16 

8,000 

SI 

ao 

10 

9 
12 

12 

4 

4 

8 

25,000 

13 
6 
10 

12 
10 

8 

25 
10 

3 
20 
10 

ft 
25 

20 

28 


Kind  of  Seed. 


Grass,  rye 

Grass,  lawn... 

Lettuce 

Melons,  citron 

Melons,  water 


Dats.... 
Onions , 
Onions . 


Parsnips  . . 

Parsley 

Peas 

Peas,  short 
varieties . 

Peas,  tail  va- 
rieties..  . 

Pepper-plants 

Potatoes 

Pumpkins 

Radishes 

Kyc 

Rye 

Squash,  bush 


Turnips 

Turnips 

Tomatoes.... 
Tomatoes  .... 


Tomato  plants 

Wheat 

Wheat  .... 


Mode 
of  Planting 


Meas- 
ure 


In  30  inch  rows... 
'n  hills,  4  feet  apart 

each  way.  .  .  . 
n  hill8,8  feet  apart 

each  way. 


In  beds  or  sets 
In  rows  for  large 

bull)8 

iU  Inch  drills.  . 
Zi  inch  drills.  . 
Broadcast ... 


In  drills 


In  drills 

lx2H  feet  apart. 


In  hills,  8x8  feet 
apart 

:M  inch  drills     .. 

Broadcast 

In  drills 

In  hills,  4x4  feet 
apart  . .    . 

In  34  inch  drills 

Broadcast  

In  frames 

Seeds  in  hills,  3  feet 
apart  each  way. 


Broadcast. 
In  hills... 


Ouantity 
Needed. 


ts  . 

bs.. 

Lbs.. 

Lbs.. 

Lbs. 
Bus. 
Lbs. 

Lbs. 
Lbs. 
Lbs. 
Bus 

Bus  . 

Bus 
Pits 
Bus 

Qts. 
Lbs. 
Bus 
Bus 

Lbs. 
Lbs. 
Lbs. 
Oi.. 

Oz.. 
Pits 
Bus 
Bus 


No. 


204 

35 

3 


60 


ItolU 

17,600 

8 

2 
10 


I 

3 
8 
3 
3 

8 

3,800 

2 


*  Qta.,  quarts;  Pits.,  plants;  Bub.,  bushels;  Lbs.,  pounds;  Oz.,  ounces. 
TABIiE    showinflT  the  Number,  Diplomatic  Titles,  and  Salaries  of  the  various 
Foreisn  ministers  of  the  United  States. ^^ 


Country. 


Argentine 
Republic 

Austria- 
Hungary 

Belgium.. 

Bolivia . . . 

Brazil  .... 

Central 
Americ'n 
States  . . . 

Chili 

China 

Colombia 

Corea 

Denmark. 

France    . . 

Germany. 

Great  Bri- 
tain  

Greece, 
Rouma'ia 
&  Servla. 

Hawaiian 
Islands  . . 


Resid'ce. 


Buenos 
Ayres.. 

Vienna.. 
Brussels. 
La  Paz.. 
Rio  de 
Janiero 

Guate- 
mala* .. 

Santiago 

Pekin . . . 

Bogota.. 

ScoU  ... 

Copen- 
hagen  . 

Paris     .. 

Berlin... 

London . 


Athens*. 


Honolu- 
lu   


Title. 


Mln.  Res. 


E.  E.  and  Min.  Plen 

Mln.  Res 

Min.  Res 


E.  E.  and  Min.  Plen 


E.  E.  and  Min.  Plen 
E.  E.  and  Min.  Plen 
E.  E.  and  Min.  Plen 

Min.  Res 

E.  E.  and  Min.  Plen 


E.  E.  and  Min.  Plen 
E.  E.  and  Min.  Plen 
E.  E.  and  Min.  Plen 

E.  E.  and  Min.  Plen 


Min.  Res. 


Min.  Res 


SalY 


7,600 

12,000 
7,500 
5,000 

12,000 


10,000 
10,000 
12,000 
7.500 
6,000 

5,000 
17,500 
17,500 

17,600 


8,600 


7,600 


Country. 


Hayti. 

Italy.. 
Japan. 


Liberia  . 
Mexico  . 
Nether- 
lands— 

Paraguay 
and  Uru- 
guay — 
Persia — 
Peru  .  . 
Portugal 
Russia    . . 

Siam  ... 
Spain  . . . 
Sweden  & 
Norway 
Switzer  d 
Turkey.. 

Venez'cla 


Be8td*nce 


Port-au- 
Prince 

Rome  . . . 

Tokio 
(Vcddo) 

Monrovia 

City  of  M 

The 
Hague  . 


Mont'deo 
Teheran . 
Lima  — 
Lisbon . . 
St  Peters- 
burgh  .. 
Bangkok 
Madrid  .. 

Stock'o'm 
Berne.. . 
Constan- 
tinople 
Caracas. 


Title. 


Sal'y. 


Min.  Res 

B.  B.  and  Min.  Plen 

E.  E.  and  Min.  Plen 
E.  E.  and  Min.  Plen 
E.  E.  and  Min.  Plen 


Mln.  Res 


Min.  Res 

Min.  Res 

E.  E.  and  Min.  Plen 
.Min.  Res 


E.  E.  and  Min.  Plen 
Min.  Ites.     .   ..     ... 

E.  E.  and  Min.  Plen 


Min.  Res 
Min.  Res 


E.  E.  and  Min.  Plen 
Min.  Res 


7,600 
12,000 

12,000 
3,000 
12,000 

7,600 


5,000 
5.000 
10,000 
5,000 

17,500 
5,000 
12,000 

7,500 
5,000 

7,500 
7,500 


*  Ministers  reside  at  the  capital  of  the  country  to  which  sent ;  except  that  the  Minister  to 
the  Central  American  States  (including  Costa  Rica,  Guatemala.  Honduras,  Nicaragua  and 
Salvador)  resides  at  the  capital  of  Guatemala,  and  the  Minister  to  Greece,  Roumania  and 
Servia,  resides  at  the  capital  of  Greece.  _         „  „^         ..  j  w      * 

[Explanation  of  Abbrevations :  E.  E.  and  Min.  Plen.,  Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Minister 
Plenipotentiary ;  Min.  Res.,  Minister  Resident.] 


c*- 


-.>e^^s^-^ 


_  WlJf  11 


'•STv* 


RITING  is  indeed  a  part  of  the  art  preserva- 
tive, and  in  this  age  of  accomphshment,  the 
ability  to  write  well,  with  speed,  and  so 
clear  that  it  can  be  read  with  ease,  should  be 
acquired  by  each  individual,  no  matter  what 
may  be  his  busines  or  place  in  the  world. 

Communication  between  man  and  man  must 
now  be  more  frequent  as  it  becomes  universal,  and  every 
accountable  being  will,  at  once,  find  that  there  is  the  utmost 
need  of  knowing  how  to  handle  the  pen. 

First,  learn  to  write  a  plain,  round  business  hand.  Let 
it  be  neat  and  accurate ;  do  not  yield  to  the  habit  of  botch- 
work  or  bungling.  Pay  due  respect  to  your  correspondent 
by  sending  a  letter  that  is  free  of  a  stupid  or  awkward 
address,  whether  inside  or  outside  of  the  envelope.  Be 
punctilious  about  spelling  the  words  that  you  choose  to  employ. 
Few  are  so  smart  that  a  dictionary  of  words  is  of  small  or  no  use. 
Have  a  dictionary  close  by  as  well  as  your  bible,  and  do  not  grow 
up  or  continue  a  victim  of  bad  spelling. 

MATERIALS  FOR  WRITING. 

To  a  suitable  table  or  desk,  with  light  free  at  the  point  of  the 
pen,  is  to  be  added  the  prerequisite  materials  of  pens,  ink  and  paper. 

Steel  pens  are  in  general  use,  and  are  best  for  most  persons. 
Gold  pens  are  to  be  valued  for  always  producing  the  same  quality 
of  writing,  while  steel  pens,  new  or  old,  produce  finer  or  coarser 
lines,  and  better  lines  as  the  steel  point  adheres  to  the  paper.  One 
will  require  a  coarse  pen,  and  another  a  fine  one ;  the  pen  should  be 
adapted  to  the  hand,  whether  it  be  one  of  the  elastic  series  or  less 
flexible.  There  are  all  grades,  shapes,  and  sizes  to  suit  the  fancy  or 
style  of  all.  Pens  are  to  be  selected  by  trying  one  or  two  of  several 
kinds  before  buying  a  full  supply.  Write  a  few  lines  or  a  page  with 
the  different  points  and  then  compare  the  writing.     If  it  be  shaded 

387 


too  much,  take  a  less  flexible  pen,  if  the  hair  hnes  are  too  delicate, 
take  a  coarser  pen. 

Use  black  ink,  free  from  sediment,  that  flows  well ;  an  inkstand 
with  broad  base  and  small  neck  to  save  it  from  upsetting  and  absorb- 
ing the  dust  of  the  room.  A  fluid  ink  that  does  not  appear  black 
at  once,  but  continues  to  grow  black  and  durable,  is  preferred  by 
business  men  and  accountants.  Fancy  colored  inks  should  be  avoided. 

Paper  is  abundant  and  cheap,  and  it  is  a  mark  of  bad  taste  to 
write  on  an  inferior  article.  Bad  writing  on  good  paper  is  better 
than  gootl  writing  on  bad  paper.  Foolscap  is  best  for  the  practice 
of  penmanship,  as  it  may  be  easily  sewed  into  book-form,  with  cover 
of  some  different  color,  and  serve  the  purpose  very  well.  The 
paper  should  have  a  medium  surface.  A  few  extra  sheets  beside 
the  writing  book  are  needed  for  use  in  testing  the  pens  and  practic- 
ing the  movement  exercises.  There  should  be  many  thicknesses  of 
paper  under  the  pen  of  the  writer,  and  a  large  sized  blotter  under 
the  hand. 


Have  the  will  to  learn,  to  study,  and  to  practice.  Aimless  or 
careless  practice  never  made  a  good  ^v^ite^.  The  forms  of  the 
models  should  be  well  conceived  by  the  mind.  These  must  be 
clearly  formed  in  the  mind  if  you  would  execute  the  pen-work  so 
that  the  writing  will  apj^ar  neat  and  plain.  Study  comes  before 
practice,  or  with  it.  But  practice  does  not  come  before  study  in 
learning  anything.  The  form  of  each  letter  should  be  studied  and 
its  various  parts  fairly  analyzed,  then  practiced. 

POSITION  OF  THE  BODY. 

Sit  squarely  before  the  desk  with  feet  firmly  on  the  floor,  and 
both  arms  on  the  desk,  is  the  best  position  for  practice  in  writing,  or 
correspondence.  Otherwise,  the  right  side  may  be  placed  to  the 
desk,  with  the  right  arm  only  resting  thereon,  and  some  persons 
prefer  this  position.  Do  not  cross  the  feet,  sit  on  the  edge  of  the 
chair,  or  assume  any  careless  attitude.  Sit  erect,  but  slightly  mclined 
forward,  that  the  eye  may  follow  the  pen  closely.  This  is  the  only 
proper  or  healthful  position.  When  wearied  by  sitting  and  the 
effort  of  writing,  rise  from  the  desk  and  take  exercise  by  walking 
about  the  room  or  in  the  open  air ;  then  come  back  refreshed  and 
ready  to  take  new  interest  in  the  practice  of  writing.  Let  the  light 
fall  from  the  left  side,  unless  you  are  left-handed. 


WRITING   MADE   EASY. 


SHADING. 
Shading  has  its  value,  but  business  men,  clerks  and  telegraph 
operators  find  a  uniform  and  regular  style  of  writing,  without  shade, 
the  best,  even  though  it  may  not  be  as  artistic. 

UNIFORMITY. 
This  is  a  necessary  element  in  all  good  penmanship.    There  must 
be  no  irregularity  in  the  slope  of  letters  and  words  that  form  a 
written  page.     Uniformity  in  the  size  of  letters,  all  letters  written 


on  the  line,  and  of  uniform  hight,  are  some  of  the  essentials  of  good 
pen  work. 

SLANT. 
Writing  may  be  more  or  less  positive  in  its  angle  of  slant,  and 
that  will  not  matter  so  much  if  all  the  letters  are  made  to  conform 
exactly  to  the  same  slant.  Writing  that  is  nearest  to  the  perpendic- 
ular is  most  legible,  and  therefore  best  for  business  purposes.  But 
for  ease  in  execution,  the  writing  should  slant,  but  ought  to  be  made 
as  nearly  perpendicular  as  is  consistent  with  ease  of  execution.  The 
slant  of  writing  should  not  be  less  than  sixty  degrees  from  the 
horizontal. 


WKITING   MADE    EASY. 


LEGIBILITY. 

In  learning  to  write,  the  pains  that  are  taken  to  make  it  legible 
should  not  be  offset  by  the  bad  habit  of  making  all  manner  of  mean- 
ingless flourishes.  The  business  man  does  not  look  with  favor  upon 
shades  and  flourishes  in  writing,  but  in  his  estimation  writing  is 
injured  by  them.  A  plain,  regular  style  that  can  be  written  rapidly, 
and  read  at  a  glance,  is  demanded  for  business  purposes. 


POSITION  OF  BODY  WHILE  STANDING. 


PRACTICAL  bookkeeper 
finds  it  advantageous  to  do  his 
writing  while  standing.  Where 
entries  are  to  be  tranferred 
from  one  book  to  another,  as 
is  the  case  where  large  books 
are  in  use,  the  work  cannot  be 
done  in  a  business-like  manner 
in  other  than  a  standing  posi- 
tion. While  writing  in  large 
books,  the  writer  must  place 
his  left  side  to  the  desk,  since 
cumbrous  books  must  lie 
squarely  on  the  desk,  for  con- 
venience, if  not  to  make  the 
most  of  space. 


FINISH. 

Good  pen- work  consists  in  attention  to  small  details ;  each  letter 
and  word  correctly  formed,  makes  the  beautiful  page.  By  careless 
making  of  one  letter,  or  part  of  a  letter  of  a  word,  oftentimes  the 
word  is  mistaken  for  another,  and  the  entire  meaning  changed. 
Particular  attention  should  be  given  to  the  finish  of  some  of  the 
small  letters,  as  the  dotting  of  the  i  and  the  crossing  of  the  t. 
Blending  the  lines  which  form  a  loop,  often  causes  the  letter  to  ap- 
pear as  a  stem,  as  if  it  were  a  t  or  d,  or  an  e  becomes  like  an  i.  If 
the  small  cross  be  left  off  the  capital  F  the  letter  will  be  a  T ;  the  W 
often  becomes  an  M,  or  vice  versa,  and  the  I  a  J.  Each  letter  has 
an  identity  of  its  own,  that  by  study  and  careful  practice  will  be 
preserved. 


WRirrNG   MADE   EASY. 


POSITION  OF  HAND  AND  PEN. 
Rest  the  right  arm  on  the  muscles  just  below  the  elbow,  and  the 
wrist  should  be  elevated  so  as  to  move  free  from  paper  and  desk. 
Turn  the  hand  so  that  the  wrist  will  be  level,  or  so  that  the  back  of 
the  hand  will  face  the  ceiling.  The  third  and  fourth  fingers  turned 
underneath  the  hand  will  form  its  support  and  the  pen  ;  these  fingers 
and  the  muscles  of  the  arm  near  the  elbow  form  the  only  points  of 
rest,  or  contact,  on  desk,  or  paper.  The  pen  should  point  over  the 
shoulder,  and  should  be  so  held  that  it  may  pass  the  root  of  the  nail 
on  the- second  finger,  and  about  opposite  the  knuckle  of  the  hand. 
Teachers  concur  in  the  one  position  above  described.     Any  other  or 


unnatural  position  is  opposed  to  good  writing.  Avoid  an  awkward 
or  cramped  position,  or  drawing  the  forefinger  up  into  a  crooked 
shape.  Hold  the  pen  firmly  but  lightly.  Have  the  will  to  acquire 
the  habit  of  holding  the  pen  correctly,  not  grasping  it  as  if  it  were 
about  to  escape,  and  with  practice  you  will  soon  be  able  to  write 
with  ease. 

RAPIDITY 
An  essential  feature  of  a  practical  business  style  of  writing  must 
be  rapidity  of  execution.  Merchants  require  that  their  clerks  do 
their  writing  well  and  rapidly,  and  the  letters  to  be  answered,  bills 
to  be  made  out,  or  items  to  be  entered  on  the  books  of  account, 
make  it  needful  that  the  clerks  move  the  pen  with  dexterity  and 


WRITIMG   MADE   EASY. 


ease.     In  acquiring  speed  in  writing,  one  should  gradually  increase 
the  speed  until  the  desired  rate  is  accomplished. 

BEAUTY. 
As  in  other  things,  the  element  of  beauty  in  the  handwriting  is 
largely  a  matter  of  taste  and  education.  To  the  man  of  business, 
the  most  beautiful  handwriting  is  that  that  is  written  with  ease,  and 
expresses  plainly  and  neatly  the  thought  of  the  writer.  To  the  pro- 
fessional or  artistic  taste  no  writing  would  be  considered  beautiful 
unless  it  was  made  to  conform  to  rule  as  to  proportion,  shade  and 
spacing.  In  the  practical  art  of  writing,  it  may  be  fair  to  measure 
its  beauty  largely  by  its  utility 

MOVEMENT  - 
In  the  office  or  counting  room,  where  the  clerk  or  correspondent 
must  write  from  morning  till  niglit,  the  finger  movement  cannot  be 
used.  Writing  by  use  of  the  fingers  as  the  motive  power,  is  entirely 
inadequate  to  the  requirements  of  business,  since  the  fingers  soon 
become  tired  and  the  hand  becomes  cramped.  The  whole  arm  or 
free  arm  movement,  in  which  the  arm  is  lifted  from  the  desk  and 
completes  the  letter  with  a  dash  or  swoop,  is  necessary  in  oi-na- 
mental  penmanship,  but  has  no  place  in  a  practical  style  of  business 
writing.  For  the  practicid  purposes  of  business,  the  muscular  move- 
ment, in  which  the  arm  moves  freely  on  the  muscles  below  the 
elbow,  is  best  adapted.  The  third  and  fourth  fingers  may  remain 
stationary  on  the  paper,  and  be  moved  between  words  or  from  time  to 
time,  where  careful  and  accurate  writing  is  desired,  but  in  more  rapid, 
free  and  flowing  penmanship,  the  fingers  should  slide  over  the  paper. 

MOVEMENT  EXERCISES. 
To  obtain  control  of  the  pen  and  train  the  muscles,  a  series  of 
movements  must  be  practiced.  Circular  motion,  as  in  the  capital  O, 
reversed  as  in  the  capital  W,  vertical  movement  as  in  f,  long  s  and 
capital  J,  lateral  motion  as  in  small  letters.  This  is  to  enable  one  to 
move  the  pen  in  any  direction,  up,  down,  or  sidewise.  Try  the 
simplest  exercise  in  movement ;  follow  around  in  the  same  line  as 
as  nearly  as  possible,  without  shading. 


WKITING   MADE   EASY. 


Same  exercise  with  ovals  drawn  out  and  slight  shade  added  to 
each  down  stroke. 


Continuation  of  exercise  for  reverse 
practice. 


Side  of  ovals  should  be  even,  making  a  straight  lie.    Keverse 
the  movement.    Note  the  arrows. 


Essential  elements  of  capital  letters  are  as  shown  in  the  following 
three  exercises,  which  should  at  first  be  made  large  for  the  purposes 
of  movement. 

Capital  0,  down  strokes  parallel. 


394 


wErrmo  made  east. 


Capital  stem.   Down  stroke  curved,  shade  low,  finish  with  a  dash. 


Capital  loop.     Curves  paralleL     First  curve  highest. 


Lateral  movement,  by  which  one  writes  long  words  without 
lifting  the  pen. 

Down  strokes  straight,  even  and  resting  on  line. 


Third  and  fourth  fingers  should  slide  on  the  paper.     Avoid  the 
finger  movement.    Combine  the  movements  in  various  forms. 


Lateral  and  rolling  movement  combined.  Vertical  movement 
and  rolling  movement  combined.  Do  not  shade  the  circles.  Lines 
should  be  parallel. 


Repeating  many  of  the  small  letters,  as  m,  u,  e,  r,  s,  a,  d,  h  and 
c;  also  capitals  D,  J,  P,  etc.,  forms  an  excellent  exercise  for  the 
learner. 


WRITING   MADE   EAST. 


PRINCIPLES  IN   WRITING. 
Essential  parts  of  all  letters  of  the  alphabet  are  here  shown,  by 
which  the  learner  can  examine,  analyze  and  criticise  his  writing. 


/  ^         c^  ^     c57 


Study  the  principles  well;  the  I'orm  of  each  should  be  iixed  in  the 
mind.  Then  make  a  scale  by  dividing  the  distance  between  the  blue 
hnes  on  the  paper  into  equal  spaces,  as  shown  in  the  diagram,  and 
write  the  letters  down  as  they  appear  there. 


^ 


<^jyy//:jjy>^yy/^x/y 


Contracted  letters,  as  a,  c,  e,  m,  n,  o,  r,  s,  u,  v,  w,  x,  that  occupy 
one  space,  and  that  part  of  d,  g,  h,  q  and  y,  found  in  the  first  space, 
are  all  well  rounded  and  developed.  These  and  part  of  letters  found 
in  the  first  space,  form  the  essential  part  of  all  writing,  and  there- 
fore deserve  special  care. 

Notice  that  the  loop  letters,  b,.f,  h,  k  and  1,  extend  two  and  one- 
half  spaces  above  the  blue  line,  while  the  loop  below  the  line,  as  g, 
f J  j>  %  y  ^^^  z,  extends  one  and  one-half  spaces  below  the  blue  line. 
If  all  loops  are  made  exact  or  within  the  space  for  them,  then  the 
loops  on  one  line  will  just  meet  the  lower  loops  of  the  line  above, 
but  never  confl.ict,  to  the  destruction  of  neat  body  writing. 

Telegraph  operators,  some  of  whom  are  among  our  best  business 
penmen,  make  all  extended  letters  very  short,  while  accountants 
and  business  men,  favor  the  style  of  short  loops,  well  developed 
letters,  and  capitals  made  small. 

Apply  the  principles.  Observe  regularity. 

Muscular  movement. 


WEITING    MADE    EAST. 


Down  strokes  straight.  Up  strokes  cur.ved. 

Well  formed  loop.     Make  letters  even.  ' 

Practice  these  exercises  with  the  muscular  movement  until  they 
can  be  made  with  regularity  and  ease. 

Let  third  and  fourth  lingers  shde.    Jsotice  the  top  of  the  r. 

Small  o  closed  at  the  top.    No  retracing  in  a. 
Two  spaces  high.     Down  strokes  straight. 

Mark  the  principles.     Do  not  retrace. 


Notice  form.     In  w,  last  part  narrow.     Make  ^vithout  raising 
the  pen. 

Extend  two  spaces  above  the  Une,  and  one.  below. 


WKITING   MADE   EASY. 


Eetracing  is  an  error.     The  only  exception  to  this  is  in  d,  t,  p 
and  X,  where  it  becomes  necessary. 


>^^^^^^^^^^^: 


Upper  loops  have  their  crossing  at  the  height  of  one  space,  while 
lower  loops  cross  at  the  blue  line. 


.^u^n^^y^i^^^ri^J^^^ 


Place  the  capital  letters  on  the  scale,  analyze  them  according  to 
principles  6,  7  and  8,  and  notice  their  relative  proportions. 


Practice  the  oval  letters. 


WEITING   MADE   EASY. 


ORNAMENTAL  PENMANSHIP. 
Most  beautiful  forms  may  be  drawn  with  the  pen,  as  elegant  out 
lines  of  the  bird,  landscape,  swan  or  reindeer,  but  ornate  writing  or 
pen-work  has  no  connection  whatever  with  the  practical  business  of 
life.  To  do  that  kind  of  work,  one  must  have  the  skill  of  an  expert 
and  the  eye  of  an  artist.  Th#  appended  dlustration,,a  fac-simile  of 
pen-work,  will  show  what  a  degree  of  artistic  elegance  can  be  at- 
tained m  the  use  of  the  pen  by  the  careful  study  and  constant  prac- 
tice of  the  rules  laid  down  in  this  book. 

Ovals  must  be  made  full  and  round.     No  comers  or  flat  sides. 


Letters  in  which  the  capital  stem,  or  seventh  principle  forms  a 

Icadinix  jiart.  arc  as  follows: 


In  H  and  K,  the  capital  stem  is  atmost  straight  on  the  down 
stroke,  in  F,  and  T,  it  is  a  little  more  of  a  wave  line,  and  in  S  and  L 
the  line  is  much  of  a  compound  or  double  curve 


y 


Capital  I,  and  also  J,  which  is  a  modified  I,  is  sometimes  closed 
among  the  capital  stem  letters,  from  the  resemblance  of  the  I  to 
this  principle  in  ail  but  the  top. 


c# 


WRITINO    MADE    EASY. 


1 


399 


WEATHER   SIGNS. 


WEATHER  SIGNS. 

A  rosy  sky  at  sunset  presages  fine  weather;  a  red  sky  in  the  morning,  bad  weather, 
probably  rain.  In  the  morning,  if  gray  dawn,  fine  weather;  low  dawn,  fairweather;  high 
dawn,  wind.  A  bright  blue  sky  denotes  fine  weather;  dark  blue  sky,  wind.  Soft  looking 
clouds  presage  fine  weather,  with  light  breezes.  Clouds  with  hard  looking  edges 
denote  strong  wind.  At  sunset,  if  bright  yellow  sky,  expect  hard  wind;  rain,  if  pale 
yellow.  Clouds  that  are  small  and  black  indicate  rain;  scurrying  clouds,  wind  or  rain. 
Following  clear  weather,  if  light  streaks  or  mottled  patches  of  white  clouds  appear, 
followed  by  growing  cloudiness,  wind  or  rain  may  be  sure  to  follow. 


RELATIVE  DURABILITY  OF  VARIOUS  KINDS  OF  WOOD. 

The  figures  given  below  were  ascertained  by  experiment.  A  square  piece  of  each 
variety,  1^  inches  square  and  two  feet  in  length,  was  driven  into  the  ground  to 
within  one-half  inch  of  Its  entire  length.  At  the  end  of  five  years,  these  pieces  were 
taken  up  and  examined,  and  their  condition  was  found  to  be,  respectively,  as  follows: 

Ash,  elm,  fir,  oak,  soft  mahogany  and  every  variety  of  soft  pine  were  found  to 
be  entirely  decayed. 

Hard  pine,  larch  and  teal-wood,  were  sound  at  the  core  but  rotten  on  the  outside. 

Cedar  of  Lebanon  and  hard  mahogany  were  in  fairly  good  condition,  decay 
being  slight. 

Virginia  cedar  and  locust  were  foimd  unaffected,  being  as  sound,  in  all  respects, 
as  when  driven  into  the  ground. 


Easy  Bides  for  Computing  Simple  Interest. 


Four  per  cent 

Five  percent 

Six  per  cent 

Seven  and  three- 
tenths  per  cent* 
Eight  per  cent... 

Nine  per  cent 

Ten  per  cent 

Twelve  per  cent. . 


Multiply  Principal  by 


Number  of  days  to  run,  and  point  off  the  right-hand  figure 

Number  of  days  to  run 

Number  of  days,  and  point  off  the  right-hand  figure 


Twice  the  number  of  days 

Number  of  days   Forty-five. 

Number  of  days,  and  separate  the  right-hand  figure Four. 

Number  of  days Thirty.«ii. 

Number  of  days,  and  separate  the  right-hand  figure I  Three. 


Divide 
product  by 


Nine. 
Seventy-two. 

Six. 


*  At  this  rate  $100  earns  two  cents  per  day. 


Showing  the  Length  (in  feet)  of  Iron  "Wire  Per  Bundle.* 

Gauge, 

or  size. 

Length,  feet. 

Gauge,  or  size. 

Length,  feet. 

Gauge,  or  size. 

Length,  feet. 

No.  0 

213 
273 
315 
363 
429 
510 
609 

No.  7 

717       ■ 
858 
1,028 

No.  14 

No.  15 

3,428 

No.  1 

No.  8 

No.  9 

4,404 

No.  2 

No.  16 

No.  17 

5,862 

No.  3 

No.  10 

i.2fln 

7,620 

No.  4 

No.  11 1,587 

No.  12 ,              2.100 

No.  18        ..   .. 

9,4.50 

No.  5 

No.  19 

12,556 

No.  6 

1  No.  13 

2,409        1 

No.  20 

14,736 

*  The  weight  of  iron  wire  per  bundle  is  uniformly  63  pounds ;  its  length  depends  upon  its 
fineness,  or,  in  other  words,  its  size. 


ABBREYIATIOHS  0  CONTRACTIONS 

USED   IN 
WRITING   AND    PRINTING. 


A.,  or  Ans.     Answer. 

A.  A.  O.    Assistant  Adjutant  General. 

A.  B.     Bachelor  of  Arts  (See  B.  A.) 

Abp.     Archbishop. 

Abr.     Abridged. 

A.  G.     Before  Christ. 

A.  D.     In  the  year  of  our  Lord. 

Adjt.     Adjutant. 

Admr.     Administrator. 

Adrnx.     Administratrix. 

^.,  or  ^t.     Of  age;  aged. 

Af. ,  or  Afr.     Africa,  African, 

Agr.     Agriculture. 

Afft.     Agent;  Against. 

Ala.     Alabama. 

Aid.     Alderman. 

A.  M.     Master  of  Arts;  Before  noon;  In 

the  j'ear  of  the  world. 
Am. ,  or  Ami.     Amount. 
Anal.     Analysis. 
Anat.     Anatomy. 
Ang.-Sax.    Anglo-Saxon. 
Anon.     Anonymous. 
Anatomy. 

April. 
Apocalypse. 

Appendix. 

Water. 

Arkansas. 

Arctic. 

Assistant. 
Astrol.     Astrology. 
Astron.     Astronomy. 
Alt.,  Atty.     Attorney. 
Atty.  Oen.     Attorney  General. 
Aug.     August. 
AnM.     Austria,  Austrian. 
Av.     Average. 
Ave.     Avenue. 
Avoir.     Avoirdupois. 


B.  Base,  or  bass  (m  music);  Book;  Baron; 
Born;  Buy. 

B.  A.  Bachelor  of  Arts;  British  Amer- 
ica (See  A.  B.). 

Bat.     Balance. 

Bar.     Barrel. 

Bart.,  or  Bt.    Baronet. 


Anat. 
Apl. 
Apoc. 
App. 

Aq. 

Ark. 
Art. 


Bbl.    Barrel,  barrels.  \ 

B.  C.     Before  Christ. 

B.  G.  L.    Bachelor  of  Civil  Law. 

B.  D.     Bachelor  of  Divinity. 

Bd.     Bond;  Bound. 

Belg.     Belgian. 

Benj.     Benjamin 

Bib.     Bible;  Biblical. 

Biog.     Biography;  Biographical. 

Bk.    Book. 

B.  L.    Bachelor  of  Laws. 

B.  LL.     Bachelor  of  Laws  (See  LL.  B.). 

B.  M.     Bachelor  of  Medicine 

Bor.     Born;  Borough. 

Bat.     Botany,  botanical,  botanist. 

Bp.    Bishop. 

Braz.     Brazilian. 

Brig.    Brigade,  Brigadier. 

Brig.  Gen.     Brigadier  General. 

Bro.     Brother. 

Burl.     Burlesque. 

B.  V.    Blessed  Virgin. 

B.  V.  M.    Blessed  V  irgin  Mary. 


G.  Carbon;  Church;  Congress;  Consul; 
One  hundred;  Cent;  Chapter. 

Gal.     Calendar;  California. 

Gam.,  or  Gavnb.     Cambridge. 

Can.     Canada. 

Gap.     Chapter;  Capital. 

Gaps.    Capitals. 

Gapt.     Captain. 

Gard.     Cardinal. 

Gash.     Cashier. 

Gat.     Catalogue. 

Gath.    Catholic;  Catharine;  Cathedral. 

G.  B.    Companion  of  the  Bath. 

C.  E.    Civil  Engineer. 

Gent.    A  hundred. 

G.  O.  Captain  of  the  Guard;  Commis- 
sary General;  Counsel  General. 

G.  H.    Court  House;  Custom  House. 

Gh.     Church. 

Ghal.     Chaldron. 

Ghanc.     Chancellor. 

Ghap.     Chapter. 

Ghas.     Charles. 

Chr.     Christopher;  Christian. 

Ohron.     Chronicles;  Chronology. 


401 


ABBKEVIATI0N8    AND   OONTEACTION8. 


Cfc.     Cicero. 

Civ.    Civil. 

C.  J.    Cliief  Justice. 

Clk.    Clerk. 

C.  M.     Common  Meter. 

Co.     Company;  County. 

C.  0.  D.     Cash  (or  collect)  on  delivery. 

Col.  Colonel;  Colonial;  Colossians;  Col- 
umn. 

Coll.  College;  Collector;  Collection;  Col- 
league. 

Colloq.     Colloquial. 

Com.  Comniisfeioner;  Committee;  Com- 
mentary; Common;  Commodore. 

Covj.     Conjunction. 

Conn.     Connecticut. 

Const.     Constable;  Constitution. 

Cor.  Mem.     Corresponding  Member. 

Cor.  Sec.     Corresponding  Secretary. 

0.  8.  A.  Confederate  States  of  America; 
Confederate  Army. 

Ct.    Connecticut;  Court;  Coimt. 

Cts.     Cents. 

Cwt.    Hundred-weight. 

Cyc.    Cyclopedia. 


D.  David;  Duke;  Duchess;  Dowager; 
Dutch;  A  penny  or  pence. 

Dan.     Danish;  Daniel. 

D.  C.  District  of  Coliunbia;  (in  music) 
From  the  beginning. 

D.  C.  L.  Doctor  of  Civil  (or  Canon) 
Law. 

Z>.  D.    Doctor  of  Divinity. 

Dea.     Deacon. 

Dee.     December. 

Def.     Definition. 

Deft.     Defendant. 

Dd.     Delaware. 

Dem.    Democrat;  Democratic. 

Den.     Denmark. 

Dep.     Deputy. 

Dept.     Department;  Deponent. 

Deut.     Deuteronomy. 

Dft.    Defendant. 

D.  O.     By  tlie  grace  of  Gk)d. 

D.  II.     Dead  head. 

Diet     Dictionary;  Dictator. 

Dis.     Distant;  Distance. 

Dir'-ct.     Discount. 

Dist.     District. 

Dist.  Atty.     District  Attorney. 

Div.  Divided;  Division;  Divisor;  Divi- 
dend. 

D.  M.    Doctor  of  Music  (see  Mus.  Doc.). 

Do.     The  same. 

Dots.    Dollars. 

Dog.    Dozen. 

D.  P.  Doctor  of  Philosophy  (see  P.  D. , 
also  Ph.  D.). 

Dpt.     Deponent. 

Dr.     Debtor ;  Doctor  ;  Dram ;  Drachms. 

D  S.     (In  music)  From  the  sign. 

D.  T.     Dakota  Territory. 


Dub.     Dublin. 

D.  V.     God  being  willing. 

DiDt.     Pennyweight,  or  Pennyweights. 

E 

E.  East;  Eastern;  Eari. 
Ea.     Each. 

Ecd.  or  Ecdeit.     Ecclesiastcs. 
Eccl.  Hint.     Ecclesiastical  History. 
Ed.     Editor;  Edition. 
Edin.     Edinburgh. 
EdxD.    Edward. 
^.     Errors  excepted. 
E.  Eg.     Ells  English. 
E.  II.  Ells  Flemish. 
E.  Fr.     Ells  French. 
E.  O.    For  example. 
E.  I.    East  Indies. 
Elee.    Electricity. 
EUz.     Elizabeth. 
E.  Lon.     East  Longitude. 
Ehnp.     Emperor;  Empress. 
Ency.  or  Encyc.     Encyclopedia. 
Encyr.  Aiiier.     Encyclopeaia  Americana. 
Encyc.  Brit.     Encyclopedia  Britannica. 
E.  N.  E.     East  Northeast. 
Eng.     England;  English. 
Env.  Ext.    Envoy  Extraordinary. 
Eb.    Epistle. 
Eph.    Ephesians. 
Epiph.     Epiphany. 
Eq.    Equal;  Equivalent 
E.  S.     Ells  Scotch. 
E.  8.  E.     East  Southeast. 
Esq.    Esquire. 

Etal.    And  the  others;  and  elsewhere. 
Et  »eg.     And  the  following. 
Be.    Example;  Exception;  Exodus. 
JSrcr.     Executor. 
Bxcrx.     Executrix. 
Eoood.     Exodus. 
Buk.    Ezekicl. 

E.   &  0.  E.     Errors    and    ommissions 
excepted. 


F.  France;  Follow;  Folio;  Friday;  Flor- 
in; Foot. 

Fa.     Florida. 

FaJir.    Fahrenheit. 

F.  A.  M.    Free  and  Accepted  Masons. 

Far.    Farthing;  Farriery. 

Fcfp.    Foolscap. 

jpfer.     Iron. 

Feb.     February. 

Fee.    He  did  it. 

Feud.     Feudal. 

Fig.    Figure;  Figurative;    Figuratively. 

Mr.     Firkin. 

Fl.     Flemish;  Florida. 

Fl.     Florin;  Florins;  Flourished. 

F-.  France;  French;  Franc;  Francis; 
From. 

F.  R.  C.  8.  Fellow  of  the  Royal  CoUege 
of  Surgeons. 


ABBREVIATIONS    AND   C0NTBACTI0N8. 


Fri.     Friday. 
Fath.     Fathom. 
Fur.     Furlong. 
Fut.    Future. 


G 


O.    Genitive;  Guinea;  Gulf. 

Oa.     Georgia. 

Oal.     Galatians;  Galen. 

Oal.     Gallon;  Gallons. 

Oalv.     Galveston. 

G=.  B.     Great  Britain. 

O.  B.  and  /.     Great  Britain  and  Ireland. 

G^.  C.     Grand  Chapter. 

Oen.     General;  Genesis;  Geneva. 

Oent.     Gentleman. 

Oeo.     George. 

Geog.     Geography;  Geographer. 

Oeol.     Geology  ;    Geological ;   Geologist. 

Qeom.     Geometiy. 

Oer.  or  Oerm.     German. 

Gi.     Gill  or  Gills. 

G.  L.     Grand  Lodge. 

G.  M.     Grand  Master. 

G.  0.     Grand  Order. 

Gr.     Great;  Greek;  Gross;  Grain. 

Gram.     Grammar. 

G.  8.     Grand  Secretary;  Grand  Scribe; 

Grand  Sentinel. 
G.  T.    Good  Templar;  Grand  Tyler. 


H.     High;  Height;  Harbor;  Hour. 

Hab.     Habakuk. 

Hag.     Hageai. 

H.  B.  M.     Her  (or  His)  Britannic  Majesty. 

H.  G.     House  of  Commons. 

Hdkf.     Handkerchief. 

Heb.     Hebrew;  Hebrews. 

H.  G.     Horse  Guards. 

H.  H.  His  (or  Her)  Highness;  His  Holi- 
ness (the  Pope). 

Hhd.     Hogshead. 

H.  I.  H.  His  (or  Her)  Imperial  High- 
ness. 

Ilind.     Hindoo;  Hindostan. 

Hist.     History;  Historical. 

H  L.     House  of  Lords. 

H  M.     His  (or  Her)  Majesty. 

H  M.  S.  His  (or  Her)  Majesty's  Steam- 
er, Ship  or  Service. 

Ho.     House. 

Hon.     Honorable. 

Hon'd.     Honored. 

Hort.     Horticulture. 

Hos.     Hosea. 

//.  P.  Horse-power  ;  Half -pay  ;  High- 
Priest. 

H.  B.     House  of  Representatives. 

H  R.  E.     Holy  Roman  Empire. 

H.  R.  H.     His  (or  Her)  Royal  Highness. 

H.  R.  I.  P.     Here  rests  in  peace. 

Hum.     Humble. 

Hun.     Hungary. 

Hund.     Hundred. 


Hyd.    Hydrostatics. 

Hydraul.     Hydraulics. 

Hypoth.    Hypothesis;  Hypothetical. 


/.    India;  Iceland. 

lb.  or  Ibid.     The  same. 

Ice.  or  Icel     Iceland;  Icelandic. 

Id.    The  same. 

J.  T.    Idaho  Territory. 

/.  E.    That  is. 

/.  H.  8.    Jesus,  the  Savior  of  Men. 

III.  or  Ills.     Illinois. 

Imp.    Imperial. 

Imp.  or  Imper.    Imperative. 

Imp.  or  Imperf.     Imperfect. 

In.    Inch;  Inches. 

Incog.     Unknown. 

Ind.     India;  Indian;  Indiana. 

Ind.  or  Indie.     Indicative. 

Ind.  T.  or  Ind.   Ter.    Indian  Territory. 

Inf.     Infinitive. 

1.  N.  R.  I.  Jesus,  of  Nazareth,  Eling 
of  the  Jews. 

Ins.    Inspector;  Insurance;  Instant. 

Ins.  Gen.     Inspector  General. 

Inst.    Instant  (the  present  month). 

Int.    Interest. 

Introd.     Introduction. 

la.    Iowa. 

/.  0.  0.  F.  Independent  Order  of  Odd 
Fellows. 

/.  0.  8.  M.  Independent  Order  of  the 
Sons  of  Malta, 

I.  0.  U.  I  owe  you— an  acknowledg- 
ment for  money. 

Irreg.     Irregular. 

I.  8.    Inside  Sentinel. 

Is.  or  Isa.    Isaiah. 

Is.  or  Isl.     Island. 

/.  T.    Indian  Territory. 

It.  or  Itai.     Italy;  Italian;  Italic. 


J.    Judge. 

Jam.    Jamaica. 

Jan.    January. 

Jos.    James. 

J.  C.    Jesus  Christ;  Julius  Csesar. 

J.  D.    Junior  Deacon. 

Jer.     Jeremiah. 

J.  G.  W.    Junior  Grand  Warden. 

J.  H.  8.    Jesus,  the  Savior  of  Men  (See 

I.  H.  S.). 
Jno.    John. 
JoTia.    Jonathan. 
Jos.    Joseph. 
Josh.    Joshua. 

Jour.    Journal;  Journeyman. 
J.  P.    Justice  of  the  Peace. 
J.  Prob.    Judge  of  Probate. 
Jr.    Junior. 
Jul.    July. 
Jun.    June;  Junior. 
Just.     Justice. 
J.  W.    Junior  Warden, 


ABBREVIATIONS   AND   OONTKACTIONS. 


K.     King;  Knight. 

Kan.     Kansas. 

K.  B.     Knight  of  the  Bath. 

K.  G.     King's  Counsel. 

K.    C.  B.    Knight  Commander  of  the 

Bath. 
K.   L.  H.    Knight   of   the   Legion   of 

Honor. 
K.  M.     Knight  of  Malta. 
Kin.     Kingdom. 
Knick.     KnickerlxKJker. 
K.  P.    Knight*  of  Pythia*. 
Kt.     Knight. 
K.  T.     Knight  Templar. 
Ky.    Kentucky. 


L.    Lady;   Latin;  Lord;  Law;  Book; 

Lake. 
L.  or  lb.    A  pound  (in  weight). 
L.  or  £.    A  pound  sterling. 
La.    Louisiana. 
Lat.    Latin. 
Ld.    Lord. 
Lev.    Leviticus. 
Lib.    Book. 

Lieut.,  or  Lt.     Lieutenant 
Lieut.-Col.     Lieutcnjint-C'olonel. 
Lieut.-Oen.     Lieutenant  General. 
Lieut.-Gov.     Lieutenant-Governor. 
Liq.     Liquid ;  Liquor. 
Lit.     Literature  ;  Literary;  Literally. 
LL.B.    Bachelor  of  Laws.    See  B.  L. 

and  B.LL. 
LL.D.     Doctor  of  Laws.    See  D.LL. 
Lon.,  or  Land.     London. 
Lon.,  or  Long.     Longitude. 
L.  8.  D.    Pounds,  Shillings,  Pence. 
Lt.  Inf.     Light  Infantry. 
Lo.    Livres. 

M 

M.  Marquis ;  Middle ;  Monday ;  Mon- 
sieur; Morning;  Thousand;  Meridian, 
or  Noon;  Masculine;  Month;  Minute; 
Mile. 

Mae. .  or  Mace.    Maccabees. 

Macad.     Macadam. 

Mark.     Machinery. 

Mdj.     Major. 

Mnj  -Oen.     Major- GeneraL 

Manuf.     Manufacturing. 

Mar.     March. 

Marq.     Marquis. 

Masc.     Masculine. 

Ma^s.    Massachusetts. 

Math.    Mathematics;  Mathematician. 

MaU.    Matthew. 

M.  C  Member  of  Congress;  Master  of 
Ceremonies. 

.V.  D.     Doctor  of  Medicine. 

Md.    Maryland. 

Mdlle.     Mademoiselle. 

M.  E.  Methodist  Episcopal;  Mechanical 
Engineer. 


Me.    Maine. 

Mech.     Mechanics. 

Med.    Medicine. 

M.  E.  O.  H.  P.    Most  Excellent  Grand 

High  Priest. 
Mem.,  or  Memo.    Memorandxmi. 
Meth.    Methodist. 
Mex.     Mexico;  Mexican. 
Mich.     Michigan. 
Min.     Minute;  Minutes. 
Mm.  Plen.     Minister  Plenipotentiary. 
Minn.     Minnesota. 
Miu.    MissiRsippi. 
M.  M.    Their  Majesties. 
Mme.    Madame. 
Mo.    Missouri. 
Mod.     Modem. 
Mon,,  or  Mond.     Monday. 
Mont.    Monsieur,  or  Sir. 
M.  P.    Member  of  Parliament;  Member 

of  Police;  Municipal  Police. 
MS.     Manuscript. 
M8S.     Manuscripts. 
Mt».    Mountains. 
Mu».  Doc.    Musical  Doctor; 
M.  W.    Most  Worthy. 
M.  W.  P.    Most  Worthy  Patriarch. 
M.    W.   O.  M.    Most  Worthy  (or  Most 

Worshipful)  Grand  Master. 
M.   W.  S.    Jlember  of  the  Worshipful 

Societv. 
Myth.    Mytliology;  Mythological 


N 


N.    Noon;  North;  Note;  Name;  Number; 

New. 
N.  A.    North  America. 
Nah.    Nahum. 
Nap.     Napoleon. 
Nat.     Natural;  National;  Natal. 
Nai.  Ilist.     Natural  History. 
Naut.     Nautical. 
N.  B.    Note  well,  or  take  notice;  New 

Brunswick. 
N.  C.    North  Carolina. 
N.  E.    North-east;  New  England. 
Neb.     Nebraska. 
Neg.    Negative. 
N^.     Nehemiah. 
Nem.  Con.    No  one  contradictory;  imani- 

mously. 
Neih.    Netherlands. 
New  Mex.     New  Mexico. 
N.  F.     Newfoundland. 
N.  H.    New  Hampshire. 
N.  J.    New  Jersey. 
N.  Lat.     North  Latitude. 
N.  0.    New  Orleans. 
N.  P.     Notary  Public. 
N.  S.     Nova  Scotia. 
N.  T.    Nevada  Territory. 
N.  W.     Nortn-west. 
N.  T.    New  York. 
N.  Z.    New  Zealand. 


ABBBEVIATIONa  AND   OONTRACTIONS. 


0.    Ohio. 

Obit.     Died. 

Obad.     Obadiah. 

Obs.     Observatory. 

Obt.,  or  Obdt.    Obedient. 

Oct.     October. 

0.  F.     Odd  Fellows. 

Old  Test.    Old  Testament. 

Op.     Opposite. 

Or.     Oregon. 

Ord.     Ordinance;  Ordinary. 

Ong.     Original. 

0.  S.    Old  Style:  Outside  Sentinel. 

C^f.,  or  Oxon.     Oxford. 


P.    Pole;  Pope;  Pint;  Page. 

Pa.     Pennsylvania. 

Pari.     Parliament. 

Part.     Participle. 

P.  B.     Bachelor  in  Philosophy. 

P.  G.     Privy  Council. 

P.  D.     Doctor  of  Philosophy. 

P.  E.     Protestant  Episcopal. 

P.  E.  I.     Prince  Edward's  Island. 

Penn.,  or  Penna.    Pennsylvania. 

Per  cent.     By  the  hundred. 

P.  G.     Past  Grand. 

Pg.     Portuguese. 

Phar.     Pharmacy. 

Ph.  B.     Bachelor  of  Philosophy. 

Ph.  Doc.     Doctor  of  Philosophy. 

PhUa.     Philadelphia. 

Pk.     Peck;  Pecks. 

P.  if.     Postmaster;    Post   Meridian   (or 

afternoon). 
P.  M.  O.     Postmaster-General. 
P.  0.     Postoffice. 
P.  0.  D.     Postofflce  Department. 
Port.     Portugal;  Portuguese. 
P.  R.     Prize  Ping;  Porto  Rico. 
Pres.     President. 
Prof.     Professor. 
Prot.     Protestant. 
Pro  tern.     For  the  time  being. 
P.  S.     Postscript;  Privy  Seal. 
Pt.     Pint;  Pints. 
Pub.     Public. 
Pvi).  Doc.    Public  Documents. 


a 

Question. 
Query:  Question;  Queen. 
B.     Queen's  Bench. 
.  C.     Queen'sCounsel;  Queen's  College, 
.  E.  D.     Which  was  to  be  demonstrated. 
.  M.     Quartermaster. 
M.  O.     Quartermaster-General. 
Quarter  (28  lbs.). 
t.     Quart.     Qts.    Quarts. 
u.     Queen;  Question. 
_'.  V.     Which  see. 
Qy.    Query. 


R.    Railway;  River;  Rood;  Rod;  King; 

Queen. 
R.  A.    Royal  Academy;  Rear  Admiral; 

Royal  Arch. 
Rod.    Radical;- Root. 
Rec'd.     Received. 
R.  C.    Roman  Catholic. 
Recpt.    Receipt. 
Rec.  Sec.    Recording  Secretary. 
Rect.     Rector;  Receipt. 
Ref.    Reformer ;  Reformed ;  Reformation ; 

Reference. 
Ref.  Ch.     Reformed  Church. 
Reg.    Register;  Regular. 
Regt.    Regiment. 
Rep.    Representative;    Republican;  sRe- 

porter. 
Repub.    Republic. 
Retd.    Returned. 
Rev.    Revelations;  Revolution;  Revenue; 

Review. 
Rev. ,  or  Revd.     Reverend. 
Rhet.    Rhetoric. 
R.  I.    Rhode  Island. 
Richd.     Richard. 
Riv.     River. 
R.  N.     Royal  Navy. 
Robt.     Robert. 
Rom.     Roman;  Romans. 
Rom.  Cath.     Roman  Catholic. 
Rt.    Right. 

Rt.  Hon.     Right  Honorable. 
Rt.  Rev.     Right  Reverend. 
Rt.  Wpful.     Right  Worshipful. 

R.  W.    Right  Worthy;  Right  Worshipful. 

S 

8.     Sign;  South;  Saint;  Sunday;  Second; 

Shilling. 
8.  A.     South    America;  South    Africa; 

South  Australia. 
8av8.,  or  Sansc.     Sanscrit. 
8at.    Saturday. 
Sax.     Saxon. 
8.  C.     South  Carolina. 
Sc.    Namely,  To-wit. 
Sci.     Science;  Scientific. 
Scr.     Scruple. 
8.  D.     Senior  Deacon. 
8.  E.     South-east. 
Sec.    Secretary;  Second;  Section. 
Sen.     Senior. 
Sep. ,  or  Sept.     September. 
Serg.,  or  Serj.     Sergeant. 
Sew.,  or  Servt.     Servant. 
Sh.     Shilling. 
Shuk.     Shakspeare. 
Sing.     Singular. 
8.  J.     Society  of  Jesus. 
8.  Lat.     South  Latitude. 
8.  M.  J.     His  (or  Her)  Imperial  Majesty 
8.  of  Sol.     Song  of  Solomon. 
Soc.    Society. 


Sol.  Oen.     Solicitor  General. 

8q.     Square. 

8q.  ft.     Square  feet. 

8q.  in.     Square  inch, 

Sq.  m.     Square  miles. 

Sq.  rd.     Square  rods. 

8q.  yds.     Square  yards. 

8r.     Senior. 

8.  8.     Sunday  School. 

8.  8.  E.    South  South-east 

8.  8.  W.     South  South-west. 

^.     Saint;  Stone;  Street. 

8.  T.  D.    Doctor  of  Sacred  Theology. 

8un.     Sunday. 

8un.    Superior;  Supplement;  Superfine; 

Superlative. 
8upr.     Superior. 
8upt.     Superintendent. 
Surg.     Surgeon. 
Burg.  Qen.    Surgeon  General. 
Sure.     Surveyor. 
Sure.  Oen.    Surveyor-General. 
8.  W.     South-west. 
Sw.     Sweden ;  Swedish. 
/SW/te.     Switzerland. 
8pn.    Synonym;  Synonymous, 
Synop.     Synopsis. 
i%r.    Syria. 


T.    Tuesday ;  Town ;  Territory. 

Tan.,  or  Tang.    Tangent. 

1\  E.    Topographicd  Engineers. 

Tex.    Texas. 

Th.    Thursday. 

Theo.    Theodore;  Theodosia. 

Theol.    Theology. 

Tim.    Timothy. 

Topog.    Topography;  Topographical. 

TV.    Translation;  Iranslator;  Transpose; 

Trustee. 
Treaa.     Treasurer. 
Tri.    Trinity. 
Tu.    Tuesday. 
Turk.     Turkey;  Turkish. 
TVp.,  or  Typo.     Typographer. 
'^fpog.    Typography. 


U.  8.  N.     United  States  Navy. 

U.  8.  8.     United  States  Senator;  United 

States  Ship,  or  Service. 
U.  8.  V.    United  States  Volunteers. 
U,  T.     Utah  Territory. 


V.    Viscount;    Victoria;    Verb;   Verse; 

Village;  Volume. 
V. ,  or  vg.     Against. 
V.  A.    Vice  Admiral;  Vicar  Apostle. 
Va.     Virginia. 

V.  C     Vice  Cliancelloi ;  Vice  Chairman. 
F.  D.  L.    Van  Diemen's  Land. 
Ven.    Venerable. 

V.  O.    Vicar  General;  Vice  Grand. 
Vice  Preat.    Vice  P^resident. 
Vi».,  or  Vi»et.     Viscount. 
Vol.     Volume. 
V.  P.     Vice  President. 
V.  R.    Queen  Victoria. 
Vt.    Vermont. 
Vuig.    Vulgar;  Vulgarly. 

W 

W.    "West;  Wednesday;  Warden;  Week. 

W.  A.    West  Africa;  West  Australia. 

Wed.    Wednesday. 

W.  O.  M.    Worthy  Grand  Master. 

W.  O.  8.    Worthy  Grand  Secretary. 

Whf.     Wharf. 

Wk.    Week. 

W.  I.    West  Indies. 

Wi».    Wisconsin. 

IV.  Tjon.     West  Longitude. 

W.  M.     Worshipful  Alaster. 

W.  N.  W.     West  North-west. 

W.  P.     Worthy  Patriarch. 

W.  8.  W.     West  South  west. 

W.  T.     Washington  Territory. 

W.  Va.    West  Virginia. 


X    Christ. 
Xmas.    Christmas. 
Xn.     Christian. 
Xt.    Christ. 


U.    Unitarian. 

U.  K.    United  Kingdom. 

TJlt.    Last,  or  of  the  last  of  the  month. 

Unit.     Unitarian. 

Univ.    University. 

U.  8.     United  States. 

U.  S.  A.    United    States   of   America; 

United  States  Army. 
U.  8.  L.     United  States  Legation. 
U.  8.  M.     United  States  Mail;  United 

States  Marine. 
U.   8.   M.  A.      United  States   Military 

Academy. 


T.,  or  Tr.    Year. 

Yd,    Yard. 

Td8.    Yards. 

T.  M.   C.  A.    Yoimg  Men's  Christian 

Association. 
Tr.    Your. 
Trs.     Yours. 

Z 

Za/ih.     Zachary. 

Zech.     Zechariah. 

Z.  O.    Zoological  Gardens. 

Zin.    Zinc. 


FOREIGN  WORDS  AND  PROVERBS 


,-^^^^^^^^ 


E 


^^^-lA--^ 


EW  mistakes  are  more  common  than  the  misuse  of  words 
or  phrases  borrowed  from  foreign  languages.  As  a  rule. 
it  is  wiser  for  those  who  are  familiar  with  no  language 
but  their  own  to  confine  themselves,  in  conversation,  to 
the  use  of  their  mother  tongue,  since  even  if  the  foreign 
word  or  phrase  be  appropriately  used,  the  danger  of 
mispronunciation  yet  remains.  There  are,  however, 
some  words  or  quotations  in  such  common  colloquial  use 
that  to  be  ignorant  of  their  meaning  is  nearly  as  morti- 
fying as  to  missapply  them.  There  is  another  class  of 
quotations  not  in  such  general  use,  but  which  are  fre- 
quently encountered  in  literature,  the  correct  under- 
standing of  which  adds  much  to  the  pleasure  of  the 
reader. 

The  following  list  embraces  selections  from  both  these 
classes,  and  contains  those  most  commonly  used  in  con- 
versation and  most  frequently  seen  in  English  books  and 
periodicals.  The  language  to  which  they  belong  is  indicated  by  the 
following  abbreviations  :  (Fr.)  French  ;  (It.)  Italian ;  (Lat.)  Latin ; 
(Sp.)  Spanish. 


AT}  (TOO  usque  ad  mala.  (It.)  (Used  originally 
of  a  dinner.)  From  the  egg  even  to  the 
apple ;  i.  e.,  from  beginning  to  end. 

A  cheval.    (Fr.)    On  horseback. 

A  discretion.  (Fr.)  At  pleasure ;  without  re- 
striction. 

Ad  astra.    (Lat.)    To  the  stars. 

Ad  interim.    (Lat.)    In  the  meanwhile. 

Ad  libitum.    (Lat.)    At  pleasure. 

Ad  naiiseam.  (Lat.)  To  disgust :  or  until  one 
becomes  disgusted. 

A  la  Francaise.    (Fr.)    In  the  French  manner. 

At  fresco.  (It.)  To  the  shade ;  to  the  open 
air ;  cool. 

Alia  tentanda  via  est.  (Lat.)  Another  way 
must  be  tried. 

AUegro.    (It.)    Sprightly ;  cheerful. 

Alter  ego.    (Lat.)    Another  self. 

AUo  relievo.    (It.)    In  high  relief. 

Ante  helium.    (Lat.)    Before  the  war. 

A  pied.    (Vt.)    On  foot. 

A  pis  aUer.    (Fr.)    At  the  worst. 

A  priori.  (Lat.)  From  the  former;  i.e., 
from  cause  to  effect. 

Au  regie.  (Fr.)  According  to  rule;  correct- 
ly ;  properly. 


Awt  CcBsar,  aut  miUus.    Either  Caesar  or  no 

one ;  i.  e.,  first,  or  nothing. 
Avotresante.    (Fr.)    To  your  health. 
Beaux  esprits.    (Fr.)     Gay  spirits;  men  of 

wit. 

B 

Beaux  yewx.  (Fr.)  Handsome  eyes  ;  i.  e.,  at- 
tractive looks. 

Bel  esprit.  (Fr.)  A  brilliant  mind ;  a  person 
of  wit  or  genius. 

Betla  femina  chi  ride,  vuol  dire,  horsa  che 
piange.  (It.)  The  smiles  of  a  beautiful 
woman  are  the  tears  of  the  purse. 

BeUa,  horrida  bella!  (Lat.)  Wars,  horrid 
wars. 

Ben  vienes  si  vienes  solo.  (Sp.)  Welcome,  if 
thou  comest  alone.  (Spoken  of  misfort- 
une.) 

Billet  de  hanque.    (Fr.)    A  bank  note. 

Bis  dot  qui  cito  dat.  (Lat.)  He  gives  twice 
who  gives  quickly. 

Bisvincttquise  vincit  in  victoiia.  (Lat.)  He 
restrains  himself  in  the  moment  of  triumph. 

Kase.  (Fr.)  Palled :  surfeited ;  incapable  of 
further  enjoyment. 

Bon  ami.    (Fr.)    Good  friend. 


407 


FOKEIGN    W0KD8   AND   PROVEEBS. 


BoTia  fide.    (Lat.)    In  good  faith ;  honestly. 
Bon  twodo.    (It.)    Weli  found ;  an  ingenious 

selection ;  a  happy  thought. 
Brawj.    (It.)    Well  done.    (An  exclamation.) 


Carbonari.  (It.)  Members  of  a  secret  polit- 
ical society. 

Caret  inillo  et  fine.  (Lat.)  It  wants  begin- 
ning and  end. 

Ce  ne  que  le  j/reinier  pan  uui  contc.  (Fr.)  It  is 
not  the  first  step  which  '»  difficult. 

Cast  a  dire.    (Fr.i    That  is  to  say. 

C^est  une  autre  chose.  (Fr.)  That  is  another 
thing. 

Ceterin  parOms.  (Lat.)  Other  things  being 
equal. 

Cluunie  a  son  gmit.    (Fr.)    Each  Uy  his  taste. 

Cliateauxen  hsixiune.  (Fr.)  Castles m Spain; 
castles  in  the  air. 

Chef  deculxinr.    <Kr.)    Head  cook. 

Chemiti  <ir  ■'■■'■,    'yr.)    Itailroad. 

Chtr  (till'  <'  Av  I  riend. 

ChcvaU.  I  Ir.)    A  knight  of  in- 

duHtrv  ;  wiiu  win;  hves  by  persevering 
fraud. 

Cfii  tace  confama.    (It.)    Silence  is  confession. 

Chi  responde  prcMo  nn  poco.  (It.)  He  who 
answers  suddenly  knows  little. 

Ciynainore.    (It.)    W it li  love:  earnestly. 

Con  ttpirtlo.    (It.)     With  spirit. 

Contra  Itonos  imnct.  (Lat.)  Against  good 
mannt'i-s. 

Coutnir  (If  rose.  (Fr.)  Koso  color ;  hence,  an 
as|M(i  (»r  heuuty  or  loveliness. 

CoHixIcilKicc.    (Fr.)    A  finishing  stroke. 

Coup  lie  nuiin.  (Fr.)  A  sudden  enterprise  or 
eirort. 

Coup  d'etat.  (Fr.)  A  stroke  of  policy ;  a  vio- 
lent measure  of  state  in  public  affairs. 

Crimen  fides.    (Lat.)    Pal8ehoo<l ;  p<'rjury. 

Cuihonol  (Lat.)  For  whose  benefit V  Wlrnt 
good  is  it  V 


Xte  hon  auffure.    (Fr.)    Of  good  omen. 

Dei  QratUi.    (Lat.)    By  the  gniie  of  God. 

Dejure.    (I^at.)    By  law ;  rightfully. 

Demalaupis.    (Fr.)    From  bad  to  worse. 

De  mortnia,  nil  nixi  bonuni.  (Lat.)  Concern- 
ing the  dcatl,  let  only  goo<l  be  sjKjken. 

Deo  volente.    (Lat.)    God  being  willing. 

De  profundis.    (Lat.)    Out  of  the  depths. 

Dernier  resort.    (Fr.)    The  last  i-esort. 

De  trop.  (Fr.)  Too  much;  in  the  way;  not 
wanted. 

Dies  non.  (Lat.)  A  day  on  which  Judges  do 
not  sit. 

Dieu  defend  le  droiL  (Fr.)  God  defend  the 
right.  , 

Dieu  voua  garde.    (Fr.)    May  God  protect  you. 

Di  grado  in  grado.  (It.)  Step  by  step;  by  de- 
gi-ees. 

Diis  altter  visum.  (Lat.)  To  the  gods  it  seemed 
otherwise. 

Distingue.    (Fr.)    Distinguished;  eminent. 

Ditlce  far  niente.  (It.)  Sweet  doing-nothing; 
sweet  idleness. 

Domino.    (It.)    A  mask  robe. 

Drop  d'argent.    (Fr.)    Silver  lace. 

Drapd'<rr.    (Fr.)    Gold  lace. 

Droit  des  gens.    (Fr.)    The  law  of  nations. 

Ducit  amor  patrice.  (Lat.)  The  love  of  coun- 
try leads. 

Due  tcntc  irtgliauo  pin  che  una  sola.  (It.)  Two 
heads  are  better  than  one. 

I>i(/>i  ririmiw,  t^iiYimtw.  (Lat.)  While  we  live, 
let  us  live. 

Dux  femina  fuit.  (Lat.)  A  woman  was  the 
leader  of  the  deed. 


Ecastivo  verito  the  non  e'  buono  per  tmal- 
chumo.  (It.)  It  is  an  ill  wind  that  blows 
nobody  any  good. 


Ecce  h/)mo.    (Lat.)    Behold  the  man.    (Used 

of  Christ.) 
Ecee  signum.    (Lat.)    Behold  the  sign. 
El  corazon  manda  las  carnes.   (Sp.)   The  heart 

bears  up  the  body. 
E  meglio  caller  (Udle  finistre  che  dal  tello.    (It.) 

It  is  better  to  lull  from  the  window  than  the 

roof.    In  other  words,  of  two  evils  choose 

the  least. 
En  avant.    (Fr.)    Forward. 
Enfans  perdus.    (Fr.)    Lost  children. 
Enfin.    (Fr.)    At  last;  finally. 
En  masse.    (Fr.)    In  a  body. 
Ennui.    (Fr.)    Tired;  bored. 
Entre  lunu.    (Fr.)    Between  ourselves. 
Kslo perpetua.    (Lat.)    Let  it  be  perpetual. 
Et  id  genus  omne.    (Lat.)    And  everything  of 

that  kind. 
Er  uiu),  disce  omnes.    {LblI.)    From  one,  learu 

all. 


Flitter  mut  fortuwr.    (Lat.)    The  architect  of 

his  own  fortune;  a  self-nude  man. 
Eiicile  priiiaiMi.    (Lat.)    Easily  first,  the  ad- 
mitted chief. 
EOciU  deceiums  Ai'^rni.    (Lat.)    The  descent 

of  Avernus  (Hell)  is  easy. 
Falrc  aans  dire.    (Fr.)    To  do  without  saying; 

i.  e.,unoetentutiously. 
Fait  aeeompli.    (Fr.)    A  thing  accomplished. 
FYintoccini.    (It.)    Dramatic    representations 

with  puppet*. 
Far  nirnte.    (It.)    Doing  nothing. 
Fauteuil.    (Fr.)    An  easy  chair. 
Femnie  de  cluiinlyre.    (Fr.)    A  chambermaid. 
FeriK    luUunc.    (Lat.)    Of  wild  nature  (said 

of  beasts.) 
Fiat  juMUia  rual  coelum.    (I^t.)    I.«t  Justice 

be  done,  though  the  heavens  fall. 
Flat  lux.  (Lat.)  Ix;t  there  bo  light. 
Fidus  Achates.    (I^t.)    Faithful   Achates;  a 

true  friend. 
FiUe  de  Jole.    (Fr.)    A  woman  of  licentious 

pleasure. 
Flagrante  delicto.    (Lat.)    In  the  commission 

of  the  crime;  in  the  very  act. 
Fra.    (It.)    Brother;  friar  (applied  chiefly  to 

monks  of  the  lower  order). 
Franc4>.    (It.)    Free  from  jHjstago;  post  free. 
Functtis  officio.    (I^it.)    Having  i»erforined  the 

duties  of  his  office;  hence,  out  of  office. 
Fwror  scribendi.    (Lat.)    A  rage  for  writing. 


GaieU  de  eoeur.    (Fr.)    Gaiety  of  heart. 

Oattici.    (Lat.)    In  French. 

Oarcon.    (Fr.)    A  boy. 

Gardeacheval.    (Fr.)    A  mounted  guard. 

Oauche.    (Fr.)    Awkward. 

Qaucherle.    (Fr.)    Awkwardness. 

Oatulet  tentatione   virtwi.    (Lat.)    Virtue   re- 
joices in  temptation. 

Gens  d'  armes.    (Fr.)    Armed  police. 

Oentilhomme.    (Fr.)    A  gentleman. 

Oiovine  Italia.    (It.)    A  young  lady. 

Giovinesanto,diavolovecichia.    (It.)    A  young 
saint,  an  old  devil. 

Gloria  in  exciisis  Deo.    (Lat.)    Glory  to  God 
in  the  highest. 

"  Glory  be  to  the  Father. 

(Fr.)    War  to  the  utter- 


Gloria  Patri.    (Lat.) 
Ouerre  a  V  outrance. 
most. 


H 


Hie  et  uhique.    (Lat.)    Here  and  everywhere. 

Hie  jacet.  (Lat.)  Here  lies.  (Used  in  epi- 
taphs.) 

Hoc  loco.    (Lat.)    In  this  place. 

Homme  deslettres.  (Fr.)  A  man  of  letters ;  a 
literary  man. 

Homme  d'etat.    (Fr.)    A  statesman. 

Homo  s^li  juris.  (Lat.)  A  man  who  is  his  own 
master.  „  .,  ^    ^ 

Honi  sort  qui  mal  y  pense.  (Fr.)  Evil  be  to 
him  who  evil  thinks. 


Horn  c'  sempre.    (It.)    It  Is  always  time. 

Horafugit.    (Lat.)    The  hour  flies. 

Hor»  de  combat.    (Fr.)    Out  of  condition  to 

flght. 
Hotel  Dicu.    (Fr.)    The  name  of  a  large  hos- 

pltjil  in  Paris. 
Huiuaiiitin  (xttrrarc.    (Lat.)   Toerris human. 
Hurtar  i>ant  (lar  p<>r  Dio8.    (Sp.)    To  steal  in 

order  to  gi\ti  alms. 

I 

Ich  dien.    (Ger.)    I  serve. 

Id  est.    (Lat.)    That  is ;  abbreviated  i.  e. 

11  a  le  diahle  en  corps.   (Fr.)   He  has  the  devil 

In  him. 
11  sabio  imula  cnnscio,  U  nescif)  no.    (Sp.)    A 

wise  man  sometimes  changes  his  opinion,  a 

fool  never. 
11  n'est  saitce  que  d''appetit.    (Fr.)     Hunger  is 

the  best  sauce. 
Impiovisatore.    (It,)    An  impromptu  poet. 
Iticognito.    (It.)    In  disguise ;  unknown. 
In  dubitn.    (Lat.)    In  doubt. 
Incase.    (Lat.)    In  being. 
In  hoc  sigiu)  spes  mca.    (Lat.)    In  this  sign  is 

my  hope. 
In  hoc  signn  vinces.    (Lat.)    In  this  sign  you 

shall  conquer. 
Inpecto.    (It.)    In  the  breast ;  in  reserve. 
Insouciance.  (Fr.)   Indifference  ;  carelessness. 
Inter  alia.    (Lat.)    Among  other  things. 
Inter  «08.    (Lat.)    Between  ourselves. 
Ira  furor  brevis  est.    (Lat.)    Anger  is  a  short 

madness. 
Ita  lex  scripta  est.    (Lat.)    The  law  is  so  writ- 
ten. 


Jacta  est  alia.    (Lat.)    The  die  is  cast. 

Jardin  des  Plantes.  (Fr.)  The  botanical  gar- 
den in  Paris. 

Je  suis  parit.    (Fr.)    I  am  ready. 

Jeu  de  mots.    (Fr.)    A  play  on  Avords ;  a  pun. 

Jeu  d'  esprit.    (Fr.)    A  witticism. 

Joco  cli  mano,  joco  tnUans.  (It.)  A  practical 
joke  is  a  vulgar  joke. 

Joli.    (Fr.)    Pretty. 

Jua  civUe.    (Lat.)    Civil  law. 

Jus  gentium.    (Lat.)    Law  of  nations. 

Junta.  (Sp.)  A  state  council  in  Spanish 
countries. 

Juxta.    (Lat.)    Near  by. 


Laissez  faire.    (Fr.)    Let  it  alone. 

Lapis  philosophorum.     (Lat.)     The  philoso- 

pner's  stone. 
La  poverta  e  la  madra  dl  tutte  di  arti.    (It.) 

Poverty  is  the  mother  of  all  the  arts. 
Lapsus  linffucB.    (Lat.)    A  slip  of  the  tongue, 
L'argent.    (Fr.)    Money. 
La  speranza  i  il  pun  di  miseri.    (It.)    Hope  is 

the  poor  man's  bread. 
Laus  Deo.    (Lat.)    Praise  be  to  God. 
Lebeaumonde.   (Fr.)    The  fashionable  world. 
Les  beaux  yetu.    (Fr.)    Soft  glances. 
Le  tout  ensemTjle.     (Fr.)     All  together;  the 

whole  appearance ;  the  general  effect. 
Lettre  de  cachet.    (Fr.)     A  sealed  letter;  a 

royal  warrant. 
Lex  non  scripta.    (Lat.)    Unwritten  law ;  the 

common  law. 
Lex  tcUionis.    (Lat.)    The  law  of  retaliation, 
i'  inconnu.    (Fr.)    The  unknown. 
Lis  litem  general.    (Lat.)    Strife  begets  strife. 
Locale.    (Fr.)    A  place  or  station. 
Locus  in  quo.    (Lat.)    The  place  in  which. 
Locv^  penitentke.    (Lat.)    Place  for  repent- 
ance. 

M 

Machere.    (Fr.)    My  dear.    (Used  in  address- 
ing females  only.) 
Mafoi.    (Fr.)    Upon  my  faith. 


Magna  civitas,  magna  solitudo.  (Lat.)  A  great 
city  is  a  great  desert. 

Magnus  Apollo.  (Lat.)  Great  Apollo;  one  of 
high  authority. 

MaMdle  de  mer.    (Fr.)    Seasickness. 

Mala  tide.  (Lat.)  With  bad  faith;  treacher- 
ously. 

Malapropos.    (Fr.)    Ill-timed, 

Mai  de  tcte.    (Fr.)    Headache. 

Jtfrtwmi.sc  honte.    (Fr.)    False  modesty, 

Mauvai.i  sujet.  (Fr.)  A  bad  subject;  a  worth- 
less fellow. 

Mejudice.  (Lat.)  I  being  Judge;  in  my  opinion. 

Mens  Sana  in  corpare  sano.  (Lat.)  A  sound 
mind  in  a  sound  body. 

Menu.    (Fr.)    A  Mil  of  fare. 

Mon  ami.    (Fr.)    My  friend. 

Mon  Cher.  (Fr.)  My  dear  (used  in  addressing 
males). 

Mors  omnibus  communis.  (Lat.)  Death  is 
common  to  all. 

MuUum  in  pariio.    (Lat.)    Much  in  little. 

Mutatis  mutaiidis.  (Lat.)  The  necessary 
changes  being  made. 

N 

Naissance.    (Fr.)    Birth. 

Natcde  solum.    (Lat.)    Native  soil. 

Naivete.    (Fr.)    Ingenuousness. 

Nee.    (Fr.)  Born.  (As  Mrs.  Brown,  n^ Smith, 

or  wnose  maiden  nHme  was  Smith.) 
Ne  exeat.    (Lat.)    Let  him  not  depart. 
Niaserie.    (Fr.)    Foolishness. 
NU  admirari.    (Lat.)    To  wonder  at  nothing. 
NU  de»perandum.    (Lat.)    Never  despair. 
NHmporte.    (Fr.)    It  matters  not. 
iV^f)  hay  cerradura  si  cs  de  oro  la  ganzua.    (Sp.) 

There  is  no  lock  but  a  golaen   key   will 

open  it. 
No  es  todo  oro  lo  que  reluze.    (Sp.)    All  is  not 

gold  that  glitters. 
Norn  de  plume.    (F*-.)    A  literary  title. 
Non  compos  mentis.    (Lat.)    Not  of  sound 

mind. 
Non  mi  recordo.    (It.)    I  do  not  remember. 
Non  est  inventus.    (Lat.)    He  has  not  been 

found. 
Non  omnia  possumus  omnes.    (Lat.)    We  can 

not  all  of  us  do  all  things. 
Notre  Dame.    (Fr.)    Our  Lady. 
Nous  verrons.    (Fr.)    We  shall  see. 
Nulla  ntu)ba,  buona,  nuova.    (It.)    The  best 

news  is  no  news. 
N^dla  vestigia  retrorsum.     (Lat.)     No   steps 

backward. 
Nullius  flUus-    (Lat.)    The  son  of  no  one;  a 

bastard. 


ObiU.    (Lat.)    He  or  she  died. 

Obiter  dictum.  (Lat.)  A  thing  said  by  the 
way. 

(Eil  de  boeuf.    (Fr.)    A  bull's  eye. 

Ogni  U710  per  si  meiiesimo,  e  Dio  per  tutti.  (It.) 
Every  man  for  himself  and  God  lor  us  all. 

OUa  podrida.   (Sp.)   An  incongruous  mixture. 

Omnia  vincit  amor.  (Lat.)  Love  conquers  all 
things. 

On  commit  Vami  au  besoin.  (Fr.)  A  friend  is 
known  in  time  of  need. 

Ondit.    (Fr.)    They  say;  a  flying  rumor. 

Ora  etlabora.    (Lat.)    Pray  and  work. 

Ora  pro  not/is.    (Lat.)    Pray  for  us. 

Otium  cwm  dignitate.  (Lat.)  Ease  with  dig- 
nity; dignified  leisure. 

Oublierjenepuis-    (Fr.)  lean  never  forget. 


Pacetua.    (Lat.)    By  your  consent. 

Padrone.    (It.)    Ruler,  protector. 

Par  example.    (Fr.)    By  way  of  oxatnple. 

Par  excellence.    (Fr.)    By  way  of  eminence 

Partout.    (Fr.)    Everywhere. 

Panxnu.    (Fr.)    A  newcomer;  an  upstart 

Passe  partout.    (Fr.)    A  master  key. 


FOREIGN   WORDS   AND   PROVERBS. 


Passim.    (Lat.)    Eveiywhere. 

PaterfamUiwi.    (Ijat.)    The  father  of  a  family. 

Pater  lUMster.  (Lat.)  Our  Father,  the  Lord's 
prayer. 

Peccavi.    (Lat.)    I  have  sinned. 

Penchant.    (Fr.)    Inclination;  desire. 

Pendente  lite.    (Lat.)    PendinK  the  suit. 

Per  capita.    (Lat.)    By  the  head. 

Per  centum.    (Lat.)    By  the  hundred. 

Per  amtra.  (Lat.)  Contrariwise;  on  the  other 
band. 

Per  diem.    (Ij&t.)    By  the  day. 

Perdu.    (Fr.)     Lost. 

Per  (rraduis.    (Lat.)    Step  by  step. 

Pen-<t-pen.  (Fr.)  Little  by  Uttie;  by  de- 
grees. 

P<}car()hl)a,jj(icapen»iero.  (It.)  Little  wealth, 
little  care. 

PoHt  tiuntcm.    (Lat.)    After  death. 

Poi-te  cra\ion.    (Fr.)    A  pencil  case. 

Pour  pamser  le  temps,  (h  r.)  To  pass  away  the 
time. 

Presto  maduro,  presto  podredo.  (Sp.)  Soon 
ripe,  soon  rotten. 

Prima  doujui.  (It.)  The  principal  female 
sinKcr  or  actress. 

Pro  lH)no  publico.  (Lat.)  For  the  public 
Kood. 

Pro  et  con.    (Lat.)    For  and  against. 

Prohpudor.    (Lat.)    Oh  !  for  shame. 

Projet  de  law.  (Fr.)  A  scheme  of  law ;  a  leg- 
islative bill. 

Pronunciamentn.  (Sp.)  A  public  declaration; 
a  proclamation. 

Protfg/'.  (Fr.)  One  patronized  or  protected 
by  another. 

Puiilca  fides.    (Lat.)    Punic  faith ;  treachery. 


Sans  efuinger,    (Fr.)    Without  changing. 

.^mi  culottes.  (Fr.)  Ragged  men ;  the  lower 
classes. 

SansDieurlen.    (Fr.)    Nothing  without  God. 

Sans  stnici.  (Fr.)  Without  care ;  free  and 
easy. 

Savant.    (Fr.)    A  man  of  learning. 

Savoir  falre.  (Fr.)  Ability;  contrivance; 
skill. 

Secundum  artem.  (Lat.)  According  to  rule ; 
soicMjtitlcally. 

SciniMr fdir.  (Lat.)  Always  happy;  always 
fortunate. 

Semiter  fidtlis.    (Lat.)    Always  faithfuL 

Semper  idem.    (Lat.)    Always  the  same 

Senttr.    (Sp.)    Lord ;  sir. 

Sic  semjjer  tvrannie.  (Lat.)  Ever  thus  to 
tyrants. 

Sic  tratutit  aUtria  mundi.  (Lat.)  So  passes 
away  earthly  glory. 

Stctta.    (Sp.)    Sleep  after  dinner ;  rest. 

Siomtra.    (It.)    Lady. 

SimOia  simttibug  curantur.  (Lat.)  Like  things 
are  cured  by  like. 

Sine  die.    (Lat.)    Without  a  day  appointed. 

Sidequdnon.  (Lat.)  An  lndi6i>cnsablc  con- 
dition. 

SohH/piel.    (Fr.)    A  nickname. 

Soi-dimnt.    (Fr.)    Self-styleil. 

Soirfe.    (Fr.)    An  evening  party. 

Statusquo.    (Lat.)    The  state  in  which. 

Subpama.    (I^at.)    Under  a  penalty. 

Subrosa.    (Lat.)    Under  the  rose ;  privately. 

Suogeatio  falsi.  (Lat.)  Suggestion  of  a  false- 
hood. 

Suijftrit.    (Lat.)    In  one's  own  right. 

Sumtmun  honum .    (Lat . )    The  chief  good. 

8unpra»in  rerl.  (Lat.)  The  suppression  of 
tne  truth . 


QucBre.    (Lat.)    Quory  ;  infniiry. 

Quantum  sufflc it.    (Lat.i  As  much  aa  1b  neoes- 

sarv ;  a  sufficient  quantity. 
Quagl.    (Lat.)    As  if ;  in  a  manner. 
QueUpie chose.    (Fr.)    Something;  a  trille. 
Quid  pro  qui).    (Lat.)    One  thing  for  another ; 

tit  for  tat ;  an  equivalent. 
Quid  times.    (Lat.)    What  do  vou  fear? 
Quen  pregutita,   no  yerra.    (Sp.)    Who  asks 

errs  not. 
Qui  m'ame,  aime  mon  chien.    (Fr.)    Love  me, 

love  my  dog. 
Qui  en  sahe.    (Fr.)    Who  knows? 
Qui  va  la  1    (Fr.)    Who  goes  there  ? 
Qiu)d  vide.    (Lat.)    Which  see.    Abbreviated 

q.v. 


Radix.    (Lat.)    A  root. 

Jtilison  d^etat.    (Fr.)    A  reason  of  state. 

Recoje  tu  henn  micntra«  que  el  sol  auziere. 

(Sp.)    Make  hay  while  the  sun  shines. 
R^ime.    (Fr.)    Mode  of  living;  government; 

system. 
Rencontre.    (Fr.)    Encounter. 
Rcndczvtnui.    (Fr.)    Appointment  to  meet ;  a 

place  of  meeting. 
Renim  primordia.    (Lat.)    The  first  elements 

of  things. 
Res  gestae.    (Lat.)    Exploits;    accomplished 

facts. 
Remimi.    (Fr.)    An  abstract  or  summary. 
Revenons  a  nos  moutons.    (Fr.)   Let  us  return 

to  our  subject. 
Rip.    (Sp.)    A  river. 
Role.    (Fr.)    Character  in  a  drama. 
Roue.    (Fr.)    A  dissipated   fellow;   a    liber- 
tine. 
Rus  in  urbe.    (Lat.)    The  country  in  town. 


Salon.  (Fr.)  A  saloon ;  a  drawing  room. 
Sangfroid.  (Fr.)  Indifference;  apathy. 
Sans  ceremonie.    (Fr.)    Without  ceremony. 


Tableau  vivant.  (Fr.)  A  li\ing  picture.  (A 
representation  of  a  scene  by  iK-rsons  pro|)- 
crly  grouped,  who  remain  silent  and  mo- 
tionless.) 

Tache  sana  laehe.  (Fr.)  A  work  without  a 
stain. 

Tant  mieux.    (Fr.)    So  much  the  better. 

Tantpis.    (Fr.)    So  much  the  worse. 

Tejudtee.  (Lat.)  You  being  Judge;  in  your 
opinion. 

Td  maitre,  td  valet.  (Fr.)  Like  master,  like 
man. 

Temjiora  mutantur,  et  nos  mutamur  in  {Uis. 
(Lat.)  Times  are  changed,  and  we  are 
changed  with  them. 

Tempus  edax  verum.  (Lat.)  Time,  the  de- 
vourer  of  all  things. 

Tempus  fugU .    (Lat.)    Time  flies. 

Tempus  omnia  revelat.  (Lat.)  Time  reveals 
all  tilings. 

Tenez.    (Fr.)    Take  it:  hold,  wait. 

Terracotta.    (It.)    Baked  earth. 

Terra  firma.  (Lat.)  Solid  earth;  a  safe  foot- 
ing. 

Terra  incognita.  (Lat.)  An  unknown  coun- 
try. 

Ttigavirilis.    (Lat.)    The  gown  of  manhood. 

Tot  homines,  qtiot  sententicB.  (Lat.)  So  many 
men,  so  many  minds. 

Toujoursparet.    (Fr.)    Always  ready. 

Tourde  force.  (Fr.)  A  feat  of  strength  or 
skill. 

Tout-a-fatt.    (Ft.)    Entirely;  wholly. 

Tout-a-Vheure.  (Fr.)  All  at  once;  instantly; 
suddenly. 

Imdavous.    (Fr.)    Wholly  yours. 

Tout  bieji  ou  rien.  (Fr.)  The  whole  or  noth- 
mg. 

Tout  de  meme.    (Fr.)    Precisely  the  same. 

Tout  de  mite.    (Fr.)    Immediatelv. 

Tord  ensemble.  (Fr.)  The  whole  taken  to- 
gether. 

Trisfesse.    (Fr.)    Sadness;  sorrow. 

Tuum  est.    (L&t.)    It  is  your  own. 


FOREIGN   WORDS   AND    PROVERBS. 


u 

Uhi  mpra.    (Lat.)    Where  above  mentioned. 

U Uinta  thide.  (Lat.)  The  utmost  bouudury 
or  limit. 

Ultimatum.  (Lat.)  The  last  or  only  condi- 
tion. 

UnA  voce.  (Lat.)  With  one  voice;  unani- 
mously. 

Unhieii  fait  n^ei<t  Jamais  perdu.  {Ft.)  Anact 
of  kindness  is  never  lost. 

Un  caheW)  Ixvie  sombi-a.  (Sp.)  The  least  hair 
makes  a  shadow. 

Une  affaire  Jiambee.    (Fr.)    A  gone  goose. 

lino  atiimo.  (Lat.)  With  one  mind:  unani- 
mously. 

VM  infra.    (Lat.)    As  below. 

Ut  supra.    (Lat.)    As  above  stated. 


Vade  mecum.    (Lat.)    Go  with  me ;  a  constant 

companion. 
VcB  victis     (Lat.)    Woe  to  the  vanquished. 
Vale.    (Lat.)    Farewell. 
Valet  anclwra  vistiis.    (Lat.)    Virtue  serves  as 

an  anchor. 
Valet  de  chambre.  _  (Fr.)  _  A  body  servant 
''eni,  vid 

quered 


con- 


vaiet  de  ctuimore.    (rr.j    a  ooay  servani 
Veni,  vidi,  vici.    (Lat.)    I  came,  I  saw,  I 


Vera  pro  ffratus.  (Lat.)  Truth  before  fa- 
vor. 

Verbatim.  (Lat.)  Word  for  word  and  letter 
for  letter. 

Verbum  sat  sapienti.  (Lat.)  A  word  is  enough 
for  a  wise  man. 

Verdad  ce  verde.    (Sp.)    Truth  is  green. 


Truth  will  prevail. 
(I^t.)    No  steps 


(Abbro- 


Veritanpreiyilchit.    (Lat.) 

Ve«tigia   tniUa  retroritum. 
backward. 

Via.    (Lat.)    By  way  of. 

Vice.    (Lat.)    In  place  of. 

Videlicil.    (Lat.)    To-wit;  namely. 
\iatcd  viz.) 

Vide  ct  crede.    (Lat.)    See  and  believe. 

Viet  armis.  (Lat.)  By  force  and  arms;  by 
main  force. 

VigUate  ct  orate.    (Lat.)    Watch  and  pray. 

Vin.    (Fr.)    Wine. 

VincU  qui  ,sc  vinclt.  (Lat.)  He  conquers  who 
overcomes  himself. 

Vincrdum  matrimonii.  (Lat.)  The  bond  of 
matrimony. 

Vis  atergo.  (Lat.)  A  pushing  force  from  be- 
hind. 

Vin-d-vis.    (Fr.)    Opposite ;  facing. 

Visinertiae.    (Lat.)    The  power  of  inertia. 

Vivat.    (Fr.)    A  shout  of  ''  Long  live." 

Vive  la  repiiblique.  (Fr.)  Long  live  the  re- 
public. 

Vive  le  mi.    (Fr.)    Long  live  the  king. 

VoUa.    (Fr.)    Behold,  look  there. 

Voila  tout.    (Fr.)    Behold  all ;  that's  all. 

Volenti  non  nt  injriria.  (Lat.)  No  injustice  is 
done  to  the  person  who  consents  (i.  e.,  is 
willing  that  it  should  be  done  to  him). 

Vox  et  praeterea  nihil.  (Lat.)  A  voice  and 
nothing  more ;  sound  without  sense. 

Vidgo.    (Lat.)    Commonly. 


Zonam  solvere. 
zone. 


(Lat.)    To  loose  the  virgin 


SHALL   WE   MEET   AGAIN. 


SHALL  WE  MEET  AGAIN? 

The  following  from  the  pen  of  the  lamented  George  D.  Prentice 
is  well  worth  reproduction.  It  was  regarded  as  meritorious  when  it 
first  appeared,  and  age  seems  to  have  but  added  to  its  beauty : 

"The  flat  death  is  inexorable.  No  appeal  for  relief  from  the  great  law  which 
dooms  us  to  dust.  We  flourish  and  fade  as  the  leaves  of  the  forest,  and  the  flowers 
that  bloom,  wither,  and  fade  in  a  day  have  no  frailer  hold  upon  life  than  the  mightiest 
monarch  that  ever  shook  the  earth  with  his  foot-steps.  Generations  of  men  will  apjiear 
and  disappear  as  the  grass,  and  the  multitude  that  throng  the  world  today  will  dis- 
appear as  footsteps  on  the  shore.  Men  seldom  think  of  the  great  event  of  death  until 
the  shadow  falls  across  their  own  pathway,  hiding  from  their  eyes  the  faces  of  loved 
ones  whose  living  smile  was  the  sunlight  of  their  existence.  Death  is  the  antagonist 
of  life,  and  the  thought  of  the  tomb  is  the  skeleton  of  all  feasts.  We  do  not  want  to 
go  through  the  dark  valley,  although  its  dark  passage  may  lead  to  paradise;  we  do 
not  want  to  go  down  into  damp  graves,  even  with  princes  for  bed  fellows.  In  the 
beautiful  drama  of  Ion,  Uie  hope  of  immortality,  so  elequently  uttered  by  the  death- 
devoted  Greek,  finds  deep  response  in  every  thoughtful  soul.  When  about  to  yield 
his  life  a  sacrifice  to  fate,  his  Clemanthe  asks  if  they  should  meet  again;  to  which  he 
responds:  I  have  asked  that  dreadful  question  of  the  hills  that  look  eternal — of  the 
clear  streams  that  flow  forever — of  stars  among  those  fields  of  azure  my  raised  spirits 
have  walked  in  glory.  All  are  dumb.  But  as  I  gaze  upon  thy  living  face,  I  feel  that 
there  is  something  in  love  that  mantles  through  its  beauty  that  can  not  wholly  perish. 
We  shall  meet  again,  Clemanthe." 


HORSE  POWER. 
A  most  important  term  in  mechanical  engineering  is  that  of 
horse-power,  which  is  used  to  indicate  the  strength  of  steam  engines, 
computed  on  a  standard  fixed  by  the  power  allowed  to  be  exercised 
by  a  horse.  Though  different  engineers  differ  in  opinion  as  to  the 
power  of  the  horse,  as  a  standard  of  strength,  the  celebrated  engin- 
eer, James  Watt,  fixed  it  at  one  constant  point ;  and  from  his  theory, 
a  horse  can  elevate  a  mass  weighing  33,000  pounds  one  foot  high  in 
one  minute  of  time.  The  horse-power  exercised  by  falling  water 
is  calculated  by  multiplying  the  cubic  quantity  of  the  water  by  the 
altitude  of  the  fall,  and  the  product  thus  derived  by  sixty-two  and 
one  half  pounds,  this  being  the  weight  of  a  cubic  foot  of  water. 
The  strength  of  a  steam-engine  is  reckoned  by  multiplymg  together 
the  area,  in  inches,  of  the  piston,  the  average  pressure  in  pounds  to 
the  square  inch,  the  length  of  the  stroke  in  feet,  and  the  number  of 
strokes  a  minute ;  then  dividing  by  33,000. 


PRACTICE  OF  BOOK-KEEPING. 

7^' 


OOK-KEEPING  is  the  science  of  accounts  and 
the  method  of  recording  the  every  day  trans- 
actions that  arise  therein,  in  such  a  manner 
that  one  may  be  able  to  determine,  at  any  time, 
his  resources  and  his  liabilities,  as  well  as  his 
gains  and  losses  for  any  given  time. 

E.ESOUKCES  consist  of  all  a  person   owns, 
such  as  merchandise,  amounts  due  from  others, 
either  in  notes  or  on  account,  cash,  real  estate,  etc. 

Liabilities  consist   of  all  debts    owing  individuals, 
firms  or  corporations. 

]^ET  Capital  is  the  excess  of  one's  resources  over  their 
habilities. 

Net  Insolvency  is  the  excess  of  liabilities  over  their 
resources. 

Profits  or  Losses. — There  cannot  be  a  gain  or  a 
loss  in  one's  business  without  some  change  in  the  value 
or  quantity  of  the  resources  or  liabilities.  Gains  arise 
from  an  increase  in  the  value  or  the  quantity  of  the  resources,  or 
from  a  decrease  of  the  habilities.  Losses  arise  from  a  decrease  in 
the  quantity  or  value  of  the  resources,  or  from  an  increase  of  the 
liabilities  without  a  corresponding  increase  of  the  resources. 

Debit  and  credit  serve  merely  to  distinguish  the  left  from  the 
right  hand  side  of  an  account.  Debit  items  are  placed  on  the  left  and 
credit  items  on  the  right  hand  side  of  an  account.  Any  person,  item 
or  thing  that  costs  value  must  be  debited  or,  which  is  the  same  thing, 
must  be  placed  on  the  left  hand  side  of  the  account  in  question. 
Any  person,  item  or  thing  that  produces  value  must  be  credited,  or 
placed  on  the  right  hand  side  of  the  account  in  question. 

Every  kind  of  goods  usually  handled  by  merchants,  with  a  view 
to  profit,  would  be  placed  under  the  title  of  merchandise.  The  notes 
and  written  obhgations  of  others  than  the  proprietor  of  the  business 
whose  books  are  being  kept  by  the  parties  making  the  entries, 
should  be  placed  under  the  title  of  biUs  receivable,  and  all  notes  or 

413 


414 


PBACTICE    OF   BOOK-KEEPING. 


written  obligations  of  the  above  designated  proprietor  should  be 
entered  under  the  title  of  bills  payable. 

Houses,  lands,  farms,  and  all  permanent  fixtures  thereto,  should 
be  entered  under  the  title  of  real  estate.  Other  items  with  which 
dealings  may  be  had,  should  be  entered  under  titles  indicated  by  the 
respective  items  in  question. 

By  carefully  tracing  the  entries  found  on  the  following  pages, 
from  the  day  book  to  the  journal,  and  from  the  journal  to  the 
ledger,  and  noting  the  instructions  for  balancing  and  closing  the 
ledger  as  well  as  examining  and  studying  the  accompanying  state- 
ments, any  person  may  in  a  short  time  comprehend  the  practice  of 
double  entry  bookkeeping. 


RiTLE.— Debit  whatever  is  reocived,  or  costs  value.    Credit  whatever  is  disposed  of,  or 
that  produces  value. 

1885. 


Jan. 


Luther  .Tolinson  commenced  business  this  day  with  a  Cash 
capital  of 


8500 


As  the  business  has  received  cash,  debit  that  account.    Credit  Luther  Johnson  as  be  has 
produced  value  to  the  business. 


Cash  Dr. 
To  Luther  Johnson 


8500 


8500 


Jan. 


Bought  of  Field,  Leiter&Cc,  ^                      , 

60  doz.  Men's  Linen  Shirts,  136.00  $1800.00 

100  doz.  Ladies'  Linen  Handkerchiefs,  $5.00  500.00 

2  Cases  Paper  Cambric,  4000  yds.  15c  600.00 

200  yds.  Bleached  Cotton,  20c  40.00 

Gave  in  payment  my  Note  at  10  days  for  $600. 

Cash  for  balance,  1840. 


2440 


Debit  Merchandise  as  it  has  cost  value.  Credit  Bills  Payable,  as  our  note  has  pro- 
duced the  business  value  in  Merchandise.  Credit  Cash,  as  it  has  also  produced  value  in  Mer- 
chandise. 


Jan. 


Mdse.  Dr.  to  Sundries, 
To  Bills  Payable 
"  Cash 


2440 


600 
1840 


Bought  of  J.  V.  Farwell,  on  account, 
50  yds.  Irish  Linen,  $1.15 
100  yds.  Sheeting,  17c 


$57.50 
17.00 


74 


50 


Debit  Merciiandise  as  it  has  cost  \-alue.    Credit  J.  V.  Farwell  as  he  lias  produced  value. 


3     Merchandise  Dr. 
To  J.  V.  Farwell 


74 


50 


PRACTICE   OF   BOOK-KEEPING. 


1885. 


Jan. 


Sold  to  W.  O.  Thomas,  on  accoxint, 
10  doz.  Men's  Linen  Shirts,  $28.00 
5  yds.  Irish  Linen,  $1.25 


$280.00 
6.25 


286 


25 


Debit  W.  O.  Thomas  as  he  has  cost  the  business  value.    Credit  Merchandise  as  it  has  pro> 
duced  the  business  the  amount  Thomtis  owes. 


Jan. 


W.  O.  Thomas,  Dr. 
To  Merchandise 


286 


25 


286 


2,5 


Jan. 


Sold  to  Dodd  &  Brown,  St,  Louis,  on  their  Note, 
1  Case  Paper  Cambric,  2000  yds.  17c 
10  doz.  Ladies'  Linen  Handkerchiefs,  $6.00 


$340.00 
60.00 


400 


00 


Debit  Bills  Receivable  as  the  note  has  cost  value.    Credit  Merchandise  as  it  has  produced 
the  note. 


Jan. 


Bills  Receivable,  Dr. 
To  Merchandise 


400 


400 


Jan. 


Bought  of  Hamlin,  Hale  &  Co.  on  my  Note,  30  days, 
1000  yds.  Gingham,  10c  $100.00 

55       "     Black  Silk,  $2.75  151.25 

100     "     Broadcloth,    6.50  650.00 


901 


25 


Debit  Merchandise  as  it  has  cost  value.    Credit  Bills  Payable  as  your  note  has  produced 
value  in  Merchandise. 


Jan. 


Merchandise,  Dr. 
To  Bills  Payable 


901 


25 


901 


25 


Jan. 


Sold  to  G.  R.  Rathbun,  Omaha,  on  account, 
30  yds.  Black  Silk  $3.25  $97.50 

15    "     Irish  Linen  $1.25  18.75 


116 


25 


Debit  G.  R.  Rathbun  as  he  has  cost  the  business  value.    Credit  Merchandise  as  it  has  pro- 
duced value  in  Kathbun's  personal  account. 


Jan. 


G.  R.  Rathbun,  Dr. 
To  Merchandise 


116 


25 


116 


26 


Jan.    11     Paid  Field,  Leiter  &  Co.  Cash  for  my  Note  of  the  2d. 


600 


Debit  Bills  Payable  as  your  note  has  cost  value.    Credit  Cash  as  it  has  produced  value. 


Bills  Payable,  Dr. 
To  Cash 


600 


600 


PEACTICE   OF   BOOK-KEEPING. 


1885. 


Jan. 


12 


Sold  to  H.  Russell.  Jolliet,  111., 
50  yds.  Sheeting,  20c 
200  "     Gingham,  12c 
10  doz.  Men's  Linen  Shirts,  $28.00 

Received  in  payment.  Cash 
Balance  due  on  account 


$10.00 

24.00 

280.00 


$150.00 
164.00 


814 


Ddbit  Cash  and  J.  H.  Russell  as  they  have  cost  value.    Credit  Merchandise  as  it  has  pro- 
duced value. 


Jan. 


12 


Sundries  Dr.  to  Mdse. 
Cash 
H.  Russell 


150 
164 


814 


Jan. 


15 


Sold  to  M.  R.  Johnson,  for  Cash, 
14  yds.  Broadcloth,  $7.25 
1  Case  Paper  Cambric,  2000  yds.  17c 


$101.60 
840.00 


441 


50 


Debit  Cash  as  it  has  cost  value.    Credit  Merchandise  as  it  has  produced  value. 


Jan. 


15     Cash,  Dr. 

To  Merchandise 


441 


60 


441 


50 


Jan.    16     Received  Cash  of  W.  O.  Thomas  on  account. 


75 


Debit  Cash  as  it  has  cost  value.    Credit  W.  O.  Thomas  as  he  has  produced  value. 


Jan. 


16  I  Cash,  Dr. 

To  W.  O.  Thomas 


75 


75 


Jan. 


18 


Sold  to  G.  R.  Rathbun,  Omaha,  on  account, 
100  yds.  Bleached  Cotton,  22c  $32.00 

20  doz.  Men's  Linen  Shirts,  $27.50  550.00 


572 


Debit  G.  R.  Rathbun  as  he  has  cost  value.    Credit  Merchandise  as  it  has  produced  value. 


Jan. 


18 


G.  R.  Rathbun.  Dr. 
To  Merchandise 


572 


572 


Jan.    19     Received  of  H.  Russell,  Joliet,  his  Note,  on  his  account. 


100 


Debit  Bills  Receivable  as  the  note  has  cost  value.    Credit  H.  Russell  as  he  has  produced 
value. 


Bills  Receivable,  Dr. 
To  H.  Russell 


100 


100 


PRACTICE   OF   BOOK-KEEPING. 


1885. 


Jan. 


20 


Sold  to  F.  E.  Arnold,  Rockford, 
20  yds.  Irish  Linen,  $1.20 
800  "     Gingham,  12c 
16    "    Broadcloth,  $7.50 

Received  in  payment, 
J.  V.  Farwell's  order  on  me  for 
Balance  due  on  account 


I  34.00 

96.00 

120.00 


^  60.00 
180.00 


240 


Debit  J.  V.  Farwell  and  F.  E.  Arnold  as  they  have  cost  the  business  value.    Credit  Mer- 
chandise as  it  has  produced  value. 


Jan. 


20 


Sundries  Dr.  to  Mdse. 
J.  V.  Farwell 
F.  E.  Arnold 


60 

180 


240 


Jan. 


22 


Received  of   G.  R.  Rathbun,  Omaha,  on  account, 

Cash,  $125.00 

His  Note  for  200.00 


825 


00 


Debit  Cash  and  Bills  Receivable  as  thej^  have  cost  the  business  value.     Credit  G.  B. 
Rathbun  as  he  has  produced  value  to  the  business. 


Jan. 


Sundries  Dr.  to  G.  R.  Rathbun 
Cash 
Bills  Receivable 


125 
200 


325 


Jan. 


24 


Sold  to  H.  Russell,  Joliet,  on  accoimt, 
50  yds.  Sheeting,  18c  $    9.00 

50  doz.  Ladies'  Linen  Handkerchiefs,  $6.00  800.00 


309 


Debit  H.  Russell  as  he  has  cost  the  business  value.    Credit  Merchandise  as  it  has  produced 
value. 


Jan. 


24 


H.  Russell, 
To  Mdse. 


309 


809 


Jan.    25     Received  of  F.  E.  Arnold  on  his  account  Cash, 


75 


Debit  Cash  as  it  has  cost  value.    Credit  F.  E.  Arnold  as  he  has  produced  value  to  the 
business. 


Jan. 


25      Cash,  Dr. 

j       To  F.  E.  Arnold 


75 


75 


Jan.    26     Paid  Hamlin,  Hale  &  Co.  Cash  on  my  Note  of  7th  inst. 


450 


Debit  bills  payable  as  your  note  has  cost  value.    Credit  cash  as  it  has  produced  your  note. 


Bills  Payable,  Dr. 
To  Cash 


450 


450 


PBACrnCE   OF    BOOK-KEEPING. 


1885. 


Jan. 


27 


Sold  to  W.  O.  Thomas, 

10  doz.  Men's  Linen  Shirts,  $27.75 
Received  in  pajTnent  his  Note,  for 

J.  V.  Farw ell's  order  on  me 

Cash  for 

Balance  due  on  account 


$150.00 
75.00 
25.00 
27.50 


Debit  Bills  Receivable  for  the  amount  of  the  note,  J.  V.  Farwell  for  the  amount  of 
his  order.  Cash  for  the  amount  of  cash  received,  and  W.  O.  Thomas  for  the  amount  he  still 
owes  you.  As  these  accounts  have  cost  the  business  value,  credit  Merchandise,  as  it  has  pro- 
duced value. 


Jan. 

27 

Sundries  Dr.  to  Mdse. 
Bills  Receivable 
J.  V.  Farwell 
Cash 
W.  0.  Thomas 

150 
75 
25 
27 

50 

277 

50 

Jan.    29  Recdved  of  Dodd  &  Brown,  Cash  on  their  Note, 


160 


Debit  cash,  as  it  has  cash  value.    Credit  Bills  Receivable  as  the  note  has  produced  \'alue. 


Jan. 


29 


Cash,  Dr. 
To  Bills  Receivable 


150 


150 


Jan. 


80 


Paid  Cash  for  following  expenses. 
Clerks'  Wages  to  date 
Gas  Bill  for  month 

Advertising  in  Chicago  Bulletin  to  date 
liobert  Law  for  2  tons  Coal 


$225.00 

10.80 

150.00 

22.00 


80 


Debit  expense,  as  that  account  has  cost  value.    Credit  cash  from  the  fact  of  Its  having 
produced  the  various  items  of  value  named  in  Day  Book  entry. 


Jan. 


80 


Expense,  Dr. 
'To  Cash 


407 


80 


407 


80 


Jan. 


81 


Received  Cash  on  accounts,  of 
W.  O.  Thomas, 
G.  R.  Rathbun, 
F.  E.  Arnold. 


$105.00 

200.00 

50.00 


Rni>E.— Debit  Cash  as  it  has  cost  you  the  personal  accounts, 
named  in  the  Day  Book  entry  as  they  have  produced  you  cash. 


Credit  each  of  the  persons 


Jan. 


31 


Cash,  Dr.  to  Sundries 
To  W.  O.  Thomas 
"   G.  R.  Rathbun 
"   F.  E.  Arnold 


355 


105 

200 

50 


Inventory  of  Merchandise  imsold  January  31,  1875. 
70  yds.  Broadcloth  @  $6.50 
25    "     Black  Silk  @    2.75 
100  "    Bleached  Cotton  @  20c 
10    "    Irish  Linen  @  $1.15 
40  doz.  Ladies'  Linen  Handkerchiefs  @  5.00 


$455.00 

68.75 

20.00 

11.50 

200.00 


PRACTICE   OF   BOOK-KEEPmO. 


INSTRUCTIONS  FOR  POSTING. 

In  posting,  an  account  is  opened  in  the  Ledger  -with  every  item  found  in  the 
Journal.  Every  debit  item  in  the  Journal  must  be  placed  on  the  Dr.  side  of  its  ac- 
count in  the  Ledger,  and  every  credit  item  in  the  Journal  on  the  Cr.  side  of  its  account 
in  the  Ledger.  The  date  of  the  item  in  the  Journal  is  carried  with  it  to  the  Ledger. 
In  posting  debit  items,  write  as  an  explanation  in  the  Ledger  account,  To  the  name  of 
the  credit  item;  if  Sunds.  are  credited,  write  To  Sunds.;  and  in  posting  credit  items, 
write  as  an  explanation  in  the  Ledger  account,  By  the  name  of  the  debit  item,  or  if 
Sundries  are  debited,  write  By  Sunds.  The  page  of  the  Journal  is  entered  in  the 
Ledger,  and  the  page  of  the  Ledger  is  entered  in  the  Journal. 

The  proprietor's  or  partners'  accounts  should,  for  convenience,  always  be  placed 
first  in  the  Ledger,  and  are  generally  followed  by  Cash,  Merchandise,  and  other  ac- 
counts in  the  order  of  their  importance. 

Dr.  LUTHER  JOHNSON.  Cr. 

1885.  1885. 


Jan. 

31 
31 

To  Profit  &  Loss 
"  Balance 

111 
3388 

80 
20 

Jan, 
Feb. 

1 
1 

By  Cash 

3500 

00 

3500 

00 

8500 

00 

By  balance 

~8388^ 

"20" 

Dr. 


1885. 


MERCHANDISE. 

1885. 


Dr. 

1885. 


CASH. 

1885. 


Cr. 


Jan. 

2 

To  Sundries 

2440 

Jan. 

4 

By  W.  Thomas 

286 

25 

" 

3 

"   J.  Farwell 

74 

50 

5 

"   Bills  Rec. 

400 

" 

7 

"  Bills  Payable 
"  Profit  &  Loss 

901 

25 

9 

"  G.  Rathbim 

116 

25 

" 

31 

296 

12 

"   Sundries 

314 

^ 

15 

"  Cash 

441 

50 

^^ 

18 

"    G.  Rathbun 

572 

^^ 

20 

"    Sundries 

240 

^y"^ 

24 

"   H.  Russell 

309 

^^ 

27 

"  Sundries 

277 

50 

-^ 

31 

"  Balance 

755 

25 

3711 

75 

3711 

75 

To  balance 

755 

25 

Cr. 


Jan. 

1 

To  L.  Johnson 

3500 

Jan. 

2 

By  Mdse. 

1840 

12 

"  Mdse. 

150 

1   " 

11 

"  Bills  Payable 

600 

15 

"     " 

441 

50 

" 

26 

"        " 

^'JO 

16 

"   W.  Thomas 

75 

" 

30 

"  Expense 

407   80 

22 

"    G.  Rathbun 

125 

" 

31 

"  Balance 

1598  70 

25 

"   F.  E.  Arnold 

75 

27 

"    To  Mdse. 

25 

^ — 

29 

"   Bills  Rec. 

150 

^,^^^^ 

81 

1 

"   To  Sundries - 

355 

-^^ 

4896 

50 

4896 

50 

Feb. 

To  Balalance 

1598 

70 

PRACTICE   OF   BOOK-KEEPING. 


Dr. 


BILLS  PAYABLE. 


Dr. 


1885. 


J.  V.  PAR  WELL, 
1885. 


1885. 


W.  O.  THOMAS. 

1885. 


1885. 


BILLS  RECEIVABLE. 

1885. 


1885. 


G.  R.  RATHBLT^,  Omaha. 

1885. 


1885. 

1885. 

Jan. 

11 
26 
31 

To  Cash 
"  Balance. 

600 

4,50 

461 

25 

Jan. 
Feb. 

2 

7 

1 

By  Mdse. 

600 
901 

25 

1501 

25 

1501 

25 

By  Balance 

451 

25 

Or. 


Jan. 
<< 

20 
27 

1 

To  Mdse. 

60 

75 

00 

Jan. 

8 
31 

By  Mdse. 
"    Balance 

74 
60 

135 

50 
60 

185 

00 

Feb. 

To  Balance 

60 

"60 

• 

Jan. 

4 
27 

1 

To  Mdse. 

286 
27 

25 
60 

Jan. 

16 
81 
13 

By  Cash 
"    Balance 

75 
105 
133 

75 

818 

76 

818 

75 

Feb. 

To  Balance 

188 

75 

Jan. 

>• 
<< 

5 
19 
22 
27 

1 

To  Mdse. 
"   H.  Russell 
"  G.  Rathbun 
"  Mdse 

400 
100 
200 
150 

Jan. 
<« 

29 
31 

By  Cash 
"    Balance 

150 
700 

860 

850 

Feb. 

To  Balance 

700 

Jan. 

9 

18 

1 

To  Mdse. 
To  Balance 

.  116 
572 

i 
25! 

Jan. 

22 
31 
31 

By  Sunds. 
"  Cash.    . 
"  Balance 

825 
200 
163 

25 

688 

25 

688 

25 

Feb. 

163 

25^ 

PRACTICE   OF   BOOK-KEEPING. 


1885. 


H.  RUSSELL,  Joliet. 
1885. 


Jan. 

13 

" 

34 

Feb. 

1 

ToMdse. 


To  Balance 


1C4 
809 

Jan. 

19 
31 

473 

373 

By  Bills  Rec. 
' '   Balance 


100 
378 


478 


F.  E.  ARNOLD, 


1885. 

1885. 

Jan. 

30 
1 

To  Mdse. 

180 

Jan 

35 
31 
31 

By  Cash 
"   Balance 

75 
50 
56 

To  Balance 

180 

180 

Feb. 

55 

1885. 


EXPENSE. 
1885. 


Jan.    30    To  Cash 


407 


80 


Jan. 


31  By  Profit  &  Loss 


407 


80 


PROFIT  &  LOSS. 


1885. 

1885. 

Jan. 

81 

To  Expense 

407 

80 

Jan. 

81 
31 

By  Mdse. 

"    L.  Johnson 

sue 
111 

80 

407 

80 

407 

80 

After  all  the  items  have  been  posted,  the  next  step  is  to  take  a 

TRIAL  BALANCE, 

or  Proof-Sheet,  to  test  the  accuracy  of  the  transfers.  This  is  done  by  writing  the 
name  of  each  account  with  corresponding  aggregate  debit  and  credit  amounts  that  do 
not  balance  or  cancel  each  other,  then  finding  the  simi  of  the  debits  and  also  of  the 


PEACTICE   OF   BOOK-KEEPING. 


credits.    If  the  footings  agree,  the  Ledger  Is  probably  correct.    Not  certainly,  how 
ever,  becavise  an  entry  may  be  posted  to  a  wrong  account,  or  omitted  entirely 


L.  F. 


Trial  Balance,  Jam,uary  31^  1885. 


Luther  Johnson 

8500 

Merchandise 

8415 

75 

2956 

50 

Cash 

4896 

50 

8297 

80 

Bills  Payable 

1050 

1501 

26 

J.  V.  Farwell 

185 

74 

50 

W.  0.  Thomas 

818 

75 

180 

Bills  Receivable 

850 

150 

G.  R.  Itathbun 

688 

25 

625 

H.  Russell 

478 

100 

F.  E.  Arnold 

180 

125 

Expense 

407 

80 
05 

12410 

12410 

06 

CLOSING    THE    LEDGER. 

Make  out  an  Inventory  of  property  on  hand.  In  business  this  process  is  called 
"taking  an  account  of  Stock,"  and  consists  in  actually  enumerating  the  articles,  and 
affixing  values  thereto. 

Credit  the  account  or  accounts  representing  this  property,  with  the  amount  on 
hand,  as  if  it  had  been  sold  at  the  valuation  given,  making  the  entry  in  red  ink,  By 
Balance.  Add  this  amount  to  the  total  credits  of  the  account,  find  the  difference  be- 
tween this  sum  and  the  total  debits  and  write  the  difference  on  the  smaller  side,  in  red 
Ink,  To  or  By  Profit  and  Loss. 

Close  all  the  remaining  accounts,  except  the  proprietor's  or  partners',  which  is  the 
last  closed,  by  entering  the  difference  between  the  two  sides  of  each  account  in  red  ink 
on  the  smaller  side.  If  the  difference  represents  a  resource  or  liability,  as  Cash,  Bills 
Payable,  Bills  Receivable,  and  personal  accounts,  use  the  expression  either  To  or  By 
Balance;  if  a  gain  or  loss,  as  Expense,  Interest,  Discount,  Premium,  and  property  ac- 
counts, use  the  expression  either  To  or  By  Profit  and  Loss. 

When  all  the  accounts  are  thus  closed  (except  the  proprietor's),  open  an  account 
with  Profit  and  Loss,  if  there  is  not  one  already  open,  and  transfer  all  the  Profit  and 
Loss  red  ink  entries  to  the  opposite  side  of  the  Profit  and  Loss  account,  making  the 
entry  in  black  ink.  To  or  By  whatever  accoimt  transferred  from. 

Close  Profit  and  Loss  account  by  entering  the  difference  in  red  ink  on  the  smaller 
side,  To  or  By  the  i>'oprietor's  name,  and  transferrins:  same  to  the  opposite  side  of  the 
proprietor's  accouni ;  make  the  entry  in  black  ink.  To  or  By  Profit  and  Loss.  If  it  be 
a  partnership  business,  the  partners'  names  will  be  entered  separately  in  the  Profit  and 
Loss  account,  instead  of  the  proprietor's,  and  the  net  gain  or  net  loss  will  be  divided 
according  to  the  terms  of  the  copartnership,  and  the  proportion  belonging  to  each 
transferred  to  his  account. 

Close  the  proprietor's  or  partners*  accounts  by  entering  tlie  difference  on  the 
smaller  side  in  red  ink.  To  or  By  Balance.  All  transferable  entries  should  be  made 
in  red  ink,  and  in  transferring  them  to  another  accoimt,  change  sides  with  each  entry, 
as  each  one  must  be  placed  on  its  original  side,  and  make  the  entry  in  black  ink 
Rule  the  accounts  as  shown  in  the  foregoing  Ledger,  foot  the  two  sides  of  each  ac 


PBACnOE   OF   BOOK-KEEPING. 


count,  and  place  the  amount  in  black  ink  beneath  the  columns  which  produced  them. 
Then  make  out  a 

BALANCE  SHEET. 

which  is  a  statement  of  the  condition  of  the  business,  and  should  be  preserved  for 
fufure  reference.  It  contains  under  the  head  of  Resources  all  amounts  due  or  be- 
longing to  the  firm,  also  the  amounts  withdrawn  by  the  proprietor  for  his  private  use; 
and  under  the  head  of  Liabilities  all  amounts  owed  by  the  concern,  also  the  amount 
invested  by  the  proprietor.  Making  an  exception  of  the  proprietor's  account,  the  Re- 
sources will  be  all  red  ink  Balance  entries  found  on  the  Cr.  side  of  the  accounts,  and 
the  Liabilities  will  be  all  red  ink  Balance  entries,  found  on  the  Dr.  side  of  Ihe  account. 
The  difference  between  the  Resources  and  Liabilities  will  show  the  net  gain  or  net  loss 
which  must  agree  with  the  Profit  and  Loss  account  in  the  Ledger;  and  the  proprietor's 
investment  plus  or  minus  the  net  gain  or  net  loss  will  equal  the  proprietor's  net  capital 
at  closing,  which  must  agree  with  the  proprietor's  account  in  the  Ledger. 


L.  F. 


Balance  Sheet,  January  31,  1885. 


Dr. 


Cr. 


RESOURCES. 

Merchandise  per  inventory 

Cash  on  hand 

J.  V.  Farwell  owes  on  account 

W.  O.  Thomas  "      " 

Bills  Receivable,  Notes  on  hand 

G.  R.  Rathbun  owes  on  account 

H.  Russell  "      "        " 

F.  E.  Arnold        "     " 


LIABILITIES. 


Bills  Payable,  Notes  unpaid 
Luther  Johnson's  net  investment 

Net  Loss 


Luther  Johnson's  investment 
"  "         Net  Loss 

Net  Capital 


755 

25 

1598 

70 

60 

50 

133 

75 

700 

163 

25 

373 

55 

8839 

451 

25 

3500 

— 

3951 

111 

3500 

111 

80 

= 

3388 

Note.— In  the  above  Balance  Sheet  have  been  placed  all  the  personal  accounts  which  oc- 
curred in  the  Ledger;  this  in  business  is  not  done,  unless  the^  are  but  few,  but  instead  of  en- 
tering them  separately  a  schedule  of  the  personal  accounts  is  made  out,  and  the  total  amounts 
of  this  schedule  entered  as  "Sundry  Personal  Accounts  due  us,"  and  "Sundry  Personal  Ac- 
counts owed  by  us." 

If  the  business  is  to  be  continued,  bring  down  the  Balances  as  shown  in  the 
Ledger,  on  the  opposite  sides  of  the  accounts  in  black  ink. 


ANALYSIS  OF  LEDGER  ACCOUNTS. 
Proprietor's  or  Partner's  Accounts. — Debit  side  shows  amounts  withdrawn 
from  the  business,  or  obligations  assumed  for  the  partner  by  the  firm;  the  amount  of 
loss  if  any,  and  net  capital.  Credit  side  shows  the  amount  invested  on  commencing 
business  and  all  additional  investments,  the  amount  of  gain,  if  any,  and.  net  insolv 
ency. 


Cash  Account. — Debit  side  shows  the  amount  of  cash  received;  the  credit  side 
the  amount  paid  out  or  disposed  of.  Closed  By  Balance,  as  the  Dr.  side  must  be 
equal  to  or  greater  than  the  Cr.     Difference  shows  the  amount  of  Cash  on  hand. 

Bills  Receivahle  Account. — Debit  side  shows  the  amount  of  Notes  and  Drafts 
received  against  others;  credit  side  the  amount  disposed  of.  Closed  By  Balance  as 
the  debit  side  must  equal  or  exceed  the  credit.  Difference  shows  the  amount  of  notes 
on  hand. 

Bills  Payable  Account. — Credit  side  shows  the  amount  of  your  own  notes  and 
acceptance  issued;  debit  side  the  amount  taken  up  or  redeemed.  Closed  To  Balance 
as  the  Cr.  side  must  equal  or  exceed  the  debit.  Difference  shows  the  amount  of  notes 
outstanding. 

Personal  Accounts. — Debit  side  shows  their  indebtedness  to  you;  Credit  side 
your  indebtedness  to  them.     Closed  either  To  or  By  Balance. 

PiioPEUTY  Accounts. — Debit  side  shows  the  cost  and  charges  of  the  property; 
Credit  side  the  sales,  or  what  it  has  produced.  Credit  By  Balance  for  amount  on 
hand,  and  closed  To  or  By  Profit  and  Loss. 

Expense  Account. — Credited  By  Balance  for  everything  remaining  on  hand  at 
time  of  closing  which  has  been  previously  entered  in  the  Expense  accoiint,  closed  Into 
Profit  and  Loss. 

Premium  and  Discount. — Debit  side  shows  what  each  has  cost  you;  Credit  side 
shows  what  each  has  produced  you.     Closed  Into  Profit  and  Loss. 

Interest  Account. — Debit  side  shows  what  Interest  has  cost  you;  Credit  what  it 
has  produced  you.  Credited  By  Balance  for  accrued  interest  on  other  notes  and  ob- 
ligations due  you.  Debited  To  Balance  for  accrued  interest  on  your  own  outstand- 
ing notes  and  obligations.    Closed  into  Profit  and  Loss. 

Profit  and  Loss  Account, — Debit  side  shows  amount  of  your  loss,  also  your 
net  gain;  Credit  side  shows  your  gains,  also  your  net  loss.  Closed  To  or  By  the  pro- 
prietor or  To  or  By  each  partner. 


THB   KBLIQI0U8   RECORD. 


THE    RELIGIOUS    RECORD. 


RELIGIONS  OF  THE  WORLD. 

Buddhists 483.600,000 

Christians 388,250,000 

Pagans 227.000,000 

Mohammedans 122.400,000 

Brahminical  Hindoos 120,000,000 

Jews 7,700,000 

Parsees 1,000,000 

CHRISTIAN  DENOMINATIONS. 

'Roman  Catholics 202.368,000 

Protestants 108,630,000 

Greelj  Church 70,482,000 

Eastern  Christians 6,770,000 

RELIGIONS  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Roman  Catholics 6,832,954 

Methodist 1,680.7791 

South 828,013 

Protestant   118,170 

Colored 74,195       o  toa  eqj. 

Wesleyan 17,847"    ''-^'^^^^ 

Free 12,120 

Primitive 3,370 

Independent 2.100  i 

Baptist 2.132.0441 

Free  Will 76,706 

Anti-Mission 40,000  [    2,259,431 

Seventh-Day 8,606     ' 

Six-Principle 2,075] 


891,458 


RELIGIONS  IN  THB  UNITED  STATES— CONT'D. 

Presbyterian 673,877 

South    119,970 

Cumberland i 111,855 

United 80.236 

Reformed 6,030 

Lutheran 684,570 

Christian 567.448 

Confrrejfatlonal 383,685 

Episcopal 323.876  I  ooj  lar. 

Reformed 10,459  f  ***•'*" 

Reformed  Church,  U.  S 154,742  I  ~„  -.-o 

America 78,917  (  *"•'"*' 

Jews 230,4.57 

United  Brethren 155,437 

United  Evangelical 144,(00 

Mormon 110,379 

Evangelical  Association 99,607 

Dunlvards 90,WX) 

Adventists 11,100 ) 

Second 63,500}-  89,333 

Seventh-Day 14.733 ) 

Friends 67,643 

Universalist 37.946 

Church  of  God 20,224 

Unitarian 17.960 

Moravian 16,112 

New  Jerusalem 4,734 

New  Mennonites 2,990 

American  Communities 2,838 

Shakers 2,400 


DISTRIBUTION    OF   CHRISTIANS. 


Countries. 


Russia 

Germany 

United  States 

France  

Austria 

South  America 

Italy 

Spain 

Mexico  and  Central  America. 

Turkey 

Oriental  Nations 

Sweden-Norway 

Belgium 

Portugal 

Canada 

Holland 

West  Indies 

Switzerland 

Denmark 

Greece 

India  and  Ceylon 

Africa 

Australia  and  Polynesia 

China  and  Japan 

Arabia  and  Persia 


Roman 
Catholics. 


7,546,144 
15,371,227 

6,832,954 
35,500,000 
27,904,308 
3«,754,000 
26,658,700 
16,870,000 
12,196,677 


5,518,146 
4,745,124 
1,962,600 
1,313,084 
2,911,000 
1,084,400 


1,600.000 

1,106.200 

434,000 

800.000 

1,000,000 


Protestants. 


4,400,000 

28,835,.5.58 

30,000,000 

600,000 

3,558,000 

2,000,000 

40,000 

45,000 


40.000 
■  5,908;6dd ' 


1,800,000 
2,198,000 


1,.'>,58,000 
1,865,000 


300,000 

719,000 

1,000,000 

300,000 

89,000 


Greek 
Christians. 


54,360,000 


3,052,000 


11,625,000 


1,442,000 


Eastern. 


6,770,000 


Total. 


65,946,144 

42,206,785 

36,832.954 

36,100,000 

34,514,308 

28,754,000 

26,698,700 

16.870,000 

12,196,677 

11.66.5,000 

6,770,000 

5,908,600 

5,518,146 

4.745,124 

3.762.600 

3.511,084 

2.911,000 

2,642,400 

1,86.5,000 

1,442.000 

1,900.000 

1,825,200 

1,434,000 

1,100,000 

1,069,000 


THE  SHEEP. 

;V^/|  a?  ITHOUT  doubt,  the  sheep  is  a  most  useful  animal  to 

^^J' ™f    man  as  food,  and  the  most  necessary  to  his  health  and 

comfort.     In  the  absence  of   the  cow,   it  furnishes  him 

^    with  milk  and  a  sound  but  rather  inferior  quality  of  cheese, 

and  its  lat  gives  him  light,  its  fleece  broadcloth,  kerseymere, 

blankets,  gloves  and  hose.     From  the  primitive  stock  eleven 

varieties  of  domesticated  sheep  are  reared,  and  by  their  several 

advocates  are  supposed  to  possess  some 

Special  Qualities. — These  eleven  species  embrace  the  follow- 
ing :  Shetland  or  Orkney,  Dun-Wooled,  Black  Faced,  ^loorland  of 
Devonshire,  the  Cheviot,  Horned  of  Norfolk,  The  Ryeland,  South- 
Down,  Merino,  Old  Leicester,  and  The  Teestvater.  But  of  late  years 
the  number  has  been  reduced  to  the  following  four:  The  South- 
Down,  The  Leicester,  The  Black-Faced,  and  the  Cheviot.  The 
South-Downs  derive  their  name  from  the  breezy  range  of  light 
chalky  hills  running  through  the  southwest  and  south  of  Sussex  and 
Hampshire,  England,  and  known  as  the  South- Downs.  This  species, 
for  symmetry  of  shape,  constitution  and  early  maturity,  ranks  with 
any  stock  in  the  world.  They  have  no  horns;  head  small,  and  legs 
and  face  a  grayish  color.  However,  it  is  considered  deficient  in 
depth  and  breadth  of  chest.  It  is  covered  with  a  fine  wool  of  from 
two  to  three  inches  in  length.  A  marked  feature  of  this  breed  is  that 
its  hind  quarters  are  higher  than  the  fore,  and  weigh  generally  from 
fifteen  to  eighteen  pounds. 

The  Leicester. — This  breed  is  regarded  as  the  largest  example 
of  the  improved  breeds,  being  very  productive,  and  yielding  a  good 
fleece.  He  has  small  head,  covered  with  short,  white  hairs,  clear 
muzzle,  open  countenance,  full  clear  eye,  long  thin  ear,  tapering 
neck,  and  straight  back,  its  weight  being  about  ninety -five  pounds. 

The  Black -Faced. — This  is  a  strong,  hardy  race  of  sheep. 
The  face  and  legs  are  dark,  horns  spiral  in  shape,  a  small  second 
tuft  of  light  colored  wool  is  on  forehead.     The  eye  is  sparkling, 

426 


THE   FARM   YARD. 


bright,  and  well  open;  body  long,  round,  and  firm;  limbs  stout; 
wool  thin,  coarse  and  light. 

The  Cheviot. — A  sheep  of  remarkable  vigor  and  sound  consti- 
tution, capable  of  enduring  great  privation,  and  producing  a  val- 
uable fleece.  Neither  sex  have  horns ;  white  face,  legs  long  and 
clean,  head  erect,  neck  and  throat  well  covered,  ears  long  and  open, 
with  animated  face.  They  are  small  boned,  but  are  wanting  in  depth 
of  chest,  which  seems  to  be  their  only  defect. 


yweooooocoooooooeooooQoooooeooQ* 


N  the  animal  kingdom  the  cow  is  certainly  one  of,  if  not  the 
greatest  blessings  God  in  his  infinite  wisdom  and  goodness 
has  seen  fit  to  bestow  upon  the  human  family ;  and  is 
justly  termed  the  poor  man  s  friend.  Breeders  seem  to  at- 
tach more  value  to  what  are  termed  Short  Horns,  than  any 
others,  though  coming  under  this  general  head  there  are 
many  varieties.  Mr.  Dickson  thus  describes  the  Short  Horns : 
The  external  appearance  of  the  Short  Horned  breed  is  very  attract- 
ive. The  exquisitely  symmetrical  form  of  the  bo<:ly  in  every  posi- 
tion, bedecked  with  a  skin  of  the  richest  hues  of  red,  so  arranged  or 
commixed  as  to  form  a  beautiful  fleck  or  delicate  roan,  and  possessed 
of  the  mellowest  touch ;  supported  on  clean,  small  hmbs,  showing, 
like  those  of  the  race-horse  and  the  greyhound,  the  union  of  strength 
with  firmness;  and  ornamented  with  a  small,  lengthy,  tapering 
head,  neatly  set  on  a  broad,  firm,  deep  neck,  and  furnished  with  a 
small  muzzle,  wide  nostrils,  prominent,  mildly  beaming  eyes,  thin, 
large,  binal  ears  set  near  the  crown  of  the  head,  and  protected  in 
front  with  semi-circularly  bent,  white  or  brownish  colored,  short 
(hence  the  name),  smooth -pointed  horns.  All  these  points  com- 
bine to  form  a  symmetrical  harmony  which  has  never  been  sur- 
passed in  beauty  and  sweetness  by  any  other  species. 

Mr.  Youatt  says  the  colors  of  the  improved  pure  Short  Horns 
are  but  two,  red  or  white,  or  a  mixture  of  both.  Coming  under 
this  head,  and  which  are  considered  to  rank  as  first,  are  the  Dur- 
haras,  the  Alderneys,  the  Suffolk  Duns,  and  also  those  called 
Cream  Pots,  an  American  breed.  The  Alderneys,  prized  mainly 
for  the  richness  of  their  milk,  but  in  quantity  small ;  therefore  those 
preferring  quality  to  quantity  can  find  it  in  the  Alderney.  Mr.  Jaques 
thus  describes  the  Cream  Pots:     I  purchased  a  native  cow  in  conse- 


THE    FAEM   YARD. 


quence  of  her  superior  quality  as  a  milker,  averaging  about  fifteen 
quarts  a  day.  Continuing,  he  says:  My  Cream  Pots  are  full  in  the 
body,  deep  in  the  Hank,  not  quite  as  straight  in  the  belly,  nor 
as  full  in  the  twist,  nor  quite  as  thick  in  the  thigh  as  the  Durhams ; 
but  in  other  respects  like  them.  They  excell  in  affording  a  large 
quantity  of  rich  cream,  capable  of  being  converted  into  butter  in 
a  very  short  time. 

A  writer  in  the  Farmer's  Magazine  several  years  ago,  thus 
described  the  good  quahties  of  the  Short  Horns.  "  She's  long  in  her 
face;  she's  fine  in  her  horn;  she'll  (juickly  get  fat,  without  cake  or 
corn ;  she's  clean  in  her  jaws,  and  full  in  her  chin ;  she's  heavy  in 
flank,  and  wide  in  her  loin ;  she's  broad  in  her  ribs,  and  long  in  her 
rump;  she's  wide  in  her  hip,  and  calm  in  her  eyes;  she's  fine  in  her 
shoulders,  and  thin  in  her  thighs ;  she's  light  in  her  neck,  and  small 


in  her  tail ;  she's  wide  in  the  breast,  and  good  at  the  pail ;  she's  fine 
in  her  bone,  and  silky  of  skin;  she's  a  grazier's  without,  and  a 
butcher's  within."  Farmers  as  a  rule  pay  too  little  attention  to  the 
care  of  their  stock,  and  especially  is  this  true  in  the  care  of  their 
cows.  Every  farmer  should  understand  that  in  order  to  get  good 
results,  their  stock  should  have  good,  dry,  clean  quarters,  and  it  is 
of  the  utmost  importance  that  there  should  be  good  water  accessible 
at  all  times.  Just  so  certain  as  these  essentials  are  neglected,  will 
the  effects  be  seen  and  felt  in  the  pocket  of  the  master.  In  order 
that  a  good  crop  of  wheat  or  corn  may  be  had  from  a  certain  piece 
of  ground,  it  is  not  only  necessary  to  plant  the  seed,  but  it  also  must 
be  tended  from  time  to  time,  for  if  neglected  the  result  will  be  no 
harvest.  And  this  is  not  only  true  in  this  particular,  but  in  every- 
thing pertaining  to  the  successful  operation  of  the  farm. 


THE   FARM   YARD. 


m 


rriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii<iiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii|ti;iiriii'ii('iiiiiiiii>iii«iimiMfiriii>i>i| 


THE  HOG. 


aiiiiTiii.|iiiiiiiiiliiiiililiiiliiiiiiii>lJi|ililililiiililililiiil>lii'i:liiiii|iliii'i.ii(4iiiiiiii>iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii.i 

I^F  the  various  kinds  of  hogs  the  following  list  of  breeds  can 
be  accepted  as  the  best,  presenting  severally  the  qualities 
affecting  both  the  breeder  and  consumer :  Berkshire,  Essex, 
York  and  Cumberland,  also  the  Chinese.  Among  the  breeders 
of  hogs  the  black  pig  is  generally  regarded  as  the  best.  It  has 
much  the  finest  and  most  delicate  skjn,  and  is  less  affected  by  the 
heat  of  summer.  It  also  is  less  subject  to  disease  than  the  other 
colors,  and,  being  of  a  more  kindly  nature,  will  fatten  niucli  easier. 
The  chief  points  in  selecting  a  good  hog  are  the  following :  Breadth 
of  chest,  depth  of  carcass,  width  of  ribs,  chine  and  loin,  of  compact 
form,  docile,  cheerful  and  general  fine  appearance. 

A  well-bred  hog  has  medium  head  in  length,  the  forehead  narrow, 
full  cheeks,  fine  snout,  small  mouth,  eyes  bright  and  small,  ears 
sharp,  thin  and  short  and  pointing  forward ;  a  full,  broad  neck,  and 
especially  so  on  the  top,  joining  very  broad  shoulders ;  the  loins, 
ribs  and  haunch  should  be  in  a  line ;  also  a  well-set  tail,  not  too  high 
nor  too  low ;  a  nearly  straight  back,  deep,  broad  and  prominent 
chest,  with  thick,  short  legs,  and,  when  in  good  flesh,  the  belly 
should  nearly  touch  the  ground ;  long,  thin,  fine  hair,  with  but  few 
bristles,  and  of  uniform  color.  The  above  is  considered  a  true  type 
of  a  perfect  hog.  Hogs,  when  confined  in  a  pen,  should  have  plenty 
of  cinders,  or  something  of  that  nature,  not  only  to  exercise  their 
jaws  upon,  but  to  aid  their  digestion. 


HE  GAME  FOWL. — This  species  was  regarded  by  the 
Greeks  and  Eomans  with  great  respect,  and  even  awe. 
The  former  people  practiced  divination  by  means  of  this 
bird.     Before  going  into  battle,  there  being  doubt  in  the 
camp  as  to  the  fittest  day  to  commence  operations,  the  letter 
would  be  placed,  face  do^mward,  of  every  day  in  the  week, 
and  a  grain  of  com  placed  on  each— then  the  sacred  cock  would  be 
brought  out  and  the  time  for  battle  regulated  according  as  he  picked 
the  corn.     But  upon  one  momentous  occasion  some  person  inimical 


THE   FARM    YARD. 


to  priestly  interest,  examined  the  grain  and  was  a  little  surprised 
to  find  that  the  corn  lying  on  the  letters  not  wanted  were  made  of 
wax,  and  tlie  bird  of  course,  preferring  the  genuine  article,  left  the 
false  ones  untouched.  After  this  discovery  the  custom  fell  into  dis- 
use. These  birds  were  bred  for  the  sport  of  fighting  many  years 
before  the  Christian  era.  And  the  custom  has  continued  on  down 
to  the  present  time. 

The  Dorking.— This  bird  takes  its  name  from  a  town  in  Sur- 
rey. The  Dorking's  chief  characteristic  is  that  it  has  five  claws  on 
each  foot.  Pure  white  is  its  true  color,  long  in  body,  short  in  legs, 
and  a  good  layer. 

The  Poland.  —  This  is 
a  native  of  IloUand,  and  a 
favorite  with  fowl  keei^ers  who 
have  an  eye  to  profit,  their 
chief  value  being  in  the  great 
number  of  eggs  they  produce, 
being  quite  generally  known 
as  "  the  everlasting  layers." 
But  their  eggs,  jdthough  being 
of  good  size,  lack  greatly  in  nu- 
triment. 

The  Oochin-China.— For 
elegance  of  shape,  or  quality  of 
flesh,  the  Cochin  cannot  com- 
pare with  our  handsome  dung- 
hill. However,  our  poultry' 
breeders  are  gainei-s  by  the  introduction  of  the  ungainly  celestial, 
owing  to  new  blood  having  been  infused  into  the  chicken  family. 
The  Speckled  Hamburg.— In  color  a  golden  or  orange-yellow, 
each  feather  having  a  glossy  dark  brown  or  bla<;k  tip.  They  are 
beautiful  birds  and  the  hens  fine  layers. 

Black  Spanish —This  fowl  is  recognized  by  its  uniform  black 
color,  with  tints  of  green,  white  face  and  large  comb.  An  authority 
says  the  best  are  those  with  blue  legs  and  black  feathers,  large 
white  face,  and  large  high  comb,  and  which  should  stand  erect  in 
the  cock,  though  pendant  in  the  hens.  The  hens  are  good  layers, 
and  their  eggs  large  though  they  are  small  bodied. 

The  Bantam.— We  close  our  items  on  fowls  with  but  few  words 
on  this  diminutive  species.  The  thoroughbred  is  considered  next  to 
the  game  cock  for  animation,  plumage  and  courage,  and  are  con 
sidered  great  favorites,  as  also  pets,  with  many  people. 


CENSUS    OF   OUR   CITIES. 


'A 

H 
H 
H 


01 


0 

r    °° 

01 


(Qs 
HI 


o  I- S  «  »  oB  CD  » ■*  TO  S  «  "^  »  o  p^  SJ  ift  1-- Sj,$  ■*  ©  « ■*  »^  »a  M  ©  >->  o  I- o  ■♦  K  OS  lO  I- o  S  S  P 

S^'g  g ;;' 55  J^'SS  gf  S = ?[S  S  S  S  S'S  K  g  5  Ji  S  8  S  ?i  -ig'?}  ?(;=  ?CS  2S  8  «' S  S  tf  ^g  « 


;gs;= 


Sso  CO  » iS  t- i"  3; 


fe  C  bl  M 

jr « 58  2 


t^  US  03  9j  CO  <9  Q  CD  O  <^  00  OQ  00 -^  A  t*  ^H  ifi -^  O  ^  b*  CO  9)  ««• '<4i  I"- CO  :0 

o  CO  ci"c5  kO  o^jH  5p  ^w  i-^o  c^'-^»ft  cii'^o  CO  It  CO  o  o  oTeo  op  »-^or5>i 

r^r^       C^t-ir^C^Wr-irl^^^^t-^r^f^^iF-ir^^CO^^C^i— I  '^^^       OC 


ci  -SS 


d   ■  V  ( 


c  So  o  ^-^ 


2-- o'^'^  »^  S  s  s  o 
cja  u  te  !*  E-2  ^  »  u 


eft   CC   ) 


S  ^.2  o  g-3  ^  g  I  C-S.2  ^  g  c^  ^  „ 


i2  « 

2  2 

•5-2 


53 

1^ 


53 


a  :3 


3 


H,  I-,  H  H  (<=,  <  o  »=,  a.  u  ^  Sc  <  ^  1-1 1-,  #s,  5  z; 


?  >  ?  ~  : 


;  :i:c5o  -g-g^^  :coSg 
«  c*3  C  st:  el's  S  £■?  E'?,  t-'S 


1  C  S'S  ts  EP  oS  CeS    •S»3«cStSg83o5eS5s"c3 


ire  ?i«  3  S  i-i-.=>  ^  i-; :»  X  «a5.;o  3,si  rtr- u:_ti -5  T-__-+ c?  2  !:o  t5 -^c-^x  i- e-;^— =-^— r- -t  ci  — -i  at 

rtMr-l8f5i-<T--lrHrta5e.lgi.'ii-li-i.O-*i-ir-l>*r-lWi-iSrti^3r-i^i--iir;rt 


ccooGoa:^H»reiTr^r;»~'S 


M85i-?t-«-irirlMNN 


o'3i^rfc5CCO't-L-^i— t-^UI  —  l"-^  30  t-OCo'»l  ■Potest-'*  ■*'?'Q*^ 

r-i  S>  1-1  >a  >-l  1-1     N 1-C  rt  1-1  S? '-'     r^i-ir-l^r^««  — ^  ftfj     ■*'-'£?   rl  *  ^     '^ ' 


c  c  _  ^ 
a!  «  *•« 


5   :   :   ; 

■•S  : 

J4 

J^ 

to  i^Jnijii 

:S^^ 

B    • 

u 

+j  5  35 

sO«__ 

*  r,; 

CJS  S 

•^ 

.>T 

^c 

ic-iii. 

rH'?: 

2S>^f- 

9=^^ 

<;■<«!; -55  •<<;-<-<-<<1'<"<as:=;2;s:s;Kc:cs3caKsucjO!Juot^'w'Cjoouuot>ou 


CENSUS   OF   OUE    CITIES. 


1-1  r- «  3;  1-1  r-i     .r-i-ri-i       rJ  51 M  51  —  t- *  —  CC       •- —  —  75  —  H  M       IS  4£  "       i-ii->       i-lill  — 1-1 


C  C  at     _ 

jcs-g  c  &  4) 


S  2  S  S  S  2  S  S  S  ef  8  S  2  £  S  5  Si  j:?;iji;='8f  g  S'S  JJ  '^S  Si  s  £  -  ^S  ^:;  ?;  S#  2's  S  2J  s'jis  Si  S  2'^ 


"''S5*a2'2'*M'5 


r- c^jrfo  <e  ©  kff  i«'«C  rH 


A  w^  ¥«  |""«^7 


ALl  BOOKS  MAY  BE  RECALLED  AFTER  7  DAYS 


omomn  loans  may  be  rprhnroo^  u    u ^  "-■'  J'Jua 

Renewals  and  recha^es^^°Xl^L^:'?9jng  books  to  C.rculof.on  Desk 


DUE  AS  SFAMPPn  ft^iovv 


^,**%.' 


^   FORM  NO.  00..  «,.,  3/t'"TR?|.^?:S',^:-„^^^^EUV 


^^m 


VD  07223 


ir' 


/  V 


s  /?-    ■■' 


■**?*" 


